File "electrochemical-cells.html"
Path: /ThinkIB/chem/chemistry/page/16640/electrochemical-cellshtml
File size: 103.66 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K5VSFSN');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<title>DP Chemistry: Voltaic cells</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta name="googlebot" content="noarchive">
<!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="https://www.thinkib.net">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta name="keywords" content="chemistry, inthinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP, thinkib, baccalaureate, education"><meta name="description" content="There is actually very little on the core part of the syllabus about voltaic cells under Topic 9.2 but it does contain the mandatory laboratory component in the Applications and skills section, "Performance of laboratory experiments involving a typical voltaic cell using two metal/metal-ion half-cells". All that Standard Level students really need to know is how two half-cells (e.g. Mg(s), Zn(s), Fe(s) and Cu(s) in solutions..."><meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:title" name="og:title" content="DP Chemistry: Voltaic cells">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/Practicals/electrochemical cell.jpg">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:description" name="og:description" content="There is actually very little on the core part of the syllabus about voltaic cells under Topic 9.2 but it does contain the mandatory laboratory component in the Applications and skills section, "Performance of laboratory experiments involving a typical voltaic cell using two metal/metal-ion half-cells". All that Standard Level students really need to know is how two half-cells (e.g. Mg(s), Zn(s), Fe(s) and Cu(s) in solutions...">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:url" name="og:url" content="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16640/electrochemical-cells">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:site_name" name="og:site_name" content="Subscription websites for IB teachers & their classes">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:locale" name="og:locale" content="en">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:type" name="og:type" content="website">
<meta name="description" content="There is actually very little on the core part of the syllabus about voltaic cells under Topic 9.2 but it does contain the mandatory laboratory component in the Applications and skills section, "Performance of laboratory experiments involving a typical voltaic cell using two metal/metal-ion half-cells". All that Standard Level students really need to know is how two half-cells (e.g. Mg(s), Zn(s), Fe(s) and Cu(s) in solutions...">
<meta name="image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/Practicals/electrochemical cell.jpg">
<meta name="keywords" content="Chemistry, Inthinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP, Thinkib, Baccalaureate, Education, inthinking, thinkib, baccalaureate, education, diploma, international baccalaureate, international schools, high school degree, middle years, middle years programme, international education, IB diploma">
<meta itemprop="name" content="DP Chemistry: Voltaic cells">
<meta itemprop="description" content="There is actually very little on the core part of the syllabus about voltaic cells under Topic 9.2 but it does contain the mandatory laboratory component in the Applications and skills section, "Performance of laboratory experiments involving a typical voltaic cell using two metal/metal-ion half-cells". All that Standard Level students really need to know is how two half-cells (e.g. Mg(s), Zn(s), Fe(s) and Cu(s) in solutions...">
<meta itemprop="image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/Practicals/electrochemical cell.jpg">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="DP Chemistry: Voltaic cells">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="There is actually very little on the core part of the syllabus about voltaic cells under Topic 9.2 but it does contain the mandatory laboratory component in the Applications and skills section, "Performance of laboratory experiments involving a typical voltaic cell using two metal/metal-ion half-cells". All that Standard Level students really need to know is how two half-cells (e.g. Mg(s), Zn(s), Fe(s) and Cu(s) in solutions...">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/Practicals/electrochemical cell.jpg">
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@InThinker">
<link href="../../../css/bootstrap.min-1.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min-1.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../../css/top-nav.min-1.css?v=202211301945" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style.min-1.css?v=202212191040" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style-ib.min-1.css?v=202211282000" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min-1.css">
<link href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min-1.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
<script>function inIframe () {try {return window.self !== window.top;} catch (e) {return true;}}if( inIframe() ) { window.location.href = "/mb/embed?mbtest=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16640%2Felectrochemical-cells"; }</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/css/ckeditor5-custom-1.css" type="text/css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min-1.css?v=202210181500"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min-1.css?v=202212151220"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/toplevel-map-1.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/std-access/std-access-tools.min-2.css?v=202204280950"><link href="../../../css/std-access/std-assignments.min-1.css?v=20220127" rel="stylesheet" media="screen"><link href="../../../js/jq-datepicker/datepicker.min-1.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/side-nav.min-1.css?v=20220520"><script src="../../../js/localdates.min-1.js?v=202009290900"></script><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min-1.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><script>var tibSitename = "chemistry";</script>
<script>
const SITE_TAG = "ib"
const SITE_WEB = "ThinkIB.net"
const SITE_DOMAIN = "www.thinkib.net"
const SITE_URI = "https://thinkib.net"
const SITE_CLIENT_CODE = "TIB000001"
let imageThinker = "../../../img/header-thinker-ib.svg";
let imageStudent = "img/header-student-thinkib.svg";
</script>
<script>var userHash = "IB Docs (2) Team", userTicket = "IB Docs (2) Team";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min-1.js?v=202102101800"></script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-57x57-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-114x114-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-72x72-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-144x144-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-60x60-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-120x120-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-76x76-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-152x152-1.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-196x196-1.png" sizes="196x196"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-96x96-1.png" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-32x32-1.png" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-16x16-1.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-128-1.png" sizes="128x128"><meta name="application-name" content=" "><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-70x70.png"><meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-150x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x310.png">
</head>
<body onunload="" class="">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K5VSFSN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<div id="header">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="pull-right visible-phone">
<a href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img class="header-logo" src="../../../img/header-logo-1.svg" style="height: 45px; width: auto;">
</a>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-left">
<h1><a href="/chemistry"><span style="">IBDP Chemistry brought to you by the IB Docs (2) Team</span></a></h1>
<p class="slogan hidden-phone"><span class="slogan"><em>InThinking</em> Subject Sites for teachers & their classes</span></p>
<p class="hidden-phone">Website by <strong>Geoffrey Neuss</strong></p>
<p class="hidden-phone">Updated 2 JIB Docs (2) Teamary 2023</p>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-right text-right header-right">
<a class="hidden-phone" href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img class="header-logo" src="../../../img/header-logo-1.svg" style="height: 70px; width: auto;">
</a>
<div class="search">
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" data-toggle="dropdown">
<i class="fa fa-2x fa-search"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="topmenu">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div>
