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href="../468/06-human-physiology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 06 Human physiology</a></li><li><a href="../469/07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 07 Nucleic acids AHL</a></li><li><a href="../470/08-metabolism-ahl.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 08 Metabolism AHL</a></li><li><a href="../471/09-plant-biology-ahl.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 09 Plant biology AHL</a></li><li><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 10 Genetics AHL</a></li><li><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 11 Animal physiology AHL</a></li><li><a href="../2824/option-a-neurobiology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Option A - Neurobiology</a></li><li><a href="../2852/option-b-biotechnology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Option B - Biotechnology</a></li><li><a href="../2853/option-c-ecology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw 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class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../794/genetic-modification-35.html">Genetic Modification 3.5</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Inheritance 3.4 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="793" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html">03 Genetics SL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Inheritance 3.4</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505957" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for topic 3.4 Inheritance</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about inheritance</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer </a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Model answer</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6"> 3.4 Inheritance 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><span style="color:#0000FF;"></span><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/03_genetics/green_yellow_fruit-1.png" style="width: 394px; height: 393px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">Theoretical genetics started with the work of Gregor Mendel. He established some simple rules of inheritance based on the idea that characteristics or "traits" are inherited independently. The gametes carry a single copy of any gene which becomes a pair of alleles in the offspring after fusion of the gametes in fertilization.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 3.4 Inheritance using these flashcards.</p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/64570647/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-149" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="149"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-149" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-149" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-149" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-149" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-149" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-149" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img5.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img63.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-149" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img63.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-149" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-149" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img5-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="6"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-149/img63-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for topic 3.4 Inheritance<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Mendel experiments with pea plants showing his rules of inheritance.<img alt="" height="107" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/04genetics/punnet_sqr.jpg" style="float: right;" title="" width="128"></li> <li class="liWithoutP">Gametes are haploid so contain only one allele of each gene.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The two alleles of each gene separate independently during meiosis.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Fusion of gametes results in diploid zygotes with two alleles of each gene.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles but co-dominant alleles have joint effects.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Many genetic diseases in humans are due to recessive, dominant or co-dominant alleles of autosomal genes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Some genetic diseases are sex-linked, shown as superscript letters eg. X<sup>h</sup>. The pattern of inheritance is different due to their location on sex chromosomes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Many genetic diseases have been identified in humans & most are very rare.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Radiation and mutagenic chemicals increase the mutation rate and can cause genetic diseases and cancer.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><u>Skills</u> (can you?)</p> <ul> <li>Explain the inheritance of ABO blood groups.using I<sup>A</sup>, I<sup>B</sup> or i allele notation.</li> <li>Explain inheritance of red-green colour blindness and hemophilia as examples of sex-linked inheritance.</li> <li>Explain the autosomal inheritance of cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disease.</li> <li>Construct Punnett grids for monohybrid genetic crosses.</li> <li>Compare predicted and actual outcomes of genetic crosses using real data.</li> <li>Analyse pedigree charts and to deduce the pattern of inheritance of genetic diseases.</li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main details of topic 3.4 Inheritance.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map, from memory if you can.</p> <div id="carousel-150" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="150"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-150/3-4spiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-150" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-150/3-4spiderlist.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-150/3-4spidersimple.png" data-fancybox="gallery-150" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-150/3-4spidersimple.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-150/3-4spiderfull.png" data-fancybox="gallery-150" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-150/3-4spiderfull.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-150" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-150" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-150/3-4spiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-150/3-4spidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-150/3-4spiderfull-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about inheritance<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Explaining inheritance is an important skill in this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below, on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease caused by recessive alleles of a single gene that code for a protein.<br> Explain how parents who do not have the recessive phenotype for cystic fibrosis can produce a child with the recessive phenotype</strong>.<strong> [4]</strong></p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease due to recessive alleles of a single gene that codes for a protein.<br> Explain how parents who do not have the recessive phenotype for cystic fibrosis can produce a child with the recessive phenotype</strong>.<strong> [4]</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Key C=allele for no cystic fibrosis, c= allele for cf.<em> (Any other upper and lower case letter is OK.)</em></span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">If two parents are heterozygous they can pass on either a dominant or a recessive allele.