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<title>DP Chemistry: Stereoisomerism </title>
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href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul 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Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a 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class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24660/mc-test-the-equilibrium-law-1.html" title="MC test: The equilibrium law">MC test: The equilibrium law</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40961/equilibrium-law-questions-1.html" title="Equilibrium law questions">Equilibrium law questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18120/topics-8-18--1.html" title="Topics 8 & 18 ">Topics 8 & 18 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18124/theories-of-acids-bases--1.html" title="Theories of acids & bases ">Theories of acids & bases </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24662/mc-test-theories-of-acids-bases-1.html" title="MC test: Theories of acids & bases">MC test: Theories of acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40963/theories-of-acids-bases-questions-1.html" title="Theories of acids & bases questions">Theories of acids & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18126/properties-of-acids-bases-1.html" title="Properties of acids & bases">Properties of acids & bases</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24663/mc-test-properties-of-acids-bases--1.html" title="MC test: Properties of acids & bases ">MC test: Properties of acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40964/properties-of-acids-bases-questions-1.html" title="Properties of acids & bases questions">Properties of acids & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18140/ph-scale-1.html" title="pH scale">pH scale</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24668/mc-test-the-ph-scale-1.html" title="MC test: The pH scale">MC test: The pH scale</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40971/ph-scale-questions-1.html" title="pH scale questions">pH scale questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18152/strong-weak-acids-bases-1.html" title="Strong & weak acids & bases">Strong & weak acids & bases</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24670/mc-test-strong-weak-acids-bases-1.html" title="MC test: Strong & weak acids & bases">MC test: Strong & weak acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40972/strong-weak-acid-bases-questions-1.html" title="Strong & weak acid & bases questions">Strong & weak acid & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18156/acid-deposition-1.html" title="Acid deposition">Acid deposition</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24674/mc-test-acid-deposition-1.html" title="MC test: Acid deposition">MC test: Acid deposition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40983/acid-deposition-questions-1.html" title="Acid deposition questions">Acid deposition questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18160/lewis-acids-bases-1.html" title="Lewis acids & bases">Lewis acids & bases</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24710/mc-test-lewis-acids-bases-1.html" title="MC test: Lewis acids & bases">MC test: Lewis acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40986/lewis-acids-bases-questions-1.html" title="Lewis acids & bases questions">Lewis acids & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18250/acid-base-calculations-1.html" title="Acid base calculations">Acid base calculations</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24714/mc-test-calculations-involving-acids-bases--1.html" title="MC test: Calculations involving acids & bases ">MC test: Calculations involving acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40988/acid-base-calculations-questions--1.html" title="Acid-base calculations questions ">Acid-base calculations questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26161/ph-titration-curves-1.html" title="pH titration curves">pH titration curves</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26158/mc-test-ph-curves-1.html" title="MC test: pH curves">MC test: pH curves</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41000/ph-curves-questions--1.html" title="pH curves questions ">pH curves questions </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18350/topics-9-19-1.html" title="Topics 9 & 19">Topics 9 & 19</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18365/oxidation-reduction-1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction">Oxidation & reduction</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24725/mc-test-oxidation-reduction-1.html" title="MC test: Oxidation & reduction">MC test: Oxidation & reduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41033/oxidation-reduction-questions-1--1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction questions (1) ">Oxidation & reduction questions (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41034/oxidation-reduction-questions-2-1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction questions (2)">Oxidation & reduction questions (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41035/oxidation-reduction-questions-3-1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction questions (3)">Oxidation & reduction questions (3)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18383/electrochemical-cells-1.html" title="Electrochemical cells">Electrochemical cells</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24740/mc-test-electrochemical-cells-1.html" title="MC test: Electrochemical cells">MC test: Electrochemical cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41072/electrochemical-cells-questions--1.html" title="Electrochemical cells questions ">Electrochemical cells questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18401/electrochemical-cells-ahl--1.html" title="Electrochemical cells (AHL) ">Electrochemical cells (AHL) </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24742/mc-test-electrochemical-cells-ahl-1.html" title="MC