File "photosynthetic-pigments-.html"
Path: /ThinkIB/bio_psych/biology/page/20556/photosynthetic-pigments-html
File size: 121.97 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<a href="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide1.JPG" rel="gallery-216" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide2.JPG" rel="gallery-216" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide3.JPG" rel="gallery-216" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide4.JPG" rel="gallery-216" class="fancy" title=""><a href="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide5.JPG" rel="gallery-216" class="fancy" title=""><!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K5VSFSN');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<title>DP Biology: Photosynthetic pigments </title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="robots" content="none"><meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">
<!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="https://www.student.thinkib.net">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta name="keywords" content="Biology, ThinkIB.net, InThinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP"><meta name="description" content="Photosynthetic pigments . ThinkIB.net Biology is an InThinking website.">
<link href="../../../css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../../css/top-nav.min.css?v=202211301945" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style.min.css?v=20230110" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style-ib.min.css?v=20230105" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css">
<link href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/side-nav.min.css?v=20220520"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/css/ckeditor5-custom.css" type="text/css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/std-access.min.css?v=20220504"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min.css?v=202212151220"><script src="../../../js/localdates.min.js?v=202009290900"></script><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><script>var tibSitename = "biology";</script>
<script>
const SITE_TAG = "ib"
const SITE_WEB = "ThinkIB.net"
const SITE_DOMAIN = "www.thinkib.net"
const SITE_URI = "https://thinkib.net"
const SITE_CLIENT_CODE = "TIB000001"
let imageThinker = "img/header-thinker-ib.svg";
let imageStudent = "img/header-student-thinkib.svg";
</script>
<script>var userHash = "IBDocs(2)", userTicket = "IBDocs(2)";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min.js?v=202102101800"></script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"><meta name="application-name" content=" "><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-70x70.png"><meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-150x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-310x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-310x310.png">
</head>
<body onunload="" class="student-access">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K5VSFSN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<div id="header">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="pull-right visible-phone">
<a href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 45px; width: auto">
</a>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-left">
<h1><a href="../../../biology.html?lg=50366"><span style="font-size: .8em;">IBDP Biology - Student pages</span></a></h1>
<p class="slogan hidden-phone"><span class="slogan"><em>InThinking</em> Subject Sites for teachers & their classes</span></p>
<p class="hidden-phone"><em>Group: IB Docs (2) Team<br>Teacher: IB Docs (2) Team</em></p>
</div>
<div class="pull-right text-right">
<a class="hidden-phone" href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 70px; width: auto">
</a>
<div class="search"><a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" data-toggle="dropdown" title="Search"><i class="fa fa-2x fa-search"></i></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="topmenu">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div>
<nav class="top-nav"><ul class="level-0"><li><a href="../../../biology.html?lg=50366"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li><a href="../16847/start-here.html">Start here</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="../16976/sl-core-.html">SL Core </a></li><li><a href="../17178/additional-hl.html">Additional HL</a></li><li><a href="../17193/options-.html">Options </a></li><li><a href="../17622/the-investigation.html">The Investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18404/quizzes-tests-revision.html">Quizzes tests & revision</a></li><li><a href="../7428/ib-core.html">IB Core</a></li></ul></nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="nav-menu-search" class="shadow-md" style="display: none;">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<form class="form-inline" role="search" method="get" action="biology/search">
<input id="nav-search" name="s" type="search" placeholder="Search Biology..." value="">
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit">
Search
</button>
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" title="Close">
<i class="fa fa-lg fa-times gray"></i>
</a>
</form>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div id="container" class="container-fluid">
<div id="content">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div id="left-column" class="span3"> <div id="userbox">
<div class="dropdown" style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
<a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle btn">
<img style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: -2px 0 0 0;" src="../../../img/user/t/IBRR.jpg">
IB Docs (2) Team <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" id="menu1">
<li><a href="../../../biology.html?lg=50366"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fixwidth gray"></i> IBDP Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/psychology?lg=28278"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fixwidth gray"></i> IBDP Psychology</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><br><div id="topicsnav" style="margin: 0; padding: 0px;"> <div class="row-fluid accordion-group" style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div style="padding: 6px 4px 6px 8px; background: #204a87;"> <a class="accordion-toggle std-header" style="color: #fff; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #444; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400;" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#topicsnav" href="#side-box-topics-list"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90 white" style="margin-left: 4px;"></i> Topics </a> <span id="sidetreecontrol"> <a title="Collapse all" rel="collapse" href="#"> <i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i> </a> <a title="Expand all" rel="expand" href="#"> <i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i> </a> </span> </div> <div id="side-box-topics-list" class="accordion-body in collapse"> <div class="accordion-inner" style="line-height: 1.7em; padding: 0;"> <nav class="side-nav" id="sidemenu"><ul class="level-0 always-expanded"><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16847/start-here.html" title="Start here">Start here</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32856/introduction-to-the-biology-site-.html" title="Introduction to the Biology site ">Introduction to the Biology site </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26662/video-introduction-to-the-site.html" title="Video introduction to the site">Video introduction to the site</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26747/video-introduction-to-learning-activities.html" title="Video introduction to Learning activities">Video introduction to Learning activities</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32632/distance-learning-using-inthinking-biology.html" title="Distance learning using InThinking Biology">Distance learning using InThinking Biology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32634/setting-assignments-in-student-access.html" title="Setting assignments - in student access">Setting assignments - in student access</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27037/student-access-teachers-quiz.html" title="Student access teachers' quiz">Student access teachers' quiz</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17618/text-books-for-ib-biology-.html" title="Text books for IB Biology ">Text books for IB Biology </a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../16976/sl-core-.html" title="SL Core ">SL Core </a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16978/cells-activities-for-learning-.html" title="Cells: Activities for Learning ">Cells: Activities for Learning </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17611/measuring-equipment.html" title="Measuring Equipment">Measuring Equipment</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21364/measuring-equipment-model-answers.html" title="Measuring equipment - model answers">Measuring equipment - model answers</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17084/cell-theory-investigation.html" title="Cell Theory Investigation">Cell Theory Investigation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17087/measuring-size-in-biology.html" title="Measuring size in Biology">Measuring size in Biology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17083/calculating-magnification-and-size.html" title="Calculating Magnification and Size">Calculating Magnification and Size</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17085/sa-to-volume-practical-activity.html" title="SA to Volume practical activity">SA to Volume practical activity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19586/measuring-equipment-ia-skills-training.html" title="Measuring Equipment - IA skills training">Measuring Equipment - IA skills training</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17262/being-multicellular.html" title="Being Multicellular">Being Multicellular</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17086/thinking-about-stem-cells.html" title="Thinking about stem cells">Thinking about stem cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17090/eukaryotic-cell-ultrastructure.html" title="Eukaryotic Cell Ultrastructure">Eukaryotic Cell Ultrastructure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17089/prokaryote-cell-structure-function.html" title="Prokaryote cell structure & function">Prokaryote cell structure & function</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31695/yoghurt-and-milk-bacteria-experiment.html" title="Yoghurt and milk bacteria experiment">Yoghurt and milk bacteria experiment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40689/inquiry-into-milk-turning-to-yoghurt.html" title="Inquiry into milk turning to yoghurt.">Inquiry into milk turning to yoghurt.