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">As heterozygous genotypes the parents don't have the cystic fibrosis phenotype.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The Punnet square below shows the parent alleles and four offspring genotypes</span><br> </p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/cf_punnett.jpg" style="width: 154px; height: 155px;"></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The double homozygous recessive offspring will have cystic fibrosis</span></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on monohybrid inheritance - - - click the + to open it -- ></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question requires knowledge of Punnett squares.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>In Labradors, black coat colour is controlled by a gene with two alleles. A black colour allele which is dominant over the recessive chocolate colour allele.</p> <p>A person owns a black male Labrador with an unknown pedigree and wants to find out if their dog is homozygous, true breeding, for the black colour, or heterozygous.</p> <p><strong>Describe how a test cross could be carried out to find out the genotype of the dog for this gene. (5 marks) </strong></p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> <p>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer. </p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-5">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe how a test cross could be carried out to find out the genotype of the dog for this gene. (5 marks) </strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">A test cross is a breeding experiment using this dog and a homozygous recessive chocolate female.<br> If the male is homozygous BB, all the puppies will be heterozygous black Bb.<br> If the male is heterozygous Bb, approximately 50% of the puppies will be chocolate bb.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Black male genotype is either BB or Bb</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Backcross the male with a brown female bb</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">If the male is homozygous, BB</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">BB X bb = 100% Bb puppies</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">If the male is heterozygous Bb</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Backcross Bb x bb</span></p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:66px;height:33px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p> </td> <td style="width:66px;height:33px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">B</span></p> </td> <td style="width:66px;height:33px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">b</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:66px;height:33px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">b</span></p> </td> <td style="width:66px;height:33px;"> <p><span style="color:#0000FF;">Bb</span></p> </td> <td style="width:66px;height:33px;"> <p><span style="color:#0000FF;">bb</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:66px;height:33px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">b</span></p> </td> <td style="width:66px;height:33px;"> <p><span style="color:#0000FF;">Bb</span></p> </td> <td style="width:66px;height:33px;"> <p><span style="color:#0000FF;">b</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p> <p><span style="color:#0000FF;">F1 genotype</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The expected phenotypic ratio would be 50% black and 50% brown puppies</span></p> <p>A mark can be given for each of these points if it explained or is shown as a Punnett square.</p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A quiz containing multiple choice questions covering the understanding and skills from this topic.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#87aed32d"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="87aed32d"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-6"> 3.4 Inheritance <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-368-793" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The gene locus of pea pod colour is on chromosome 5.</p><p><img alt="" height="195" src="../../images/03_genetics/green_pea_pods_chromosomes.png" width="217"></p><p>The pea pod shown has both a yellow pod allele and a green pod allele.<br>Why is the pea pod green?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The green pod allele is dominant and the yellow pod allele recessive.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Both the alleles are co-dominant</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The green pod allele is recessive and the yellow pod allele is dominant.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The gene is sex-linked.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>This is an example of simple dominance. If the alleles were co-dominant then there would be both green and yellow in the pea pod colour.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Meiosis makes haploid gametes.<br>Which of the following is a purpose of this in the process of inheritance by sexual reproduction?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It helps form male and female organisms.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It reduces variation in the offspring.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It reduces the number of chromosome pairs passed to the offspring.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> It allows for the fusion of male and female gametes to form diploid zygotes.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Meiosis is responsible for separating the two alleles of each gene and thus allowing the fusion of gametes to form diploid zygotes with two alleles of each gene.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which statement correctly distinguishes between dominant alleles and recessive alleles?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A single recessive allele will affect a phenotype but a single dominant allele will not.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Dominant alleles are stronger than recessive alleles.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A single dominant allele will affect the phenotype, but a single recessive allele will not.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Dominant alleles and recessive alleles sometimes mask co-dominant alleles.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles so recessive alleles only influence the phenotype when there are no dominant alleles present.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which genotypes would be possible in a baby born to parents of type O and type B blood?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Type O, Type B or Type AB</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Type B only.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Type B or Type O blood.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Type A or Type B only.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The inheritance of ABO blood groups.using IA, IB or i allele notation illustrates co-dominance between I<sup>A</sup> and I<sup>B</sup>. A parent of type B blood will have either I<sup>B</sup>I<sup>B</sup> or I<sup>B</sup>i. Typo O genotypes are always ii.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The Punnett suare below shows the inheritance of cystic fibrosis.</p><p><img alt="" height="258" src="../../images/03_genetics/cystic-fibrosis_simpler.png" width="300"></p><p>What type of inheritance is this an example of?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Autosomal co-dominance. </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Sex-linked inheritance of a recessive allele.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Autosomal inheritance of a recessive disease allee.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Sex-linked simple dominance.