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divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Atomic models</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 25 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 25'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../atomic/1-atom-1.jpg" style="float: left; width: 250px; height: 176px;"><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/tok.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Theory if Knowledge"> Models in physics and beyond are used to describe or explain a challenging concept in a more visual or tangible way (e.g. the brain is like a library, electric current is like water flow). The atomic model is the best guess we currently have that explains our encounters with particles everyday.</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/tok.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Theory if Knowledge"> In the IB course there are few surprises; the experiments you are required to conduct usually verify the theory. However, when Rutherford saw the results of the alpha particle scattering experiment, he was very surprised. The results were not in line with the theory and led to a new visualisation of the atom. Science has often developed out of surprise results. </p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key Concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Nucleus</p> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Thomson model - plum pudding</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The Thomson model of the atom had the following key ideas:</p> <ul> <li>A solid lump of homogeneous positive charge (the "pudding")</li> <li>Small negative regions located randomly throughout (the "plums")</li> <li>Neutral overall</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/tomson.png" style="width: 263px; height: 224px;"></p> <p>This model explained the existence of discrete particles of negative charge (electrons) but was proved wrong by Rutherford.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Rutherford model - nuclear atoms</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The Rutherford model of the atom had the following key ideas:</p> <ul> <li>A small, densely positive nucleus</li> <li>Surrounded by negative electrons</li> <li>Neutral overall</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: center;"> <img alt="" src="../../images/rutherfordatom.png" style="width: 261px; height: 233px;"></p> <p>This model was established as a result of the <strong>Geiger Marsden experiment</strong>:</p> <ol> <li>Alpha particles (charge +2) were fired at a thin gold foil. A detecting film was situated all around the experiment chamber.</li> <li><em>Almost all</em> of the alpha particles passed through (all should have passed through according to the Thomson model).</li> <li><em>Some</em> of the alpha particles were deflected by a small angle.</li> <li>A <em>very small</em>, but statistically signficant, number of alpha particles (~1 in 1000) were deflected by angles greater than 90 degrees and bounced back. This was evidence for a small positive nucleus, with most of the atom as empty space, as the positive charge of the atom was now known to exist in discrete locations.</li> </ol> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="http://www.thinkib.net/files/physics/activities/Rutherford.gif" class="transparent" src="../../../ib/physics/activities/Rutherford.gif"></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Electrons and quantum</p> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Quantum physics</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>So far we have considered light to behave as a wave. However, light also behaves as discrete quantised particles (<em>photons</em>) in certain experiments. Energy and wavelengths of light are linked mathematically so that specific wavelengths correspond to specific energies:</p> <div class="box"> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(E=hf\)</span> and <span class="math-tex">\(E={hc\over \lambda}\)</span></p> <ul> <li><em>E</em> = energy of a photon (J)</li> <li><em>h</em> = Planck's constant (<span class="math-tex">\(6.63 \times 10^{-34}\)</span> m<sup>2</sup> kg s<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li><em>f</em> = frequency of light (Hz)</li> <li><em>c</em> = speed of light (<span class="math-tex">\(3\times 10^8\)</span>ms<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li><em>λ</em> = wavelength of light (m)</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Atomic spectra</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>When a low pressure gas is excited, the light emitted is made of discrete wavelengths (responsible for distinct colours of visible light). These wavelengths can be split by a prism to give a line spectrum known as an <strong>emission spectrum</strong>.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/physics/activities/atomlinespectrum.png" style="width: 352px; height: 103px;"></p> <p>When white light is absorbed by a gas, the transmitted light has an associated <strong>absorption spectrum</strong>, opposite to that shown here. To excite an electron from a low level to a high one requires a certain amount of energy. This will only occur if the light shining contains exactly the right amount of wavelength to correspond to this energy.</p> <p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/physics/activities/Helevels.png" style="width: 187px; height: 377px; float: left;">The line spectra of low pressure gases can be explained if the electrons can only have certain discrete energy levels. These can be represented on an energy level diagram. This is the energy level diagram for hydrogen.</p> <p>Note that, since the energies involved are very small, the units of energy in this diagram are electron volts (eV). This is the amount of energy gained by an electron accelerated across a potential difference of 1 V</p> <p><strong>Ionisation</strong> is the complete removal of an electron from the atom. This is the same as moving to an orbit where the energy is 0 eV. Remember that electron energy is negative (due to the attraction that exists between the electrons and the positive nucleus) so work must be done to remove electrons. It's like they are in a hole.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Bohr model</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/physics/activities/bohr1.png" style="float: left;">We have a lot of evidence that electrons exist in discrete energy levels.</p> <p>In 1913, Niels Bohr predicted the energy levels of the hydrogen atom by assuming that the angular momentum of orbiting electrons =<span class="math-tex">\(nh\over{2\pi}\)</span> where <em>n</em> is a whole number (<em>quantum number</em>).</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test Yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><em>Use flashcards to practise your recall.</em></p> <div class="tib-flashcard"><a class="show-flashcards btn btn-success btn-xs-block btn-block " data-levels="1" data-mode="Normal" data-topics="550" data-subject-id="6" data-n-flashcards="9" style="text-align:center">Show flashcards</a></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-red"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for Fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><em>Check out this πg physics summary.</em></p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/389765968"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="364"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Atomic models</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes here..."></textarea> </div> <div class="panel-footer text-xs-center"> <span id="last-edited" class="mb-xs-3"> </span> <div class="actions mt-xs-3"> <button id="save-my-progress" type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary text-center btn-xs-block"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-floppy-o"></i> Save </button> </div> </div></div> <div id="modal-feedback" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Feedback</h4> <button type="button" class="close hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="errors"></div> <p><strong>Which of the following best describes your feedback?</strong></p> <form method="post" style="overflow: hidden"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Recommendation"> Recommend</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Problem"> Report a problem</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Improvement"> Suggest an improvement</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Other"> Other</label></div> </div> <hr> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-name">Name</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="feedback-name" placeholder="Name" value=" "> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-email">Email address</label> <input type="email" class="form-control" name="feedback-email" placeholder="Email" value="@airmail.cc"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-comments">Comments</label> <textarea class="form-control" name="feedback-comments" style="resize: vertical;"></textarea> </div> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-ticket" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-url" value="https://studyib.net/physics/page/364/atomic-models"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject" value="6"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject-name" value="Physics"> <div class="pull-left"> </div> </form> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block feedback-submit mb-xs-3 pull-right"> <i class="fa fa-send"></i> Send </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block m-xs-0 pull-left" data-dismiss="modal"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div></div> <div id="fc-viewer" class="modal fade modal-flashcard" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header" style="background-color: #fafafa;"><div class="row" style="width: 100%;"><div class="col-md-12 tags-heading"><div style="display: flex; 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