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17092/mobile-phone-bacteria-experiment.html" title="Mobile phone bacteria experiment">Mobile phone bacteria experiment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17091/cell-types-detective-activity.html" title="Cell Types Detective Activity">Cell Types Detective Activity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17339/membrane-structure.html" title="Membrane Structure">Membrane Structure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17374/falsification-of-membrane-structures.html" title="Falsification of membrane structures">Falsification of membrane structures</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17340/further-membrane-structure.html" title="Further Membrane Structure">Further Membrane Structure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19738/membrane-transport-models.html" title="Membrane transport models">Membrane transport models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17352/membrane-permeablility-experiment.html" title="Membrane Permeablility Experiment">Membrane Permeablility Experiment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17351/onion-cell-plasmolysis-experiment.html" title="Onion cell plasmolysis experiment">Onion cell plasmolysis experiment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17319/endosymbiosis-nature-of-science.html" title="Endosymbiosis - Nature of Science">Endosymbiosis - Nature of Science</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17354/mitosis-and-the-cell-cycle.html" title="Mitosis and the Cell Cycle">Mitosis and the Cell Cycle</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17391/mitotic-index-cancer.html" title="Mitotic index & cancer">Mitotic index & cancer</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18364/mitotic-index-model-answers.html" title="Mitotic index - model answers">Mitotic index - model answers</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17393/control-of-cell-cycle-cancer.html" title="Control of cell cycle & cancer">Control of cell cycle & cancer</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../16979/molecular-biology-activities-for-learning.html" title="Molecular biology: Activities for Learning">Molecular biology: Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17507/carbon-based-compounds.html" title="Carbon based compounds.">Carbon based compounds.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17508/drawing-biological-molecules.html" title="Drawing biological molecules">Drawing biological molecules</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17466/visualising-molecules.html" title="Visualising molecules">Visualising molecules</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17506/properties-of-water.html" title="Properties of Water">Properties of Water</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17550/condensation-hydrolysis.html" title="Condensation & Hydrolysis.">Condensation & Hydrolysis.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17551/sugar-analysis-experiment.html" title="Sugar Analysis Experiment">Sugar Analysis Experiment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17549/calorimetry-experiment.html" title="Calorimetry experiment">Calorimetry experiment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17677/dietary-fats-and-bmi.html" title="Dietary fats and BMI">Dietary fats and BMI</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17553/peptide-bond-structure.html" title="Peptide bond structure.">Peptide bond structure.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36397/polypeptide-structure.html" title="Polypeptide structure">Polypeptide structure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17692/protein-structure.html" title="Protein Structure.">Protein Structure.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17695/enzyme-theory.html" title="Enzyme Theory">Enzyme Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17696/yeast-and-catalase-experiment.html" title="Yeast and Catalase Experiment">Yeast and Catalase Experiment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17697/lactose-intolerance.html" title="Lactose Intolerance">Lactose Intolerance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17552/dna-structure.html" title="DNA Structure">DNA Structure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17706/extracting-dna-experiment.html" title="Extracting DNA Experiment.">Extracting DNA Experiment.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17704/dna-replication.html" title="DNA Replication">DNA Replication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17705/transcription-of-mrna-from-dna.html" title="Transcription of mRNA from DNA">Transcription of mRNA from DNA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17707/translation-of-mrna-into-amino-acids.html" title="Translation of mRNA into Amino Acids">Translation of mRNA into Amino Acids</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19635/cell-respiration.html" title="Cell Respiration.">Cell Respiration.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19636/respiration-experiments.html" title="Respiration experiments.">Respiration experiments.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15713/photosynthesis-theory.html" title="Photosynthesis Theory">Photosynthesis Theory</a></li><li class="current" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="photosynthetic-pigments-.html" title="Photosynthetic pigments ">Photosynthetic pigments </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15727/photosynthesis-experiments.html" title="Photosynthesis Experiments">Photosynthesis Experiments</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16980/genetics-activities-for-learning.html" title="Genetics Activities for Learning">Genetics Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17813/chromosomes-genes-alleles.html" title="Chromosomes genes & alleles">Chromosomes genes & alleles</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17822/human-genome-project.html" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17827/base-substitution-mutation.html" title="Base substitution mutation">Base substitution mutation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17859/chromosomes.html" title="Chromosomes">Chromosomes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17816/karyograms-and-non-disjunction.html" title="Karyograms and non-disjunction">Karyograms and non-disjunction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17814/introduction-to-meiosis.html" title="Introduction to Meiosis">Introduction to Meiosis</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17817/theoretical-genetics-1.html" title="Theoretical Genetics 1">Theoretical Genetics 1</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23787/stargardt-disease.html" title="Stargardt disease">Stargardt disease</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17818/theoretical-genetics-2.html" title="Theoretical Genetics 2">Theoretical Genetics 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17819/sex-linked-genes.html" title="Sex Linked Genes">Sex Linked Genes</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17825/is-genetics-an-embarrassment-to-biology-education-.html" title="Is genetics an embarrassment to biology education? ">Is genetics an embarrassment to biology education? </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17809/hairy-hands-genetics-of-mid-digital-hair.html" title="Hairy Hands - genetics of mid-digital hair">Hairy Hands - genetics of mid-digital hair</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17810/pedigree-chart-phenotype-ratios.html" title="Pedigree Chart & Phenotype Ratios">Pedigree Chart & Phenotype Ratios</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17820/ia-maize-genetics-experiment.html" title="IA Maize Genetics Experiment">IA Maize Genetics Experiment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17823/genetically-modified-organisms.html" title="Genetically Modified Organisms.">Genetically Modified Organisms.</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17824/introduction-to-cloning.html" title="Introduction to Cloning.">Introduction to Cloning.</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33736/cloning-ethics-quiz.html" title="Cloning ethics - quiz">Cloning ethics - quiz</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17811/therapeutic-cloning-debate-.html" title="Therapeutic Cloning Debate ">Therapeutic Cloning Debate </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16981/ecology-activities-for-learning.html" title="Ecology Activities for Learning">Ecology Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17905/ecological-terms.html" title="Ecological terms.">Ecological terms.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17906/food-webs.html" title="Food Webs">Food Webs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17927/mesocosm-lab.html" title="Mesocosm Lab">Mesocosm Lab</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23435/ecology-mini-investigation.html" title="Ecology mini investigation">Ecology mini investigation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33629/ecology-field-trip-at-home.html" title="Ecology field trip - at home">Ecology field trip - at home</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17907/energy-flow.html" title="Energy Flow.">Energy Flow.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17912/carbon-cycle-skills.html" title="Carbon Cycle Skills">Carbon Cycle Skills</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17908/enhanced-greenhouse-effect.html" title="Enhanced Greenhouse Effect.">Enhanced Greenhouse Effect.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17909/climate-change.html" title="Climate Change.">Climate Change.</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16985/evolution-activities-for-learning.html" title="Evolution: Activities for Learning">Evolution: Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15988/evolution-introduction.html" title="Evolution introduction">Evolution introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15990/variation-overproduction.html" title="Variation & overproduction">Variation & overproduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15989/evolution-examples.html" title="Evolution examples">Evolution examples</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19320/classification-binomial-names.html" title="Classification & binomial names">Classification & binomial names</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15991/classification-of-plants.html" title="Classification of Plants">Classification of Plants</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19306/plant-classification-quiz.html" title="Plant classification quiz">Plant classification quiz</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15993/classification-of-animals.html" title="Classification of Animals">Classification of Animals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23751/classification-games.html" title="Classification games">Classification games</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18912/intro-to-cladistics.html" title="Intro to cladistics">Intro to cladistics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18910/reclassification-of-figworts-using-cladistics.html" title="Reclassification of figworts using cladistics">Reclassification of figworts using cladistics</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18027/humans-activities-for-learning.html" title="Humans Activities for Learning">Humans Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18028/digestion-enzymes-intro-.html" title="Digestion & Enzymes Intro ">Digestion & Enzymes Intro </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18029/ia-lipase-experiment.html" title="IA Lipase Experiment">IA Lipase Experiment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18033/structure-of-the-digestive-system.html" title="Structure of the digestive system.">Structure of the digestive system.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18030/intestine-structure-function.html" title="Intestine Structure & Function.">Intestine Structure & Function.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18031/blood-and-blood-vessels.html" title="Blood and Blood Vessels">Blood and Blood Vessels</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18032/heart-dissection-diagram.html" title="Heart Dissection & Diagram">Heart Dissection & Diagram</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18026/controlling-heartbeat.html" title="Controlling Heartbeat">Controlling Heartbeat</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18590/blood-clotting-and-heart-disease.html" title="Blood clotting and heart disease.">Blood clotting and heart disease.