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class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../446/energy-production.html">Energy production</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../452/energy-sources.html">Energy sources</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Power stations</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 15 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 15'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../energy-production/power-station.jpg" style="float: left; width: 250px; height: 183px;">Here we will jump straight in with the most common form of electricity production worldwide - the fossil fuel power station. While quite difficult to draw (see below!), you will learn about the physics principles that govern the four key sections:</p> <ul> <li>Fuel</li> <li>Boiler</li> <li>Turbine</li> <li>Generator</li> </ul> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Key Concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><em>Specific energy</em> is the ratio of the energy contained in a body to its mass, <span class="math-tex">\(E\over m\)</span>. The unit of specific energy is J kg<sup>-1</sup>.</p> <p>Like <em>density</em>, specific energy is an example of a material property where the dimensions of the body are irrelevant. If an energy requirement of a process is known, the amount of fuel required can be calculated.</p> <p>There is also a concept termed <em>energy density</em>, for the ratio of the energy contained in a body to its volume, <span class="math-tex">\(E\over V\)</span>. The unit of specific energy is J m<sup>-3</sup>.</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/video.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Video"> What relationships link the energy produced by a fuel with the possible temperature rise of water?</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/193660499"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Heat engines - the boiler</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><em>Heat engines </em>convert thermal energy into mechanical work.</p> <p>The principle behind the operation of a heat engine can be described using a hot air balloon:</p> <p><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-arrow-up fa-lg"> </span> On the way up, fuel is <em>combusted </em>(burned in oxygen) to heat the air. The air molecules gain kinetic energy and spread out, so the air becomes less dense and rises. This lifts the balloon so it gains gravitational potential energy.</p> <p><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-arrow-down fa-lg"> </span> When the balloon is higher, the surroundings are lower in temperature. This cools the air inside the balloon, making it more dense and so it falls.</p> <p>A cycle can form:</p> <ul> <li>When a gas is hot it, can do work.</li> <li>When the gas is cold, work done is done on it.</li> </ul> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/193660443"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Pressure difference - the turbine</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Pressure and force are proportional. Where there is a pressure difference across a lamina, a force will be exerted:</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(F=\Delta P.A\)</span></p> <p>When water is boiled to produce steam, these gas particles exert a pressure on the walls of their container. The force exerted can be converted into rotational kinetic energy (a form of mechanical energy) using turbine blades.</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/video.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Video"> When the steam has passed through the turbine, it has lost kinetic energy and the molecules come together. The gas condenses into liquid water and can return to the boiler tank.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/193660491"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Electromagnetic induction - the generator</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>As discussed in the <a href="../345/magnetic-fields.html" title="Magnetic fields">Magnetic fields</a> section, there is a link between magnetic fields, current and movement.</p> <p>When a conductor (such as a wire) moves in a magnetic (B) field, the electrons in it experience a force. The overall effect of this is an <em>electro-motive force</em> (<span class="math-tex">\(\epsilon\)</span>), which is a potential difference converting an energy source in to electrical energy.</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/video.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Video"> This how the generator section of a power station works. The spinning turbine is connected to a large coil of wire. The rotation of the coil within a magnetic field, converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. At this point the aim of the power station is complete.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/193660460"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-purple"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><em>Think you know your power stations? Describe the purpose and energy changes in the sections of this sketch.</em></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../small-images/ideas---5.png" style="height: 400px; width: 607px;"></p> <p><em>Check your answers below. </em></p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <p>Fuel</p> <ul> <li>Provides chemical or nuclear energy</li> </ul> <p>Boiler</p> <ul> <li>Where the fuel is combusted to boil water into steam</li> <li>Chemical energy (fuel) → thermal energy (water) → kinetic energy (steam molecules)</li> </ul> <p>Turbine</p> <ul> <li>Spins due to force caused by the high pressure steam)</li> <li>Kinetic energy (steam molecules) → rotational kinetic energy (turbine)</li> </ul> <p>Generator</p> <ul> <li>Produces a current using electromagnetic induction)</li> <li>Rotational kinetic energy (coil) → electrical energy (coil)</li> </ul> <p>Bulb</p> <ul> <li>Representative of many devices in households and cities!</li> <li>Electrical energy (wire) → light and thermal energy</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="487" mozallowfullscreen="" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/193660475" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="640"></iframe> </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test Yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><em>Use quizzes to practise application of theory.</em></p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#7bb201b5"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="7bb201b5"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> Fuels <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="6-121-453" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram represents a piece of wood of density ρ.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../mc-images/fuel1.jpg" style="width: 358px; height: 121px;"></p><p>The wood is burnt and the heat used to raise the temperature of a mass m of water by ΔT degrees</p><p>The specific energy of the wood is</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> πr<sup>2</sup>Lρ /mcΔT;</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> mcΔT/2πrLρ</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> mcΔT/πr<sup>2</sup>Lρ</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> mcΔT/πr<sup>2</sup>L</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>energy produced/mass</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram represents a piece of wood of density ρ.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../mc-images/fuel1.jpg" style="width: 358px; height: 121px;"></p><p>The wood is burnt and the heat used to raise the temperature of a mass m of water by ΔT degrees</p><p>The energy density of the wood is</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> πr<sup>2</sup>Lρ /mcΔT;</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> mcΔT/πr<sup>2</sup>L</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> mcΔT/πr<sup>2</sup>Lρ</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> mcΔT/2πrLρ</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>energy produced/mass</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Wood has a specific energy of 20 MJkg<sup>-1</sup>. If burnt on a 50% efficient stove how much would would be burned per second to be equivalent to a 1 kW electric fire</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1.0 g</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 100 g</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 0.1 g</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 10 g</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>50% efficient so 10 MJ per kg go to heat the room</p><p>1kW is 1000 J so would 1000/10 x 10<sup>6</sup> kg = 0.1g</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram shows the fusion process on the sun</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="225" src="../../mc-images/screen-shot-2016-11-24-at-06.13.49a.png" width="246"></p><p>The yellow particle is a</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> electron</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> positron</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> neutron</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> proton</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>a proton changes to a neutron by beta + decay</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>This is a Sankey diagram for a wood burning stove:</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="175" src="../../mc-images/screen-shot-2017-01-06-at-06.05.54.png" width="210"></p><p>The efficiency of the stove is</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 30%</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 70%</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 75%</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 60%</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>the width of the arrows are proportional to the energy flow</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A hot air balloon burns 100g of fuel of energy density 50 MJkg<sup>-1</sup> to lift 100 kg to a height of 100m.</p><p>What is the efficiency of this system?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 2%</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 50%</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 20%</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 80%</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>energy in = 5 x 10<sup>6</sup> J</p><p>useful work = mgh = 10<sup>5</sup> J</p><p>Efficiency = (10<sup>5</sup>/5x10<sup>6</sup> ) x 100% = 2%</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>This is the Sankey diagram for a heat engine with heat being lost in two stages.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="171" src="../../mc-images/screen-shot-2017-01-06-at-06.27.42.png" width="216"></p><p>If 240 MJ of useful work are done, how much heat is lost?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 180 MJ</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 160 MJ</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 200 MJ</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 80 MJ</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Each square represents 40 MJ</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which device does not convert mechanical energy to electrical energy</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> dynamo</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> alternator</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> turbine</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> generator</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>turbine converts translational KE into rotational</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i 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