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href="../797/carbon-cycle-43-.html">Carbon Cycle 4.3 </a></label></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="climate-change-44.html">Climate change 4.4</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Climate change 4.4 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="798" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../466/04-ecology-.html">04 Ecology </a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Climate change 4.4</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img alt="" src="../../images/04_ecology/co2_data2-1.png" style="float: left; width: 163px; height: 100px;"><span class="caption">Greenhouse</span><span class="caption"> gases in the atmosphere, including water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen oxide, absorb heat energy, keeping Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere warm. Through increased burning of fossil fuels humans are adding more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, enhancing the greenhouse effect, making the Earth’s atmosphere warmer, changing the climate and damaging marine life like coral. This topic covers the basics of climate change.</span></div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 4.4 Climate change using these flashcards</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/419004214/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-121" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="121"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-121" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-121" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-121" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-121" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-121" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-121" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-121" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-121" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-121/img5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3>Summary list for topic 4.4 Climate change</h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Details of the carbon cycle are assumed (from 4.3)<img alt="" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/05ecology/greenhouse_globe.jpg" style="height: 144px; width: 120px; float: right;" title="Image CC via flickr by NASA Goddard Photo and Video"></li> <li class="liWithoutP">In aquatic ecosystems carbon is present as dissolved carbon dioxide and hydrogen carbonate ions.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Details of the Greenhouse effect are assumed.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Carbon dioxide and water vapour are the most significant greenhouse gases.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Other gases including methane and nitrogen oxides have less impact.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The impact of a gas depends on its ability to absorb long wave radiation and its concentration in the atmosphere.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Global temperatures and climate patterns are influenced by concentrations of greenhouse gases.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">There is a correlation between rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide since the start of the industrial revolution 200 years ago and average global temperatures.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Recent increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide are largely due to increases in the combustion of fossilized organic matter.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><u>Skills</u> (can you ....)</p> <ul> <li>Apply understanding to the threat to coral reefs from increasing concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide.</li> <li>Use correlations from data to justify your arguments.</li> <li>Evaluate claims that human activities are not causing climate change</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3>Mindmaps</h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main sections of topic 4.4 Climate change.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map, from memory if you can.</p> <div id="carousel-120" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="120"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-120/44climatechangespider.png" data-fancybox="gallery-120" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-120/44climatechangespider.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-120/44climatechangespiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-120" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-120/44climatechangespiderlist.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-120/44climatechangespidersimple.png" data-fancybox="gallery-120" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-120/44climatechangespidersimple.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-120" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-120" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-120/44climatechangespider-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-120/44climatechangespiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-120/44climatechangespidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3>Exam style question about climate change</h3> <p>Describing and explaining the evidence for climate change is an important skill from this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below, on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>The graph below shows data about the extent of arctic sea ice in recent years.</p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/04_ecology/arctic-sea-ice.png" style="width: 550px; height: 429px;"></p> <p><strong>Compare and contrast the extent of sea ice between the 1981-2010 median, 2012 and 2020. [4]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p>New research has recently suggested that a 'heat blob' of warm ocean water warms the ice from below, all year-round and that this influence has more than doubled over the past decade. It is thought to be melting almost a metre thickness of sea ice each year.</p> <p><strong>Suggest with a reason whether the data from this graph provides evidence for the effect of the "heat blob" on the arctic sea ice over the last ten years. [2]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <h3>Model answer</h3> <p><strong>Compare and contrast the extent of sea ice between the 1981-2010 median, 2012 and 2020 [4]</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">To compare you must find a similarity and for a contrast a difference. Take care that the difference is a comparison of like with like, and that it is stated clearly including mention of each set of data. Examples include:</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The extent of sea ice in all three sets of data decreases between June and September.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The smallest sea ice extent is in mid September in all curves.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The 2020 and 2012 data always shows a lower sea ice extent than 1981-2010</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The rate of change of sea ice is 2012 is more variable than 2020 and 1981-2010.</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>Suggest with a reason whether the data from this graph provides evidence for the effect of the "heat blob" on the arctic sea ice over the last ten years [2]</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The data for 2012 and 2020 corresponds to the last ten years, and shows no clear difference between the years 2012 and 2020.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">It does not provide evidence of a faster rate of reduction in sea ice.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The data shows does not give information about the depth of the sea ice.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on coral reefs and climate change - - - click the + to open it -- ></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question requires understanding of the effects of increasing carbon dioxide levels on reef building corals.</p> <p>Write your answer on paper and then compare it to the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"><strong>Explain how increased atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide can affect reef building corals. (4 marks)</strong><br> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p> <em>Examiner hint - read the question carefully, it begins with atmospheric carbon dioxide.</em></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer</h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain how increased atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide can affect reef building corals.<br> (4 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in sea water</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Carbon dioxide dissolving in sea water increases the pH of the water (making sea water more acidic)</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Corals need dissolved carbonates to make their skeleton.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">When sea water becomes more acidic, there is less carbonate available in the water for corals to build skeletons.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere also increases the temperature of sea water.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Increasing temperature causes bleaching of some corals.</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul> </ul> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <h3>Drag and drop activities</h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-884-798"><p>International cooperation to tackle climate change is a concept addressed in International mindedness and can be examined.</p><p>Drag and drop the correct word into the gap to outline this concept.