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18117/antigens-and-antibodies-.html" title="Antigens and antibodies ">Antigens and antibodies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18180/hiv-and-aids.html" title="HIV and AIDS">HIV and AIDS</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18116/immune-system-.html" title="Immune System ">Immune System </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18115/alveoli-gas-exchange.html" title="Alveoli & gas exchange">Alveoli & gas exchange</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19330/ventilation-lung-disease.html" title="Ventilation & lung disease">Ventilation & lung disease</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18421/nerve-impulses.html" title="Nerve impulses.">Nerve impulses.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18461/synapses.html" title="Synapses">Synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31311/chemicals-which-affect-synapses.html" title="Chemicals which affect synapses">Chemicals which affect synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19886/hormones-introduction.html" title="Hormones introduction">Hormones introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19894/homeostasis-of-glucose.html" title="Homeostasis of Glucose.">Homeostasis of Glucose.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19907/harvey-and-the-search-for-ova.html" title="Harvey and the search for ova">Harvey and the search for ova</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19908/hormones-and-the-menstrual-cycle.html" title="Hormones and the menstrual cycle">Hormones and the menstrual cycle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19927/hormones-in-ivf.html" title="Hormones in IVF">Hormones in IVF</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17178/additional-hl.html" title="Additional HL">Additional HL</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17917/hl-nucleic-acids-activities-for-learning.html" title="HL Nucleic Acids Activities for Learning">HL Nucleic Acids Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17918/dna-structure-extras-for-hl.html" title="DNA structure - Extras for HL">DNA structure - Extras for HL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16141/dna-replication-for-hl-students.html" title="DNA Replication for HL Students">DNA Replication for HL Students</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17920/transcription-extras-for-hl.html" title="Transcription - extras for HL">Transcription - extras for HL</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37259/extension-concept-hydrolysis-of-atp.html" title="Extension concept - Hydrolysis of ATP">Extension concept - Hydrolysis of ATP</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18048/translation-ribosomes.html" title="Translation & ribosomes">Translation & ribosomes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17921/four-levels-of-protein-structure.html" title="Four levels of protein structure">Four levels of protein structure</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18211/hl-metabolism-activities-for-learning.html" title="HL Metabolism Activities for Learning">HL Metabolism Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19840/activation-energy-and-enzyme-pathways.html" title="Activation energy and enzyme pathways">Activation energy and enzyme pathways</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19850/emergency-room-activity-enzyme-inhibition.html" title="Emergency room activity - enzyme inhibition">Emergency room activity - enzyme inhibition</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19865/toxicology-training-course.html" title="Toxicology training course">Toxicology training course</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17923/end-product-inhibition-of-enzymes.html" title="End product inhibition of Enzymes.">End product inhibition of Enzymes.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17922/hl-respiration-introduction.html" title="HL Respiration introduction">HL Respiration introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16207/glycolysis-and-the-krebs-cycle.html" title="Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle">Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18214/electron-transport-chain.html" title="Electron transport chain">Electron transport chain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16209/chloroplasts-and-photosynthesis.html" title="Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis">Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16210/light-dependent-reactions.html" title="Light Dependent Reactions">Light Dependent Reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16211/light-independent-reactions.html" title="Light Independent Reactions">Light Independent Reactions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17720/hl-plant-biology-activities-for-learning.html" title="HL Plant Biology - Activities for Learning">HL Plant Biology - Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17726/leaf-stomata-transpiration.html" title="Leaf stomata & transpiration">Leaf stomata & transpiration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17721/vascular-tissues-introduction.html" title="Vascular tissues - introduction">Vascular tissues - introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17723/transport-in-xylem.html" title="Transport in xylem">Transport in xylem</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17727/experiments-on-transpiration.html" title="Experiments on Transpiration.">Experiments on Transpiration.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17724/transpiration-and-xerophytes-.html" title="Transpiration and Xerophytes ">Transpiration and Xerophytes </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17763/phloem-and-translocation.html" title="Phloem and translocation">Phloem and translocation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17722/meristems-and-growth.html" title="Meristems and Growth.">Meristems and Growth.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17804/hormonal-control-in-plants.html" title="Hormonal control in plants">Hormonal control in plants</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17725/reproduction-in-angiosperms.html" title="Reproduction in angiosperms.">Reproduction in angiosperms.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17808/seeds-flowering-phytochromes.html" title="Seeds, flowering & phytochromes">Seeds, flowering & phytochromes</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17888/hl-genetics-activities-for-learning.html" title="HL Genetics Activities for Learning">HL Genetics Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17889/meiosis.html" title="Meiosis.">Meiosis.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17890/di-hybrid-crosses.html" title="Di-Hybrid Crosses.">Di-Hybrid Crosses.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17892/polygenic-inheritance.html" title="Polygenic Inheritance.">Polygenic Inheritance.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17891/gene-linkage-1.html" title="Gene Linkage 1">Gene Linkage 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17894/gene-linkage-2.html" title="Gene Linkage 2">Gene Linkage 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17901/gene-pools.html" title="Gene pools">Gene pools</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19670/polyploidy.html" title="Polyploidy">Polyploidy</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19559/hl-animal-physiology-activities-for-learning.html" title="HL Animal Physiology Activities for Learning">HL Animal Physiology Activities for Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19560/antibody-production.html" title="Antibody production">Antibody production</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19566/monoclonal-antibodies.html" title="Monoclonal antibodies">Monoclonal antibodies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19565/vaccination.html" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19561/muscles-joints.html" title="Muscles & joints">Muscles & joints</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19564/muscle-structure-function.html" title="Muscle structure & function.">Muscle structure & function.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19681/osmoregulation.html" title="Osmoregulation">Osmoregulation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19562/kidney-and-nephrons.html" title="Kidney and nephrons.">Kidney and nephrons.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18813/gamete-formation.html" title="Gamete formation">Gamete formation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16365/fertilization-blastocyst.html" title="Fertilization & blastocyst">Fertilization & blastocyst</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20080/pregnancy-and-birth.html" title="Pregnancy and birth">Pregnancy and birth</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17193/options-.html" title="Options ">Options </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21490/option-a-neurobiology-activities-for-learning.html" title="Option A - Neurobiology - Activities for learning">Option A - Neurobiology - Activities for learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21399/nervous-system-formation.html" title="Nervous system formation">Nervous system formation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21401/synapses-and-nervous-system-plasticity.html" title="Synapses and nervous system plasticity">Synapses and nervous system plasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21519/brain-structure-and-function.html" title="Brain structure and function">Brain structure and function</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21520/the-cerebral-cortex.html" title="The Cerebral cortex">The Cerebral cortex</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21525/sensory-receptors-and-smell.html" title="Sensory receptors and smell">Sensory receptors and smell</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21526/the-eye-and-photoreceptors.html" title="The eye and photoreceptors">The eye and photoreceptors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33371/reflexes.html" title="Reflexes">Reflexes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33372/conditioning-and-imprinting.html" title="Conditioning and imprinting">Conditioning and imprinting</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25280/option-b-biotechnology-and-bioinformatics.html" title="Option B - Biotechnology and bioinformatics">Option B - Biotechnology and bioinformatics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32571/batch-fermentation-and-continuous-culture.html" title="Batch fermentation and continuous culture">Batch fermentation and continuous culture</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25411/cryptic-messages-bioinformatics-introduction.html" title="Cryptic messages - bioinformatics introduction">Cryptic messages - bioinformatics introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25364/orf-activity.html" title="ORF activity">ORF activity</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22063/option-c-ecology-activities-for-learning.html" title="Option C - Ecology Activities for learning">Option C - Ecology Activities for learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22081/describing-communities.html" title="Describing communities">Describing communities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22083/limits-and-zones-lab.html" title="Limits and zones