File "particle-model-kinetic-theory.html"
Path: /StudyIB/physics/page/253/particle-model-kinetic-theoryhtml
File size: 53.1 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="EN"><head> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PZBWZ8J');</script> <title>Particle model (kinetic theory)</title><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="/">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link href="../../../css/bootstrap.flatly.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../fonts/awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css"><link href="../../../js/jquery-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/style.min.css?v=202301301645"><meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta name="googlebot" content="noarchive"><meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:title" name="og:title" content="StudyIB Physics: Particle model (kinetic theory)"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:description" name="og:description" content="All matter is made up of particles (particle model). Since particles are constantly moving (kinetic theory), we should be able to explain all the properties of matter in terms of particle motion."> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:url" name="og:url" content="https://studyib.net/physics/page/253/particle-model-kinetic-theory"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:site_name" name="og:site_name" content="StudyIB - Your IB learning companion"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:locale" name="og:locale" content="en"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:type" name="og:type" content="website"> <meta name="description" content="All matter is made up of particles (particle model). Since particles are constantly moving (kinetic theory), we should be able to explain all the properties of matter in terms of particle motion."> <meta name="image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="keywords" content="Thermal, Particles, Internal energy, IB, IBDP, InThinking, International Baccalaureate, Revision, Revision websites, Student Sites, Students, Learning, Guidance, Exam, Questions, Practice problems, Diagnose, Help, Notes"> <meta itemprop="name" content="StudyIB Physics: Particle model (kinetic theory)"> <meta itemprop="description" content="All matter is made up of particles (particle model). Since particles are constantly moving (kinetic theory), we should be able to explain all the properties of matter in terms of particle motion."> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="StudyIB Physics: Particle model (kinetic theory)"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="All matter is made up of particles (particle model). Since particles are constantly moving (kinetic theory), we should be able to explain all the properties of matter in terms of particle motion."> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@inthinker"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min.css?v=202209111300"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min.css?v=202211221000"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/slick-carousel/slick.min.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/slick-carousel/slick-theme.min.css"><style type="text/css">.filter-sl-only { display: none; }</style><script src="../../../ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"> <meta name="application-name" content="StudyIB: Your IB Learning Companion"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#A5BED5"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/img/favicon/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-70x70.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-150x150.png"> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-310x150.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-310x310.png"><script>var stdHash = "6da675cbcb3d25f050b05557349abc79", stdTicket = "082b9c9c4ae3624d";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min.js?v=202205311700"></script><link href="../../../css/subjects-frontpage.min.css?v=202302031000" rel="stylesheet"></head><body class="public physics"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PZBWZ8J" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div id="top-header"> <div class="wmap general hidden-sm hidden-xs subjects"> <div class="layout-wrapper"> <div class="container-fluid"> <a href=""> <img class="header-thinker" src="../../../img/header-thinker.svg"> </a> <h1> <a href="../../../physics.html"> IBDP Physics </a> <a href="https://inthinking.net" title="inthinking.net" class="inthinking-logo pull-right"> <img src="../../../img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 80px; width: auto;"> </a> </h1> <p class="slogan">InThinking Revision Sites for students</p> <p class="author">Website by <strong>Chris Hamper & Emma Mitchell</strong></p> <p class="updated">Updated 3 February 2023</p> </div> </div> </div> <nav id="public-topnav" class="navbar navbar-default"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="navbar-header"> <a class="navbar-brand hidden-md hidden-lg" href="../../../index.htm"> <img class="header-xs-thinker" src="../../../img/header-thinker.svg"> </a> <button type="button" class="collapsed navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#subject-navbar-collapse" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-2x fa-user"></i> </button> <div class="brand hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm"> <a class="brand-xs" href="../../../physics.html"> <strong class="title" style="white-space: nowrap;font-size: 18px;">Physics</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="subject-navbar-collapse"> <ul class="nav navbar-bar navbar-userbox hidden-md hidden-lg"><li class="dropdown"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-user-circle" style="margin-right: 5px;"></i><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="dropdown-submenu"><a class="dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-globe"></i> Subjects</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li></li><li class=""><a href="../../../biology.html">DP Biology</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html">DP Chemistry</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../englishalanglit.html">DP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsanalysis.html">DP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsapplications.html">DP Maths: Applications & Interpretations SL</a></li><li class="active"><a href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i> DP Physics</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../spanishb.html">DP Spanish B</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-dashboard"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user/profile.