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alt="" src="../../images/test-images/screenshot-2020-06-16-at-16.15.49-1.png" style="width: 160px; height: 163px; float: left;">This is a short section covering the structure of metals and metal alloys and corresponding properties. The content is relatively straightforward conceptually, but still needs to be learned.</p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Ensure you are confident using the terms below and learn the asterisked* definitions</p> <p><strong>a metallic bond*</strong>, electrostatic attraction, lattice (or giant) structure, non-directional bonds, an alloy, malleable, ductile.</p> <div class="tib-flashcard"><a class="show-flashcards btn btn-success btn-xs-block btn-block " data-levels="1" data-mode="Normal" data-topics="608" data-subject-id="7" data-n-flashcards="7" style="text-align:center">Show flashcards</a></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p> The revision cards contain all of the essential content:</p> <div id="carousel-184" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="184"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-184/screenshot-2020-06-17-at-144750.png" data-fancybox="gallery-184" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-184/screenshot-2020-06-17-at-144750.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-184/screenshot-2021-05-09-at-104032.png" data-fancybox="gallery-184" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-184/screenshot-2021-05-09-at-104032.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-184/screenshot-2020-06-17-at-144829.png" data-fancybox="gallery-184" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-184/screenshot-2020-06-17-at-144829.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-184" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-184" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-184/screenshot-2020-06-17-at-144750-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-184/screenshot-2021-05-09-at-104032-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-184/screenshot-2020-06-17-at-144829-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="7-135-884"><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is a metallic bond?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The electrostatic attraction between nuclei and shared pairs of electrons.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>The electrostatic attraction between nuclei and delocalised electrons.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The electrostatic attraction between molecules with dipoles.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The correct answer is the electrostatic attraction between nuclei and delocalised electrons. Although this is often expressed as the electrostatic attraction between <strong>positive ions </strong>and (a sea of) delocalised electrons. Reference to the nuclei of the metal atoms or positive ions is equally valid (and both would be marked as correct in an examination).</p><p>The other explanations represent different types of bonding (covalent, ionic and intermolecular).</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">2</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following metallic elements is likely to have the highest melting point?</p><p>Na; Mg; Al; K</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Al</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Na</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>K</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Mg</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Metals tend to have high melting points due to having giant (lattice) structures with many strong metallic bonds that need to be broken. The strength of the bond is related to the charge on the ion and the ionic radius.</p><p>Aluminium, with an ionic charge of 3+ and a small radius is likely to form the strongest bonds and have the highest melting point.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">3</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is the best description of why metals in the solid state can conduct electricity and why metals in the solid state are malleable (can bend and be shaped without breaking) respectively?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The delocalised electrons are free to move: The atoms/ions in the lattice are free to move.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>The delocalised electrons are free to move: The layers of atoms/ions in the lattice can slide over one-another.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The ions are free to move: The layers of atoms/ions in the lattice can slide over one-another.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The ions are free to move: The atoms/ions in the lattice are free to move. </span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Metals conduct electricity in the solid state because the delocalised electrons (in the 'sea' of electrons surrounding the metal ions/atoms) are able to move and carry charge (the metal atoms/ions<strong> cannot</strong> move in the solid state).</p><p>Metals are malleable because the layers of atoms/ions are able to slide over one-another without breaking the electrostatic attraction between the nuclei and the delocalised electrons, as the metallic bonds attract in all directions (non-directional). Individual atoms/ions cannot move independently, but the layers can move when struck or bent.</p><p>The correct answer is therefore: <em>'The delocalised electrons are free to move: The layers of atoms/ions in the lattice can slide over one-another'.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">4</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Look at the table below:</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><p>Chemical</p></td><td style="text-align: center;">Melting/boiling point</td><td style="text-align: center;"><p>Electrical conductivity</p><p>(solid)</p></td><td style="text-align: center;"><p>Electrical conductivity</p><p>(molten)</p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">W</td><td style="text-align: center;">high</td><td style="text-align: center;">high</td><td style="text-align: center;">high</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">X</td><td style="text-align: center;">high</td><td style="text-align: center;">nil</td><td style="text-align: center;">high</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Y</td><td style="text-align: center;">high</td><td style="text-align: center;">nil</td><td style="text-align: center;">nil</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Z</td><td style="text-align: center;">low</td><td style="text-align: center;">nil</td><td style="text-align: center;">nil</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Which of the four chemicals is likely to be a metal?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>X</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>W</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Z</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Y</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Metals are likely to have high melting and boiling points; they have giant (lattice) structures and it takes a lot of energy to break the network of strong metallic bonds. Metals conduct electricity in the solid state (and when molten) because the delocalised electrons can move and carry charge.</p><p>So W is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">5</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following properties of a particular metal can be altered by creating an alloy of the metal?</p><p><strong>1: </strong> electrical conductivity</p><p><strong>2:</strong> resistance to corrosion</p><p><strong>3:</strong> melting point</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 and 2 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>2 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>1, 2 and 3</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>2 and 3 only</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A wide range of alloys have been developed that alter the properties of metals. Because of the non-directional nature of the attraction within the metallic lattice, is it relatively easy to introduce other metal atoms into the lattice to alter properties. 1,2 and 3 is the correct answer e.g.</p><p>Alloys of copper with some magnesium can increase the conductivity of copper.</p><p>Alloys of iron containing chromium and carbon form stainless steel that is resistant to corrosion.</p><p>Brass, an alloy of copper with some zinc, has a lower melting point than copper.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam-style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <h4>Paper 1</h4> <h5>Core (SL&HL): <a href="../2161/bonding-and-structure-core-sl-and-hl-paper-1-questions.html" title="Bonding and Structure core (SL and HL) paper 1 questions">Bonding and Structure core (SL and HL) paper 1 questions</a></h5> <h5>AHL (HL only): <a href="../2703/bonding-and-structure-ahl-hl-only-paper-1-questions.html" title=" Bonding and Structure AHL (HL only) paper 1 questions">Bonding and Structure AHL (HL only) paper 1 questions</a></h5> <h4>Paper 2</h4> <h5>Core (SL&HL): <a href="../2704/bonding-structure-core-sl-hl-paper-2-questions.html" title="Bonding & Structure core (SL & HL) paper 2 questions">Bonding & Structure core (SL & HL) paper 2 questions</a></h5> <h5>AHL (HL only): <a href="../2705/bonding-structure-ahl-hl-only-paper-2-questions.html" title="Bonding & Structure AHL (HL only) paper 2 questions">Bonding & Structure AHL (HL only) paper 2 questions</a></h5> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="884"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Metallic bonding</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes here..."></textarea> </div> <div class="panel-footer text-xs-center"> <span id="last-edited" class="mb-xs-3"> </span> <div class="actions mt-xs-3"> <button id="save-my-progress" type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary text-center btn-xs-block"> <i class="fa fa-fw 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