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Inheritance of cystic fibrosis in an example of autosomal inheritance (not-on sex chromosomes)<br>The cystic fibrosis allele is recessive.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The two punnett squares below show the inheritance of red green colour blindness and Huntington's disease.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/huntington_redgreen_compared_punnet.png" style="width: 450px; height: 185px;"></p><p>What is the difference between the two types of genetic disease?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Red-green colour blindness is sex-linked and Huntington's disease autosomal.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Red-green colour blindness is autosomal and Huntington's disease is sex linked.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Huntington's disease is caused by a recessive allele but red-green colour blindness a dominant allele.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Red-green colour blindness affects parents more than offspring but Huntington's disease affects offspring more.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The autosomal inheritance of cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disease follows simple dominance and the disease allele is dominant.</p><p>red-green colour blindness and hemophilia as examples of sex-linked inheritance, both caused by recessive alleles.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The Punnett grid below shows the theoretical inheritance of red green colour blindness for a couple thinking of having children. Both mother and father have one colour blind allele.<br>The father is colour blind and the mother is a carrier.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/red_green_colourblind_punnet_details.png" style="width: 300px; height: 230px;"></p>What is the probability of their first child having red green colour blindness?</div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 0%</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 75%</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 50%</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 25%</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>You can use Punnett squares to predict outcomes of genetic crosses.<br>There are four different possibilities for the offspring of this cross.</p><p>Red-green colour blindness is a sex linked condition.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>This diagram shows the inheritance of a genetic disease in three generations of a family.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/03_genetics/pedigree_chart_sexlinked.png" style="width: 450px; height: 249px;"></p><p>What type of inheritance is the most likely for this disease?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A dominant autosomal gene.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A recessive autosomal gene.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A recessive sex linked gene</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A dominant sex linked gene</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Only males in the familyinherit the disease so it is probably sex linked.<br>The disease can skip a generation suggesting that it is recessive.</p><p>It is likely that the grandmother in generation I and mother 3 in generation II are carriers of the disease.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-7">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505957" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-891-793"><p>Incomplete dominance and multiple alleles in blood groups are an important concept in this topic.</p><p>Three babies are born on the same day in a hospital. Unfortunately, the name tags on the babies are lost. To allocate the baby to the correct set of parents, the parents and babies blood groups are tested. The blood group results are presented below.</p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:161px;"><p>Baby blood groups</p></td><td colspan="3" style="width:245px;"><p align="center">Parents blood group</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:67px;"><p>Name</p></td><td style="width:93px;"><p>Blood group</p></td><td style="width:87px;"><p>Name of parent</p></td><td style="width:82px;"><p>Mother blood group</p></td><td style="width:76px;"><p>Father blood group</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:67px;"><p>Sol</p></td><td style="width:93px;"><p>O</p></td><td style="width:87px;"><p>Gopal</p></td><td style="width:82px;"><p align="center">B</p></td><td style="width:76px;"><p align="center">AB</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:67px;"><p>Cia</p></td><td style="width:93px;"><p>B</p></td><td style="width:87px;"><p>Smith</p></td><td style="width:82px;"><p align="center">A</p></td><td style="width:76px;"><p align="center">B</p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:67px;"><p>Pol</p></td><td style="width:93px;"><p>AB</p></td><td style="width:87px;"><p>Hope</p></td><td style="width:82px;"><p align="center">AB</p></td><td style="width:76px;"><p align="center">O</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Use the drag and drop activity to allocate the babies to their correct parents.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> O </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">father</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mother</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">AB</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">I<sup>B</sup>I<sup>B</sup></span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">I<sup>B</sup>i</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> blood group</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> ii</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> I<sup>A</sup>i</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Baby Sol has blood group <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" O "> <span class="review"></span> so has genotype <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" ii"> <span class="review"></span> . The only parents from whom he could inherit this genotype are the Smiths. Their genotype must be <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" I<sup>A</sup>i"> <span class="review"></span> (mother) and I<sup>B</sup>i ( <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="father"> <span class="review"></span> )</p><p>Baby Pol has blood group AB so has genotype I<sup>A</sup>I<sup>B</sup>. Her parents could be the Gopals or the Smiths. They cannot be the Smiths so Pols parents must be the Gopals. Their genotypes must be either <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="I<sup>B</sup>I<sup>B</sup>"> <span class="review"></span> or I<sup>B</sup>i ( <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="mother"> <span class="review"></span> ) and I<sup>A</sup>I<sup>B</sup> (father).</p><p>Which leaves baby Cia. Any of the three parents could have had a baby with B <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" blood group"> <span class="review"></span> . The Hopes could not have had a baby with blood group O or with blood group <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="AB"> <span class="review"></span> so must be the parents of Cia. Their genotypes are I<sup>A</sup>I<sup>B</sup> (mother) and ii (father) and baby Cia's genotype must be <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="I<sup>B</sup>i"> <span class="review"></span> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p> </p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><p><em>This is an exercise in deduction of offspring and parent genotypes from phenotypes. It is complex and if you derived the answer, well done!</em></p><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <p> </p> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs a bit of fun while they revise. 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