lab">Limits and zones lab</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22084/symbiosis-v-competitive-exclusion.html" title="Symbiosis v Competitive exclusion">Symbiosis v Competitive exclusion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22085/modelling-energy-flow.html" title="Modelling energy flow">Modelling energy flow</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22086/predicting-ecosystems.html" title="Predicting ecosystems">Predicting ecosystems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22089/modelling-nutrients.html" title="Modelling nutrients">Modelling nutrients</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22088/disturbance-vs-diversity.html" title="Disturbance vs Diversity">Disturbance vs Diversity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22807/invasive-species.html" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22810/biomagnification.html" title="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22958/plastic-debris.html" title="Plastic debris">Plastic debris</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23153/indicator-species-biotic-index.html" title="Indicator species & biotic index">Indicator species & biotic index</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23154/conservation-methods.html" title="Conservation methods">Conservation methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22059/biodiversity-estimations.html" title="Biodiversity estimations">Biodiversity estimations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22060/lincoln-index-activities.html" title="Lincoln Index activities">Lincoln Index activities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27387/population-growth-curves.html" title="Population growth curves">Population growth curves</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27433/fisheries-and-populations.html" title="Fisheries and populations">Fisheries and populations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18998/nitrogen-cycle-applications.html" title="Nitrogen cycle - applications">Nitrogen cycle - applications</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28235/phosphorus-cycle.html" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20088/option-d-human-physiology-activities-for-learning.html" title="Option D - Human physiology Activities for learning">Option D - Human physiology Activities for learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20215/is-it-so-bad-to-eat-only-pizza.html" title="Is it so bad to eat only pizza?">Is it so bad to eat only pizza?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20220/appetite-and-malnutrition.html" title="Appetite and malnutrition">Appetite and malnutrition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20284/exocrine-glands.html" title="Exocrine glands">Exocrine glands</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20300/control-of-digestive-secretions.html" title="Control of digestive secretions">Control of digestive secretions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20259/a-miracle-cure-for-ulcers.html" title="A miracle cure for ulcers">A miracle cure for ulcers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20664/liver-structure-function.html" title="Liver structure & function.">Liver structure & function.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20665/jaundice-liver-function.html" title="Jaundice & liver function">Jaundice & liver function</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20692/cardiac-muscle-myogenic-control.html" title="Cardiac muscle & myogenic control">Cardiac muscle & myogenic control</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20707/cardiology-role-play.html" title="Cardiology Role play">Cardiology Role play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24113/epidemiology-framingham-heart-study.html" title="Epidemiology - Framingham heart study">Epidemiology - Framingham heart study</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20706/pituitary-gland-and-hormones.html" title="Pituitary gland and hormones">Pituitary gland and hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20732/oxygen-dissociation-curves.html" title="Oxygen dissociation curves">Oxygen dissociation curves</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20708/carbon-dioxide-and-bohr-shift.html" title="Carbon dioxide and Bohr shift">Carbon dioxide and Bohr shift</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17622/the-investigation.html" title="The Investigation">The Investigation</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21187/individual-investigation-skills-introduction.html" title="Individual investigation - skills introduction">Individual investigation - skills introduction</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17179/practical-scheme-of-work.html" title="Practical Scheme of Work">Practical Scheme of Work</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16860/lab-protocols-for-the-biology-ib-guide.html" title="Lab protocols for the Biology IB guide">Lab protocols for the Biology IB guide</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17623/planning-for-skills-progression.html" title="Planning for skills progression">Planning for skills progression</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17624/personal-engagement.html" title="Personal Engagement">Personal Engagement</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19063/personal-engagement-personality-quiz.html" title="Personal Engagement - personality quiz">Personal Engagement - personality quiz</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34461/three-ways-to-choose-a-topic-for-the-ia.html" title="Three ways to choose a topic for the IA">Three ways to choose a topic for the IA</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17625/exploration.html" title="Exploration">Exploration</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23429/focusing-a-research-question.html" title="Focusing a research question">Focusing a research question</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17626/analysis.html" title="Analysis">Analysis</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26255/ia-analysis-anova-or-t-test.html" title="IA Analysis - ANOVA or t-test?">IA Analysis - ANOVA or t-test?</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17627/evaluation.html" title="Evaluation">Evaluation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17628/communication.html" title="Communication">Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38973/ia-ideas-during-a-pandemic-2020-21.html" title="IA ideas during a pandemic 2020-21">IA ideas during a pandemic 2020-21</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30218/ia-avoiding-common-errors.html" title="IA - Avoiding common errors">IA - Avoiding common errors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34356/ia-experiments-that-could-be-done-at-home.html" title="IA Experiments that could be done at home">IA Experiments that could be done at home</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34574/ia-experiment-ideas-inspired-by-youtube.html" title="IA experiment ideas inspired by Youtube">IA experiment ideas inspired by Youtube</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15992/6-ecological-ideas-for-your-ia.html" title="6 Ecological ideas for your IA">6 Ecological ideas for your IA</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20852/30-investigation-ideas-for-biology-ia.html" title="30 investigation ideas for Biology IA">30 investigation ideas for Biology IA</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39689/investigating-strawberries-with-a-glucose-test-meter.html" title="Investigating strawberries with a glucose test meter">Investigating strawberries with a glucose test meter</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23240/16-new-experiment-ideas-for-biology-ia.html" title="16 new experiment ideas for Biology IA">16 new experiment ideas for Biology IA</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26171/12-investigation-ideas-with-a-biological-twist.html" title="12 Investigation ideas with a biological twist.">12 Investigation ideas with a biological twist.</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26186/body-temperature-data.html" title="Body temperature data">Body temperature data</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19329/ia-investigation-marking-sheet.html" title="IA Investigation - marking sheet">IA Investigation - marking sheet</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21859/marking-rigour-ia-assessment-criteria.html" title="Marking rigour & IA assessment criteria.">Marking rigour & IA assessment criteria.</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18404/quizzes-tests-revision.html" title="Quizzes tests & revision">Quizzes tests & revision</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17665/the-exams.html" title="The Exams">The Exams</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19051/describing-trends-in-ib-graphs.html" title="Describing trends in IB graphs">Describing trends in IB graphs</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20791/paper-3-section-a-questions.html" title="Paper 3 Section A - questions">Paper 3 Section A - questions</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26073/graphical-analysis-skills-for-life.html" title="Graphical analysis - skills for life!">Graphical analysis - skills for life!</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18403/a3-topic-revision-sheets.html" title="A3 topic revision sheets">A3 topic revision sheets</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18405/topic-1-cells-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 1 - Cells revision activities">Topic 1 - Cells revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22372/topic-1-cells-sl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 1 - Cells SL revision list">Topic 1 - Cells SL revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19003/topic-2-molecular-biology-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 2 - Molecular biology revision activities">Topic 2 - Molecular biology revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22373/topic-2-bio-molecules-sl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 2 - Bio molecules SL revision list">Topic 2 - Bio molecules SL revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18999/topic-3-genetics-sl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 3 - Genetics SL revision activities">Topic 3 - Genetics SL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22378/topic-3-genetics-sl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 3 - Genetics SL revision list">Topic 3 - Genetics SL revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19480/topic-4-ecology-sl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 4 - Ecology SL revision activities">Topic 4 - Ecology SL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22395/topic-4-ecology-revision-list.html" title="Topic 4 - Ecology revision list">Topic 4 - Ecology revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19006/topic-5-evolution-sl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 5 - Evolution SL revision activities">Topic 5 - Evolution SL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22474/topic-5-evolution-revision-list.html" title="Topic 5 - Evolution revision list">Topic 5 - Evolution revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20121/topic-6-human-physiology-sl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 6 - human physiology SL revision activities">Topic 6 - human physiology SL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22396/topic-6-human-physiology-revision-list.html" title="Topic 6 - Human physiology revision