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nuclear and particles</a></li><li><a href="../446/energy-production.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Energy production</a></li><li><a href="../848/options.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Options</a></li><li><a href="../823/astrophysics.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Astrophysics</a></li><li><a href="../849/engineering.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Engineering</a></li></ul><div class="pull-right"><a class="sidenav-expand" title="Expand all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a> <a class="sidenav-compress" title="Compress all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a></div></h4><ul class="side-nav level-0"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1398/hl-practice-paper-1.html">HL practice paper 1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1366/hl-practice-paper-2.html">HL practice paper 2</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> SL practice paper 2 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="1349" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../physics.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../2885/exam-questions.html">Exam questions</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">SL practice paper 2</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 20 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 20'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <div class="pinkBg"> <p>This is an original paper for you to try. It's equivalent to a Standard Level Paper 2:</p> <ul> <li>50 marks</li> <li>5 minutes reading time</li> <li>1 hour 15 minutes</li> <li>Print it off and have a go</li> <li>Use of a calculator and data booklet are permitted</li> <li>Then check out our complete walk-through below</li> </ul> <p>WARNING: Do not attempt this paper until the revision phase of your course. Make the most of the opportunity.</p> </div> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="480" scrolling="no" src="../../practice-papers/sl-practice-paper.pdf" width="100%"></iframe></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p style="text-align: center;">Are you finished?</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/flashcard-images/students-395568_640-1.jpg" style="width: 500px; height: 332px;"></p> <p style="text-align: center;">Are you really finished?</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../practice-papers/exam-2-1.jpg" style="width: 500px; height: 294px;"></p> <p style="text-align: center;">Ok! We'll walk you through it.</p> </div> <h4>Question 1</h4> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/391490347"></iframe></div> <p><a href="../264/circular-motion.html" target="_blank">Circular motion</a></p> <p>The <strong>centripetal force</strong> is the <em>resultant force </em>acting towards the centre that makes a body travel in a circle:</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(F=m \omega^2 r={mv^2 \over r}\)</span></p> <p><a href="../232/vectors.html" target="_blank">Vectors</a></p> <p>Vectors are usually drawn with an arrow in the correct direction, where the length of arrow represents the magnitude. A force is an example of a vector.</p> <p><a href="../236/balancing-forces.html" target="_blank">Balancing forces</a></p> <p>If the force vectors acting on a body add up to zero then we say they are balanced. To determine if this is the case, resolve the forces into two perpendicular directions (e.g. vertically and horizontally) and see if they cancel out in each.</p> <p><a href="../188/pythagoras-and-trigonometry.html" target="_blank">Trigonometry</a></p> <p style="text-align: center;">A trigonometric identity is an equation that applies for any value of angle. The identity that you must learn is: <span class="math-tex">\(\tan \theta={\sin \theta\over \cos\theta}\)</span></p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/391669458"></iframe></div> <p><a href="../220/work-and-energy.html" target="_blank">Energy transfers</a></p> <p><em>Kinetic</em> energy (E<sub>k</sub>) is due to movement, equal to the amount of work required to make a body move.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(E_k={1\over 2} mv^2\)</span></p> <p><em>Potential</em> energy (E<sub>p</sub>) is positional, equal to the amount of work done in taking a body from a place of zero potential energy to the place in question.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(E_p=mgh\)</span></p> <p><a href="../244/collisions.html" target="_blank">Inelastic collisions</a></p> <p>When bodies stick together, E<sub>k</sub> isn't conserved. Energy is lost. However, momentum is conserved.</p> </section> <h4>Question 2</h4> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/391766431"></iframe></div> <p><a href="../263/ideal-gas-equation.html" target="_blank">Ideal gases</a></p> <p>The ideal gas equation relates pressure, temperature, volume and the amount of gas:</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(pV=nRT\)</span></p> <p>To calculate the internal energy, <em>U</em>, of a gas we assume that potential energy is zero: </p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(U=\sum E_p+\sum E_k=\sum E_k\)</span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(\Rightarrow U=N{3\over 2} kT\)</span></p> <p><a href="../258/modelling-gases.html" target="_blank">Gas laws</a></p> <p><strong>Boyle's law:</strong> The pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to its volume.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(p\propto{1\over V}\)</span></p> <p>Pressure - <a href="../235/examples-of-forces.html" target="_blank">at a surface</a> and <a href="../262/pressure-law.html" target="_blank">due to movement of particles</a></p> <p>Pressure is the ratio of force acting to the surface area. The pressure of the hot gas is greater than the cold because the molecules hit the walls harder and more often due to their increased kinetic energy.</p> </section> <h4>Question 3</h4> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/391769837"></iframe></div> <p><a href="../278/waves.html" target="_blank">Standing waves</a></p> <p>Standing waves (or stationary waves) form when the following occurs:</p> <ul> <li>Two waves</li> <li>With the same freqency and amplitude</li> <li>Travelling in opposite directions</li> <li>Interfere with each other</li> </ul> <p>The most regular occurence of this is a single wave reflecting back onto itself.