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">legislation</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Greenhouse </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">currents </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">ozone</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">reduce</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">temperature</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">acidity</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">world</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">methane</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">combustion </span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Greenhouse "> <span class="review"></span> gases such as carbon dioxide and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="methane"> <span class="review"></span> are produced by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="combustion "> <span class="review"></span> and methanogenesis in the local environment.</p><p>Local <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="legislation"> <span class="review"></span> may have an effect on greenhouse gas production in a particular area but international cooperation is needed to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="reduce"> <span class="review"></span> emissions because gases released locally into the atmosphere can travel in winds and air <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="currents "> <span class="review"></span> affecting climates all over the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="world"> <span class="review"></span> and increasing ocean <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="acidity"> <span class="review"></span> .</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Nutrient cycles that have a gaseous component affect the atmosphere worldwide as the gaseous component can travel in the atmosphere. </em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <p> </p> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-6">Test yourself - multiple choice questions</h3> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#37852f83"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="37852f83"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> 4.4 Climate change quiz <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-338-798" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following are greenhouse gases?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Nitrogen and methane</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Carbon dioxide and oxygen</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Carbon dioxide and methane</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Carbon dioxide and nitrogen</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Nitrogen gas makes up 79% of the atmosphere but is not responsible for the greenhouse effect.<br>Oxygen gas makes approximately 19% of the atmosphere, and isn't a greenhouse gas.<br>Water vapour, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxides and Methane contributes to most of the greenhouse effect.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the processes below can add methane to the atmosphere?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Bacteria breaking down organic matter in aerobic conditions</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Autotrophs breaking down organic matter</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Bacteria breaking down organic matter in anaerobic conditions</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Lightning causing carbon dioxide to be oxidised.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) is produced from decaying organic matter in anaerobic conditions by bacteria</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following processes removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Sedimentation of aquatic molluscs in the ocean.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Photosynthesis in phytoplankton.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Respiration in phytoplankton.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Combustion of fossil fuels.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Only photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide to make organic matter. <br>Respiration and combustion produce carbon dioxide. <br>Sedimentation and ultimately Fossilization converts organic matter to rocks or fossil fuels but does not take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the trend in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere which has been shown to correlate to global average temperatures?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/04_ecology/co2_data2-1.png" style="width: 400px; height: 246px;"></p><p>This data was measured at Mauna Loa air monitoring station, Hawaii</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>It has a cyclical pattern</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>It is rising year after year</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>It rises in the spring and falls in the autumn.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>It falls in the spring and rises in the autumn.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Annual fluctuations are due to northern hemisphere autotrophs doing more photosynthesis in the summer and reducing atmosphere carbon dioxide levels.</p><p>The trend of year on year rises has been shown to correlate to rising average temperatures.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="tib-quiz" id="quiz-153"><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Why do methane and nitrogen oxides have a smaller impact on the greenhouse effect than water vapour and carbon dioxide?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Their molecules each absorb less long-wave radiation than water vapour and carbon dioxide.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>These gases are more dense so don't rise high enough in the atmosphere.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Their molecules each absorb less short-wave radiation than water vapour and carbon dioxide.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>They have lower concentrations in the atmosphere.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The concentration of water vapour (1-5%) and carbon dioxide (0.04%) are both higher than the concentrations of methane 0.0002% and nitrogen oxides <0.0001% in the atmosphere, on average. <br>There is a lot of local variability in concentrations.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following are consequences of increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide that can impact coral reefs?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Plastic pollution and coral bleaching.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Coral bleaching and ocean acidification</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Acid rain, and ocean acidification.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Higher global air temperatures and areas of higher rainfall</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Coral bleaching is a stress response by coral (which hosts algae) being caused by a rise in sea surface temperature.</p><p>Ocean acidification can make calcium carbonate less available for the growth of oceanic calcifying organisms such as coral reefs.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which two factors affect the ability of a gas to cause global warming?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Its concentration in the atmosphere, and its ability to absorb long-wave radiation.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Its ability to absorb short-wave radiation and the shape of it's molecules</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The size and polarity of the molecules.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Its concentration in the atmosphere and its temperature.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>There are actually several factors which can affect the impact of a gas on the greenhouse effect. The two mentioned in the IB guide are, concentration in the atmosphere and ability to absorb long-wave radiation.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>This is a claim made on the website "Redstate.com" about climate change by H. Sterling Burnett, Ph.D on January 4, 2017</p><p><em>"Anthropogenic warming theorists’ climate models assume temperatures should climb alongside rising carbon-dioxide levels, yet temperatures fell from the <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="1940s" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">1940s</span> through the <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="1970s" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">1970s</span>, even while emissions were rising dramatically."</em></p><p><em>In the article the data is not cited, but the graphs below show data of CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and average global temperatures (From NASA, not just from satellites).</em></p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/04_ecology/climate_change_data.png" style="width: 700px; height: 283px;"></p><p>Choose the best evaluation of this statement in the light of the data presented.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The statement misses the correlation between sunspot numbers and the fall in temperature.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The statement is wrong, there is no fall in temperatures visible in the data.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>The statement is 'cherry picks' a small part of the whole data set. The overall trend is rising.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The statement is right, the data supports the claim.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Sunspot numbers don't seem to correlate with the fall in temperature.<br>The statement chooses a small section of the data, this is called "cherry picking". <br>While the point is logical that CO2 levels are rising but the temperature seems to be falling, but it doesn't consider that other factors can affect global temperature, e.g; El <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Nino" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">Nino</span>, Volcanic dust in the atmosphere.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs a bit of fun while they revise. 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