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-cog"></i> My profile</a></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user/messages.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i> Messages</a></li><li class="menu-item hidden-md hidden-lg mt-xs-3"><a href="../../../index.htm?logout=1" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-power-off text-danger"></i>Log out</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="nav navbar-bar"><li class=""><a class="home" href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li class=""><a class="topics" href="#"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-th-large"></i> Topics</a></li><li class=""><a class="favorites" href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-star"></i> My favorites</a></li><li class=""><a class="" href="../../flashcards.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-bolt"></i> Flashcards</a></li><li class=""><a class="qbank" href="../../test-your-knowledge.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-question"></i> Question bank</a></li><li class=""><a class="networks" href="../../networks.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-graduation-cap"></i> Virtual tutor</a></li><li class=""><a class="" href="../../blogs.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-paperclip"></i> Blog</a></li><li class=""><a class="sitemap" href="../../sitemap.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sitemap"></i> Sitemap</a></li><li class=""><a class="activity" href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-calendar-check-o"></i> My activity</a></li></ul> <ul class="nav navbar-bar navbar-right"> <li> <form class="navbar-form hidden-md hidden-lg" role="search" method="get" action="physics/search"> <div class="input-group"> <input class="form-control nav-search" name="glob" type="search" placeholder="Search..."> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn bg-blue"> <i class="fa fa-search"> </i> </button> </span> </div> </form> <a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search hidden-sm hidden-xs" data-toggle="dropdown"> <i class="fa fa-lg fa-search"></i> </a> </li></ul> </div> </div></nav><nav id="nav-menu-search" class="shadow-bottom hidden-sm hidden-xs" style="display: none;"> <div class="container-fluid"> <form class="" role="search" method="get" action="physics/search"> <input class="form-control nav-search" name="glob" type="search" placeholder="Search Physics..."> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit"> Search </button> </form> </div></nav><div class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" id="modal-mini-login"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <button aria-hidden="true" data-dismiss="modal" class="close hidden-xs login-button-close" type="button">×</button> <form method="post"> <div class="form-group"> <input name="user-email" class="form-control" type="text" placeholder="Email"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input name="user-password" class="form-control" type="password" placeholder="Password"> <input name="user-fp" class="fp" value="d8c893da5db7501669ffeeac46273ba6" type="hidden"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <a href="../../../reset-password.html" class="reset-password" style="font-weight: normal;"> Forgot your password? </a> </div> <div class="form-group"> <button type="submit" name="submit-login" value="1" class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center"> <i class="fa fa-user fa-fw"></i> Log in </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="modal fade" id="show-topics" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div id="dialog-topics" class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-topics"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-body modal-body-topics"><div id="new-frontpage-toplevels-topics" class="frontpage-box"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../3015/free-access-weekend.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Free Access Weekend!</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../free.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../814/start-here.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Start here</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/physics/getting-started/getting-started.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../819/revision-tips.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Revision tips</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/physics/getting-started/exam-tips.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2885/exam-questions.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Exam questions</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../practice-papers/flash-front.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../204/basics.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Basics</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/physics/basics/basics.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../217/mechanics.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Mechanics</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/physics/mechanics/mechanics.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../252/thermal.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Thermal</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/physics/thermal/thermal.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../444/oscillations-and-waves.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Oscillations & waves</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/physics/waves/waves.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../445/electricity-and-magnetism.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Electricity & magnetism</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/physics/electricity/electricity.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../443/circular-motion-and-gravity.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Circular motion & gravity</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/physics/circular-motion/circular.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../354/atomic-nuclear-and-particles.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Atomic, nuclear & particles</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/physics/atomic/atomic.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../446/energy-production.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Energy production</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/physics/energy-production/energy.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../848/options.