test: Electrochemical cells (AHL)">MC test: Electrochemical cells (AHL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41098/electrochemical-cells-1-ahl-questions-1.html" title="Electrochemical cells (1) (AHL) questions">Electrochemical cells (1) (AHL) questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41099/electrochemical-cells-2-ahl-questions-1.html" title="Electrochemical cells (2) (AHL) questions">Electrochemical cells (2) (AHL) questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="../18475/topics-10-20--1.html" title="Topics 10 & 20 ">Topics 10 & 20 </a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18497/fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry--1.html" title="Fundamentals of organic chemistry ">Fundamentals of organic chemistry </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24749/mc-test-fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-1.html" title="MC test: Fundamentals of organic chemistry">MC test: Fundamentals of organic chemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41111/fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-1-questions-1.html" title="Fundamentals of organic chemistry (1) questions">Fundamentals of organic chemistry (1) questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41112/fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-2-questions-1.html" title="Fundamentals of organic chemistry (2) questions">Fundamentals of organic chemistry (2) questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18597/alkanes-alkenes-addition-polymers-1.html" title="Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers">Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24750/mc-test-alkanes-alkenes-addition-polymers-1.html" title="MC test: Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers">MC test: Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41121/alkanes-questions-1.html" title="Alkanes questions">Alkanes questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41124/alkenes-questions-1.html" title="Alkenes questions">Alkenes questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18741/alcohols--1.html" title="Alcohols ">Alcohols </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24772/mc-test-alcohols-1.html" title="MC test: Alcohols">MC test: Alcohols</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41125/alcohols-questions-1.html" title="Alcohols questions">Alcohols questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18742/halogenoalkanes-benzene--1.html" title="Halogenoalkanes & benzene ">Halogenoalkanes & benzene </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24797/mc-test-halogenoalkanes-benzene-1.html" title="MC test: Halogenoalkanes & benzene">MC test: Halogenoalkanes & benzene</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41130/halogenoalkanes-benzene-questions-1.html" title="Halogenoalkanes & benzene questions">Halogenoalkanes & benzene questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18762/nucleophilic-substitution--1.html" title="Nucleophilic substitution ">Nucleophilic substitution </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24757/mc-test-nucleophilic-substitution-1.html" title="MC test: Nucleophilic substitution">MC test: Nucleophilic substitution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41138/nucleophilic-substitution-questions-1.html" title="Nucleophilic substitution questions">Nucleophilic substitution questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18766/electrophilic-addition--1.html" title="Electrophilic addition ">Electrophilic addition </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24805/mc-test-electrophilic-addition-electrophilic-substitution-reacti-2.html" title="MC test: Electrophilic addition & electrophilic substitution reactions">MC test: Electrophilic addition & electrophilic substitution reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41148/electrophilic-addition-questions-1.html" title="Electrophilic addition questions">Electrophilic addition questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18780/electrophilic-substitution--2.html" title="Electrophilic substitution ">Electrophilic substitution </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41149/electrophilic-substitution-questions-1.html" title="Electrophilic substitution questions">Electrophilic substitution questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18793/reduction-reactions--1.html" title="Reduction reactions ">Reduction reactions </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24811/mc-test-reduction-reactions-1.html" title="MC test: Reduction reactions">MC test: Reduction reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41150/reduction-reactions-questions-1.html" title="Reduction reactions questions">Reduction reactions questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18797/synthetic-routes--1.html" title="Synthetic routes ">Synthetic routes </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24822/mc-test-synthetic-routes-1.html" title="MC test: Synthetic routes">MC test: Synthetic routes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41152/synthetic-routes-questions--1.html" title="Synthetic routes questions ">Synthetic routes questions </a></li></ul><li class="current parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="stereoisomerism--1.html" title="Stereoisomerism ">Stereoisomerism </a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24817/mc-test-stereoisomerism-1.html" title="MC test: Stereoisomerism">MC test: Stereoisomerism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41166/stereoisomerism-questions-1.html" title="Stereoisomerism questions">Stereoisomerism questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17285/topics-11-21--1.html" title="Topics 11 & 21 ">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17276/uncertainty-errors--1.html" title="Uncertainty & errors ">Uncertainty & errors </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24818/mc-test-uncertainties-errors-1.html" title="MC test: Uncertainties & errors">MC test: Uncertainties & errors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../38869/uncertainty-error-questions--1.html" title="Uncertainty & error questions ">Uncertainty & error questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../15014/graphical-techniques-1.html" title="Graphical techniques">Graphical techniques</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24819/mc-test-graphical-techniques-1.html" title="MC test: Graphical techniques">MC test: Graphical techniques</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39387/graphical-techniques-questions--1.html" title="Graphical techniques questions ">Graphical techniques questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18968/spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-1.html" title="Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds">Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24820/mc-test-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds--1.html" title="MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds ">MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39388/index-of-hydrogen-deficiency-questions-1.html" title="Index of hydrogen deficiency questions">Index of hydrogen deficiency questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39351/identification-from-spectra-question-1-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 1">Identification from spectra - Question 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39353/identification-from-spectra-question-2-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 2">Identification from spectra - Question 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39354/identification-from-spectra-question-3-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 3">Identification from spectra - Question 3</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39355/identification-from-spectra-question-4-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 4">Identification from spectra - Question 4</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39356/identification-from-spectra-question-5-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 5">Identification from spectra - Question 5</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39357/identification-from-spectra-question-6-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 6">Identification from spectra - Question 6</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39358/identification-from-spectra-question-7-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 7">Identification from spectra - Question 7</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39359/identification-from-spectra-question-8-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 8">Identification from spectra - Question 8</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39360/identification-from-spectra-question-9-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 9">Identification from spectra - Question 9</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39361/identification-from-spectra-question-10-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 10">Identification from spectra - Question 10</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19027/spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-ahl--1.html" title="Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL) ">Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL) </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24821/mc-test-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-ahl-1.html" title="MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)">MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39375/identification-from-spectra-question-11-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 11">Identification from spectra - Question 11</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39376/identification-from-spectra-question-12-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 12">Identification from spectra - Question 12</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39377/identification-from-spectra-question-13-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 13">Identification from spectra - Question 13</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39378/identification-from-spectra-question-14-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 14">Identification from spectra - Question 14</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39379/identification-from-spectra-question-15-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 15">Identification from spectra - Question 15</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39380/identification-from-spectra-question-16-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 16">Identification from spectra - Question 16</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39381/identification-from-spectra-question-17-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 17">Identification from spectra - Question 17</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39382/identification-from-spectra-question-18-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 18">Identification from spectra - Question 18</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39383/identification-from-spectra-question-19-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 19">Identification from spectra - Question 19</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39385/identification-from-spectra-question-20-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 20">Identification from spectra - Question 20</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16441/the-nature-of-science-1.html" title="The Nature of Science">The Nature of Science</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16450/key-terms-concepts-1.html" title="Key terms & concepts">Key terms & concepts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../34566/nos-critical-thinking-1.html" title="NOS & Critical Thinking">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../32100/how-the-elements-were-named-1.html" title="How the elements were named">How the elements were named</a></li><li class="" 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</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672972948" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><h1 id="anchor-0"><img class="ico" src="http://www.thinkib.net/img/icons/higher.png"> 20.3 Stereoisomerism (3 hours)</h1><div class="pinkBg"><div><h2>Pause for thought</h2><p>The IB now distinguishes between conformational isomers and configurational isomers. However as conformational isomers exist in dynamic equilibrium their individual properties cannot easily be studied so this sub-topic is really only concerned with configurational isomers. These were formally sub-divided into geometric and optical isomers but the use of the term geometric isomers is no longer recommended.