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class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../591/defence-against-disease-63.html">Defence against disease 6.3</a></label></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="gas-exchange-64.html">Gas exchange 6.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../593/neurones-and-synapses-65.html">Neurones and synapses 6.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../594/hormones-and-reproduction-66.html">Hormones and reproduction 6.6</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Gas exchange 6.4 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="592" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html">06 Human physiology</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Gas exchange 6.4</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505966" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for 6.4 Gas exchange</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about gas exchange</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer </a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7"> 6.4 Gas exchange quiz 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/06_humans/lung_100x100-1.png" style="width: 346px; height: 389px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">Learn about the difference between the ventilation system and gaseous exchange. This topic covers the need for a ventilation system, the parts of the lung, mechanism of inspiration and expiration, the structure of the alveolus as well as the causes and consequences of lung cancer and emphysema.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 6.4 Gas Exchange using these flashcards.</p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/213067487/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-51" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="51"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-51/gasexchangecs.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-51" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-51/gasexchangecs.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-52/lungsdiagram.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-51" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-52/lungsdiagram.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-51/cskeydefinitions.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-51" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-51/cskeydefinitions.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-51/csinspirationexspiration.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-51" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-51/csinspirationexspiration.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-51/csalveolus.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-51" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-51/csalveolus.PNG"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-51" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-51" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-51/gasexchangecs-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-52/lungsdiagram-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-51/cskeydefinitions-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-51/csinspirationexspiration-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-51/csalveolus-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for 6.4 Gas exchange<img alt="" class="left" height="139" src="../../../ib/biology/files/diag_files/lung_alveoli_animated.gif" style="float: right;" title="Image: David Faure 2012" width="185"><small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505966" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries are maintained by ventilation.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Draw a diagram to show the structure of an alveolus and an adjacent capillary. Alveoli consist of two types of pneumocytes; <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Type I are extremely thin and are adapted to carry out gas exchange.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Type II secrete a solution containing surfactant that creates a moist surface inside the alveoli. This reduces surface tension and prevents the sides of the alveolus sticking to each other.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="liWithoutP">The trachea and bronchi carry air to the alveoli in bronchioles in the lungs.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Muscle contractions cause the pressure changes inside the thorax that force air in and out of the lungs to ventilate them.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">External and internal intercostal muscles, and diaphragm and abdominal muscles are antagonistic muscles, required for inspiration and expiration because muscles only work by contracting.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong><u>Skills</u></strong></p> <ul> <li>Link causes and consequences of lung cancer.& emphysema to structure of lungs.</li> <li>Monitor ventilation in humans at rest and after mild and vigorous exercise (Practical 6). <ul> <li>Ventilation rate and tidal volume should be measured, either be monitored by simple observation and simple apparatus or</li> <li>by data logging with a spirometer or chest belt and pressure meter. (residual vol, & vital capacity <strong>not</strong> required).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505966" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This diagram summaries the main sections of topic 6.4<br> Test if you can draw something like these concept maps from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-109" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="109"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-109/64gasexchangespidersimple.png" data-fancybox="gallery-109" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-109/64gasexchangespidersimple.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-109/64gasexchangespider.png" data-fancybox="gallery-109" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-109/64gasexchangespider.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-109/64gasexchangespiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-109" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-109/64gasexchangespiderlist.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-109" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-109" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-109/64gasexchangespidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-109/64gasexchangespider-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-109/64gasexchangespiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about gas exchange<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505966" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Understanding the ventilation of the lungs is important in this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain how intercostal muscles and the diaphragm help to maintain a concentration gradient of oxygen to promoter gas exchange in the alveoli. [4]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505966" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain how intercostal muscles and the diaphragm help to maintain a concentration gradient of oxygen to promoter gas exchange in the alveoli. [4]</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The external intercostal muscles contract to move rib cage upwards and outwards.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The diaphragm muscle contracts moving the diaphragm downwards increasing the volume of the lungs.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">This lowers the pressure in the lungs and brings air into the lungs.</span></span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"> The concentration of oxygen increases in the alveoli producing a concentration gradient between air in alveoli and the blood in lung capillaries.