<nav class="top-nav"><ul class="level-0"><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><ul><li class=""><a href="/subscribe"><i class="fa fa-globe fixwidth"></i> Subscribe today</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/sitemap"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fixwidth"></i> Sitemap</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/last-updates"><i class="fa fa-file-text-o fixwidth"></i> Latest updates</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece fixwidth"></i> Teaching materials</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/blog"><i class="fa fa-paperclip fixwidth"></i> Blog</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter fixwidth"></i> Tweets</a></li><li><a><i class="fa fa-external-link fixwidth"></i> <em>InThinking</em> sites</a><ul><li><a class="text-right" href="https://thinkib.net"><span class="pull-left"> All subjects</span> <em style="opacity: .8;">www.thinkib.net</em></a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/biology" target="_blank">IBDP Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/businessmanagement" target="_blank">IBDP Business Management</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/economics" target="_blank">IBDP Economics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishalit" target="_blank">IBDP English A Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishalanglit" target="_blank">IBDP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishb" target="_blank">IBDP English B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/ess" target="_blank">IBDP Environmental Systems & Societies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/frenchb" target="_blank">IBDP French B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/geography" target="_blank">IBDP Geography</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/german" target="_blank">IBDP German A: Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/history" target="_blank">IBDP History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/mathanalysis" target="_blank">IBDP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/mathapplications" target="_blank">IBDP Maths: Applications & Interpretation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/physics" target="_blank">IBDP Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/psychology" target="_blank">IBDP Psychology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/leadership" target="_blank">IB School Leadership</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanisha" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish A</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanish-abinitio" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish Ab Initio</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanishb" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/teachmaths" target="_blank">teachMathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/visualarts" target="_blank">IBDP Visual Arts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-englishalanglit" target="_blank">IBMYP English Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-resources" target="_blank">IBMYP Resources</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-spanishb" target="_blank">IBMYP Spanish Language Acquisition</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/ibcp" target="_blank">IB Career-related Programme</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkigcse.net" target="_blank"><strong>ThinkIGCSE</strong> - <em>Subject sites for IGCSE teachers</em></a></li></ul></li></ul><li><li><a href="../16256/start-here-1.html">Start here</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../36257/how-to-navigate-the-site-1.html">How to navigate the site</a></li><li><a href="../24826/using-student-access--1.html" class="father">Using student access </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27330/creating-student-accounts--1.html">Creating student accounts </a></li><li><a href="../32806/short-cut-to-give-students-access-to-a-page-1.html">Short cut to give students access to a page</a></li><li><a href="../27328/setting-assignments-1.html">Setting assignments</a></li><li><a href="../27351/managing-student-accounts-mark-book-1.html">Managing student accounts & mark book</a></li><li><a href="../27362/using-qbank-1.html">Using qBank</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16257/for-teachers-new-to-ib-chemistry-1.html" class="father">For teachers new to IB Chemistry</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16258/dart-board-chemistry-1.html">'Dart board' chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../16274/essential-resources-1.html">Essential resources</a></li><li><a href="../16276/syllabus-1.html">Syllabus</a></li><li><a href="../16278/possible-teaching-schedule-1.html">Possible teaching schedule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../46318/teaching-learning-resources-1.html">Teaching, learning & resources</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17394/approaches-to-teaching-1.html" class="father">Approaches to teaching</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17395/teaching-styles--1.html">Teaching styles </a></li><li><a href="../17396/teaching-skills--1.html">Teaching skills </a></li><li><a href="../17398/workshops--1.html">Workshops </a></li><li><a href="../17397/teacher-recommendations--1.html">Teacher recommendations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../27280/approaches-to-learning-1.html" class="father">Approaches to learning</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27208/thinking-skills-1.html">Thinking skills</a></li><li><a href="../27216/reflection-1.html">Reflection</a></li><li><a href="../27209/communication-skills-1.html">Communication skills</a></li><li><a href="../27211/social-skills-1.html">Social skills</a></li><li><a href="../27232/self-management-1.html">Self-management</a></li><li><a href="../27312/research-1.html">Research</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17120/resources-1.html" class="father">Resources</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17119/ib-specific-books-1.html">IB specific books</a></li><li><a href="../17121/general-text-books-1.html">General text books</a></li><li><a href="../17131/post-ib-text-books-1.html">Post IB text books</a></li><li><a href="../17132/journals-1.html">Journals</a></li><li><a href="../17133/newspaper-articles-1.html">Newspaper articles</a></li><li><a href="../17124/demonstrations-1.html">Demonstrations</a></li><li><a href="../17139/chemistry-videos-1.html">Chemistry videos</a></li><li><a href="../17140/web-links-1.html">Web links</a></li><li><a href="../17138/chemistry-apps-1.html">Chemistry apps</a></li><li><a href="../17348/novel-uses-for-the-ib-data-booklet--1.html">Novel uses for the IB data booklet </a></li><li><a href="../17392/books-for-enjoyment--1.html">Books for enjoyment </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../27313/unit-plans-1.html">Unit plans</a></li><li><a href="../22523/critical-thinking-1.html">Critical thinking</a></li><li><a href="../18044/do-you-speak-ib-1.html" class="father">Do you speak IB?</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17382/changes-to-terminology-1.html">Changes to terminology</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../32761/school-closures-and-distance-learning-1.html">School closures and distance learning</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16347/core-ahl-1.html">Core & AHL</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16344/syllabus-1.html">Syllabus</a></li><li><a href="../16329/teaching-each-topic-sub-topic-1.html" class="father">Teaching each topic & sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16328/topic-1-1.html">Topic 1</a></li><li><a href="../16907/topics-2-12--1.html">Topics 2 & 12 </a></li><li><a href="../17021/topics-3-13-1.html">Topics 3 & 13</a></li><li><a href="../17114/topics-4-14-1.html">Topics 4 & 14</a></li><li><a href="../17669/topics-5-15--1.html">Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li><a href="../17848/topics-6-16-1.html">Topics 6 & 16</a></li><li><a href="../18038/topics-7-17--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li><a href="../18120/topics-8-18--1.html">Topics 8 & 18 </a></li><li><a href="../18350/topics-9-19-1.html">Topics 9 & 19</a></li><li><a href="../18475/topics-10-20--1.html">Topics 10 & 20 </a></li><li><a href="../17285/topics-11-21--1.html">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16441/the-nature-of-science-1.html" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16450/key-terms-concepts-1.html">Key terms & concepts</a></li><li><a href="../34566/nos-critical-thinking-1.html">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li><a href="../32100/how-the-elements-were-named-1.html">How the elements were named</a></li><li><a href="../36753/the-culture-of-chemistry-1.html">The Culture of Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../17333/nature-of-science-questions-1.html">Nature of Science questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16413/incorporating-im-tok-utilization-etc-1.html" class="father">Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc.</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16414/topic-1-1.html">Topic 1</a></li><li><a href="../16916/topics-2-12-1.html">Topics 2 & 12</a></li><li><a href="../17023/topics-3-13--1.html">Topics 3 & 13 </a></li><li><a href="../17055/topics-4-14--1.html">Topics 4 & 14 </a></li><li><a href="../17270/topics-5-15--1.html">Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li><a href="../17854/topics-6-16--1.html">Topics 6 & 16 </a></li><li><a href="../18041/topics-7-17--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li><a href="../18099/topics-8-18-1.html">Topics 8 & 18</a></li><li><a href="../18349/topics-9-19--1.html">Topics 9 & 19 </a></li><li><a href="../18420/topics-10-20-1.html">Topics 10 & 20</a></li><li><a href="../17269/topics-11-21--1.html">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17866/utilization-relationships-between-topics--1.html" class="father">'Utilization' - Relationships between topics </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17867/relating-topics-4-14-to-all-the-other-topics-1.html">Relating Topics 4 & 14 to all the other topics</a></li><li><a href="../17868/example-of-connections-1.html">Example of connections</a></li><li><a href="../34404/hydroxychloroquine-ib-chemistry-1.html">Hydroxychloroquine & IB Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../35418/ammonium-nitrate-ib-chemistry-1.html">Ammonium nitrate & IB Chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16685/multiple-choice-tests-for-each-topic-1.html" class="father">Multiple choice tests for each topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16687/sl-questions-by-topic-1.html">SL Questions by topic</a></li><li><a href="../16688/hl-questions-by-topic-1.html">HL Questions by topic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19044/options--1.html">Options </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../19503/option-a--1.html" class="father">Option A </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19504/introduction-to-materials-science--1.html">Introduction to materials science </a></li><li><a href="../19519/metals-and-icp-spectroscopy-1.html">Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li><a href="../19541/catalysts--1.html">Catalysts </a></li><li><a href="../19580/liquid-crystals-1.html">Liquid crystals</a></li><li><a href="../19665/polymers--1.html">Polymers </a></li><li><a href="../19672/nanotechnology-1.html">Nanotechnology</a></li><li><a href="../19843/environmental-impact-plastics-1.html">Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li><a href="../19858/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography--1.html">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><li><a href="../19666/condensation-polymers-1.html">Condensation polymers</a></li><li><a href="../19916/environmental-impact-heavy-metals-1.html">Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19284/option-b--1.html" class="father">Option B </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19290/introduction-to-biochemistry--1.html">Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><li><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li class="selected"><a href="voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16314/advice-to-students-paper-3-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 3)</a></li><li><a href="../16342/data-response-questions-1.html">Data response questions</a></li><li><a href="../20054/experimental-work-questions-1.html">Experimental work questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16324/the-examination-process-1.html" class="father">The examination process</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16316/setting-the-exam-papers-1.html">Setting the exam papers</a></li><li><a href="../16317/predicted-grades-1.html">Predicted grades</a></li><li><a href="../16318/marking-the-papers-1.html">Marking the papers</a></li><li><a href="../16319/commenting-on-the-exams-1.html">Commenting on the exams</a></li><li><a href="../16320/grade-awarding-1.html">Grade Awarding</a></li><li><a href="../16321/enquiry-upon-results-1.html">Enquiry upon results</a></li><li><a href="../16322/chief-examiners-report-1.html">Chief Examiner's report</a></li><li><a href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html">Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic-2.html" class="father">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships-1.html">Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships</a></li><li><a href="../27960/topics-2-12-atomic-structure-1.html">Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure</a></li><li><a href="../27965/topics-3-13-periodicity-1.html">Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity</a></li><li><a href="../27971/topics-4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-1.html">Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure</a></li><li><a href="../27987/topics-5-15-energeticsthermochemistry-1.html">Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../27995/topics-6-16-chemical-kinetics-1.html">Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics</a></li><li><a href="../28001/topics-7-17-equilibrium--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium </a></li><li><a href="../28017/topics-8-18-acids-and-bases--1.html">Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases </a></li><li><a href="../28031/topics-9-19-redox-process-1.html">Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process</a></li><li><a href="../28061/topics-10-20-organic-chemistry-1.html">Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../28038/topics-11-21-measurement-data-processing-analysis-1.html">Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis</a></li><li><a href="../28074/option-a-materials--1.html">Option A : Materials </a></li><li><a href="../28087/option-b-biochemistry-1.html">Option B : Biochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../28098/option-c-energy--1.html">Option C : Energy </a></li><li><a href="../28109/option-d-medicinal-chemistry-1.html">Option D : Medicinal chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41553/practical-work-including-ia-group-4-project--1.html" class="father">Practical work (including IA & Group 4 Project) </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41528/internal-assessment-1.html">Internal Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../41657/group-4-project-1.html">Group 4 Project</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41387/approaches-to-learning--1.html" class="father">Approaches to learning </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41380/thinking-skills-1.html">Thinking skills</a></li><li><a href="../41383/communication-skills-1.html">Communication skills</a></li><li><a href="../41384/social-skills--1.html">Social skills </a></li><li><a href="../41385/self-management-skills-1.html">Self-management skills</a></li><li><a href="../41386/research-skills-1.html">Research skills</a></li><li><a href="../41382/reflection-skills--1.html">Reflection skills </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41488/the-nature-of-science-1.html" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41489/key-terms-concepts--1.html">Key terms & concepts </a></li><li><a href="../41492/how-the-elements-were-named--1.html">How the elements were named </a></li><li><a href="../41490/nos-critical-thinking-1.html">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li><a href="../41493/the-culture-of-chemistry--1.html">The Culture of Chemistry </a></li><li><a href="../41494/nature-of-science-questions--1.html">Nature of Science questions </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41401/external-assessment-exams-1.html" class="father">External assessment (Exams)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41403/essential-facts--1.html">Essential Facts </a></li><li><a href="../41409/paper-1-multiple-choice--1.html">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice) </a></li><li><a href="../41417/paper-2--1.html">Paper 2 </a></li><li><a href="../41431/paper-3--1.html">Paper 3 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41662/extended-essay--1.html" class="father">Extended Essay </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41685/preparation-1.html">Preparation</a></li><li><a href="../41686/researching--1.html">Researching </a></li><li><a href="../42075/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../41687/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="nav-menu-search" style="display: none;">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<form class="form-inline" role="search" method="get" action="chemistry/search">
<input id="nav-search" name="s" type="search" placeholder="Search Chemistry..." value="">
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit">
Search
</button>
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" title="Close">
<i class="fa fa-lg fa-times gray"></i>
</a>
</form>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div id="container" class="container-fluid">