list">Topic 6 - Human physiology revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20196/topic-7-nucleic-acids-hl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 7 - Nucleic acids HL revision activities">Topic 7 - Nucleic acids HL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20139/topic-7-nucleic-acids-hl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 7 - Nucleic acids HL revision list">Topic 7 - Nucleic acids HL revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20787/topic-8-metabolism-hl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 8 - Metabolism HL revision activities">Topic 8 - Metabolism HL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20198/topic-8-metabolism-hl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 8 - Metabolism HL revision list">Topic 8 - Metabolism HL revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20122/topic-9-plant-biology-hl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 9 - Plant biology HL revision activities">Topic 9 - Plant biology HL revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20773/topic-9-plants-hl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 9 - Plants HL - revision list">Topic 9 - Plants HL - revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20849/topic-10-genetics-hl-revision-activities.html" title="Topic 10 - Genetics HL Revision activities">Topic 10 - Genetics HL Revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20128/topic-10-genetics-hl-revision-list.html" title="Topic 10 - Genetics HL revision list">Topic 10 - Genetics HL revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 11 - Physiology HL Revision activities">Topic 11 - Physiology HL Revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20115/topic-11-animal-physiology-revision-list.html" title="Topic 11 - Animal physiology revision list">Topic 11 - Animal physiology revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23821/option-a-neurobiology-revision-activities.html" title="Option A - Neurobiology - Revision activities">Option A - Neurobiology - Revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23822/option-a-neurobiology-sl-revision-list.html" title="Option A - Neurobiology SL Revision list">Option A - Neurobiology SL Revision list</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23831/option-a-neurobiology-hl-revision-list.html" title="Option A - Neurobiology HL Revision list">Option A - Neurobiology HL Revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19001/option-c-ecology-revision-activities.html" title="Option C - Ecology revision activities">Option C - Ecology revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27865/option-c-ecology-sl-revision-list-.html" title="Option C - Ecology SL revision list ">Option C - Ecology SL revision list </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27863/option-c-ecology-hl-revision-list.html" title="Option C - Ecology HL revision list">Option C - Ecology HL revision list</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26107/option-d-human-physiology-revision-activities.html" title="Option D - Human Physiology Revision activities">Option D - Human Physiology Revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26108/option-d-human-physiology-hl-revision-list.html" title="Option D - Human physiology HL revision list">Option D - Human physiology HL revision list</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27855/option-d-human-physiology-sl-revision-list.html" title="Option D - Human physiology SL Revision list">Option D - Human physiology SL Revision list</a></li></ul></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17996/multiple-choice-quizzes.html" title="Multiple Choice Quizzes">Multiple Choice Quizzes</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17664/key-biological-terms-by-topic.html" title="Key biological terms - by topic">Key biological terms - by topic</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17670/key-terms-cells-topic.html" title="Key terms - Cells topic">Key terms - Cells topic</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17671/key-terms-molecular-biology-topic.html" title="Key terms - Molecular biology topic">Key terms - Molecular biology topic</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18209/key-terms-genetics-sl-topic.html" title="Key terms - Genetics SL topic">Key terms - Genetics SL topic</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31103/key-terms-ecology-topic.html" title="Key Terms - Ecology Topic">Key Terms - Ecology Topic</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31106/key-terms-evolution-topic.html" title="Key terms - Evolution topic">Key terms - Evolution topic</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23523/key-terms-human-physiology-topic.html" title="Key terms - Human physiology topic">Key terms - Human physiology topic</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35861/key-terms-metabolism-hl-topic.html" title="Key terms - Metabolism HL topic">Key terms - Metabolism HL topic</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7428/ib-core.html" title="IB Core">IB Core</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7549/ib-learner-profile.html" title="IB learner profile">IB learner profile</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../15970/tok-introductions.html" title="TOK - Introductions">TOK - Introductions</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../166/tok-learning-activities.html" title="TOK Learning activities">TOK Learning activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22195/tok-models-expert-disagreement.html" title="TOK - Models & expert disagreement">TOK - Models & expert disagreement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../13582/tok-certainty-and-paradigm-shifts.html" title="TOK Certainty and Paradigm shifts">TOK Certainty and Paradigm shifts</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../14886/tok-postcards.html" title="TOK postcards">TOK postcards</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../14884/correlation-cause-tok-postcard.html" title="Correlation & Cause TOK Postcard">Correlation & Cause TOK Postcard</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../14959/paradigm-shift-in-cell-theory-tok-postcard.html" title="Paradigm Shift in Cell theory TOK postcard">Paradigm Shift in Cell theory TOK postcard</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../14969/perception-technology-tok-postcard.html" title="Perception & technology TOK postcard">Perception & technology TOK postcard</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../13583/tok-reasoning-by-induction-extension.html" title="TOK Reasoning by induction (extension)">TOK Reasoning by induction (extension)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../13593/tok-when-is-science-no-use.html" title="TOK When is Science no use?">TOK When is Science no use?</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7676/brain-death.html" title="Brain Death">Brain Death</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../160/extended-essays-overview.html" title="Extended Essays - overview">Extended Essays - overview</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17404/introduction-to-the-extended-essay.html" title="Introduction to the extended essay">Introduction to the extended essay</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../1934/extended-essay-titles-and-research-questions.html" title="Extended Essay titles and research questions">Extended Essay titles and research questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19261/extended-essay-self-review-quiz-for-students.html" title="Extended essay - self review quiz for students">Extended essay - self review quiz for students</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../9875/ee-supervisor-roles-during-the-writing-process.html" title="EE supervisor roles - during the writing process">EE supervisor roles - during the writing process</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37911/ee-supervisor-roles-feedback-on-a-draft.html" title="EE supervisor roles - feedback on a draft">EE supervisor roles - feedback on a draft</a></li></ul></ul></ul></nav> </div> </div> </div> </div><div style="margin-top: 20px;"><style type="text/css">
.studyib-link {
display: inline-block;
overflow: hidden;
font-size: 1.2em;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 10px;
transition: transform .2s; /* Animation */
}
#left-column .studyib-link {
font-size: 1em;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 5px;
transition: transform .2s; /* Animation */
}
#left-column .studyib-advert h2 {
font-size: 1.35em;
}
.studyib-link:hover {
transform: scale(1.2);
}
.studyib-link > img {
width: 2em; height: 2em;
margin: 0;
float: left;
}
.embed-responsive {
position: relative;
display: block;
height: 0;
padding: 0;
margin: 15px 0;
}
.embed-responsive-16by9 {
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
}
.embed-responsive iframe {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
bottom: 0;
height: 100%;
width: 100%;
border: 0;
}
.studyib-advert {
padding: 20px;
background: #E7EDF5;
border: solid 1px #EFF;
/* margin-left: 70px; */
}
.studyib-advert .heading {
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
align-items: center;
}
.studyib-advert .heading img {
margin-right: 15px;
}
.studyib-advert .heading span {
color: #444
}
.studyib-advert h2,
.studyib-advert h3 {
margin: 0;
}
.studyib-advert .body {
margin-top: 20px;
}
</style>
<div class="studyib-advert">
<div class="heading">
<img src="../../../img/header-thinker-sib.svg" height="50" width="50" class="pull-left" alt="InThinking Revision Sites">
<div>
<h2>INTHINKING REVISION SITES</h2>
<span><em>Own your learning</em></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="body">
<p>Why not also try our independent learning self-study & revision websites for students?</p>
<p>We currenly offer the following DP Sites: Biology, Chemistry, English A Lang & Lit, Maths A&A, Maths A&I, Physics, Spanish B</p>
<p>
<em>"The site is great for revising the basic understandings of each topic quickly.
Especially since you are able to test yourself at the end of each page and easily see where yo need to improve."</em>
</p>
<p><em>"It is life saving... I am passing IB because of this site!"</em></p>
<p>Basic (limited access) subscriptions are FREE. Check them out at:</p>
<div class="text-center">
<h3>
<a href="//studyib.net">www.StudyIB.net</a>
</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><!-- /#left-column-->
<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="photosynthetic-pigments-" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">Photosynthetic pigments </h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">SL Core </span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Molecular biology: Activities for Learning</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">Photosynthetic pigments </span></li></ul>
<div class="row-fluid">
<section class="span12" id="main-content">
<p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/02_biochem/photosyn_pig_image1.jpg" style="float: left; width: 100px; height: 115px;">Students investigate a simple practical method of separating photosynthetic pigments (practical 4)using paper chromatography (or thin layer chromatography). Following this there is an animation of chromatography and some slides which outline how to calculate Rf values and identify pigments. Activity three outlines work for conclusions and evaluations. It includes some paper three style questions about the technique and the results analysis.</p>
<hr class="hidden">
<div class="greyBg">
<h3>Lesson Description</h3>
<div class="blueBg">
<h3>Guiding Questions</h3>
Is the green colour of plant leaves due to a single pigment or more?
