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data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Magnetic fields <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="345" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../445/electricity-and-magnetism.html">Electricity and magnetism</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Magnetic fields</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../electricity/aurora-borealis-69221_640-1.jpg" style="float: left; width: 250px; height: 163px;">There are many questions you can expect to answer after studying Magnetism! Why is the North pole actually a South? Why do we define magnetic field in terms of rotation not acceleration? What is the connection between magnetic fields and electric current? And why don't magnetic waves exist without electric waves? </p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Key Concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Magnets</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Iron is the most common magnetic material. This means that it contains magnetic domains that can be aligned to make the material into a magnet. Iron is an essential component in the alloy steel. Nichol and cobalt are also magnetic.</p> <p><img alt="" src="../../electricity/bar-magnet.png" style="float: left; width: 80px; height: 160px;">There are several ways of categorising magnets:</p> <ul> <li>Permanent magnets (produced by aligning the magnetic domains in a material, made from <em>hard</em> magnetic materials like steel) - usually purchased as bar magnets</li> <li>Temporary magnets (also produced by aligning magnetic domains, made from <em>soft</em> magnetic materials like iron)</li> <li>Electromagnets (produced by moving charges, made from any electrical conductor) - usually the wire is wrapped into a coil, known as a <em>solenoid</em> </li> </ul> <p>NB: How could you test if an object is a magnet?</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <p>To test for a magnet, you need to see if it can be repelled by an existing magnet. It is not enough to be attracted to an existing magnet, as all magentic materials are attracted to permanent magnets.</p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Flux density, <span class="math-tex">\(B\)</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Magnetic flux density is equivalent to magnetic field strength. Magnetic flux density (<em>B</em>) is measured in Tesla (T).</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/tok.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Theory if Knowledge"> The term <em>flux </em>comes from a time when magnetic field was thought to be caused by the flow of a substance through space.</p> <p><strong>Definition: </strong>A flux density of 1 T will cause a force of 1 N to be experienced by a wire of 1 m in length carrying a current of 1 A perpendicular to the field. </p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <p>Permanent magnets </p> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Magnetic poles and forces</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><img alt="" src="../../electricity/coil.jpg" style="float: left; width: 200px; height: 150px;">Bar magnets and solenoids have two poles: north and south. A theoretical isolated north pole is attracted to a south pole and repelled by a north pole. Similar to charges: unlike poles attract, like poles repel</p> <p>The north-seeking pole of a magnet points towards the geographic north pole of the Earth. This is because the earth actually contains a south pole in its northern hemisphere due to the direction of rotation of the liquid core.</p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/physics/activities/magnet19.png" style="width: 387px; height: 327px;"></p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Magnetic field lines</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/notes.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Notes (summary/recap)"> Magnetic field lines show the direction of in which a test north pole would be accelerated. The closer the field lines, the stronger the magnetic force.</p> <p>In the following diagram, A is a north pole.</p> <p>NB: Notice the following details when drawing your own diagrams:</p> <ul> <li>Field lines never touch or cross, even at the poles</li> <li>Field lines are closest at the poles</li> <li>The shape of the field lines is symmetrical, but the arrows are not</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/physics/activities/magnet3.png" style="width: 369px; height: 224px;"></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <p>Electromagnets</p> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Straight electrical conductors</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A straight electrical conductor produces a circular magnetic field.</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/exam-style.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Exam-style question"> An easy way to determine the direction of the field is the <i>right hand grip rule</i>.</p> <ol> <li>Make a thumbs up sign with your right hand.</li> <li>Put your thumb in the direction of the current.</li> <li>Your fingers will curl in the direction of magnetic field.</li> </ol> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/physics/activities/magnet5.jpg" style="width: 160px; height: 268px;"></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Coils and solenoids</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>When a wire is made into a loop, the magnetic field becomes straight as it is the sum of all the fields from each section of the turn added together. A solenoid is wound so that each coil lies next to the one before to form a cylinder. Inside this coil of multiple turns, the fields add inside to give the pattern below.