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href="../591/defence-against-disease-63.html">Defence against disease 6.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../592/gas-exchange-64.html">Gas exchange 6.4</a></label></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="neurones-and-synapses-65.html">Neurones and synapses 6.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../594/hormones-and-reproduction-66.html">Hormones and reproduction 6.6</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Neurones and synapses 6.5 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="593" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html">06 Human physiology</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Neurones and synapses 6.5</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/06_humans/neurons_100x100-1.png" style="width: 348px; height: 280px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">This topic covers neurones and synapses. Get to grips with the structure of a neuron, the propagation of action potentials along a neuron and the transmission of electrical impulses across a synapse. There is also a specific look at cholinergic synapses and neonicotinoid pesticides.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 6.5 Neurones and synapses using these flashcards.</p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/213067697/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-54" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="54"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-54/csneurons-synapses.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-54" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-54/csneurons-synapses.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-54/cs-nervoussystemdefinition.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-54" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-54/cs-nervoussystemdefinition.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-54/csneurondiagram2.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-54" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-54/csneurondiagram2.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-52/cspropagatioactionpotential.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-54" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-52/cspropagatioactionpotential.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-52/synapses.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-54" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-52/synapses.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-52/csstudenthintsynapses.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-54" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-52/csstudenthintsynapses.PNG"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-54" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-54" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-54/csneurons-synapses-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-54/cs-nervoussystemdefinition-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-54/csneurondiagram2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-52/cspropagatioactionpotential-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-52/synapses-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-52/csstudenthintsynapses-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-5">Summary list for 6.5 Neurones and synapses<img alt="" height="154" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/06humans/synapse_square.png" style="float: right;" width="154"></h3> <ul> <li>Electrical impulses are transmitted in neurones (details of neuron types not required).</li> <li>Sodium and potassium ions are pumped across neuron membranes to generate a resting potential.</li> <li>Action potentials are depolarization and repolarization of the neuron which are propagated along the axons of neurons creating nerve impulses. (Oscilloscope traces showing resting potential & action potential).</li> <li>Local currents cause each successive part of the axon to reach the threshold potential.</li> <li>Myelin sheath cells around the axons of nerve fibres allows for saltatory conduction.</li> <li>Synapses (only chemical synapses) join neurons and also join neurons to receptor or effector cells.</li> <li>Depolarized pre-synaptic neurons release a neurotransmitter into the synapse.</li> <li>A nerve impulse is only initiated if the threshold potential is reached.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p class="liWithoutP"><u>Skills</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Understand that secretion and reabsorption of acetylcholine by neurons occurs at synapses.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Illustrate how blocking of synaptic transmission at cholinergic synapses in insects by the binding of neonicotinoid pesticides to acetylcholine receptors can work as a pesticide.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Outline how the workings of neurotransmitters and synapses has led to the development of numerous pharmaceuticals for the treatment of mental disorders.</li> </ul> </div> <h3>Mindmaps</h3> <p>This diagram summaries the main sections of topic 6.5.<br> Test if you can draw something like these concept maps from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-108" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="108"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-108/65neuronessynapsespidersimple.png" data-fancybox="gallery-108" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-108/65neuronessynapsespidersimple.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-108/65neuronessynapsespider.png" data-fancybox="gallery-108" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-108/65neuronessynapsespider.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-108/65neuronessynapsespiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-108" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-108/65neuronessynapsespiderlist.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-108" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-108" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-108/65neuronessynapsespidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-108/65neuronessynapsespider-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-108/65neuronessynapsespiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3>Video tutorial</h3> <p>To review this section why not make a stop motion video like the one below?</p> <p><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/tBputgyLVg8?rel=0" width="640"></iframe></p> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on synapses</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question tests an understanding of how an action potential crosses a synapse.</p> <p>Answer on paper and compare your answer to the model answer.</p> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Describe how an action potential can be transmitted from a motor neurone to skeletal muscle cell. (6 marks)</span></b></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>....................................................... .................................................</p> <p>....................................................... .................................................</p> <p>....................................................... .................................................</p> <p>..........................................................................................................</p> <p>..........................................................................................................</p> <p><em>Describe needs details. You could use an annotated diagram</em></p> </div> <p>Click the + to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer</h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe how an action potential can be transmitted from a motor neurone to skeletal muscle cell. (6 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">A synapse is a functional joint between nerve cells or between a nerve cell and an effector.