<p>Which of the following pigments is likely to move quickly in polar solvent (like water or alcohol)?</p>
<ul>
<li>Carotenoids (hydrophobic),</li>
<li>Xanthophyll (hydrophilic),</li>
<li>Chlorophyll A (hydrophobic)</li>
<li>Chlorophyll B (hydrophobic) </li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Activity 1 - Separating photosynthetic pigments (Practical 4)</h3>
<p>The following video shows the separation of pigments by chromatography speeded up ten times. <br>
The method below explains how to carry out this experiment.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="180" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/UMKWaqKOaEk?rel=0" width="320"></iframe></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">.</p>
<ul>
</ul>
<ul>
</ul>
<hr class="hidden">
<h3><strong>Experiment part 1 - Extract the Chlorophyll</strong></h3>
<div class="blueBg">
<h3><strong>Apparatus</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>freshly picked leaves of <i>Tradescantia</i><i> </i><i>pallida</i><em>a</em><em> (purple in colour)</em>, or spinach (green, obviously!)</li>
<li>propanone (acetone) (20ml per student)</li>
<li>"Special Solvent" (90% petroleum ether + 10% propanone), (5ml per student) </li>
<li>Dropping pipette</li>
<li>Capillary tube</li>
<li>pestle and mortar</li>
<li>boiling tube with bung (or a beaker and watch glass)</li>
<li>small quantity of washed and dried sand</li>
<li>Kettle – to make a beaker of boiling water.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="greenBg">
<h3>Safety</h3>
<p>Consult the <a href="http://www.cleapss.org.uk/attachments/article/0/SSS66.pdf?Secondary/Science/Student%20Safety%20Sheets/" onclick="window.open(this.href, '', 'resizable=no,status=no,location=no,toolbar=no,menubar=no,fullscreen=no,scrollbars=no,dependent=no,width=400,left=100,height=500,top=100'); return false;">Student safety sheet on higher alcohols</a></p>
<ul>
<li>Wear safety glasses to avoid solvent contact with your eyes, </li>
<li>No flames must be used during this lab - the solvents are very volatile & flammable!</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Method</h3>
<ol>
<li>Boil a kettle of water.</li>
<li>Kill the cells of your leaf by holding them in boiling water for about 20 seconds.</li>
<li>Cut out about 10g of leaf material, excluding the veins and stem using scissors.</li>
<li>Crush the leaves with 20ml of pure propanone and a pinch of clean sand with a pestle and mortar.<br>
Use this mix to take pigment for loading onto the chromatography paper.</li>
</ol>
<p>Click the eye icon for an advanced separation method.</p>
<section class="tib-hiddenbox">
<ol start="5">
<li>Decant the solution using a glass rod to hold the leaf debris.</li>
<li>Centrifuge the green solution to clear all the remaining suspended matter.</li>
<li>Pour the supernatant into a small glass tube, but a bung in the tube and store in ice in the dark while you read the rest of the sheet.</li>
</ol>
</section>
<hr class="hidden">
<h3><strong>Experiment part 2 - Separating pigments using Chromatography</strong></h3>
<p style="margin-left:18.0pt;">Note: Only touch the edges of the chromatography paper.</p>
<ol>
<li>Cut a strip of chromatography paper to fit into your boiling tube without touching the sides</li>
<li>Draw a pencil line across the paper, 2.5cm from the bottom end. This is the base line</li>
<li>Put the "special solvent" (petroleum ether 90% & propanone 10%) into the tube up to 1.5cm depth.</li>
<li>Replace the bung and allow the air in the tube to become saturated with solvent (about 10 mins).</li>
<li>Put the strip of paper onto two glass rods (or pencils) so that the loading point on your base line is not touching the bench.</li>
<li>Use a fine capillary tube to put a tiny spot of chlorophyll mixture onto the line on the paper, and allow to dry. </li>
<li>Use a hair dryer to speed up drying.</li>
<li>Add 10 more drops of pigment to the loading point.</li>
<li>Put the paper back into the tube, avoiding letting it touch the edges of the tube, replace the bung </li>
<li>Wait for the solvent to rise up the paper to 20cm from the bung. (keep looking)</li>
<li>Remove the paper and mark the solvent front with a pencil line.</li>
<li>Hang up to dry (in a dark place if possible.)</li>
<li>When dry, mark the centre of each individual pigment spot on the paper and record its colour,</li>
</ol>
<hr class="hidden">
<h3>Activity 2 - Simulation of chromatography & identification of pigments</h3>
<p>This animation shows how the pigments in a sample of leaf extract separate during chromatography.<br>
The practical details are described in Activity 1 above.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/_wNI2O1887c?rel=0" width="640"></iframe></p>
<div class="blueBg">
<h3>Chromatography questions</h3>
<p>1. Some pigments stick to the paper more than others, will they travel more quickly or more slowly?</p>
<p>.............................................................................................</p>
<p>2. Other pigments dissolve in the solvent more easily, will the travel up the paper more quickly, or more slowly?</p>
<p>.............................................................................................</p>
<p>3. Why do the pigments move at different speeds?</p>
<p>.............................................................................................</p>
<p>4. Once separated, how can these photosynthetic pigments be identified?</p>
<p>............................................................................................. </p>
</div>
<section class="tib-hiddenbox">
<div class="blueBg">
<h3>Chromatography questions - model answers</h3>
<p>1. Some pigments stick to the paper more than others, will they travel more quickly or more slowly?</p>
<p>..........<span style="color:#FF0000;">.More slowly because sticking to the paper stops the molecules moving</span>............</p>
<p>2. Other pigments dissolve in the solvent more easily, will they travel up the paper more quickly, or more slowly?</p>
<p>............<span style="color:#FF0000;">More quickly because they detach from the paper more and travel with the solvent more</span> ............</p>
<p>3. Why do the pigments move at different speeds?</p>
<p>........... <span style="color:#FF0000;">Different pigments have different chemical properties which causes the different speeds </span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">relating to the properties or adhesion to the paper, or dissolving in the solvent.</span> ........</p>
<p>4. Once separated, how can these photosynthetic pigments be identified?</p>
<p>............. <span style="color:#FF0000;">The colour and the Rf values of the pigments can be used to identify them</span> ..........</p>
</div>
</section>
<p>Study the slides below which illustrate the calculation of Rf values.<br>
These values are specific to each pigment but they also depend on the type of paper and the solvent being used.</p>
<div id="myCarousel-1" class="carousel slide" data-id="216"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide1.JPG" rel="gallery-216" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide1.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Photosynthetic pigment separation: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide2.JPG" rel="gallery-216" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide2.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Photosynthetic pigment separation: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide3.JPG" rel="gallery-216" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide3.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Photosynthetic pigment separation: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide4.JPG" rel="gallery-216" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide4.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Photosynthetic pigment separation: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide5.JPG" rel="gallery-216" title=""><img alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide5.JPG"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Photosynthetic pigment separation: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-1" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-1" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide1-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide2-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide3-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide4-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="../../../tib-galleries/6-216/slide5-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p>
<p>Carry out the practice calculation of Rf values on the <a href="/media/ib/biology/files/activity%20worksheets/biochemistry/photosynthetic_pigs_rfvalues.pdf" target="_blank" title="Worksheets"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/exercise.png"> Photosynthetic pigment identification</a> worksheet.</p>
<p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="yes" src="/media/ib/biology/files/activity%20worksheets/biochemistry/photosynthetic_pigs_rfvalues.pdf" width="100%"></iframe></p>
<hr class="hidden">
<h3>Activity 3 - <strong>Conclusion and Evaluation</strong></h3>
<p>This is an image taken from the wet lab which could be used in the conclusion below if required.</p>
<p>The two samples A & B are from different species of plants</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/02_biochem/chromatography_diagram.jpg" style="width: 397px; height: 413px;"></p>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<ol>
<li>Describe the colours of the pigments you have found</li>
<li>Calculate the Rf value for each pigment</li>
<li>Using the information in the Rf table above, work out which pigment is in each band.</li>
<li>Compare what you find to a text book which gives details of the photosynthetic pigments found in leaves.</li>
</ol>
<div class="blueBg">
<h3><strong>Background theory about solvents</strong></h3>
<p>Photosynthetic pigments are present in the chloroplasts of plant cells and absorb light. There are a number of pigments which absorb different wavelengths of light. Green light is mostly reflected. The pigments are attached to membranes in the chloroplast called thylakoids and grana.</p>