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Options</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/physics/astro/options.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../823/astrophysics.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Astrophysics</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/physics/astro/black-hole.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../849/engineering.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Engineering</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/physics/engineering/lift-off.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container-fluid shadow-ith"><div class="row frontpage"> <div class="col-md-3" id="left-column"> <p class="visible-xs-block"></p><div class="dropdown user-menu hidden-xs" style="margin-bottom: 20px;"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" style="border-radius: 0; padding: 6px 18px;"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-user-circle"></i> <small><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></small> </button> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="dropdown-submenu"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-globe"></i> Subjects</a><ul id="user-subjects-menu" class="dropdown-menu"><li></li><li class=""><a href="../../../biology.html">DP Biology</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html">DP Chemistry</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../englishalanglit.html">DP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsanalysis.html">DP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsapplications.html">DP Maths: Applications & Interpretations SL</a></li><li class="active"><a href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i> DP Physics</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../spanishb.html">DP Spanish B</a></li></ul></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="../../../user.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-dashboard"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li><a href="../../../user/profile.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-cog"></i> My profile</a></li><li><a href="../../../user/messages.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i> Messages</a></li> <li class="divider"></li> <li> <a href="../../../index.htm?logout=1"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-power-off"></i> Log out </a> </li> </ul></div> <div id="side-nav"><h4 class="side-nav-title dropdown"><a href="../252/thermal.html" class="dropdown-toggle toplevel-dropdown" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-ellipsis-v"></i></a> <a href="../252/thermal.html">Thermal</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="../../../physics.html" style="padding-left: 5px; border-bottom: solid 1px #ddd"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li><a href="../3015/free-access-weekend.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Free Access Weekend!</a></li><li><a href="../814/start-here.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Start here</a></li><li><a href="../819/revision-tips.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Revision tips</a></li><li><a href="../2885/exam-questions.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Exam questions</a></li><li><a href="../204/basics.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Basics</a></li><li><a href="../217/mechanics.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Mechanics</a></li><li><a href="../444/oscillations-and-waves.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Oscillations and waves</a></li><li><a href="../445/electricity-and-magnetism.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Electricity and magnetism</a></li><li><a href="../443/circular-motion-and-gravity.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Circular motion and gravity</a></li><li><a href="../354/atomic-nuclear-and-particles.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Atomic, nuclear and particles</a></li><li><a href="../446/energy-production.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Energy production</a></li><li><a href="../848/options.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Options</a></li><li><a href="../823/astrophysics.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Astrophysics</a></li><li><a href="../849/engineering.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Engineering</a></li></ul><div class="pull-right"><a class="sidenav-expand" title="Expand all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a> <a class="sidenav-compress" title="Compress all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a></div></h4><ul class="side-nav level-0"><li class="expanded parent"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../254/thermal-concepts.html">Thermal concepts</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="particle-model-kinetic-theory.html">Particle model (kinetic theory)</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../255/temperature-and-heat.html">Temperature and heat</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../256/heat-transfer.html">Heat transfer</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../257/latent-heat.html">Latent heat</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../258/modelling-gases.html">Modelling gases</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../259/boyles-law.html">Boyle's law</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../262/pressure-law.html">Pressure law</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../260/charles-law.html">Charles' law</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../263/ideal-gas-equation.html">Ideal gas equation</a></label></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Particle model (kinetic theory) <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="253" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../252/thermal.html">Thermal</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../254/thermal-concepts.html">Thermal concepts</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Particle model (kinetic theory)</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 15 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 15'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../thermal/heat-1-s.jpg" style="float: left; width: 250px; height: 167px;">All matter is made up of particles (particle model). Since particles are constantly moving (kinetic theory), we should be able to explain all the properties of matter in terms of particle motion.</p> <p>On this page, we will consider states of matter, forces and Brownian motion in relation to the particle model. </p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Key Concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>The Ancient Greek idea of an atom</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/tok.