</p><p>The <em>E/Z </em>system has been on the syllabi of some other pre-university level courses for a while now. Even so, it may be new chemistry to many IB teachers. It is actually quite easy to apply and depends on what are known as the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) rules for determining the priority of the atoms or groups attached to the two carbon atoms of the double bond. Each of these two carbon atoms on either side of the double bond is considered separately. In simple terms the higher the atomic number of the attached atoms to each carbon atom the higher the priority. Consider 1,2-dichloroethene. Chlorine has a higher atomic number than hydrogen so has a higher priority. If the two atoms/groups lie on the same side the isomer is <em>Z</em> and if they lie on opposite sides they are <em>E</em>. In this simple case <em>Z</em> is the <em>cis-</em> form and <em>E</em> is the <em>trans-</em> form.</p><p style="text-align: center;">Cl has a higher priority than H on the left hand side and on the right hand side.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" height="219" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Core%20and%20AHL/Organic/EZ1.jpg" width="540"></p><p>However <em>Z</em> does not always equate to <em>cis-</em>. If you consider 2-chloro-but-2-ene then the carbon atom of the methyl group has priority over the hydrogen atom on one side of the double bond but because chlorine has a higher atomic number than carbon the chlorine atom has priority over the methyl group on the other side of the double bond. Now the <em>cis-</em> isomer is the <em>E</em> isomer and the <em>trans-</em>isomer is the <em>Z</em> isomer.</p><p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>3</sub>- has a higher priority than H on the left hand side and Cl has a higher priority than CH<sub>3</sub>- on the right hand side.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" height="213" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Core%20and%20AHL/Organic/EZ2.jpg" width="540"></p><p><em>E </em>and <em>Z</em> is more useful than <em>cis-</em> and <em>trans-</em> when the groups are all different. Consider 1-chloro-2-bromo-2-iodoethene. It is not obvious which would be the <em>cis-</em> and <em>trans-</em> forms. However using the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules the <em>E</em> and <em>Z</em> forms can easily be determined.</p><p style="text-align: center;">Cl has a higher priority than H on the left hand side and l has a higher priority than Br on the right hand side.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" height="210" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Core%20and%20AHL/Organic/EZ3.jpg" width="540"></p><p>To help students it is worth them knowing the origin of <em>Z</em> and <em>E</em>. Both come from German words. <em>Z</em> is from <em><strong>z</strong>usammen</em> (together) and <em>E </em>is from <em><strong>e</strong>ntgegen</em> (opposite). However, if their German is not so good, one easy way to remember which is which is that <em>E</em> could stand for <strong>e</strong>nemy, and <strong>e</strong>nemies are on opposite sides.</p><p>You can read a very good explanation of this and what happens in the more complicated cases when different R groups are attached to the carbon atoms comprising the double bond on <a href="http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/ez.html">Jim Clark’s Chem Guide</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><h2 id="anchor-3">Nature of Science</h2><p>The three-dimensional shape of an organic molecule is fundamental to both its structure and properties. Many of the molecules in the human body are chiral molecules that influence and determine how the body functions. This exemplifies the transdisciplinary nature of stereoisomerism.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2 id="anchor-4"><strong>Learning outcomes</strong></h2><p>After studying this sub-topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong>Understand:</strong></p><ul><li>There are two sub-classes of stereoisomers - conformational isomers and configurational isomers</li><li>Conformational isomers interconvert by rotation about a σ bond.</li><li>Configurational isomers can only interconvert by breaking and reforming a bond.</li><li>Configurational isomers are further subdivided into <em>E</em>/<em>Z</em> and <em>cis</em>/<em>trans</em> isomers and optical isomers.</li><li>Cis/trans isomers can occur in alkenes or cycloalkanes (or heteroanalogues) and differ in the positions of atoms (or groups) relative to a reference plane.</li><li><em>E</em>/<em>Z </em>isomerism refers to alkenes of the form R<sub>1</sub>R<sub>2</sub>C=CR<sub>3</sub>R<sub>4</sub> (R<sub>1</sub> ≠ R<sub>2</sub>, R<sub>3</sub> ≠ R<sub>4</sub>) where neither R<sub>1</sub> nor R<sub>2</sub> need to be different to R<sub>3</sub> or R<sub>4</sub>.</li><li>An asymmetric (joined to four different atoms or groups) carbon atom is called a chiral carbon atom.</li><li>Optically active compounds can rotate the plane of plane-polarized light as it passes through a solution of the compound.</li><li>Optical isomers are known as enantiomers.</li><li>Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.