<div id="content">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div id="left-column" class="span3"><div class="dropdown" id="userbox"><a class="dropdown-toggle btn" data-toggle="dropdown" onclick="return false;"><img src="../../../img/user/t/IBRR.jpg" style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: -2px 0 0 0;"> IB Docs (2) Team <i class="fa fa-caret-down gray"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" style="min-width: 200px"><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry" class="" title=""><i class="fa fa-globe fixwidth colored"></i>IBDP Chemistry</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user" class="" title="Check & modify your profile"><i class="fa fa-user fixwidth colored"></i>My profile</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/sitemap" class="" title="Get an overview of the site"><i class="fa fa-sitemap colored fixwidth colored"></i>Sitemap</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/std-access" class="" title="Set up/Manage student access"><i class="fa fa-group fixwidth colored"></i>Student access</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user/teacher-accounts" class="" title="Manage teacher accounts"><i class="fa fa-cogs fixwidth colored"></i>Teacher accounts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user/bookmarks" class="" title="Manage your bookmarked pages"><i class="fa fa-star fixwidth colored"></i>My favorites</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user/messages" class="" title="Read your messages"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o fixwidth colored"></i>Messages</a></li><li><a href="/help/thinkib" class="pop-up-help" title="Help"><i class="fa fa-info-circle fixwidth colored"></i>Help</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/subscribe/" class="" title="Add / Renew subjects"><i class="fa fa-refresh fixwidth colored"></i>Renew</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="chemistry?logout=1"><i class="fa fa-power-off fixwidth colored"></i>Log out</a></li></ul></div><div id="std-side-box" class="side-box shadow-md" data-pid="16640">
<div id="std-access-tools" data-pid="16640" data-general-id="3">
<div class="row-fluid accordion-group">
<div class="std-access-tools-header">
<a class="accordion-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#std-access-tools" href="#std-access-tools-content" onclick="return false;">
<i class="fa fa-caret-right white"></i>
Student access tools
</a>
</div>
<div id="std-access-tools-content" class="accordion-body collapse">
<div class="accordion-inner">
<p><i class="fa fa-spin fa-circle-o-notch"></i> Loading...</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="sidemenu" class="side-nav"><div class="header"><span style="color: #fff;"><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a></span><span id="sidetreecontrol"><a title="Collapse all" rel="collapse" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a> <a title="Expand all" rel="expand" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a></span></div><ul class="level-0 always-expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" title="Internal Assessment">Internal Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html" title="'Scaffolding' the investigation">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html" title="Timing & organisation ">Timing & organisation </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html" title="Choosing the research question">Choosing the research question</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html" title="Personal engagement">Personal engagement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html" title="Exploration">Exploration</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html" title="Analysis">Analysis</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18958/significant-figures--1.html" title="Significant figures ">Significant figures </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18959/error-uncertainty--1.html" title="Error & uncertainty ">Error & uncertainty </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html" title="Evaluation">Evaluation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18966/communication-1.html" title="Communication">Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html" title="Internal standardization of the IA">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html" title="Submitting the samples for moderation">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html" title="Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html" title="Gaining full marks for a databased IA ">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html" title="IA example & marking exercise ">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19741/results-analysis-of-marking-exercise-1.html" title="Results & analysis of marking exercise">Results & analysis of marking exercise</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html" title="Genuine examples of moderated IA reports">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html" title="Examples of teacher-marked IA reports ">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../44903/marked-ia-reports-with-teacher-comments-marks-1.html" title="Marked IA reports with teacher comments & marks">Marked IA reports with teacher comments & marks</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html" title="History of Internal Assessment">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" title="Mandatory laboratory components">Mandatory laboratory components</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html" title="Formula of magnesium oxide ">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html" title="Determining the Mr of an unknown gas">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html" title="Acid-base titrations ">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html" title="A green acid-base practical">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html" title="Analysis of aspirin tablets">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html" title="CaCO3 in egg shells">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html" title="Enthalpy changes">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html" title="Reaction rates">Reaction rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html" title="Rate-dependent factors">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html" title="Determining Ea for a reaction">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html" title="Iodination of propanone">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html" title="Titrations with a pH meter">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html" title="Redox titration with KMnO4 ">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li class="current" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="voltaic-cells-1.html" title="Voltaic cells">Voltaic cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html" title="3-D molecular modelling ">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" title="Other good practicals">Other good practicals</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html" title="Common chemical reactions">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html" title="Elements & oxides of the third period ">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html" title="The halogens">The halogens</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html" title="Boiling points of mixtures">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html" title="Polarity of molecules">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html" title="Le Chatelier's principle ">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html" title="Determining Kc for an esterification reaction">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html" title="Redox reactions of vanadium ">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html" title="Chlorine in swimming pools ">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html" title="Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution ">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html" title="Percentage of copper in brass">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html" title="Electrolytic cells ">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html" title="Reactions of organic compounds">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html" title="Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html" title="Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene ">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html" title="Determination of an organic structure">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html" title="Preparation of nylon 6,6">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html" title="Determination of vitamin C content ">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html" title="Hydrolysis of starch ">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html" title="Preparation & purification of aspirin ">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" title="ICT in practical work">ICT in practical work</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html" title="Data logging ">Data logging </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html" title="Software for graph plotting ">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html" title="Spreadsheets for data processing ">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18855/databases-1.html" title="Databases">Databases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html" title="Computer modelling & simulations ">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" title="Group 4 Project">Group 4 Project</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html" title="Practicalities">Practicalities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html" title="Reflective statement ">Reflective statement </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html" title="A new laboratory?">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></nav></div><!-- /#left-column-->