<p>Some pigments are hydrophilic (propanone) and others hydrophobic (petroleum ether). </p>
<p>Hydrophilic molecules are polar and have electrical charges (e.g. phosphate of phospholipid). They are soluble in water and propanone and insoluble in petroleum ether, lipid, oils. </p>
<p>Hydrophobic molecules are non-polar and have no electrically charged areas. (e.g. fatty acid chains in phospholipids). They are insoluble in water and propanone. Soluble in petroleum ether, oils and lipids.</p>
<p>We can separate them in chromoatography using a mix of two solvents one hydrophilic and the other hydrophobic. A little water is also needed to help mix them but this is usually found in the propanone already. . For these we will use "Petroleum ether" and "Propanone". The hydrophilic pigments will dissolve in the hydrophilic solvent and vice versa.</p>
</div>
<h3>Evaluation</h3>
<ul>
<li>Describe the limitations of the method.</li>
<li>Explain the significance of this limitation.</li>
<li>Suggest a way to improve each of the limitations you have identified.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Complete the table below if you prefer this format.</li>
</ul>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width:197px;">
<p>Limitation of the experiment</p>
</td>
<td style="width:197px;">
<p>How did this effect the results</p>
</td>
<td style="width:197px;">
<p>How to eliminate this limitation in a future experiment</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:197px;"></td>
<td style="width:197px;"></td>
<td style="width:197px;"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:197px;"></td>
<td style="width:197px;"></td>
<td style="width:197px;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="pinkBg">
<h3>Teachers' notes</h3>
<p>This learning activity could take the form of a wet lab and might take a couple of hours to carry out and write up.</p>
<p>Note that the Rf values may be different in different solvents or with different types of paper so some discrepancy is possible.</p>
<p>In paper 3 their could be questions to calculate Rf values, compare different results from different species or simple discussions about the limitations of the techniques. It is advisable to carry out this experiment in some form or other, even if the results produced don't give enough data for a detailed analysis.</p>
<p>The data provided in this learning activity could be used for analysis in such cases.</p>
<p>There are some extra, interesting experiments on<a href="http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/151/gofigure/151F10_photosynthesis1.pdf" target="_blank"> this sheet </a>from the University of Miami. They could help to inspire a student looking for an idea for an individual investigation.</p>
<p><u><strong>Solvents</strong></u></p>
<p>Sometimes the choice of solvent and the choice of leaf can make a difference to the success of this experiment.<br>
In the literature there are a range of solvents used. Essentially the solvent should be a mixture of a polar solvent and a non polar solvent. Ether is non-polar, acetone is slightly polar, and water is of course very polar. I have seen the following mixtures used for chromatography of photosynthetic pigments:</p>
<ul>
<li>80% petroleum ether with 20% acetone,</li>
<li>80% acetone and 20% pet. ether,</li>
<li>60% acetone with 20% Pet ether and 20% water</li>
<li>100% acetone.</li>
<li>Running a coin across a softened spinach leaf several times without a solvent</li>
</ul>
<div data-canvas-width="158.75">Acetone -should extract lipids.</div>
<div data-canvas-width="479.99749999999995">Petroleum ether -should remove lipids from the acetone, which mixes with water.</div>
<div data-canvas-width="643.7496666666668">Methanol, with a small proportion of water, should remove slightly more hydrophilic lipids</div>
<div data-canvas-width="92.49999999999999">Additional water should drive the slightly hydrophilic lipids into the ethyl ether</div>
</div>
<script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
</section>
</div>
</article>
</div><!-- /#main-column -->
</div>
</div><!-- /#content -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer" class="student-access">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<p>
© <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <em>InThinking / IB Documents (2) Team | Version: 31.01.2023</em>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/about-us">
About us
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/legal">
Legal
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/contact">
Contact
</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/#!/inthinker">
<img src="../../../social/twitter-square.svg"> Twitter
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../social/facebook-square.svg"> Facebook
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/9s4we1">
<img src="../../../social/linkedin-square.svg"> LinkedIn
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="-3600"><div id="modal-session-expired" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" data-backdrop="static" data-keyboard="false">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0">Your session has expired</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body" style="padding: 10px;">
<p>You will have to reload and log in again.</p>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<a id="session-expired" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" href="#">
<i class="fa fa-refresh"></i> Reload
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Loading scripts at the end of the body means faster page loading -->
<script src="../../../js/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.pack.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/sidemenu/sidemenu.min.js?v=202011301145"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-assignments-utils.min.js?v=202211281800"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-comments-utils.min.js?v=202211281800"></script><script src="../../../js/std/std-task-utils.min.js?v=202211151130"></script><script src="../../../js/jq-mark.js/jquery.mark.min.js"></script><!-- MathJax only to render Math ML -->
<!--<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script>-->
<script src="../../../ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=MML_HTMLorMML"></script>
<style>
.math-tex {
font-size: 1.15em !important;
}
.math-tex span.ML__text {
/*font-family: inherit !important;*/
}
.ML__text + .ML__mathit {
margin-left: 0 !important;
}
.math-tex img, .math-tex + img, span img {
box-shadow: none;
margin: 0;
}
</style>
<script src="../../../mathlive%400.86.0/dist/mathlive.min.js" async="" defer=""></script>
<script>
window.addEventListener('load',
() => MathLive.renderMathInDocument()
);
</script>
<script>function a3a0cdc4ffc7b0637(gradeQuiz) {
var url = '/pages/quizzes/get-structure.php',
data = {
'ticket' : $('#ticket').val(),
'data-structure': gradeQuiz.dataStructure,
'score-answers' : gradeQuiz.scoreAnswers,
'std-answers' : gradeQuiz.stdAnswers,
'n-question' : gradeQuiz.nQuestion,
'std-task-id' : gradeQuiz.taskStdId,
'quiz-seconds' : gradeQuiz.quizSeconds,
'is-exam' : gradeQuiz.isExam,
'student-ID' : typeof studentID !== 'undefined' ? studentID : '',
'task-ID' : $('#task-ID').length ? $('#task-ID').val() : ''
};
$.post(url, data, 'json').done(function(response){
var r = JSON.parse(response);
if (r.success == 1) {
if (gradeQuiz.checkTotal) {
logQuiz(gradeQuiz.button, gradeQuiz.quiz, r, gradeQuiz.notRequired);
} else {
// Check single exercise both from teacher and student side
if (!r.ss || !r.sa) {
alert('You cannot do this task again until after the deadline');
return false;
}
var logger = {};
var mScoreMark = checkExercise(gradeQuiz.exercise, r, gradeQuiz.nQuestion);
//Only needed on Student Access: one by one question log
if (typeof quizLogger === 'function') {
logger = quizLogger(gradeQuiz.quiz, mScoreMark, false);
}
//Only needed on Student Access
if (typeof saveQuizLog === 'function' && !$.isEmptyObject(logger)) {
saveQuizLog(logger, 10, 0);
}
gradeQuiz.button.remove();
}
}
if (r.success == 2) {
sendLogs = false;
// Show score only if allowed to show it
if (r.ss) {
var totalScore = r.score;
var totalMark = r.mark;
var scoreContainer = $('a.check-total').closest('.totals').find('span.score');
if (totalScore == 100) { scoreContainer.addClass('A'); }
else if (totalScore > 70) { scoreContainer.addClass('B'); }
else if (totalScore > 50) { scoreContainer.addClass('C'); }
else if (totalScore > 30) { scoreContainer.addClass('D'); }
else { scoreContainer.addClass('E'); }
scoreContainer.append('<strong>'+ totalMark +'</strong> <small style="opacity: .8">('+ totalScore +'%)</small>');
} else {
$('#quiz-checker').find('.score-container').remove();
}
$('#task-completed-badge').show();
$("html, body").animate({ scrollTop: $('#task-completed-badge').position().top });
controlExamInCombinedTask();
gradeQuiz.button.remove();
}
if (r.success == 0) {
alert(r.msg);
}
});
}
$(document).ready(function(){
if (!$('#ticket').length) {
var inputTicket = '<input type="hidden" id="ticket" value="IBDocs(2)">';
$('body').append(inputTicket);
}
$('section').on('click', '.tib-quiz #save-quiz-progress', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
let button = $(this);
button.html("<i class=\"fa fa-fw fa-spinner fa-spin colored\"></i> Saving...");
setTimeout(function() {
button.html("<i class=\"fa fa-fw fa-check colored\"></i> Saved!");
}, 2000);
setTimeout(function() {
button.html("<i class=\"fa fa-fw fa-save\"></i> Save progress");
}, 4500);
});
/**
* Quiz final green CHECK button
*/
$('section').on('click', '.tib-quiz .check-total', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
var body = $('body');
var button = $(this);
var quiz = $(this).closest('.tib-quiz');
var dataStructure = quiz.attr('data-structure');
var scoreAnswers = quiz.attr('data-score-answers');
var notRequired = false;
var taskID = $('#task-ID').length ? $('#task-ID').val() : '';
var taskStdId = $('#std-task-id').length ? $('#std-task-id').val() : '';
//Only for combined tasks
