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href="../1133/atomic-models.html">Atomic models</a></label></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Electron energy levels <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="367" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../354/atomic-nuclear-and-particles.html">Atomic, nuclear and particles</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../364/atomic-models.html">Atomic models</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Electron energy levels</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 15 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 15'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../atomic/5-neon.jpg" style="float: left; width: 166px; height: 250px;">When light emitted from low pressure gases is passed through a prism, a line spectrum emerges. This tells us that the energy associated with movements of electrons between energy levels is quantized. </p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/tok.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Theory if Knowledge"> The similarity between this and the harmonics in a pipe led to the the realisation that particles have wavelike properties (and vice versa). Electrons can be diffracted!</p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Key Concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Electrons in an electric field</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The path of electrons in a uniform electric field is similar to the path of a ball thrown on the Earth. This led to the idea that electrons are negatively charge particles.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/183784993"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p><span avant="" garde="" style="color: inherit; font-family: ">Simple model</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Atomic electrons can only have certain discrete values of positional energy (specific to the type of atom, based on number of protons). This can be represented with an energy level diagram:</p> <ul> <li>If an electron goes from a high level to a lower one, a photon of EM radiation is emitted.</li> <li>To go up an energy level, a photon must be absorbed.</li> </ul> <p>If the change in energy is ΔE then the frequency is f where:</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(\Delta E=hf\)</span></p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/183784983"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p><span avant="" garde="" style="color: inherit; font-family: ">Hydrogen</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The characteristic line spectrum of hydrogen is due to the energy levels of its electrons.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/183784981"></iframe></div> <p>In this simulation of the hydrogen spectrum, note that the energy levels are around 10 eV.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/183784982"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p><span avant="" garde="" style="color: inherit; font-family: ">Absorption spectra</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A photon is only absorbed if its energy exactly matches the difference between the levels.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/183784979"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Discharge tube</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A gas discharge tube works by exciting electrons with an electric field.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/183784975"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test Yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><em>Use quizzes to practise application of theory.</em></p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#e8c33a28"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="e8c33a28"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> Electron energy levels <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="6-108-367" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The electron energy level model explains</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> the size of the nucleus</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> the electron charge/mass ratio</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> electron charge</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> the hydrogen line spectrum</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>each line in the spectrum corresponds to a different level energy transition</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram represents an electric field.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../mc-images/elevels1.jpg" style="width: 192px; height: 98px;"></p><p>The path of an electron projected horizontally into this uniform electric field electric field is</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> circular</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> straight</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> parabolic</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> helical</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The path is parabolic like that of a projectile on the Earth</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram represents an electric field.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../mc-images/elevels1.jpg" style="width: 192px; height: 98px;"></p><p>The path of an electron projected vertically into this uniform electric field electric field is</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> straight</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> circular</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> parabolic</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> helical</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The particle would have acceleration in the direction of motion but would not change direction.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A blue photon excites an electron from level 1 to level 2</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../mc-images/elevel2.jpg" style="width: 115px; height: 150px;"></p><p>What colour photon could excite an electron from 1 to 3</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> green</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> red</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> violet</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> infra red</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Higher energy means higher frequency. Violet has a higher frequency than blue.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram represents the energy levels of a hydrogen atom</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="196" src="../../mc-images/screen-shot-2017-01-04-at-08.44.16a.png" width="119"></p><p>An electron jumps from A - B - C - D.</p><p>The photons are emitted in which order?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> visible - IR - UV</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> IR - visible - UV</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> UV - IR - visible</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> UV - visible - IR</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The smallest energy change leads to longest wavelength.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram represents the energy levels of a hydrogen atom</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="196" src="../../mc-images/screen-shot-2017-01-04-at-08.44.16a.png" width="119"></p><p>An electron is excited from D to B when</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> none of these</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> an IR photon is absorbed</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> a UV photon is emitted</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> two visible photons are absorbed</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The answer should be one UV photon is absorbed</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>To calculate the energy of a photon of frequency f you would use the formula</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 2Lf</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> fλ</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> hf</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 2πf</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>E = hf h is planks constant</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The energy of a photon of visible light is approximately</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1 nJ</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1 J</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 10<sup>-23</sup> J</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 10<sup>-19</sup> J</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The energy of a photon is about 1 eV this is the same as 1.6 x 10<sup>-19</sup> J</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram represents 4 electron energy levels</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../mc-images/elevels4.jpg" style="width: 168px; height: 161px;"></p><p>Which energy photon could not be absorbed by this atom?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 0.5 eV</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 2.0 eV</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input 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