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Theory if Knowledge"> Greek philosophers thought that it must be impossible to keep cutting a piece of matter in half. Therefore, a material was assumed to be made up of smaller amounts of that same material. When a piece of material became so small that it was indivisible, it was called "<em>atomos</em>".</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/video.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Video"> This would have meant that cheese was made of 'cheese atoms' and clay was made of 'clay atoms'.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/162822653"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>States of matter</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The properties of solids, liquids and gases can be explained using the particle model.</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/tok.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Theory if Knowledge"> This can't act as a proof of kinetic theory, but it is a form of supporting evidence.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/162930659"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Explaining forces</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/video.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Video"> The forces of friction, drag and buoyancy can be explained using the particle model.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/162930198"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Brownian motion</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Brownian motion is the zig-zag motion of smoke particles viewed under a microscope, or of pollen on the surface of water, or perfume in air. This led to the proposal that surrounding invisible particles existed to knock the smoke particles about, thus refuting the Greek theory.</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/tok.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Theory if Knowledge"> This provides considerable evidence for the particle model.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/163295836"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Avogadro's constant, <span class="math-tex">\(N_A\)</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Avogadro worked out that the <strong>number of particles</strong> in <strong>equal volumes</strong> of <strong>different gases at the same pressure and temperature</strong> must be the same.</p> <p><em>Take a moment to consider the signficance of this statement. In the room where you are sitting, regardless of whether it contained air, pure oxygen, argon or chlorine, it would contain exactly the same number of particles. (Your lungs might notice though...)</em></p> <p>This led to Avogadro's constant, defined on the <a href="../254/thermal-concepts.html" title="Thermal concepts">Thermal concepts</a> page.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(N_A\)</span> = 6.03 x 10<sup>23</sup></p> <p>When this number of particles are grouped together, the collective term is the <em>mole </em>(<em>n</em>). So, to calculate the number of moles present in a sample, divide the number of particles by Avogadro's constant:</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(n={N\over N_A}\)</span></p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/162837782"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Atomic number and atomic mass</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><img alt="" src="../../thermal/moscovium.png" style="float: left; width: 125px; height: 120px;"><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/notes.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Notes (summary/recap)"> Elements in the Periodic Table are displayed with a symbol (an uppercase letter, usually followed by a lowercase letter) and two numbers. The smaller <em>atomic</em> number represents the number of protons in the nucleus. The larger <em>relative atomic mass</em> number represents the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus.</p> <p>Different elements have different numbers of protons and so are given different squares on the Periodic Table. The relative atomic mass can vary for a given element if different numbers of neutrons are present; these are called <em>isotopes</em> of the same element.</p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/video.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Video"> The relative atomic mass displayed is the average for a given element (hence why some are not whole numbers). Since hydrogren atoms contain just one proton, and because protons and neutons have approximately the same mass, each element's mass is a multiple of the mass of a hydrogen atom. </p> <h4 style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="325" mozallowfullscreen="" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/162847117" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="500"></iframe></h4> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Unified mass unit</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/notes.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="Notes (summary/recap)"> The unit of atomic mass is defined relative to carbon:</p> <p style="text-align: center;">1 u = <span class="math-tex">\(1\over 12\)</span> mass of a carbon-12 atom</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/162866010"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test Yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><em>Use quizzes to practise application of theory.</em> </p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#ee9eacfb"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="ee9eacfb"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> Particle model <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="6-59-253" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following pieces of experimental evidence did the ancient Greeks base their atomic model on?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="checkbox"><input type="checkbox"> Brownian motion</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input type="checkbox"> Diffusion</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input type="checkbox"> the states of matter</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> none</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>This was more of a philosophical argument that you can't keep on dividing for ever</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Avagadro's constant is appoximately the number of atoms in</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> a tablespoon of carbon</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> a sac of carbon</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> a teaspoon of carbon</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> a truck load of carbon</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>12g is closest to a tablespoon</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Fill in the blanks with the following words</p><p>neutrons, protons, electrons, If the answer is two particles enter them in alphabetic order.