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">An action potential depolarises the presynaptic membrane.1</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Calcium ions enter the presynaptic membrane.2</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Causing vesicles in the presynaptic end bulb to fuse with the presynaptic membrane.3</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Releasing transmitter substance (acetylcholine) into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis.4</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft.5</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Binds with receptor sites on the membrane of the skeletal muscle.6</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Opening Calcium channels and causing contraction of the muscle cell.7</span></li> </ul> <p>You could answer with an annotated diagram with annotations corresponding to the numbers above, either as a key or as labels.</p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/6.5-synapse.jpg" style="width: 242px; height: 195px;"></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on neonicotinoid pesticides.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question tests an understanding of neonicotinoid pesticides and the neuromuscular junction.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer.<b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:"></span></b></p> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Outline the mode of action of neonicotinoid pesticides. (4 marks)</span></b></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><br> <em>Examiner hint: Mode of action means how an effect is achieved.</em></div> <p>Click the + to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer</h3> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Outline the mode of action of neonicotinoid pesticides. (4 marks)</span></b></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The pesticide is very similar in structure to acetylcholine</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Neonicotinoid pesticides bind permanently</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">To acetylcholinesterase enzyme active site.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Which is the receptor site in the post-synaptic membrane.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Preventing acetylcholine from binding.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Blocking synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction and in the central nervous system.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Causing paralysis and asphyxiation (of the arthropod).</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>tex</p> </div> </div> </div> <hr> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A quiz containing at least ten questions covering the ten skills outlined in the image above.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#a9eb6981"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="a9eb6981"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> 6.5 Neurones and synapses quiz <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-233-593" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>How do nerve impulses travel in the nervous system?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Neurotransmitters diffuse alond neurones</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Ions diffuse along neurones</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Electrical impulses move in neurones</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Chemicals move with the blood</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Although neurones release chemical neurotransmitters at their endings they actually transmit electrical impulses along their length. This is caused by movement of charged ions across the membrane, but these ions don't move along the neurone.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>How is the resting potential created in a neurone?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Peripheral proteins in the nerve cell membrane move charged ions.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Protein channels allowing ions through.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Vesicles release charged ions across their membrane.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Protein pumps move sodium and potassium ions against a concentration gradient.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Sodium potassium pumps are found in the membrane of neurones.<br>They pump ions across the membrane against a concentration gradient leading to an electrical charge across the membrane called the resting potential.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following statements is the best description of an action potential?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A repolarization of the neurone membrane.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A potential for the membrane to depolarize.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A depolarization and repolarization of neurone membrane.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A depolarization of the neurone membrane.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A nerve impulse is the spreading of an action potential along a neurone. The action potential is the polarization and then depolarization of the nerve cell membrane. This spreads along the axon creating a nerve impuslse.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The dia<img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/synapse_simple.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 112px; float: right;">gram shows parts of two neurones at a synapse.</p><p>The red dots show a neurotransmitter being released into the synaptic cleft. </p><p>Which of the statements below best describes what usually happens to the neurotransmitter molecules after their release?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are reabsorbed into vesicles.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are absorbed into the post-synaptic neurone.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They bind to receptors in the post-synaptic neurone.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are broken down by enzymes.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors in post synaptic neurones.</p><p>After this they can be broken down by enzymes before reabsorption by the presynaptic neurone.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which structure in the nervous system allows the rapid "saltatory conduction" of impulses?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Branched nerve endings</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Long axon fibres</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Myelin sheath cells</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Many dendrites</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Saltatory conduction is only possible because of the myelination of the nerve axon with its nodes of ranvier.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Curare is used by indigenous peoples of the Americas on their poison darts. It causes muscle relaxation and hunted animals to fall out of trees. Curare is known to inhibit neurotransmitter receptors (acetylcholine) in the nervous system.</p><p>Why does this cause relaxation of muscles?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The neurotransmitters released by neurones cannot bind to receptors.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The neurotransmitters cannot be released into muscles.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The neurotransmitters are not reabsorbed into axon endings, causing repeated depolarisation.