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3.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../793/inheritance-34.html">Inheritance 3.4</a></label></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="genetic-modification-35.html">Genetic Modification 3.5</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Genetic Modification 3.5 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="794" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html">03 Genetics SL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Genetic Modification 3.5</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505957" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for topic 3.5 Genetic modification</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about genetic modification</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Model answer</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6"> 3.5 Genetic modification 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/03_genetics/gel_electrophoresis_vsmall-1.png" style="width: 247px; height: 322px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">The ability to find the sequence of the DNA code has provided new tools for biologists to investigate and manipulate DNA. These tools include PCR, gel electrophoresis, DNA profiling, genetic modification. This topic covers these techniques, their applications and some of the ethical dilemmas with the use of this technology. Cloning of animals after they have been genetically modified is an example case.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 3.5 Genetic modification using these flashcards.</p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/64570605/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-152" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="152"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-152" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-152" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-152" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-152" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-152" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-152" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img5.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img6.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-152" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img6.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-152" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-152" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img5-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="6"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-152/img6-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for topic 3.5 Genetic modification<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li>Gel electrophoresis is used for the separation of fragments of DNA (or proteins).<img alt="" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/04genetics/DNA_profiles.jpg" style="height: 143px; width: 160px; float: right;" title="Image: CC by Ollie Seibelt on Flickr"></li> <li>PCR (polymerase chain reaction) can be used to make many copies of small amounts of DNA. (called amplification).</li> <li>DNA profiling uses PCR and gel electrophoresis to compare samples of DNA (eg. in paternity disputes).</li> <li>Genetic modification is the transfer of genes from one species to another.</li> <li>Clones are groups of genetically identical organisms, derived from a single original parent cell.</li> <li>Many plant species and some animal species have natural methods of cloning.</li> <li>Animals can be cloned at the embryo stage by breaking up the embryo into more than one group of cells. or by using differentiated cells in adults.</li> <li>The cloned sheep, Dolly can be used as an example of the cloning method of somatic-cell nuclear transfer.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p class="liWithoutP"><u>Skills</u> (can you ...)</p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Use images of DNA profiling to solve paternity disputes and other forensic examples.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Explain that Gene transfer using plasmids in bacteria makes use of the enzymes; restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Assess the potential risks and benefits of GMO crops, including data on risks to monarch butterflies of Bt crops.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Design of an experiment to assess one factor affecting the rooting of stem-cuttings of a plant which easily produces roots in soil.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main details of topic 3.5 Genetic modification.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map, from memory if you can.</p> <div id="carousel-151" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="151"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-151/3-5spiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-151" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-151/3-5spiderlist.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-151/3-5spidersimple.png" data-fancybox="gallery-151" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-151/3-5spidersimple.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-151/3-5spiderfull.png" data-fancybox="gallery-151" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-151/3-5spiderfull.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-151" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-151" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-151/3-5spiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-151/3-5spidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-151/3-5spiderfull-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p><a id="erq1" name="erq1"></a>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about genetic modification<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The skill of understanding the roles of the enzymes used in genetic modification of plasmids in prokaryotes is important in this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>The diagram shows an enzymes which is used to genetically engineer harmless bacteria to contain green fluorescent protein.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/hindiii_restriction_enzyme_small.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 388px;"></p> <p><strong>Identify the type of enzyme which HindIII is. [1]</strong></p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p><strong>Explain the role of this enzyme in the process which uses plasmids to modify the genes of bacteria using their plasmids. [4]</strong></p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Identify the type of enzyme which HindIII is. [1]</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">HindIII is a restriction nuclease enzyme. It cuts a DNA strand a locations where the sequence i</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">s AAGCTT</span></p> <p><strong>Explain the process used to modify the genes of bacteria using their plasmids and enzymes like HindIII. [4]</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Plasmids are extracted from bacterial cells</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Restriction enzymes like hindIII are used to cut the DNA in the plasmids.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The site of the cut has 'sticky ends' which can be attached to new DNA.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">DNA fragments are cut using the same restriction enzyme so that the same sticky ends as the plasmid</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Both the new DNA and the plasmid have complementary sticky ends.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The enzyme DNA </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">ligase</span> will connect the new DNA segment (gene) to the sticky ends of the plasmid.