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class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../217/mechanics.html">Mechanics</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../219/forces.html">Forces</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Newton's third law</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 15 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 15'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../mechanics/force-4-s.jpg" style="float: left; width: 167px; height: 250px;">Newton's third law (N3) tells us about the interaction between two bodies. A casual statement of this law is "all forces have an equal and opposite reaction". However, this throws up a couple of confusing ideas:</p> <ul> <li>Why do objects ever move?</li> <li>Is a normal force a reaction to an object's weight?</li> </ul> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Key Concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Newton's Third Law</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>If body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts an equal and opposite force on body A.</p> <p>It is important to note that Newton's third law only applies in the following circumstances:</p> <ul> <li>The forces act on different bodies.</li> <li>The forces are the same type.</li> <li>The forces are the same size.</li> <li>The forces act in opposite directions.</li> </ul> <p>Therefore, body A is perfectly capable of accelerating, as the reaction force does not act on A. And the Newton's Third Law pair to an object's weight is the gravitational force on the Earth. We will consider these misconceptions in more detail below.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Contact forces</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The man pushes the block so, according to N3, the block must push the man. For the man to move forwards there must be another force acting, this is the friction exerted by the ground on the feet.</p> <p>NB: There would also be a reaction force exerted by the man on the ground. However, the Earth has such a large mass that its spin is unlikely to be affected!</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/161280751"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Recoil</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>For the bullet to come out of the gun, there must be an unbalanced force acting on it. If the gun provided this force then there must be an equal and opposite force on the gun.</p> <p>Because these forces are a Newton's third law pair, they are the same size. Since <em>F=ma</em>:</p> <ul> <li>The small mass of the bullet means that its acceleration is high</li> <li>The large mass of the gun means that its acceleration is low</li> </ul> <p>The forces are acting on different bodies in opposite directions. This means that momentum is conserved:</p> <ol> <li>Initial momentum = zero</li> <li>Bullet has momentum to right = gun momentum to left</li> <li>Final momentum = zero</li> </ol> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/161350562"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Non-contact forces</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>It is a common misconception that the weight and normal force are action and reaction but they aren't. The reaction to weight is the attraction of the Earth to the object.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/161351528"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <p>We know from conservation of momentum that an increase in mass must lead to a reduction in speed (assuming no external forces act). If a trucks collects rocks, the rocks gain momentum but truck loses it.</p> <p>In terms of forces, this occurs because the truck exerts a forward force on the rocks, accelerating them forward. The rocks exert a backwards force on the truck due to N3, slowing it down.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/161354939"></iframe></div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test Yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><em>Use quizzes to practise application of theory.</em></p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#e04f6d54"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="e04f6d54"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> Newton's third law <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="6-49-239" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Newton's third law states:</p><p>A, B, C, equal, unbalanced, opposite</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>If body <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="A"> <span class="review"></span> exerts a force on body <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="B"> <span class="review"></span> . Then body <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="B"> <span class="review"></span> will exert an <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="equal"> <span class="review"></span> and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="opposite"> <span class="review"></span> force on body <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="A"> <span class="review"></span>.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram shows the forces on a car</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/newtq1.png" style="width: 405px; height: 277px;"></p><p>Which pair of forces are equal and opposite according to Newton's 3rd law?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> None of them</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A and B plus 2C and D</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> 2C and D</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A and B</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>All of the forces act on the car, Newton's 3rd refers to two bodies.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A box sits on top of another one.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/newt3q1.png" style="width: 300px; height: 249px;"></p><p>Which forces are equal and opposite according to Newton's 3rd law?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> N<sub>1</sub> and N<sub>3</sub></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> N<sub>2</sub> and Mg</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> mg and N<sub>1</sub></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> N<sub>3</sub> and N<sub>2</sub></label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>N<sub>3</sub> is the top block pushing the bottom one, N<sub>2</sub> is the bottom one pushing the top one.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A mass hangs on a metal rod. (It is attached with pins where the forces are acting.)</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/newt3q2.png" style="width: 190px; height: 428px;"></p><p>Which forces are equal and opposite according to Newton's 3rd law?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A1 and A2</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A4 and mg</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A1 and mg</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A1 and A3</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A<sub>1</sub> is the ceiling holding the rod A<sub>2</sub> is the rod pulling down the ceiling</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram shows the a block at rest on an inclined plane. the white forces act on the block the black ones on the plane.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/newt3q3.png" style="width: 442px; height: 277px;"></p><p>Which forces are balanced according to Newton's 3rd law (more than one answer)</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> N<sub>1</sub> and N<sub>2</sub></label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input type="checkbox"> Mg and N<sub>3</sub></label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input type="checkbox"> Mg and mg</label></p><p><label class="checkbox"><input class="c" type="checkbox"> F<sub>1</sub> and F<sub>2</sub></label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>F<sub>1</sub> and F<sub>2</sub> are the friction force acting on the block and the equal and opposite force acting on the plane</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Fill in the missing words in this explanation of how a car starts to move.</p><p>friction, normal force, weight, second, first, third, unbalanced</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The engine turns the wheels but<input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="friction"> <span class="review"></span>between the tyre and the road prevents the tyre from moving relative to the road. According to Newton's <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="third"> <span class="review"></span>law there will be an equal and opposite force on the tyre, this causes an <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="unbalanced"> <span class="review"></span> force so according to Newton's <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="first"> <span class="review"></span> law the car will start to move</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Water is squirted at a ball causing it to move across the ground at constant velocity.</p><p>Which of the following statements are false</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The ball exerts a force on the water.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The water exerts a force on the ball.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The forces opposing the motion of the ball equal the force of the water</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The force on the ball is greater than the ball on the water</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>According to Newton's 3rd the force of the water on the ball is equal and opposite to the force of the ball on the water.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> 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