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title="Suggested study time: 10 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 10'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../basics/basic-2-1.jpg" style="float: left; width: 200px; height: 133px;">We will distinguish between fundamental and derived units.</p> <p>In IB Physics there are six fundamental units from which all others required can be derived.</p> <p>Units can be used as a mechanism to check the possibility that an equation could exist.</p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-turquoise panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Key Concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Fundamental units</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These units are referred to as <em>fundamental</em>, which means they form the basis of all other <em>derived</em> units. These were agreed by scientists at a conference and, henceforth, known as the <em>Systeme Internationale</em> base units.</p> <table bgcolor="white" border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="grid9" style="width: 60%;"> <tbody> <tr bgcolor="#c0f0f0"> <td class="tbox" style="width: 33%;">Quantity</td> <td class="tbox">Unit</td> <td class="tcbox">Symbol</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Length<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">meter<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>m</b><sup> </sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" nowrap="nowrap" style="width: 33%;">Mass<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">kilogram<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>kg</b><sup> </sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Time<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">second<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>s</b><sup> </sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Electric current<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">ampere<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>A</b><sup> </sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Temperature<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">kelvin<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>K</b><sup> </sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" nowrap="nowrap" style="width: 33%;">Quantity of substance<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">mole<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>mol</b><sup> </sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">(Luminosity)<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">(candela)<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>(cd)</b></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="magenta"> <p>Note that the kilogram is the only fundamental unit with a unit prefix as standard.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-turquoise panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Derived units</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The units below are not base units; they can all be derived from the base units.</p> <table bgcolor="white" border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="grid9" style="width: 60%;"> <tbody> <tr bgcolor="#c0f0f0"> <td class="tbox" style="width: 33%;">Quantity</td> <td class="tbox">Unit</td> <td class="tcbox">Symbol</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Plane angle<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">radian<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>rad</b><sup> </sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Frequency<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">hertz<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>Hz<sup> </sup></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Force<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">newton<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>N<sup> </sup></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Pressure<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">pascal<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>Pa<sup> </sup></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Energy<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">joule<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>J<sup> </sup></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Power<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">watt<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>W<sup> </sup></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Charge<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">coulomb<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>C<sup> </sup></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Potential<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">volt<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>V<sup> </sup></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Resistance<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">ohm<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>Ω<sup> </sup></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Capacitance<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">farad<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>F<sup> </sup></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Magnetic flux<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">weber<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>Wb<sup> </sup></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" nowrap="nowrap" style="width: 33%;">Magnetic flux density<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">tesla<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>T<sup> </sup></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bbox" style="width: 33%;">Activity<sup> </sup></td> <td class="bbox">becquerel<sup> </sup></td> <td class="cbox"><b>Bq<sup> </sup></b></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-turquoise panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Conversions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><strong>Area: </strong>Square the unit prefix conversion factor</p> <div class="box"> <p style="text-align: center;">1 m<sup>2</sup> = 10<sup>4</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> = 10<sup>6</sup> mm<sup>2</sup></p> </div> <p><strong>Volume: </strong>Cube the unit prefix conversion factor</p> <div class="box"> <p style="text-align: center;">1 m<sup>3</sup> = 10<sup>6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup> = 10<sup>9</sup> mm<sup>3 </sup>= 1000 litres</p> </div> <p><strong>Temperature</strong></p> <div class="box"> <p style="text-align: center;">273 K = 0 °C</p> </div> <p><strong>Angle</strong></p> <div class="box"> <p style="text-align: center;">2π radian = 360°</p> </div> <p><strong>Energy:</strong> There are several units of energy, each with an appropriate use</p> <div class="box"> <p>1 kcal = 4.4 kJ</p> <p>1 kWh = 3.6 MJ</p> <p>1 kilo Watt hour is the energy required to power a 1 W device for 1 hour (NB: energy = power x time)</p> <p>1 eV = 1.6x10<sup>-19</sup> J</p> <p>1 electron volt is the kinetic energy gained by 1 electron accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt (NB: energy = charge x potential difference)</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Dimensional analysis</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The units for any quantity in mechanics can be expressed in terms of mass (M) length (L) and time (T).</p> <table border="2" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:50%;"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">Quantity</th> <th scope="col">unit</th> <th scope="col">Dimensions</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>velocity</td> <td>m s<sup>-1</sup></td> <td>L T<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>acceleration</td> <td>m s<sup>-2</sup></td> <td>L T<sup>-2</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Force</td> <td>N</td> <td>M L T<sup>-2</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Energy</td> <td>J</td> <td>M L<sup>2</sup> T<sup>-2</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Power</td> <td>W</td> <td>M L<sup>2</sup> T<sup>-3</sup></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>This video gives an example - the dimensional analysis of power.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/160336356"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-yellow panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Dimensional consistency</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>In any formula, the dimensions on the right of the equals sign must be the same as the dimensions on the left. This is also true for quantities being added or subtracted.</p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/160338506"></iframe></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test Yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p><i>Use quizzes to practise application of theory.</i></p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#ca818ea0"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="ca818ea0"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> Dimensions of Pressure <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="6-36-208" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Use the drag and drop feature to determine which of the following is the dimensions of velocity.</p><p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="302px" scrolling="no" src="https://www.geogebra.org/material/iframe/id/qhQBBk7u/width/403/height/302/border/888888/rc/false/ai/false/sdz/false/smb/false/stb/false/stbh/true/ld/false/sri/true/at/auto" style="border:0px;" width="403px"></iframe></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> T<sup>-1</sup>L<sup>-1</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> LT</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> LT<sup>-1</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> TL<sup>-1</sup></label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Hidden explanation (optional)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Use the drag and drop feature to determine which of the following is the dimensions of acceleration.</p><p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="302px" scrolling="no" src="https://www.geogebra.org/material/iframe/id/qhQBBk7u/width/403/height/302/border/888888/rc/false/ai/false/sdz/false/smb/false/stb/false/stbh/true/ld/false/sri/true/at/auto" style="border:0px;" width="403px"></iframe></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> LT<sup>-2</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> T<sup>-1</sup>L<sup>-2</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> TL<sup>-2</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> LT<sup>2</sup></label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Hidden explanation (optional)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Use the drag and drop feature to determine which of the following is the dimensions of force.</p><p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="302px" scrolling="no" src="https://www.geogebra.org/material/iframe/id/qhQBBk7u/width/403/height/302/border/888888/rc/false/ai/false/sdz/false/smb/false/stb/false/stbh/true/ld/false/sri/true/at/auto" style="border:0px;" width="403px"></iframe></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> MTL<sup>-1</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> M<sup>-1</sup>LT</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> MLT<sup>-2</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> M<sup>-1</sup>T<sup>-1</sup>L-1</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Hidden explanation (optional)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Use the drag and drop feature to determine which of the following is the dimensions of pressure.</p><p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="302px" scrolling="no" src="https://www.geogebra.org/material/iframe/id/qhQBBk7u/width/403/height/302/border/888888/rc/false/ai/false/sdz/false/smb/false/stb/false/stbh/true/ld/false/sri/true/at/auto" style="border:0px;" width="403px"></iframe></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> MT<sup>-1</sup>L<sup>-1</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> MT<sup>2</sup>L<sup>-1</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> ML<sup>2</sup>T<sup>-2</sup></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> ML<sup>-1</sup>T<sup>-2</sup></label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Hidden explanation (optional)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa 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