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The genetically modified (recombinant) plasmids are put into bacterial cells.</span></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on DNA profiling Click the + to open it -- ></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question requires an understanding of the technique of DNA profiling.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline how DNA profiling could be used to demonstrate paternity of a child. (5 marks)</strong></p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer. </p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-5">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline how DNA profiling could be used to demonstrate paternity of a child. (5 marks)</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Sample of blood or cells is taken from both the father and the child.<br> DNA is extracted from the samples.<br> The DNA cut into segments by restriction endonuclease enzymes to obtain </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">fragments of DNA<br> The Enzymes are selected to target areas of DNA where non-coding tandem repeats are found.<br> Many copies of the fragments is made by the polymerase chain reaction.<br> Fragments of DNA of different sizes are separated in the samples by electrophoresis.<br> Bands of DNA are studied to look for matches.<br> If there are several matching bands this can indicate paternity.</span></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This quiz contains multiple choice questions covering the understandings and skills in this topic.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#982ca9ee"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="982ca9ee"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-6"> 3.5 Genetic modification <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-371-794" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>This image shows the results of the gel electrophoresis of two samples of DNA.</p><p><img alt="" height="282" src="../../images/03_genetics/gel_electrophoresis_vsmall-1.png" width="216"></p><p>What has the process of gel electrophoresis done?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Some DNA bases have been identified.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> DNA frangments in each sample have been separated.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It has shown that sample A contains more DNA than sample B.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Chromatin colours in the DNA bave been made visible.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Gel electrophoresis is used for the separation of fragments of DNA (or proteins).</p><p>Different sizes of DNA more different distances, smaller fragments move more quickly than larger fragments.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the biotechnology method which makes many copies of DNA called?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> PCR</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Genetic engineering</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Gel electrophoresis</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> DNA transcription</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>PCR (polymerase chain reaction) can be used to make many copies of small amounts of DNA. (called amplification)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the process called in which a small sample of DNA is amplified using PCR and then separated using gel elecrophoresis?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> DNA base sequencing.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> DNA Amplification.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> DNA transcription</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> DNA profiling.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>DNA profiling uses PCR and gel electrophoresis to compare samples of DNA (eg. in paternity disputes)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Bacteria can be made to produce human insulin by genetic modification.<br>By which method is an insulin gene put into bacteria?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The gene is first spliced into a plamid using DNA ligase. The plasmid is put into bacteria.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The gene is broken into pieces using DNA ligase and then reassmebled in the bacteria.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The gene is injected into the bacteria's cytoplasm.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The gene is added directly to one of the bacterial chromosomes using restriction endonuclease enzymes.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Genetic modification is the transfer of genes from one species to another. Plasmids are small loops of DNA which can be used as gene vectors.</p><p>Explain that Gene transfer makes use of the enzymes; restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram shows a process used to make new garden plants.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/cuttings.png" style="width: 350px; height: 291px;"></p><p>Which of the following correctly names the process and explains why?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Reproduction of the parent plant, because non-identical cuttings are made.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Cloning of the parent plant, because all the cuttings are genetically identical.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cloning of the parent plant, because more than one offspring is produced.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Genetic modification of the parent plant, because embryo cuttings are changed.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Clones are groups of genetically identical organisms, derived from a single original parent cell.</p><p>Vegetative reproduction, including taking cuttings could be described as cloning.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>This experiment investigates the growth of roots in cuttings of plants.<br>Five lengths of the stem were tested, only two are shown in this photo.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/cuttings_2.png" style="width: 280px; height: 339px;"></p><p>Which of the following variables would be a controlled variable for this experiment?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The formation of leaves.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The temperature of the water.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The number of root branches.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The number of roots growing.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Design of an experiment to assess one factor affecting the rooting of stem-cuttings of a plant which easily produces roots in soil. Many plant species and some animal species have natural methods of cloning.</p><p>In this experiment the temperature of the water would be a controlled variable, as would the volume of water, brightness of light, species of plant.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which two types of cells can be used to clone animals?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Differentiated cells from adults and unspecialised cells from an embryo.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cells taken from the placenta a,d gamete cells from an adult.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Haploid cells in male and female adults. </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Differentiated cells from an embryo and udder cells from an adult.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Animals can be cloned at the embryo stage by breaking up the embryo into more than one group of cells. or by using differentiated cells in adults in somatic cell nuclear transfer.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In the image shown there is a small sample of DNA from two men and a child.