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as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../252/thermal.html">Thermal</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../254/thermal-concepts.html">Thermal concepts</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Heat transfer</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../thermal/hot-spring.jpg" style="width: 250px; height: 167px; float: left;">Whether you want to prevent heat from escaping, cook something more quickly or answer an exam question, you need to know the processes of heat transfer:</p> <ul style="margin-left: 240px;"> <li>conduction</li> <li>convection</li> <li>radiation</li> </ul> <p>It's also worth a look at the <a href="../254/thermal-concepts.html" title="Thermal concepts">Thermal concepts</a> page for information about <em>evaporation</em>. </p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-purple"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-purple"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Conduction</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>While all matter is capable of allowing heat transfer by <em>conduction</em>, it is fastest in solids, particularly in metals with delocalised electrons.</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/video.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Video"> When the end of a solid bar is heated, the particles are made to vibrate more than before. The kinetic energy is passed from one molecule to the next along the rod by collisions.</p> <p>NB: Remember that all objects above absolute zero will have at least some kinetic energy in their particles.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/163663526"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-purple panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Convection</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/exam-style.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Exam-style question"> <em>We don't ask you to memorise much in Phyiscs, but it's worth learning the key words for a good convection answer...</em></p> <p>When a <strong>fluid</strong> is heated, the molecules <strong>spread apart</strong>, causing it to be <strong>less dense</strong>. This less dense fluid <strong>rises</strong> into the surrounding cold fluid. This leaves a region of <strong>low pressure</strong> behind and so the cooler, denser fluid fills the gap, creating a <strong>convection current</strong>.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/163588703"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-purple panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Radiation</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><img alt="" src="../../thermal/charcoal.jpg" style="float: left; width: 219px; height: 80px;">Radiation is what you feel as you warm your hands in front of a fire.</p> <p>All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit infrared radiation. Infrared radiation is a region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and so it travels at the speed of light through a vacuum (convenient for planet Earth!) as well as being able to pass through air and other matter. </p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/video.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Video"> The amount of radiated heat depends upon the temperature of the source, it's colour and surface area. The rate of radiation absorbed by and emitted from black bodies is greater than silver ones (which are much better reflectors). Hot objects emit more radiation than cooler objects.</p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/163734668"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test Yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><em>Use quizzes to practise application of theory.</em> </p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#5cc8d3f9"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="5cc8d3f9"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> Change of state <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="6-62-256" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>When a solid changes to a liquid energy is required.</p><p>Which is the best description of where that energy goes.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> to increase the PE of the molecules</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> to increase the KE of the molecules</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> to allow the molecules to move further apart</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> to break the bonds between atoms</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Chemists talk about breaking bonds we talk about increasing PE, it would also be bonds between the molecules rather than atoms but I'd rather not get into that.</p><p>Temperature doesn't change so no change in KE</p><p>Water molecules actually get closer.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>100g ice is melted at 0°C in 5 minutes by an electric heater.</p><p>The latent heat of fusion of ice is approximately 3 x 10<sup>5</sup> Jkg<sup>-1</sup></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The amount of heat required to melt the ice = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="30"> <span class="review"></span> kJ</p><p>The power of the heater = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="100"> <span class="review"></span> W</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Q = mL, P = Q/t careful with units</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The temperature is measured as some water is boiled in a 2kW electric kettle.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/lhq1.png" style="width: 340px; height: 292px;"></p><p>The latent heat of vaporisation of water is about 2 x 10<sup>6</sup> Jkg<sup>-1</sup></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Temperature T = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="100"> <span class="review"></span> °C</p><p>The heat required to boil the water = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="2000"> <span class="review"></span> kJ</p><p>The mass of water = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="1"> <span class="review"></span> kg</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Q = Pt<br>m=Q/L</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>If you get melted sugar on your skin it burns very badly.</p><p>Fill the gaps to give the explanation.</p><p>Word list: constant, energy, solid, liquid, temperature, release, state, power</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>When sugar changes from <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="liquid"> <span class="review"></span> to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="solid"> <span class="review"></span> it must release <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="energy"> <span class="review"></span> , if in contact with your skin this <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="energy"> <span class="review"></span> will be given to you. <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="temperature"> <span class="review"></span> remains constant as the sugar changes <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="state"> <span class="review"></span> so it remains at melting point until all the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="energy"> <span class="review"></span> is released. during this time the sugar will be damaging your skin.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>It does too.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A type of salt is used to store solar energy collected in the day time so it can be used at night. The power station collects 1 MW. </p><p>The latent heat of fusion of the salt is 3 x 10<sup>6</sup> Jkg<sup>-1</sup></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The energy collected in 10 hours of sun light = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="36000"> <span class="review"></span> MJ (no commas)</p><p>The mass of salt melted in one day (10 hours of sunlight) = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="12000"> <span class="review"></span> kg</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>MJ is 10<sup>6</sup> J</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-red"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for Fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Consider a frozen chicken. To defrost the chicken, you have two options: placing it on the worktop as it is, or wrapping it in a woollen jumper. Which option will be the quicker?</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden">Although perhaps unexpected, wrapping the chicken in a jumper will actually slow the defrosting. The jumper is an insulator, which means that it reduces heat transfer by conduction in any direction. Its trapped air pockets also reduce the extent of convection near to the chicken. It's worth remembering that materials (like wool) do not know what to keep warm.</section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="256"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Heat transfer</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes here..."></textarea> </div> <div class="panel-footer text-xs-center"> <span id="last-edited" class="mb-xs-3"> </span> <div class="actions mt-xs-3"> <button id="save-my-progress" type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary text-center btn-xs-block"> <i 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