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="neutrons"> <span class="review"></span> and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="protons"> <span class="review"></span> are found in the nucleus.</p><p><input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="electrons"> <span class="review"></span> orbits the nucleus</p><p>The mass of the nucleus is approximately equal to the mass of the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="neutrons"> <span class="review"></span> + <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="protons"> <span class="review"></span></p><p>Different elements have different numbers of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="protons"> <span class="review"></span></p></div><div class="q-explanation"></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A particle of helium definitely has:</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 2 electrons</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 2 protons</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 2 neutrons</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 4 nucleons</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>a neutral atom will have 2 electrons but it could be an ion<br>helium is defined by having 2 protons.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The unifies mass unit is defines as</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 1/12 of an atom of carbon 12</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1 mole of carbon 12</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1/12 of mole of carbon 12</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1 atom of hydrogen</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>1 atom of hydrogen is close but not how it is defined</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Approximately how may atoms does 1g of carbon 12 contain</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1.2 x 10<sup>24</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1.2 x 10<sup>23</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 6 x 10<sup>23</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 5 x 10<sup>22</sup></label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>1g is 1/12 of a mole 1/12 x 6 x 10<sup>23</sup></p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which following are moles</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> 12 g of carbon 12</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> A furry animal that lives underground</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> A quantity of copper that contains the same number of atoms as 12g of carbon 12</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> 6 x 10<sup>23</sup> atoms of hydrogen</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The furry animal is a mole too, just a different kind.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Fill in the gaps in the following explanation of the drag force.</p><p>Word list: energy , momentum, force, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, velocity, molecules</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>As a car travels through the air it collides with air <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="molecules"> <span class="review"></span> This changes the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="momentum"> <span class="review"></span> of the molecules so they are experiencing a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="force"> <span class="review"></span> . Newtons <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="3rd"> <span class="review"></span> law implies that there must be an equal and opposite <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="force"> <span class="review"></span> on the car.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Fill in the gaps to give an explanation of bouyancy.</p><p>Word list: upwards, downwards, greater, density, gravity, bottom, top, more, less, presure, force.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Due to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="gravity"> <span class="review"></span> the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="density"> <span class="review"></span>of molecules is<input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="greater"> <span class="review"></span>near the ground. This means that a balloon gets hit by<input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="more"> <span class="review"></span>air molecules on the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="bottom"> <span class="review"></span>than the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="top"> <span class="review"></span>. The pressure is therefore greater at the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="bottom"> <span class="review"></span> which causes an unbalance <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="force"> <span class="review"></span> upwards</p></div><div class="q-explanation"></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following statements are true about the 3 states of matter</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="checkbox"><input type="checkbox"> the internal energy of a liquid is only KE</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> the regular arrangement of atoms in a solid gives rise to crystal structure</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input type="checkbox"> temperature is a measure of internal energy of a solid</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> to change from solid to liquid energy must be added</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input type="checkbox"> there are no forces between atoms of a liquid</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> the internal energy of a solid is the sum of KE and PE</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following statement are true about Brownian motion</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> it increases with increasing temperature</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input type="checkbox"> it can be observed in solids liquids and gases</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input type="checkbox"> it could be observed with a table tennis ball in air if the ball was light enough</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> it is the random motion of small particles knocked about by molecules</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>not observable in solids</p><p>the table tennis ball would be pushed from all sides</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="253"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Particle model (kinetic theory)</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes here..."