<div id="main-column" class="span9"><article id="main-article"><a id="exit-fs" title="Exit presentation mode" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-arrows-alt"></i></a><ul class="page-actions no-print stacked nav nav-list visible-desktop"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i><span>Presentation mode</span></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i><span>Print this page</span></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker stacked" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="16640" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i><span>Favourite</span></a><textarea data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="16640" id="editor" class="favcomms hidden" placeholder="Your personal notes..."></textarea></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i><span>Personal notes</span></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i><span>Feedback</span></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i><span>Share this page</span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Voltaic+cells%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16640%2Felectrochemical-cells"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16640%2Felectrochemical-cells&t=Voltaic+cells"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16640%2Felectrochemical-cells"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16640%2Felectrochemical-cells"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Voltaic cells&body=There is actually very little on the core part of the syllabus about voltaic cells under Topic 9.2 but it does contain the mandatory laboratory component in the Applications and skills section, " performance="" of="" laboratory...%0ahttps%3a%2f%2fwww.thinkib.net%2fchemistry%2fpage%2f16640%2felectrochemical-cells"=""><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i><span>Teaching materials</span></a></li></ul><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="16640" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Voltaic+cells%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16640%2Felectrochemical-cells"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16640%2Felectrochemical-cells&t=Voltaic+cells"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16640%2Felectrochemical-cells"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16640%2Felectrochemical-cells"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Voltaic cells&body=There is actually very little on the core part of the syllabus about voltaic cells under Topic 9.2 but it does contain the mandatory laboratory component in the Applications and skills section, " performance="" of="" laboratory...%0ahttps%3a%2f%2fwww.thinkib.net%2fchemistry%2fpage%2f16640%2felectrochemical-cells"=""><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><h1 class="section-title">Voltaic cells</h1><ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><a title="Go to: Practical scheme of work & IA " href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><a title="Go to: Mandatory laboratory components" href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html">Mandatory laboratory components</a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><span>Voltaic cells</span></li></ul><div id="std-sidebox-task-added-msg"></div><div id="modal-feedback" class="modal hide fade text-left" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="log-in form" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="modal-header">
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button>
<h3>Voltaic cells: Feedback</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<form method="post" id="feedback-form">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div class="span12" style="margin: 12px 0">
<p>
Which of the following best describes your feedback?
</p>
<label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" checked="checked" value="useful" name="feedback-type">
Recommend
</label><label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" value="error" name="feedback-type">
Report a problem
</label><label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" value="improve" name="feedback-type">
Suggest an improvement
</label><label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" value="other" name="feedback-type">
Other
</label>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row-fluid">
<label>Comments:</label>
<div class="row-fluid">
<textarea class="span12" name="feedback-comment" placeholder="Your feedback... (optional)"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="feedback-submited" value="1">
</form>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button class="btn btn-large" type="button" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">
<i class="fa fa-remove"></i>
Cancel
</button>
<button class="btn pull-right" id="submit-feedback" onclick="javascript:$('#feedback-form').submit();return false;">
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
Submit
</button>
</div>
</div><section id="main-content"><div class="blueBg"><h1>Introduction and teacher's notes</h1><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center; "><img alt="" class="noborder" height="368" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Practicals/electrochemical cell.jpg" title="A diagram from my Chemistry Course Companion summarising what an SL student needs to know about voltaic cells" width="613"></p><hr class="hidden"><p>There is actually very little on the core part of the syllabus about voltaic cells under Topic 9.2 but it does contain the <a href="chemistry/go/16598">mandatory laboratory component</a> in the Applications and skills section<strong>, "</strong>Performance of laboratory experiments involving a typical voltaic cell using two metal/metal-ion half-cells". All that Standard Level students really need to know is how two half-cells (e.g. Mg(s), Zn(s), Fe(s) and Cu(s) in solutions of their own ions) can be connected by a salt bridge to produce electricity by undergoing a spontaneous reaction and draw a diagram to show it (see above). They also need to be able to state that oxidation occurs at the negative electrode (anode) and reduction occurs at the positive electrode (cathode). This practical demonstrates all this and they can also gain an understanding of the concept of an activity series through it. It does go further as it includes the concept of equilibrium and what happens if the concentrations of the salt solutions changes. Students can be encouraged to think out what will happen by using Le <span data-scayt-word="Chatelier" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Chatelier</span>’s Principle which also helps to address some of the content of Topic 7.1 on Equilibrium. For Higher Level students the use of Standard Electrode Potentials, <em>E</em><sup>⦵</sup>, can also be included and it can enable them to predict which reaction will occur when two half-cells are connected together. You could also get them to calculate the free energy of the cell when it is operating using the expression Δ<em>G</em><sup>⦵</sup> = − <em>nFE</em><sup>⦵</sup> (see Topic 19.1) but the use of the Nernst equation is only required in <a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" title="Options » Option C ">Option C: Energy</a>.</p><p>It is a very safe practical to carry out although the solutions should be disposed of in the ‘Heavy Metal’ waste container afterwards. It does not take long but it is well worth doing as they gain a good understanding by making them think about each step. They can see that cell convention is not necessary as it does not matter which cell is placed on the left or which on the right. The voltage produced by the cell can be seen to be dependent only on the relative reactivities of the metals with the metal higher in the reactivity series (or electrochemical series for HL) forming the negative electrode. This practical could be used as <a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Practical scheme of work » Internal Assessment » 'Scaffolding' the investigation">Scaffolding</a> to prepare students who want to bring some aspect of voltaic cells into their Individual Scientific Investigation.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><h2><img alt="Standard Level" class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/standard-1.png" title="Standard Level"> <img alt="Higher Level" class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/higher-1.png" title="Higher Level"> Student worksheet</h2><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>VOLTAIC CELLS</strong></p><hr class="hidden"><p>This experiment demonstrates how a chemical reaction can be arranged to give out energy in the form of electricity and looks at some of the factors determining the value of <em>E</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>cell</sub>.