</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/exam-style.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Exam-style question"> The direction of the field inside can be determined using another <em>right hand grip rule</em>.</p> <ol> <li>Make a thumbs up sign with your right hand.</li> <li>Curl your fingers in the direction of the conventional current within the turns of the coil.</li> <li>Your thumb will point to show the position of the north pole.</li> </ol> <hr class="hidden"> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/physics/activities/magnet8.png" style="width: 361px; height: 220px;"></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Force on a current-carrying conductor</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A current-carrying conductor (i.e. an electromagnet) within an existing magnetic field will experience a force due to the interactions of the magnetic fields. This is often known as the <strong>motor effect</strong>.</p> <p>If the field is perpendicular to the current the the force is perpendicular to both.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/physics/activities/magnet13.png" style="width: 200px; height: 182px;"></p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/exam-style.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Exam-style question"> <em>Fleming's left hand rule </em>can be used to work out the direction of the force acting on the current-carrying conductor.</p> <ol> <li>Splay the thumb and first two fingers of your left hand to create three right angles. Practise rotating this arrangement at the wrist, elbow and shoulder without disrupting the right angles.</li> <li>Your <strong>f</strong>irst finger represents the external magnetic <strong>f</strong>ield. Line this orientation up <strong>first</strong> towards south.</li> <li>Keeping the field direction, rotate your left hand until your se<strong>c</strong>ond finger lines up with the <strong>c</strong>onventional <strong>c</strong>urrent.</li> <li>Your thumb will now be pointing in a direction that is perpendicular to both of the previous directions. Your thumb is pointing in the direction that the current-carrying conductor will move.</li> </ol> <hr class="hidden"> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/physics/activities/magnet14.png" style="width: 350px; height: 342px;"></p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/exam-style.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Exam-style question"> Not all fields and currents will be in the same plane as the paper:</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <ul> <li>If the direction is <strong>out</strong> of the page, this will be indicated by a dot in a circle (like the tip of the arrow from a bow)</li> <li>If the direction is <strong>into</strong> the page, this will be indicated by a cross in a circle (like the feathers of an arrow)</li> </ul> </section> <h4>Calculating forces - conductors</h4> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/notes.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Notes (summary/recap)"> The size of the force (in N) on a current-carrying conductor depends on:</p> <ul> <li>flux density (<em>B</em>) in T</li> <li>current (<em>I</em>) in A</li> <li>length of conductor in the field (<em>L</em>) in m</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(F=BIL\)</span></p> <p>This force is used to define the ampere: 1 A is the current that would cause a force of 2 x 10<sup>-7</sup> Nm<sup>-1</sup> between two long parallel conductors placed in a vacuum.</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/exam-style.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Exam-style question"> Your data booklet includes <span class="math-tex">\(\sin \theta\)</span> in this equation. This is to ensure that you only use the perpendicular component of the field.</p> <h4>Calculating forces - individual charges</h4> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/notes.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Notes (summary/recap)"> Consider a section of wire in a perpendicular B field. A force acts on each individual charge within the field, depending on:</p> <ul> <li>flux density (<em>B</em>) in T</li> <li>charge (<em>q</em>) in C</li> <li>velocity at which the charge is moving (<em>v</em>) in ms<sup>-1</sup></li> </ul> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(F=Bqv\)</span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/physics/activities/magnet16.png" style="width: 241px; height: 191px;"></p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/exam-style.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Exam-style question"> Your data booklet includes <span class="math-tex">\(\sin \theta\)</span> in this equation. This is to ensure that you only use the perpendicular component of the field.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Circular motion</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Since the force acts perpendicular to the the velocity of the charge at all times (NB: Fleming's left hand rule), charges in a magentic field will have circular motion.</p> <p>The resultant force (centripetal force) is equal to the magnetic force:</p> <p><span class="math-tex">\(F_C=F_M\)</span></p> <p><span class="math-tex">\({mv^2\over r}=Bqv\)</span></p> <p><span class="math-tex">\({mv\over r}=Bq\)</span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(\Rightarrow r={mv\over {Bq}}\)</span></p> <p>This equation shows us that a charge in a uniform magnetic field has a constant radius that can be determined. 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