></textarea> </div> <div class="panel-footer text-xs-center"> <span id="last-edited" class="mb-xs-3"> </span> <div class="actions mt-xs-3"> <button id="save-my-progress" type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary text-center btn-xs-block"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-floppy-o"></i> Save </button> </div> </div></div> <div id="modal-feedback" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Feedback</h4> <button type="button" class="close hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="errors"></div> <p><strong>Which of the following best describes your feedback?</strong></p> <form method="post" style="overflow: hidden"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Recommendation"> Recommend</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Problem"> Report a problem</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Improvement"> Suggest an improvement</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Other"> Other</label></div> </div> <hr> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-name">Name</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="feedback-name" placeholder="Name" value=" "> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-email">Email address</label> <input type="email" class="form-control" name="feedback-email" placeholder="Email" value="@airmail.cc"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-comments">Comments</label> <textarea class="form-control" name="feedback-comments" style="resize: vertical;"></textarea> </div> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-ticket" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-url" value="https://studyib.net/physics/page/253/particle-model-kinetic-theory"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject" value="6"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject-name" value="Physics"> <div class="pull-left"> </div> </form> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block feedback-submit mb-xs-3 pull-right"> <i class="fa fa-send"></i> Send </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block m-xs-0 pull-left" data-dismiss="modal"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div></div> </article> <hr class="hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div class="hidden-md hidden-lg mt-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" id="user-id" value="38342"></div><input id="ticket" type="hidden" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"><input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="new"><input id="fp" class="fp" type="hidden" value=""></div><div id="std-footer"> <div class="wmap"> <div class="layout-wrapper"> <p> <a href="https://www.inthinking.net"> © <span id="footer-year"></span> <em>InThinking</em> <script>document.getElementById("footer-year").innerHTML = new Date().getFullYear();</script> </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../about.html"> About us </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../terms-and-conditions.html"> Legal </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../contact.html"> Contact </a> </p> <p> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/#!/inthinker"> <img src="../../../img/social/twitter-square.svg"> Twitter </a> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net"> <img src="../../../img/social/facebook-square.svg"> Facebook </a> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=139741989"> <img src="../../../img/social/linkedin-square.svg"> LinkedIn </a> </p> </div> </div></div><script src="../../../js/jquery-1.11.3.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/jquery-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.js"></script><script>var pageId = 253;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery-ui-custom.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery.ui.touch-punch.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/std-quizzes-helpers.min.js?v=20220406"></script><script src="../../../ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/slick-carousel/slick.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/std-slide-quizzes.min.js?v=20220406"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery-ui.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery.ui.touch-punch.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/user/page-my-progress.min.js?v=202211221000"></script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/subjects/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=082b9c9c4ae3624d&p=253&s=6&x=7861';var sData='k4iA6GSB03BgPm14aUORPHpsE3KeSVBAEzP5PHpsE39FIxiA6GSB0bfjSYyBPm1F9Yc4SYBmWY9lWGvgEGAlMY8jWnKrZGOlSYsBWbiqMzPRPHpsE3KeSYcH74P5EncR739RPnLsSYK4ZGcR74P5EncR739RPHaL6nfhWGcjWFP5PFPRPHpsSYlFwFi7Ibp1k0aj6ba7IbpsE3K7IDPLOLAh7Yc4SYBmWY98WGvgEGA8Z3B2E0fj64LrZYKh7HgFeC==';var loopSecs = 30;var minSecsLog = 60;var lsKey = '6-83610-253';</script><script src="../../../js/subjects/activity/user-stats-page.min.js?v=202205311700"></script><script src="../../../js/subjects/activity/my-favorites.min.js?v=20220610"></script><script src="../../../js/subjects/feedback.min.js?v=202211221000"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 300;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater.js"></script><script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');ga('create', 'UA-98480796-3', 'auto');ga('send', 'pageview');</script><script src="../../../js/devicefp/devicefp.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/jq-quickfit/jq-quickfit.min.js?v=20220201"></script><script src="../../../js/frontpage-subjects.min.js?v=202211161300"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/studyib-jq.min.js?v=202211241300"></script><script type="text/javascript">$(document).ready(function(){ $('#trigger-modal-video-overview').click(function() { if( $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src').length == 0 ) { $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src', 'https://www.youtube.com/embed/hxxtdiLdTFk?rel=0'); } }); $('#modal-video-overview').on('hidden.bs.modal', function() { $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src', ''); }); });</script></body></html>