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>ENVIRONMENTAL CARE: </strong></p><p>Do not pour solutions of heavy metal ions (Cu<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>, Fe<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup> and Zn<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>) down the sink. Place all residues in the waste bottles provided in the fume cupboard.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>SAFETY: </strong></p><p>This experiment does not involve any particular safety hazards.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>PROCEDURE:</strong></p><p><img alt="" class="right" height="120" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Practicals/Cu_Zn_cell.jpg" width="160"><strong>1.</strong> Construct a zinc / copper cell using 1.0 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> solutions of Cu<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup> and Zn<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup> ions and strips of coppers and zinc with the two half cells connected by a salt bridge as shown in the photograph on the right. Measure the cell e.m.f. using a high resistance voltmeter and try to determine which way the electrons are flowing in the external circuit.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><strong>2. </strong>From the relative tendencies of zinc, iron and copper to lose electrons predict whether you would expect a zinc / iron cell to have a greater or smaller <em>E</em><sub>cell</sub> than the zinc / copper cell. Test your prediction by constructing a zinc / iron cell using the same zinc half-cell connected to an iron half-cell made with a piece of iron and a 1.0 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> solution of Fe<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>. Assuming that each half-cell makes a fixed independent contribution to <em>E</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>cell</sub> predict what the value of <em>E</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>cell</sub> will be for an iron / copper cell under the same conditions. Test your prediction by constructing an iron / copper cell made from the two half-cells used previously. How does your measured <em>E</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>cell</sub> value compare with your predicted value?</p><p><strong>3. </strong>The total e.m.f. produced by a cell depends on several factors, one of them is concentration. When current is drawn from a zinc / copper cell the reactions occurring at each electrode are:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Zn(s) → Zn<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>−</sup> and Cu<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>−</sup> → Cu(s)<span style="font-size:10.0pt"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">However when the e.m.f. is being measured no current is being drawn and each electrode is at equilibrium.</p><p>Zn(s) ⇌ Zn<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>−</sup> and Cu<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>−</sup> ⇌ Cu(s)</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify">Use Le <span data-scayt-word="Chatelier's" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Chatelier's</span> Principle (the Equilibrium Law) to predict the changes which occur if the ion concentration in each equilibrium is reduced. What will be the effect of decreasing the concentration of copper ions on the tendency of the copper electrode to accept electrons from the zinc? What effect will this have on <em>E</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>cell</sub>? Test your prediction by setting up a zinc / copper cell using the zinc half-cell previously used above but with the following concentrations of Cu<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>(aq), 0.100, and 0.001 mol dm<sup>−3</sup>, making sure to rinse the salt bridge with distilled water each time.<strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"></span></strong></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>QUESTIONS</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> What are the standard conditions under which <em>E</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>cell</sub> values are usually measured?</p><p><strong>2. </strong>Using the <em>E</em><sup>⦵</sup> values from the data book compare the values you obtained with the standard values.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> What value might you expect for a cell made from your standard copper half-cell connected to a zinc half-cell where the concentration of zinc ions was 0.001 mol dm<sup>−3</sup>?</p><p><strong>4.</strong> When the reaction between Zn(s) and Cu<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>(aq) reaches equilibrium what will <em>E</em><sub>cell</sub> equal?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><p>This worksheet can also be downloaded from:</p><p><a href="/media/ib/chemistry/files/2023-practical-worksheets/voltaic-cells.pdf" target="_blank" title="Worksheets"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/exercise-1.png"> <img alt="" height="16" src="../../../img/tib-icons/standard-level-24-1.png" title="" width="16"> <img alt="" height="16" src="../../../img/tib-icons/higher-level-24-1.png" title="" width="16"> Voltaic cells </a></p></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="16640" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Voltaic+cells%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16640%2Felectrochemical-cells"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16640%2Felectrochemical-cells&t=Voltaic+cells"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16640%2Felectrochemical-cells"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F16640%2Felectrochemical-cells"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Voltaic cells&body=There is actually very little on the core part of the syllabus about voltaic cells under Topic 9.2 but it does contain the mandatory laboratory component in the Applications and skills section, " performance="" of="" laboratory...%0ahttps%3a%2f%2fwww.thinkib.net%2fchemistry%2fpage%2f16640%2felectrochemical-cells"=""><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><div style="border-top: solid 1px #eee;border-bottom: solid 1px #eee;padding: 4px 0 4px 0;line-height: 1em;color: #666;font-size: .8em"><small><em>All materials on this website are for the exclusive use of teachers and students at subscribing schools for the period of their subscription. Any unauthorised copying or posting of materials on other websites is an infringement of our copyright and could result in your account being blocked and legal action being taken against you.</em></small></div></section><section id="comments"></section><div id="std-site-share-link" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-body" style="padding: 10px; text-align: center;">
<p>Click the 'Copy URL' button to copy link to another learning platform (e.g. Google Classroom.).</p>
<div id="std-link-url" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: 700;"></div>
<button id="copy-std-link-url" class="btn btn-default" style="margin-top: 20px;" title="Copy URL to clipboard">
<i class="fa fa-link"></i> Copy URL
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="modal-std-access-tools-add-task" class="modal hide fade">
<div class="modal-header">
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button>
<h3><i class="fa fa-file colored"></i> Voltaic cells</h3>
<label>
Send to:
<span id="modal-std-access-tools-recipients" style="font-weight: normal"></span>
</label>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<form id="form-send-page-task">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div class="span6">
<label>Select deadline</label>
<div class="input-prepend">
<span class="add-on" style="padding: 6px; cursor: pointer;"><i class="fa fa-calendar"></i></span>
<input type="text" name="deadline" class="deadline-datepicker" style="padding: 6px; cursor: pointer;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="span6" style="display: none">
<div class="exam-mode-container">
<label>Exam mode</label>
<div class="input-prepend">
<span class="add-on" style="padding: 6px;">
<i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
</span>
<input name="minutes" type="number" min="1" max="120" placeholder="minutes" style="padding: 6px;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row-fluid">
<label>Optional instructions</label>
<div class="row-fluid">
<textarea class="span12" name="resource-notes" style="resize: vertical;"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row-fluid">
<div class="score-answers-container" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="ticket" value="IB Docs (2) Team">
<input type="hidden" name="subject-id" value="3">
<input type="hidden" name="resource-title" value="Voltaic cells">
<input type="hidden" name="resource-type" value="read">
<input type="hidden" name="resource-id" value="16640">
<input type="hidden" name="dynamic-question-ids" id="std-tools-dyn-quiz-ids" value="">
</form>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button class="btn" data-dismiss="modal">
Cancel
</button>
<div class="pull-right save-actions">
<span class="btn disabled hidden">
<i class="fa fa-spin fa-circle-o-notch"></i>
Processing...