</li><li>Diastereomers are not mirror images of each other.</li><li>A 50:50 mixture of two enantiomers is known as a racemic mixture (or racemate) and is optically inactive.</li></ul><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><ul><li>Construct real or virtual 3-D models of different stereoisomers.</li><li>Explain stereoisomerism in non-cyclic alkenes and in three and four membered cycloalkanes.</li><li>Compare the physical and chemical properties of enantiomers.</li><li>Describe and explain optical isomers in simple organic molecules.</li><li>Use a polarimeter to distinguish between optical isomers.</li></ul></div></div></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4 id="anchor-5"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></h4><div class="yellowBg"><div><h4 id="anchor-5"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Clarification notes</strong></span></b></h4><p>According to IUPAC the term geometric isomerism is now obsolete and the terms <em>cis</em>/t<em>rans</em> isomers and <em>E</em>/<em>Z</em> isomers should be used.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>For the <em>E</em>/<em>Z</em> system, the group of highest Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority attached to<br>one of the terminal doubly bonded atoms of the alkene (i.e. R<sub>1</sub> or R<sub>2</sub>) is compared with the group of highest precedence attached to the other (i.e. R<sub>3</sub> or R<sub>4</sub>). The stereoisomer is <em>Z</em> if the groups lie on the same side of a reference plane passing through the double bond and perpendicular to the plane containing the bonds linking the groups to the double-bonded atoms; the other<br>stereoisomer is designated as <em>E</em>.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>Optical isomers should be represented by using tapered wedges and dashes to show their bonds.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4 id="anchor-6">International-mindedness</h4><p>Drugs and medicines produced by pharmaceutical companies around the world have been sold and administered as racemic mixtures instead of as the desired enantiomer with the associated therapeutic<br>activity? A well-documented example of this is <a href="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/controversies/thalidomide">thalidomide</a>.</p></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h2><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Teaching tips</strong></span></b></span></h2><p><span style=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">It is well worth each student, or pair of students, having access to a modelling set (e.g. <a href="http://www.molymod.com/">Molymod</a>) whilst teaching this topic. Virtual models can be useful but when they appear on a flat screen they are still 3-D being represented in two dimensions.</span></span></p><p>Apart from knowing of its existence and why it occurs there is not very much that can be covered on conformational isomerism. It is probably worth getting students to make a 3-D model of butane and they can see how the two end methyl groups lie in different planes as the bond between the second and third carbon atoms is rotated. The isomers can be detected by infrared spectroscopy and the dynamics can be studied using NMR spectroscopy but this is beyond the syllabus.</p><p>Give students plenty of practice at labelling different alkenes according to whether they are the <em>E</em> or <em>Z</em> form and emphasise how using <em>E</em>/<em>Z</em> is superior to <em>cis</em>/<em>trans</em> and the fact that the <em>Z</em> form is not always the <em>cis</em> form (or the <em>E </em>form is not always the <em>trans</em> form).</p><p>Because there is a lot of human interest and it illustrates how profit can override ethical considerations it is worth students knowing about the thalidomide story to show the importance of enantiomers. Amino acids, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid and butan-2-ol are classic examples to use to illustrate chiral compounds but you can use many of the molecules given in Sections 33 and 37 of the data booklet as examples too. Make sure students can use the wedge and dotted line convention when making representations of enantiomers to show clearly mirror images.</p><p>It can be difficult to know how much to do on diastereomers. It is probably worth showing how they can arise and stress that they can have different physical and chemical properties. There is a good article on this by <a href="http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_With_a_Biological_Emphasis/Chapter_03%3A_Conformations_and_Stereochemistry/Section_3.7%3A_Diastereomers">UC Davis Chem Wiki.</a></p></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>Study guide</strong></span></b></h4><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Page </span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;">94 - 96</span></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' multiple choice questions with the answers explained see <a href="../24817/mc-test-stereoisomerism-1.html" title="Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 10 & 20 » Stereoisomerism » MC test: Stereoisomerism">MC test: Stereoisomerism</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;">For short-answer questions which can be set as an assignment for a test, homework or given for self study together with model answers see <a href="../41166/stereoisomerism-questions-1.html" title="Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 10 & 20 » Stereoisomerism » Stereoisomerism questions">Stereoisomerism questions</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Vocabulary list</strong></span></b></span></h4><p><span style=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span></span>onformational isomer<br>configurational isomer<br><em>E</em>/<em>Z</em><br>CIP <em>(</em>Cahn–Ingold–Prelog) priority<br>chiral<br>enantiomer<br>diastereomer<br>racemic mixture<br>racemate<br>polarimeter</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><strong><strong>IM, TOK, Utilization etc.