</span></span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The internal intercostal muscles contract to lower the rib cage.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">This decreases the volume of the lungs and forces air out of the lungs.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Stale air, low in oxygen is expelled from the lungs ready for a new breath.</span></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on lung function. Click on the "+" symbol to open the question.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question tests an understanding of lung structure and function.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Describe how three features of the mammalian lung enable it to be an efficient surface for gaseous exchange. (6 marks) </span></b></p> <p>....................................................... .................................................</p> <p>....................................................... .................................................</p> <p>....................................................... .................................................</p> <p>..........................................................................................................</p> <p>..........................................................................................................</p> <p>..........................................................................................................</p> <p><em>Examiner's hint: link structure and function.</em></p> </div> <p>Click the + to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-5">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505966" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe how three features of the mammalian lung enable it to be an efficient surface for gaseous exchange. (6 marks) </strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Gaseous exchange in the lungs involves the diffusion of oxygen from alveolar air into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the alveolar air.</span><span style="color:#FF0000;">Diffusion is most efficient with</span><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">A large surface area:</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The lungs are divided into many microscopic alveoli creating a large surface area.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">High diffusion gradient:</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ventilation of the lungs by the diaphragm and rib cage maintains high concentrations od oxygen and low concentrations of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Short diffusion distance:</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Type 1 pneumocytes are very thin and communicate directly with a capillary network to minimise the diffusion distance.</span></li> </ul> <p>All exchange surfaces need the above properties to make diffusion efficient</p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on emphysema. Click on the "+" symbol to open the question.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The causes of the lung disease emphysema.</p> <p><strong>Outline 3 causes of emphysema in humans. (3 marks)</strong></p> <p>Answer the question on paper and then check your answer with the model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505966" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Outline 3 causes of emphysema in humans. (3 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Emphysema is the collapse of lung alveoli into larger, thicker walled, less elastic cavities making blood oxygenation less efficient.</span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:18.0pt;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">It can be caused by:</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Smoking where the tar in cigarette smoke damages the alveoli.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Exposure to air-borne pollutants such as chemical fumes and dust.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">An inherited disorder where phagocytes destroy proteins in the alveoli.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>Examiner hint: In your first sentence, define the key term.</em></p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A quiz containing at least ten questions covering the ten skills outlined in the image above.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#1a55778b"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="1a55778b"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-7"> 6.4 Gas exchange quiz <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505966" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-232-592" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>How does the human body maintain a concentration gradient between the the alveoli and the blood in the lungs?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The heart moves oxygenated blood towards the alveoli.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Breathing increases the oxygen concentration of the alveoli.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Breathing causes a decrease in the blood oxygen concentration.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Breathing lowers the oxygen concentration of the lungs.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Replacing the air in the alveoli will increase the oxygen concentration in the alveoli and increase the concentration gradient.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following correctly describes the concentration of carbon dioxide in the lungs?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The carbon dioxide concentration is decreasing in the alveoli and increasing in the blood..</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The carbon dioxide concentration is higher in blood and lower in the air in alveoli</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The carbon dioxide concentration is lower in the blood and higher in the alveoli</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The carbon dioxide concentration is the same in blood and alveoli</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries are maintained by ventilation. For carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the blood and into the alveoli it must</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which label on the following diagram shows a type I pneumocyte?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/alveoli_imageabcd.jpg" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> B</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input class="c" type="radio"> C</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> D</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The red erythrocytes fill the lumen of the capillary in A.<br>B is a type II pneumocyte which produces surfactant.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which label on the following diagram shows a blood capillary?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/alveoli_imageabcd.jpg" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> C</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> B</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input class="c" type="radio"> A</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> D</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The red erythrocytes fill the lumen of the capillary in A.<br>B is a type II pneumocyte which produces surfactant.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which labels on the diagram correspond to type I and type II pneumocytes?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/alveolusxy.png" style="width: 250px; height: 188px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> X is a type I and Y is a type II pneumocyte</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> X is a type II and Y is a type I pneumocyte</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> X and Y are type I pneumocytes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> X and Y are type II pneumocyte</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Type I are extremely thin and are adapted to carry out gas exchange.