</span>
<a class="save-task-from-tools also-send btn btn-success" disabled="disabled">
<i class="fa fa-check"></i> Send task
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /#main-column -->
</div>
</div><!-- /#content -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<p>
© <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <em>InThinking / IB Documents (2) Team | Version: 31.01.2023</em>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/about-us">
About us
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/legal">
Legal
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/contact">
Contact
</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/inthinker">
<img src="../../../social/twitter-square-1.svg"> Twitter
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../social/facebook-square-1.svg"> Facebook
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/9s4we1">
<img src="../../../social/linkedin-square-1.svg"> LinkedIn
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="-36000"><div id="modal-session-expired" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" data-backdrop="static" data-keyboard="false">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0">Your session has expired</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body" style="padding: 10px;">
<p>You will have to reload and log in again.</p>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<a id="session-expired" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" href="#">
<i class="fa fa-refresh"></i> Reload
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Loading scripts at the end of the body means faster page loading -->
<script src="../../../js/jquery-1.10.2.min-1.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min-1.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.pack-1.js"></script>
<script>var pageId = 16640;</script><script src="../../../js/autosize.min-1.js" media="screen"></script><script src="../../../js/user/section-faves.min-1.js?v=202110111730"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../assets/build/app-1.js?v=202204141130"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../assets/js/ckeditor5-utils.min-1.js?v=20211202"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/tib-fullscreen/tib-fullscreen.min-1.js?v=202109221648"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-access-tools.min-1.js?v=202204280950"></script><script src="../../../js/jq-datepicker/bootstrap-datepicker.min-1.js"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-access-tools-add-task.min-1.js?v=202204280950"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-assignments-utils.min-1.js?v=202211281800"></script><script src="../../../js/sidemenu/sidemenu.min-1.js?v=202011301145"></script><script src="../../../js/header-circle.min-1.js?v=20220113"></script><script src="../../../js/password-toggler.min-1.js?v=20220929"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cookies.min-1.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// The cookies alert
if (! readCookie("displayCookieConsent") && ! readCookie("y") ) {
var cookieMSG = "We use cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used.";
setTimeout(function() {
$.ajax({
cache: true,
url: "js/cookiechoices.js",
dataType: "script",
success: function () {
cookieChoices.showCookieConsentBar(cookieMSG, 'close', 'Read more', "chemistry/legal#cookies");
}
});
}, 2000);
}
</script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=IB Docs (2) Team&x=15917';var sData='0ebg+I>F/4F[IxZ4hvT)hIn82Oc2UjpCqiT2UMWin4kgIxZcovT4Lmb9+iCcoNc4+Ng)+iT6om][UxbMLNbYoiQChNf[5[/[UxbOqNuc2|w6IicY/4FMUxbeqIn9LIb4qTZ80Ipc/4F[2vwOqt/6/Obc2iZQ2|ncIicY/4F[]-+inV&[ak==';var loopSecs = 30;var lsKey = '24d3c3a0f531e1f775ff47dbb7f66688';</script><script src="../../../js/user/user-stats-page.min-1.js?v=202102101800"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 600;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater-1.js?v=20200831"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
function padLeft(str,max){return str.length<max?padLeft("0"+str,max):str}function padRight(str,max){return str.length<max?padRight(str+"0",max):str}$("body").on("click",'a[href="#"], a.fancybox-nav, a[data-toggle="tab"], a[data-toggle="dropdown"], a[data-toggle="collapse"], a[data-toggle="modal"]',(function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var topmenuOffset=0,topmenuHeight=0;function fixDiv(t,h){$(window).scrollTop()<topmenuOffset||$("#topmenu ul.level-1").is(":visible")?($("#topmenu").css({position:"",width:""}),$("#topmenu").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":"0"})):($("#topmenu").css({position:"fixed",top:"0",width:$("#topmenu").width()+"px"}),$("#topmenu").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":topmenuHeight+"px"}))}function fixSearchNav(){var searchMenuTop=topmenuOffset+topmenuHeight,searchMenuH=$("#nav-menu-search").is(":visible")?$("#nav-menu-search").outerHeight():0;$(window).scrollTop()>searchMenuTop-topmenuHeight?($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:"fixed",top:topmenuHeight+"px",left:"0",right:"0"}),$("#nav-menu-search").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top",topmenuHeight+searchMenuH+"px")):($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:""}),$("#nav-menu-search").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top","0"))}$("#topmenu").length&&(topmenuOffset=$("#topmenu").offset().top,topmenuHeight=$("#topmenu").outerHeight(),fixDiv(),$(window).scroll((function(){fixDiv(),fixSearchNav()}))),$("a.toggle-menu-search").on("click",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$("#nav-menu-search").slideToggle("fast",(function(){$(this).find('input[name="s"]').focus()}))}));var menuH=$("#topmenu").height(),itemH=$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").height();function fancyScrollTo(id){$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:$("#"+id).offset().top-300},300)}function printSectionBlog(){var w=$(window).width()/2,h,windowSettings="height="+($(window).height()-100)+", width="+w+", left=0, top=0, resizable=no, ";windowSettings+="scrollbars=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no, ",windowSettings+="directories=no, status=yes";var myWindow=window.open("","Page printer",windowSettings),containerHtml=["<html>","<head>","<title>Page printer</title>",'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/style.min.css?v=202211152130">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+"/css/style"+SITE_TAG+'.min.css?v=202104061357">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/article.min.css?v=202210181500">',"</head>","<body>",$("section#main-content").html().replace(/<span\sclass="MJX_Assistive_MathML".*?<\/span>/g,""),"</body>","</html>"].join("");containerHtml=containerHtml.replace(/src="files\//gi,'src="'+window.location.origin+"/files/"),myWindow.document.write(containerHtml),myWindow.document.close(),myWindow.focus(),setTimeout((function(){$.when(myWindow.print()).then(myWindow.close())}),1e3)}function PopupPrint(target){window.print()}$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").each((function(){if(menuH>itemH&&$(this).position().top<1){var i=itemH+1;$(this).find("ul:first").css("margin-top","-"+i+"px")}})),$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").on("mouseenter mouseleave",(function(e){var submenu=$("ul:first",this),submenuW=submenu.width();$(this).offset().left+submenuW>$(window).width()&&(submenu.css("right","0"),submenu.find("ul").each((function(){if(!$(this).hasClass("fixed")){var l=$(this).width()+submenuW;$(this).css("margin-left","-"+l+"px"),$(this).addClass("fixed")}})))})),$("a.showhider").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var box="#"+$(this).attr("rel"),show='<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>',hide='<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>';$(box).slideToggle("fast"),$(this).html($(this).html()==show?hide:show),$(this).attr("title","Show"==$(this).attr("title")?"Hide":"Show")})),$("a.scroll-to").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var n=$("#"+$(this).data("target")).offset().top-70;$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:n},300)})),$("a.print-section-blog").click((function(e){e.preventDefault(),printSectionBlog()})),$(".print-button").click((function(e){var target;e.preventDefault(),PopupPrint("#"+$(this).data("target-id"))})),$(".alert.alert-success").delay(6e3).hide("fast",fixDiv());var fancyParent=1==$("body").find($("#main-article")).length?"#main-article":"body",fancyOptions={loop:!1,openEffect:"elastic",closeEffect:"elastic",nextEffect:"fade",prevEffect:"fade",parent:fancyParent,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}};if($("ul.gallery").each((function(){var rel=$(this).find("li:first-child > a:first-child").attr("rel");$('ul.gallery a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$(".carousel.slide").each((function(){var rel="gallery-"+$(this).data("id");$('.carousel.slide a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$("img.pop").parent("a").each((function(){$(this).attr("title",$(this).children("img").attr("alt"))})),$("img.pop").parent("a").fancybox({loop:!1,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}}),!are_cookies_enabled()){var msg='<div class="alert alert-error"><i class="fa fa-warning"></i> Your browser does not accept cookies from this site. Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
