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href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../252/thermal.html">Thermal</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../254/thermal-concepts.html">Thermal concepts</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Temperature and heat</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 20 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 20'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../thermal/sparklet.jpg" style="float: left; width: 250px; height: 167px;"><em>"Turn up the heat!"</em></p> <p><em>"Raise the temperature!"</em></p> <p><em>"Cool down!"</em></p> <p>The words <em>temperature</em> and <em>heat</em> tend to be used interchangeably in day-to-day language. However, they are not synonymous. It is important that physicists distinguish between these key words. </p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Key Concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>What is temperature?</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Temperature is defined according to the zeroth (yes, really!) law of thermodynamics:<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 243);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 243);"></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 243);"></span></p> <p>If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.</p> <p><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 243);"></span></p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/notes.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Notes (summary/recap)"> In practical terms, temperature is the concentration of heat energy in a body. It dictates the overall direction in which heat energy will transfer (from hot to cold).</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/video.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Video"> To measure temperature we need a thermometer. To calibrate a thermometer, two fixed points and a measurable physical property such as the length of a column of mercury are needed.</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/quiz.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Quiz"> <em>Which two fixed points do you think would be most convenient?</em></p> <div class="smart-object center" data-id="113" style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="602" mozallowfullscreen="" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/163294087" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="640"></iframe></div> <p><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-flask fa-lg" style="color: rgb(39, 45, 105);"> </span> Note that many students assume that this experiment should be carried out over a large temperature range. This can be beneficial for increasing the range of validity, but specific heat capacity actually varies slightly with temperature.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p><strong>Method of mixtures</strong></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>An alternative way of measuring specific heat capacity is by mixing a hot amount of matter of unknown <em>c</em> with a cold amount with known <em>c</em>.</p> <div class="box"> <p style="text-align: center;">heat from the hot body = heat to the cold</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\((mcΔθ)_{\text{hot}} = (mcΔθ)_{\text {cold} }\)</span></p> </div> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/calc.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Calculator"> Exam questions can sometimes make this trickier by including the concept of <em>flowrate</em>. In this case, you will use the mass of liquid passing a contact surface per second, <span class="math-tex">\(\Delta m\over \Delta t\)</span>. You could even be given volumetric flow rate and density (in which case <span class="math-tex">\({\Delta m\over \Delta t}=\rho {\Delta V\over \Delta t}\)</span>). By considering what happens in a unit time and multiplying everything by 1, the equations simplify to that above. This is a similar approach to that used in <a href="../238/newtons-second-law.html" title="Newton's second law">Newton's second law</a> for fluids.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-purple"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/video.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Video"> If different materials are heated at the same rate, the one with the lowest <em>c</em> will have the larger rise in temperature for the same period of time.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/163591916"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test Yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><em>Use quizzes to practise application of theory.</em> </p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#57a39e14"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="57a39e14"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> Temperature, heat and internal energy <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="6-60-255" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A thermocouple produces a voltage of 0.00 mV at when placed in melting water and 0.70 mV when placed in boiling water.</p><p>If the voltage when placed in a hot metal block is 0.84 mV the temperature of the block is</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 80 °C</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 20 °C</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 120 °C</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 200 °C</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Clearly more than 100 but not twice as big</p><p>1 degree is 0.7/100 mV so the extra 1.4 mV is 20 °C</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A metal wire has resistance 0.15 Ω when placed in melting ice and 0.16 Ω when placed in boiling water.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>It's resistance when placed in a 1000 °C flame will be <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="1.15"> <span class="review"></span>Ω </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>0.1 Ω per 100 ° so 1000° is 1 Ω above 0.15</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Use the following list of word to fill in the blanks in this definition of heat</p><p>word list: energy, temperature, heat, hot, cold</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>When a body with high <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="temperature"> <span class="review"></span> is put in contact with a low <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="temperature"> <span class="review"></span> body the fast moving atoms in the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="hot"> <span class="review"></span> body will transfer <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="energy"> <span class="review"></span> to the slow ones in the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cold"> <span class="review"></span> one. We say<input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="heat"> <span class="review"></span> is transferred from <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="hot"> <span class="review"></span> to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cold"> <span class="review"></span> . This results in a loss of internal <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="energy"> <span class="review"></span> in the hot and a gain in the cold.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>heat is the transfer of energy from hot to cold but when molecules collide you don't call it heat you call it KE</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Room temperature in Kelvin is approximately</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 300 </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 100</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 20</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 320</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>0℃ is 273 K</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The temperature of one liter of water is changed from 20 ℃ to 100 ℃.</p><p>The temperature change in kelvin is</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 193 K</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 353 K</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 120 K</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 80 K</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The scale is fixed so the size of a degree is the same</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following statement is true about different types of thermometer?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They all agree at 0°C and 100°C</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They agree at all temperatures except 0°C and 100°C</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They all agree at all temperatures</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are always different</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Different physical properties vary differently with changing temperature but since the sam fixed points are used the will all agree at 0 and 100</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A 100 W electric heater is used to heat a 2 kg metal block by10 K in 60 s.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The heat given to the block = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="6000"> <span class="review"></span> J</p><p>The heat capacity of the block = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="600"> <span class="review"></span> JK<sup>-1</sup></p><p>The specific heat capacity of the metal = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="300"> <span class="review"></span> Jkg<sup>-1</sup>K<sup>-1</sup></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>energy = power x time<br>energy = mcΔT</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>0.5 liters of water is heated by a 1 kW heater for 42s</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The change in tempertaure = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="20"> <span class="review"></span> K</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>42 x 1000 = 0.5 x 4200 x ΔT (you maybe should remember the specific heat capacity of water)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A metal block has heat capacity of 500 JK<sup>-1</sup></p><p>An electric heater heats the block from 10 °C to 70 °C in 5 minutes</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The heat received by the block = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="30,000"> <span class="review"></span> J</p><p>Power of heater = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="100"> <span class="review"></span> W</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Q = CΔT = 500 x 60<br>P = Q/t = 500 x 60/60 x 5</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A metal block with heat capacity 500 JK<sup>-1</sup> is heated to 100 °C and placed into a cup of water.</p><p>The initial temperature of the water was 10 °C and the final 20 °C</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The heat lost by the metal = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="40,000"> <span class="review"></span> J</p><p>The heat gained by the water and cup = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="40,000"> <span class="review"></span> J</p><p>The heat capacity of the water + cup = <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="4,000"> <span class="review"></span> J</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Q = CΔT</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev 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