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The neurotransmitters cannot diffuse into muscles.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The acetylcholine must be released into the muscle to cause a contraction of the muscle. </p><p>Curare inhibits the receptor molecules on muscle cells</p><p>This can cause muscle relaxation.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p><img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/neonicotinoid2.png" style="width: 250px; height: 164px; float: right;">A type of pesticide called "neonicotinoid" interacts with the synapses that use the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.</p><p>The diagram illustrates this interaction.</p><p>Which of the following statements correctly explains the reason why neonicotinoid pesticides disturb nervous control in insects.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The neonicotinoid molecules block the re-uptake of neutransmitter molecules.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The neonicotinoid increases the release of neurotransmitter.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The neonicotinoid molecules bind to receptors on the post synaptic neurone.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The neurotransmitter binds to the neonicotinoid molecules.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The neonicotinoid molecules bind to the receptor molecules on the post synaptic membrane, this prevents neurotransmitter molecules from binding, it also constantly stimulates the post synaptic neurone.</p><p>The neonicotinoid is not broken down by naturally occuring enzymes in the insects so this disturbs the synapses.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows part of the propagation of a nerve impulse.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/depolarisation.png" style="width: 250px; height: 119px;"></p><p>Which type of protein is the one labelled X which has ions passing through it at this stage?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Sodium potassium pump. </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Sodium channel.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Potassium channel. </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Calcium channel.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Depolarisation is caused by sodium (Na<sup>+</sup>) ions moding across the membrane into the neurone. Repolarisation occurs when the potassium ions move out of the memebrane.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the term used to describe the movement of ions which depolarizes and repolarizes a small part of the axon of a neurone during the propagation of an impulse.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Active transport</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Local currents</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Saltatory conduction</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Osmosis</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Propagation of nerve impulses is the result of local currents of ions. <br>The movements cause each successive part of the axon to depolarize.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram shows the voltage measured across the neurone membrane during a nerve impulse.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/impulse_graph.png" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;"></p><p>What causes the voltage to return to below -70mV at point 3 on the graph?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Active transport of both K<sup>+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup> ions</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Movement of Na<sup>+</sup> ions</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Movement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Movement of K<sup>+</sup> ions</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The depolarisation occuse when sodium channels open letting Na<sup>+</sup> ions into the neurone (2).<br>The voltage rises to about +50mV.</p><p>This causes the opening of potassium channels which allow the K<sup>+</sup> ions to leave the neurone (3),<br>reducing the + charge in the neurone. Called repolarisation.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <h3>Drag and drop activities</h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-895-593"><p>The creation of an action potential across a nerve axon or dendron is a good example of active transport.</p><p>Drag and drop the correct word or phrase into the gap to describe the creation of the resting potential of a neuron.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> axon or dendron.</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">action potential</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">+70 millivolts</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">potential</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">outside</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">active</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">potassium ions</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">-70 millivolts</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">impermeable</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">concentration difference</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">permeable</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">sodium ions</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">uses ATP</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">inside</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The neurone resting potential is achieved by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="active"> <span class="review"></span> transport.</p><p>The sodium pump in the neuron membrane <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="uses ATP"> <span class="review"></span> energy to actively pump out <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="sodium ions"> <span class="review"></span> in exchange for <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="potassium ions"> <span class="review"></span> . This creates an ion <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="concentration difference"> <span class="review"></span> across the membrane, with a higher sodium ion concentration <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="outside"> <span class="review"></span> the membrane.</p><p>The membrane is <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="impermeable"> <span class="review"></span> to sodium ions, maintaining this gradient until the passage of an <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="action potential"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>This achieves a potential of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="-70 millivolts"> <span class="review"></span> on the inside of the membrane (relative to the outside).</p><p>The ion gradient is the electrical <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="potential"> <span class="review"></span> difference that allows an action potential to pass down the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" axon or dendron."> <span class="review"></span> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Active transport pumps move ions across membranes. Te membrane must otherwise be impermeable to these ions to retain them on one side of the membrane. Electrical potential energy is used in the transmission of an impulse. </em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <p> </p> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs some fun at times while they revise.<br> If you can't see the content below, please click this link to <a href="http://www.classtools.net/arcade/201903_2gaJGE" target="_blank">Neurones and synapses arcade </a><a href="http://quizlet.com/212940964/match/embed" target="_blank">games.</a></p> <p 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