function loadComments(){$.get("pages/comment.php",{action:"get-list",ticket:"IB Docs (2) Team",site_with_comments:"1",general_id:"3",sitename:"chemistry",section_id:"16640"},(function(t){"1"==t.success?($("#comments").html(t.html),"undefined"!=typeof CKEDITOR&&initCommentsEditor()):alert("Error (lc1): please contact support")}),"json")}$(document).ready((function(){loadComments()}));let commentEditor={};function initCommentsEditor(){const t=document.querySelector("#comment-content");t&&CKEDITOR.BasicEditor.create(t,{toolbar:{viewportTopOffset:50,items:["bold","italic","link","subscript","superscript"]},link:{decorators:{addLinkNoFollow:{mode:"automatic",callback:function(t){if(null!=t)return["http://","http://www","https://","https://www","ftp:"].some((o=>t.startsWith(o)))},attributes:{target:"_blank",class:"ck-link",rel:"nofollow"}}}}}).then((function(t){commentEditor=t,commentEditor.execute("heading",{value:"paragraph"})})).catch((function(t){console.error(t)}))}function replaceComment(content,commentId){$("#cancel-comment-post").trigger("click"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html(content)}function placeComment(html,fatherId){$("#comment-form").hide(),$("#comment-form textarea").val(""),fatherId>0?($("#comments #comm-"+fatherId).append(html),$("#comments").append($("#comment-form"))):$("#comments").append(html).append($("#comment-form")),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked"),$("#comment-form").show("fast")}function update_sticky_comments(arrIds,mode){$.post("pages/edit/update-sticky-comments.php?mode="+mode,{ids:arrIds,ticket:$("#comment-ticket").val()},(function(data){1==data.success?("set"==data.mode&&$("#sticky-"+data.id).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().addClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Unmark as important")})),"unset"==data.mode&&($("#sticky-"+data.id).removeClass("sticky"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).attr("title","Mark as important"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().removeClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Mark as important")})))):alert(data.error)}),"json")}"undefined"!=typeof CKEDITOR&&initCommentsEditor(),$("section#comments").on("click","#edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentId=$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(),commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"edit",comment_id:commentId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){"0"==data.success?alert(data.error):replaceComment(data.text,commentId)}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden");var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),form=$("form#comment-form"),text=$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html();commentEditor.setData(text),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(text),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > img").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > div.comment-text").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-footer").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content").append(form),$("form#comment-form #submit-comment").hide(),$("form#comment-form #edit-comment").show(),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(commentId),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#submit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),fatherId=$("#father-comment").val(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"post",section_id:sectionId,father_id:fatherId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{commentEditor.setData(""),placeComment(data.html,fatherId),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").hide();var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length>0&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n+1)}}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.reply-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked");var form=$("form#comment-form"),fatherId=$(this).parent().parent(".comment").attr("rel");form.find("#father-comment").val(fatherId),$(this).parent().parent(".comment").find("> .reply-area").append(form),$(this).find(".fa-reply").removeClass("fa-reply").addClass("fa-arrow-down"),$(this).parent().prev(".comment-content").addClass("marked"),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#cancel-comment-post",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden"),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content.marked").removeClass("marked"),commentEditor.setData("");var form=$("form#comment-form");$("section#comments").append(form),$("form#comment-form #father-comment").val("0"),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val("new"),$("#edit-comment").hide(),$(this).hide(),$("#submit-comment").show()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.delete-comment",(function(e){var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),isFather=$("#comm-"+commentId).children(".comment").length>0,ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),msg="You are going to delete a comment.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?";isFather&&(msg="You are going to delete a comment and all its replies.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?"),confirm(msg)&&$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"delete",comment_id:commentId,is_father:isFather,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{$("#comm-"+commentId+".comment").replaceWith(data.text);var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n-parseInt(data.deleted))}}),"json"),e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.pull-right",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var arrayIds=[];$(this).hasClass("sticky")?(arrayIds.push($(this).closest("div.comment").attr("rel")),$(this).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"unset")):($(this).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"set"))}));$('#tl-tabs a').click(function (e) {e.preventDefault();$(this).tab('show');});$('img.ico[src="/img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$('img.ico[src="img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$(".tib-popover").popover({html:!0,trigger:"hover",delay:{show:300,hide:300},placement:function(context,source){var position=$(source).position();return position.top>200?"top":position.left<515?"right":position.top<200?"bottom":position.left>515?"left":"top"}}).click((function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var carouselTime=6500;$("div.carousel.slide").carousel({interval:carouselTime}),$(".tib-indicators > img").click((function(){var index=$(this).index(),container;$(this).closest(".carousel.slide").carousel(index)}));
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if ( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
var hTopmenu = $('#topmenu').height();
var n = 0;
$('nav.top-nav > ul > li').each(function(k, e) {
if (n > 1) {
var diff = hTopmenu-(e.offsetTop+e.offsetHeight);
$(e).find(' > ul ').css('margin-top', '-'+diff+'px');
}
n++;
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>