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/dna_pprofile_3.png" style="width: 306px; height: 259px;"><br>Which of the males is most likely to be the father and why?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Male 1 because four DNA bands match between male 1 and Male 2.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Male 2 because some of the bands in male 2 are not found in the child</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Male 2 because there are three matching DNA bands between the child and male 2.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Male 1 because this sample has the most DNA bands.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Use images of DNA profiling to solve paternity disputes and other forensic examples.</p><p>The bands are very similar in male C, there is a small difference, but conditions in the gel may lead to some degree of uncertainty.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Monach butterflies are thought to be harmed by the growth of Bt maize.</p><p>Which of the following is a possible reason for this damage?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The butterflies feed on the pollen of the maize which contains the Bt insecticide.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Accumulation of the Bt toxin in the prey of the butterfly is passed to the butterfly.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The butterflies don't feed on the Bt maize and fail to find enough food.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The butterflies cannot navigate after consuming Bt maize</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Assess the potential risks and benefits of GMO crops, including data on risks to monarch butterflies of Bt crops.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-7">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-892-794"><p>Cloning can occur in various ways in nature and the laboratory.</p><p> <img alt="" src="../../images/richard/3.5-twinsies.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 140px;"><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/3.5-garlic.jpg" style="width: 140px; height: 138px;"> <img alt="" height="125" src="../../images/richard/3.5-worker-bees.jpg" width="177"> <img alt="" src="../../images/richard/r.png" style="width: 160px; height: 189px;"></p><p>Natural or artificial clones?</p><p>Drag and drop the correct word or phrase into the space to describe cloning.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mitotic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">fertilisation</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">asexual</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">binary</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">garlic bulbs</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">stem</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">embryo</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">therapeutic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">laboratory</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">identical</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">naturally</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">embryonic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">genetically identical </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cuttings</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">adult </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">sexual</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cell culture</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">single</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> removing</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> nucleus</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">donor ovum</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Cloning, the production of organisms <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="genetically identical "> <span class="review"></span> to a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="single"> <span class="review"></span> parent cell or organism occurs both <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="naturally"> <span class="review"></span> and in the laboratory.</p><p>Natural cloning examples include <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="binary"> <span class="review"></span> fission in bacteria and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="asexual"> <span class="review"></span> reproduction in flowering plants, for example <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="garlic bulbs"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>It also can occur in arthropods such as bees where the female ovum develops into a male bee without <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="fertilisation"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>Artificial cloning of plants is achieved using <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cuttings"> <span class="review"></span> or by developing plants from meristem cells in bulking up techniques.</p><p>In animals, separating <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="embryonic"> <span class="review"></span> blastocyst cells gives cloned embryos from a single <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="embryo"> <span class="review"></span> . This happens in the formation of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="identical"> <span class="review"></span> twin humans.</p><p>There are also techniques of cell cloning form <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="adult "> <span class="review"></span> somatic differentiated cells or <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="stem"> <span class="review"></span> cells using <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="laboratory"> <span class="review"></span> techniques and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cell culture"> <span class="review"></span> to produce cell lines for <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="therapeutic"> <span class="review"></span> or research use.</p><p>Cloned mammalian embryos can be created by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" removing"> <span class="review"></span> the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" nucleus"> <span class="review"></span> from a donor ovum and replacing it with the nucleus of the same species of mammal to be cloned. The <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="donor ovum"> <span class="review"></span> is then implanted in the donor uterus to develop.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Cloning produces offspring genetically identical to a single parent. In bees, unfertilised eggs are regarded as cloned males but as meiosis is involved, it is a different form of cloning and the males may have slight genetic differences due to meiosis. Garlic and identical twins are natural clones, the sheep developed from her mother's ovum and nucleus as an artificial clone.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <hr> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>If you want to review key terminology and have some fun with your revision try this <a href="http://quizlet.com/64570605/match" target="_blank">Genetic modification card match game. </a>Can you reach the leader board?</p> <ul> </ul> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/64570605/match/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="794"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Genetic Modification 3.5</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes here..."></textarea> </div> <div class="panel-footer text-xs-center"> <span id="last-edited" class="mb-xs-3"> </span> <div class="actions mt-xs-3"> <button id="save-my-progress" 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