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onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../217/mechanics.html">Mechanics</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../219/forces.html">Forces</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Examples of forces</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../mechanics/force-1-s.jpg" style="float: left; width: 250px; height: 167px;">Here we will consider the distinguishing features and examples of the <em>normal force</em>, <em>weight</em>, <em>tension</em>, <em>friction</em>, <em>buoyancy</em> and <em>drag</em> - all colourfully illustrated with <a href="http://www.algodoo.com/">Algodoo</a>.</p> <p>Much of this has already been described on the <a href="../219/forces.html" title="Forces">Forces</a> page. </p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Key Concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Normal force (N)</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The perpendicular force between two touching surfaces.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../screen-shot-2016-11-01-at-21.12.10.png" style="width: 140px; height: 96px;"></p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/160708195"></iframe></div> <h4> </h4> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Weight (W)</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The force of attraction between an object and the Earth. The size of this force is proportional to the mass of the object and gravitational field strength (constant as long as the Earth's surface appears flat!).</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(W=mg\)</span></p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/160707355"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Tension (T)</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The force exerted when a string is used to pull an object (opposite to compression).</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/160712792"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Dynamic friction (F)</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The force that opposes the relative motion of two touching surfaces in relative motion. The size of this force depends on the nature of the surfaces (which determines the coefficient of dynamic friction, μ<sub>d</sub>) and the normal force between them.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(F=\mu_dR\)</span></p> <div class="smart-object center" data-id="53" style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="311" mozallowfullscreen="" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/160720083" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="500"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Static friction (F)</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The force that opposes the relative motion of two touching surfaces without relative motion. The size of this force depends on the nature of the surfaces (which determines the coefficient of static friction, μ<sub>s</sub>) and the normal force between them.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(F=\mu_sR\)</span></p> <p>The coefficient of static friction is larger than for dynamic friction, which you'll have noticed if you've ever pushed something hard to get it moving.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Drag (F)</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Drag opposes the motion of bodies through a fluid. For slow moving bodies this is proportional to their velocity, <em>v</em>, but is proportional to <em>v</em><sup>2</sup> for fast ones. Drag force is also dependent on the size and shape of the body and the properties of the fluid (find out more in the <a href="../849/o-engineering.html" title="O: Engineering">Engineering</a> Option).</p> <div class="smart-object center" data-id="56" style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="375" mozallowfullscreen="" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/160751741" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="500"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-purple"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <p>Pressure is not a force. Pressure is the ratio of force acting to the surface area. This is often calculated for the weight of an object acting on a horizontal surface.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(P={F\over A}\)</span></p> <p style="text-align: center;">Pressure has the SI derived unit Pascal (Pa), equivalent to N m<sup>-2</sup></p> <p><img class="sibico" src="../../../img/sibico/no-calc.svg" style="height:1.25em;width: auto;vertical-align:text-bottom" title="No calculator"> THINK: How could a person exert a larger pressure than an elephant?</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/160783252"></iframe></div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test Yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><i>Use quizzes to practise application of theory.</i> </p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#20c8b8f1"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="20c8b8f1"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> Examples of forces <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="6-45-235" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Name the forces in this diagram of a ball sliding down a slope</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/forcesq1.png" style="width: 250px; height: 222px;"></p><p>copy and paste (or drag and drop) from this list.<br>friction<br>normal<br>drag<br>buoyancy<br>rocket<br>tension<br>gravitational</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>A<input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="normal"> <span class="review"></span></p><p>B <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="drag"> <span class="review"></span></p><p>C <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="gravitational"> <span class="review"></span></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>B could be friction except that friction acts along the surface and the ball is sliding</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/forcesq1a.png" style="width: 200px; height: 271px;"></p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Name the forces acting on this sliding block.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/forcesq2.png" style="width: 250px; height: 363px;"></p><p>copy and paste (or drag and drop) from this list.<br>friction<br>normal<br>drag<br>buoyancy<br>rocket<br>tension<br>gravitational</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>A <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="normal"> <span class="review"></span></p><p>B <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="friction"> <span class="review"></span></p><p>C <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="drag"> <span class="review"></span></p><p>D <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="gravitational"> <span class="review"></span></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><img alt="" src="../../images/forcesq2a.png" style="width: 250px; height: 363px;"></p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Name the forces acting on this large swinging ball.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/forcesq3.png" style="width: 199px; height: 325px;"></p><p>copy and paste (or drag and drop) from this list.<br>friction<br>normal<br>drag<br>buoyancy<br>rocket<br>tension<br>gravitational</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>A <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="tension"> <span class="review"></span></p><p>B <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="drag"> <span class="review"></span></p><p>C <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="gravitational"> <span class="review"></span></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><img alt="" src="../../images/forcesq3a.png" style="width: 218px; height: 339px;"></p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Name the forces acting on this rear wheel drive car starting to accelerate along a road.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/forcesq4.png" style="width: 350px; height: 229px;"></p><p>copy and paste (or drag and drop) from this list.<br>friction<br>normal<br>drag<br>buoyancy<br>rocket<br>tension<br>gravitational</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>A <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="normal"> <span class="review"></span></p><p>B <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="normal"> <span class="review"></span></p><p>C <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="friction "> <span class="review"></span></p><p>D <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="gravitational "> <span class="review"></span></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Friction acts forwards on the tyres as they spin clockwise</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/forcesq4a.png" style="width: 350px; height: 256px;"></p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Name the forces on the ladder leaning against a wall</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/forcesq5.png" style="width: 251px; height: 363px;"></p><p>copy and paste (or drag and drop) from this list.<br>friction<br>normal<br>drag<br>buoyancy<br>rocket<br>tension<br>gravitational</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>A <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="normal"> <span class="review"></span></p><p>B <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="gravitational"> <span class="review"></span></p><p>C <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="normal"> <span class="review"></span></p><p>D <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="friction"> <span class="review"></span></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><img alt="" src="../../images/forcesq5a.png" style="width: 247px; height: 367px;"></p></div><div 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