</strong></strong></h4><p>See <a href="../18420/topics-10-20-1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc. » Topics 10 & 20">separate page </a>which covers all of Topics 10 & 20.</p><hr class="hidden"><h2><strong>Practical work</strong></h2><p><strong><img class="ico" src="http://www.thinkib.net/img/icons/lab.png"> </strong>Use of molecular modelling kits</p><hr class="hidden"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h2 id="header-12">Teaching slides</h2><p>Teachers may wish to share these slides with students for learning or for reviewing key concepts.</p><div id="myCarousel-13" class="carousel slide" data-id="339"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-339/2031.png" rel="gallery-339" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2031.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Stereoisomerism: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-339/2032.png" rel="gallery-339" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2032.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Stereoisomerism: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-339/2033.png" rel="gallery-339" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2033.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Stereoisomerism: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-339/2034.png" rel="gallery-339" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2034.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Stereoisomerism: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="/files/tib-galleries/3-339/s5.png" rel="gallery-339" title=""><img alt="" src="/files/tib-galleries/3-339/s5.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Stereoisomerism: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-339/2036.png" rel="gallery-339" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2036.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Stereoisomerism: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-339/2037.png" rel="gallery-339" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2037.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Stereoisomerism: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-339/2038.png" rel="gallery-339" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2038.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Stereoisomerism: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-339/2039.png" rel="gallery-339" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2039.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Stereoisomerism: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-339/20310.png" rel="gallery-339" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/20310.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Stereoisomerism: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-339/20311.png" rel="gallery-339" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/20311.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Stereoisomerism: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-339/20312.png" rel="gallery-339" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/20312.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Stereoisomerism: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-13" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-13" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2031-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2032-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2033-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2034-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="/files/tib-galleries/3-339/s5-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2036-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2037-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2038-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/2039-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/20310-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/20311-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-339/20312-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other resources</span></h2><p><strong>1.</strong> A good video for clarifying the difference between enantiomers and diastereomers (diastereoisomers).</p><p style="text-align: center"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/paEjN_KWf_w" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/paEjN_KWf_w" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> Enantiomers and diastereoisomers</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2.</strong> <span class="watch-title " dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="E/Z Isomerism Explained"><em>E</em>/<em>Z</em> isomerism explained. This video by Prof. Davis does exactly that.</span></p><p style="text-align: center"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r7giUCU8x_k" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/r7giUCU8x_k" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-2" name="video-2"> </span> <em>E</em>/<em>Z </em>isomerism explained</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3. </strong>The principles of polarimetry exemplified by HGTCChem.</p><p style="text-align: center"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3Exnt21HtPk" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/3Exnt21HtPk">Principles of polarimetry <img class="ico" src="http://www.thinkib.net/img/icons/video.png"></a></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"></p></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="18844" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Stereoisomerism++%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18844%2Fstereoisomerism-"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18844%2Fstereoisomerism-&t=Stereoisomerism++"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18844%2Fstereoisomerism-"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18844%2Fstereoisomerism-"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Stereoisomerism &body=The IB now distinguishes between conformational isomers and configurational isomers. 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