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href="../434/structure-of-matter.html">Structure of matter</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Particle properties</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 10 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 10'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../atomic/7-tracks.jpg" style="float: left; width: 250px; height: 227px;">You already know about mass and charge but these quantities alone are not sufficient to describe all of the particles discovered so far. Here we introduce spin.</p> <p>You should also consider colour, flavour and strangeness.</p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Key Concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Spin</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Spin can be up or down. Two particles with spin <span class="math-tex">\(1\over 2\)</span> could combine to give spin 1 or 0.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/189633311"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-turquoise panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Antimatter</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Every particle has an antiparticle with opposite charge. Normally the naming of antiparticles is done by simply adding "anti" to the name of the particle, but the antiparticle of an electron has its own name: the <em>positron</em>.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/189633310"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Particle classification - hadrons and leptons</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Particles can be classified in terms of their interactions. Particles that are attracted by the strong force are hadrons; those that aren't are leptons.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/189633309"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Particle classification - baryons and mesons</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>There are two types of hadron. Baryons are heavy (3 quarks) and mesons are light (2 quarks).</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/189633312"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test Yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><em>Use quizzes to practise application of theory.</em> </p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#8268b7f4"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="8268b7f4"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> Particle properties <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="6-117-439" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>an electron has spin</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 0</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> -1/2</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 1/2</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>spin can't be negative</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the particles that make up an atom are fundamental particles?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> proton and neutron</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> electron</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> proton</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> proton and electron</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>proton and neutron are made of quarks</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the charge of a neutrino?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> -e/2</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> +e</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> -e</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 0</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Hence the name</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>During beta- decay a neutron decays into a proton plus an electron and an anitneutrino.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="36" src="../../mc-images/screen-shot-2017-01-05-at-10.10.47.png" width="144"></p><p>This must be an antineutrino to conserve</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> spin</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> charge</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Lepton number</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Baryon number</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>no leptons on the left so antineutrino must cancel electron</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In which list are different types of particles arranged in order of mass (smallest first)?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> meson, baryon, lepton</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> baryon, meson, lepton</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> lepton, meson, baryon</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> lepton, baryon, meson</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>lepton - light, meson - medium, baryon - heavy</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the ratio of strong force / electromagnetic force between two protons in the nucleus</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 10<sup>38</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 10<sup>6</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 0.01</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 100</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>strong force is 100 times stronger but much shorter range</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which type of interaction is beta decay?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> electroweak</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Weak</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> electromagnetic</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Strong</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>It involves a neutrino so must be weak</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The spin of a meson is</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 0</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 0 or 1</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1/2</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>made of 2 quarks each of spin 1/2. These can be aligned or unaligned.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The photon takes part in which interactions?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> gravitational</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> strong</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> weak</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> electromagnetic</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The photon is the exchange particle in electromagnetic interactions</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Below is a hypothetical interaction:</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="40" src="../../mc-images/screen-shot-2017-01-05-at-10.46.44.png" width="101"></p><p>if A is a baryon B could be a -</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> lepton</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> neutrino</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> baryon</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> photon</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A with a hat on is an antiparticle so baryon number on the left = 0</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div 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