if (typeof button.attr('data-task-id') !== 'undefined') {
var taskID = button.attr('data-task-id');
$('#task-ID').val(taskID);
}
if (typeof button.attr('data-combined-task-required') !== 'undefined' && button.attr('data-combined-task-required') === 'short-answer') {
notRequired = true;
}
if (typeof scoreAnswers == 'undefined') {
scoreAnswers = null;
}
var quizSeconds = '';
if (typeof amountSecs != 'undefined') {
quizSeconds = amountSecs;
}
var isExam = false;
if (typeof examTime != 'undefined') {
isExam = true;
}
body.css('cursor', 'wait');
// Remove grade-by-question 'save progress' button
if ($('#save-quiz-progress').length) {
$('#save-quiz-progress').remove();
}
$.when(
// Collect the std answers
checkAllExercises(quiz)
).then(
function(stdAnswers) {
var gradeQuiz = {
button: button,
quiz: quiz,
dataStructure: dataStructure,
scoreAnswers: scoreAnswers,
stdAnswers: stdAnswers,
checkTotal: true,
nQuestion: null,
exercise: null,
notRequired: notRequired,
taskStdId: taskStdId,
quizSeconds: quizSeconds,
isExam: isExam
};
a3a0cdc4ffc7b0637(gradeQuiz);
body.css('cursor', 'default');
// Was the task already submitted time ago
if( $('#task-completed-badge').hasClass('already-submitted')) {
$('#task-completed-badge').show();
$('#return-my-tasks-q').show();
$("html, body").animate({ scrollTop: $('#task-completed-badge').position().top });
}
}
);
});
/**
* Quiz exercise individual CHECK button
*/
$('section').on('click', '.exercise .btn.check', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
var body = $('body');
var button = $(this);
var exercise = button.closest('div.exercise');
var quiz = $(this).closest('.tib-quiz');
var dataStructure = quiz.attr('data-structure');
var scoreAnswers = quiz.attr('data-score-answers');
var nQuestion = 0;
//Only for combined tasks
if (typeof $('.check-total').attr('data-task-id') !== 'undefined') {
var taskID = $('.check-total').attr('data-task-id');
$('#task-ID').val(taskID);
}
if (typeof scoreAnswers == 'undefined') {
scoreAnswers = null;
}
var gradeQuiz = {
button: button,
quiz: quiz,
dataStructure: dataStructure,
scoreAnswers: scoreAnswers,
checkTotal: false,
nQuestion: nQuestion,
exercise: exercise,
notRequired: false,
};
body.css('cursor', 'wait');
quiz.find('.exercise').each(function(){
if ($(this)[0] == exercise[0]) {
$(this).find('.q-answer').find('input').attr('disabled', true);
if (quiz.find('.exercise .btn.check').length === 1) {
quiz.find('.check-total').trigger('click');
return;
}
gradeQuiz['nQuestion'] = nQuestion;
a3a0cdc4ffc7b0637(gradeQuiz);
body.css('cursor', 'default');
}
nQuestion++;
});
});
});</script>
<script src="../../../js/header-circle.min.js?v=20220113"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cookies.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// The cookies alert
if (! readCookie("displayCookieConsent") && ! readCookie("y") ) {
var cookieMSG = "We use cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used.";
setTimeout(function() {
$.ajax({
cache: true,
url: "js/cookiechoices.js",
dataType: "script",
success: function () {
cookieChoices.showCookieConsentBar(cookieMSG, 'close', 'Read more', "biology/legal#cookies");
}
});
}, 2000);
}
</script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=IBDocs(2)&x=20914';var sData='0ebg+I>F/4F[IxZ[hNZ6oiLuIxZg+NLcIxRe]VrQncg92vC9LvZM0Nu8hvT8hN])2vcOoNTsLm])/##/)##/)/6/|Lco|Te+NSahNk[54+6/Obc2iZQ2|ncIj>u2vr[5[bg+NLc/[g[2|TMojTe+iTahNk[5[/e]VrQn[bZ';var loopSecs = 30;var lsKey = 'f3592bdf896e39a63186b39ace202c71';</script><script src="../../../js/user/user-stats-page.min.js?v=202102101800"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 600;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater.js?v=20200831"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
function padLeft(str,max){return str.length<max?padLeft("0"+str,max):str}function padRight(str,max){return str.length<max?padRight(str+"0",max):str}$("body").on("click",'a[href="#"], a.fancybox-nav, a[data-toggle="tab"], a[data-toggle="dropdown"], a[data-toggle="collapse"], a[data-toggle="modal"]',(function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var topmenuOffset=0,topmenuHeight=0;function fixDiv(t,h){$(window).scrollTop()<topmenuOffset||$("#topmenu ul.level-1").is(":visible")?($("#topmenu").css({position:"",width:""}),$("#topmenu").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":"0"})):($("#topmenu").css({position:"fixed",top:"0",width:$("#topmenu").width()+"px"}),$("#topmenu").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":topmenuHeight+"px"}))}function fixSearchNav(){var searchMenuTop=topmenuOffset+topmenuHeight,searchMenuH=$("#nav-menu-search").is(":visible")?$("#nav-menu-search").outerHeight():0;if($(window).scrollTop()>searchMenuTop-topmenuHeight){var borderBottomWidth=parseInt($("#topmenu").css("borderBottomWidth"))+1;$("#nav-menu-search").css({position:"fixed",top:topmenuHeight+borderBottomWidth+"px",left:"0",right:"0"}),$("#nav-menu-search").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top",topmenuHeight+searchMenuH+"px")}else $("#nav-menu-search").css({position:""}),$("#nav-menu-search").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top","0")}$("#topmenu").length&&(topmenuOffset=$("#topmenu").offset().top,topmenuHeight=$("#topmenu").outerHeight(),fixDiv(),$(window).scroll((function(){fixDiv(),fixSearchNav()}))),$("a.toggle-menu-search").on("click",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$("#nav-menu-search").slideToggle("fast",(function(){$(this).find('input[name="s"]').focus()}))}));var menuH=$("#topmenu").height(),itemH=$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").height();function fancyScrollTo(id){$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:$("#"+id).offset().top-300},300)}function printSectionBlog(){var w=$(window).width()/2,h,windowSettings="height="+($(window).height()-100)+", width="+w+", left=0, top=0, resizable=no, ";windowSettings+="scrollbars=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no, ",windowSettings+="directories=no, status=yes";var myWindow=window.open("","Page printer",windowSettings),containerHtml=["<html>","<head>","<title>Page printer</title>",'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/style.min.css?v=202211152130">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+"/css/style"+SITE_TAG+'.min.css?v=202104061357">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/article.min.css?v=202210181500">',"</head>","<body>",$("section#main-content").html().replace(/<span\sclass="MJX_Assistive_MathML".*?<\/span>/g,""),"</body>","</html>"].join("");containerHtml=containerHtml.replace(/src="files\//gi,'src="'+window.location.origin+"/files/"),myWindow.document.write(containerHtml),myWindow.document.close(),myWindow.focus(),setTimeout((function(){$.when(myWindow.print()).then(myWindow.close())}),1e3)}function PopupPrint(target){window.print()}$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").each((function(){if(menuH>itemH&&$(this).position().top<1){var i=itemH+1;$(this).find("ul:first").css("margin-top","-"+i+"px")}})),$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").on("mouseenter mouseleave",(function(e){var submenu=$("ul:first",this),submenuW=submenu.width();$(this).offset().left+submenuW>$(window).width()&&(submenu.css("right","0"),submenu.find("ul").each((function(){if(!$(this).hasClass("fixed")){var l=$(this).width()+submenuW;$(this).css("margin-left","-"+l+"px"),$(this).addClass("fixed")}})))})),$("a.showhider").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var box="#"+$(this).attr("rel"),show='<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>',hide='<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>';$(box).slideToggle("fast"),$(this).html($(this).html()==show?hide:show),$(this).attr("title","Show"==$(this).attr("title")?"Hide":"Show")})),$("a.scroll-to").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var n=$("#"+$(this).data("target")).offset().top-70;$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:n},300)})),$("a.print-section-blog").click((function(e){e.preventDefault(),printSectionBlog()})),$(".print-button").click((function(e){var target;e.preventDefault(),PopupPrint("#"+$(this).data("target-id"))})),$(".alert.alert-success").delay(6e3).hide("fast",fixDiv());var fancyParent=1==$("body").find($("#main-article")).length?"#main-article":"body",fancyOptions={loop:!1,openEffect:"elastic",closeEffect:"elastic",nextEffect:"fade",prevEffect:"fade",parent:fancyParent,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}};if($("ul.gallery").each((function(){var rel=$(this).find("li:first-child > a:first-child").attr("rel");$('ul.gallery a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$(".carousel.slide").each((function(){var rel="gallery-"+$(this).data("id");$('.carousel.slide a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$("img.pop").parent("a").each((function(){$(this).attr("title",$(this).children("img").attr("alt"))})),$("img.pop").parent("a").fancybox({loop:!1,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}}),!are_cookies_enabled()){var msg='<div class="alert alert-error"><i class="fa fa-warning"></i> Your browser does not accept cookies from this site. Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
$('img.ico[src="/img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var t=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+t+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$('img.ico[src="img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var t=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+t+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$(".tib-popover").popover({html:!0,trigger:"hover",delay:{show:300,hide:300},placement:function(t,e){var o=$(e).position();return o.top>200?"top":o.left<515?"right":o.top<200?"bottom":o.left>515?"left":"top"}}).click((function(t){t.preventDefault()}));var carouselTime=6500;$("div.carousel.slide").carousel({interval:carouselTime}),$(".tib-indicators > img").click((function(){var t=$(this).index(),e;$(this).closest(".carousel.slide").carousel(t)})),setShowResultsListeners($("#container")),addMarksThreads($("#modal-std-write"));
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
</a>