</p> <p><strong>Node:</strong> Point that has zero amplitude</p> <p><strong>Wavelength (<em>λ</em>): </strong>The distance between two equivalent points on consecutive waves (e.g. peak to peak)</p> <p><a href="../280/graphical-representation-of-waves.html" target="_blank">Displacement-position graphs</a></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(v=f\lambda\)</span></p> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/391773417"></iframe></div> <p><a href="../278/waves.html" target="_blank">Refraction</a></p> <p><strong>Critical angle: </strong>When light travels from glass to air, it refracts away from the normal. If the angle of incidence is large enough then the angle of refraction will be 90°. The angle at which this happens is called the <em>critical angle</em>.</p> <p>NB: Sound not <a href="../284/light.html" target="_blank">light</a>. The angle of refraction can be calculated by Snell's law, where <em>n</em> is the refractive index (ratio of the speed of light to its speed in the material).</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\({\sin i \over \sin r}={n_2 \over n_1}={v_1\over v_2}\)</span></p> <p><a href="../279/introduction-to-waves.html" target="_blank">Wavefronts</a></p> </section> <h4>Question 4</h4> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/393108849"></iframe></div> <p><a href="../181/electric-circuits.html" target="_blank">Electric circuits</a></p> <p><strong>Potential divider:</strong> Any circuit that splits the terminal potential difference of the battery using two or more resistors. </p> <p><strong>Electromotive force or EMF (ε):</strong> The amount of work done per unit charge taking a small positive charge from one side of the battery to the other, when no current is being drawn.</p> <p><strong>Kirchhoff's second law:</strong> The sum of EMF around a closed loop = the sum of the potential difference</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(\sum \varepsilon = \sum V\)</span></p> <p>This is a consequence of conservation of energy.</p> <p><strong>Resistance (<em>R</em>):</strong> The ratio of the potential difference across an electrical conductor to the current flowing through it</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(R={V\over I}\)</span></p> <p>Resistance is measured in Ohms (Ω).</p> </section> <h4>Question 5</h4> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/393116472"></iframe></div> <p><a href="../207/areas-and-volumes.html" target="_blank">Volume</a></p> <p>Volume will always be calculated by multiplying three lengths, sometimes with a numerical factor. This means it always has the unit m<sup>3</sup>.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/volumes.png"></p> <p><a href="../1241/density.html">Density</a></p> <p>Density is defined as the ratio of the mass of a body to its volume:</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(\rho={m\over V}\)</span></p> <p><a href="../220/work-and-energy.html" target="_blank">Energy and power</a></p> <p><em>Potential</em> energy (E<sub>p</sub>) is positional, equal to the amount of work done in taking a body from a place of zero potential energy to the place in question.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(E_p=mgh\)</span></p> <p>Power is defined as the rate at which work is done. It is a scalar quantity.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="math-tex">\(P={W\over t}\)</span></p> </section> <h4>Question 6</h4> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/393120123"></iframe></div> <p><a href="../364/atomic-model.html" target="_blank">Atomic model</a></p> <p>The Rutherford model of the atom had the following key ideas:</p> <ul> <li>A small, densely positive nucleus</li> <li>Surrounded by negative electrons</li> <li>Neutral overall</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: center;"> <img alt="" src="../../images/rutherfordatom.png"></p> <p><a href="../368/nuclear-physics.html" target="_blank">Nuclear physics</a></p> <p>Beta particles consist of an electron. Electrons are not normally found in the nucleus, but are released during the process of beta decay, when when a neutron changes into a proton plus an electron. This reduces the ratio of neutrons to protons.</p> <p><em>Binding energy</em> is the amount of energy required to pull a nucleus apart into separate nucleons. It is equal to the energy released when the separate nucleons combine to form the overall nucleus. </p> <p>Beta decay example:<img align="middle" alt="C presubscript 6 presuperscript 14 space rightwards arrow N presubscript 7 presuperscript 14 plus e to the power of minus plus nu with bar on top" data-mathml="«math xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mmultiscripts»«mi»C«/mi»«mprescripts/»«mn»6«/mn»«mn»14«/mn»«/mmultiscripts»«mo»§#160;«/mo»«mo»§#8594;«/mo»«mmultiscripts»«mi»N«/mi»«mprescripts/»«mn»7«/mn»«mn»14«/mn»«/mmultiscripts»«mo»+«/mo»«msup»«mi»e«/mi»«mo»-«/mo»«/msup»«mo»+«/mo»«mover»«mi»§#957;«/mi»«mo»§#175;«/mo»«/mover»«/math»" src="../../../ckeditor/plugins/wiris/integration/showimage-41.php?formula=28c909f7a652d2b74ec2292d78f6ffdd.png"></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/physics/activities/beta1.png"></p> <p>The <span class="math-tex">\(\bar{\nu}\)</span> symbol represents an anti-electron neutrino. The beta energy spectrum provides evidence of the <em>neutrino</em>, which takes some of the kinetic energy:</p> <ul> <li>Mass - almost nothing</li> <li>Charge - zero</li> <li>Spin - <span class="math-tex">\(1\over 2\)</span></li> </ul> </section> <div class="greenBg"> <p>By now you will have a feel for the number of marks you have obtained overall. It's worth being a bit conservative when coming up with a grade, but here is a rough guide:</p> <ul> <li>0-5 marks: 1</li> <li>6-10 marks: 2</li> <li>11-15 marks: 3</li> <li>16-22 marks: 4</li> <li>23-27 marks: 5</li> <li>28-34 marks: 6</li> <li>35-50 marks: 7</li> </ul> </div> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="1349"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes here..."></textarea> </div> <div class="panel-footer text-xs-center"> <span id="last-edited" class="mb-xs-3"> </span> <div class="actions mt-xs-3"> <button id="save-my-progress" type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary text-center btn-xs-block"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-floppy-o"></i> Save </button> </div> </div></div> <div id="modal-feedback" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div 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