</p><p>Type II secrete a solution containing surfactant that creates a moist surface inside the alveoli. This reduces surface tension and prevents the sides of the alveolus sticking to each other.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the role of the bronchioles in the lungs?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> To carry air to the bronchi from the trachea</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> To carry air to the alveoli from the bronchi</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> To maintain a constant pressure in the alveoli </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> To clean the alveoli</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The bronchioles carry air to the alveoli from the bronchi in the lungs.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the role of muscle contractions in the intercostal muscles?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> External intercostal muscles increase the volume of the thorax.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Internal intercostal muscles increase the volume of the thorax.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Internal intercostal muscles increase the air pressure in the thorax.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Intercostal muscles contract to move the diaphragm up and down.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Muscle contractions cause the pressure changes inside the thorax that force air in and out of the lungs to ventilate them.</p><p>During inhalation the external muscles contract causing the expansion of the chest cavity and an influx of air into the lungs.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Why does inspiration and expiration require both internal and external intercostal muscles?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Internal and external intercostal muscles are both required because they only work by contracting.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Intercostal muscles need to be both inside and outside the ribs to apply more force on the bones.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Both muscle types are required so that you can breathe more rapidly.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Internal and external intercostal muscles are connected to one another, so they have to work together.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>External and internal intercostal muscles, and diaphragm and abdominal muscles are antagonistic muscles, required for inspiration and expiration because muscles only work by contracting.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following describe a correct cause and its consequence in the lungs?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Smoking causes emphysema resulting in damage to bronchioles and alveoli, reducing lung ventilation and gas exchange.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Smoking is a cause of emphysema resulting in rapid breathing, increasing gas exchange.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Eating fatty foods is one of the main causes of emphysema and leads to blockage of alveoli.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Insufficient physical exercise is a cause of emphysema which causes damage to the trachea and bronchi.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Poor airflow and an inability to breathe out fully is the result of breakdown of lung tissue known as emphysema</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The graph below shows spirometer readings in a healthy person during a short test at rest.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/spirometer.png" style="width: 250px; height: 223px;"></p><p>Estimate the tidal volume?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 5800ml</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1200ml</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 900ml</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 600ml</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The tidal volume is the air moved into the lungs during each breath</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The graph below shows spirometer readings in a healthy person during a short test at rest.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/spirometer_rate.png" style="width: 250px; height: 205px;"></p><p>Which value below is the best estimate of the ventilation rate?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 10 breaths per minute</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 20 breaths per minute</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 30 breaths per minute</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 40 breaths per minute</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The number of peaks in the graph, 7 in 21 seconds, is just over 20 breaths in 60s.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-8">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505966" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-894-592"><p>Lung cancer is the commonest form of cancer in developed countries.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/6.4-lung-cancer.jpg" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"></p><p>Drag and drop the correct word or phrase into the gap to outline lung cancer causes and effects.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> metastase</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">particular pollution</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Passive</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pollutants</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Carcinogens</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">unregulated </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">meiosis</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">lung</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">radioactive</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">genetic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mitosis</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">tumour</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">obesity</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Cancer is a range of diseases in which a group of cells undergoes <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="mitosis"> <span class="review"></span> followed by growth in an <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="unregulated "> <span class="review"></span> manner forming a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="tumour"> <span class="review"></span> which may <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" metastase"> <span class="review"></span> to other organs.</p><p>The commonest cancer in males (and rapidly increasing in females) is cancer of the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="lung"> <span class="review"></span> and the causes are generally exposure to:</p><ol><li> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Carcinogens"> <span class="review"></span> in cigarette and other smoke.</li><li> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Passive"> <span class="review"></span> smoking exposure to cigarette carcinogens.</li><li>Environmental air<input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pollutants"> <span class="review"></span> such as asbestos dust and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="particular pollution"> <span class="review"></span> from combustion.</li><li>Exposure to or inhalation of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="radioactive"> <span class="review"></span> material.</li><li>A <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="genetic"> <span class="review"></span> predisposition to lung cancer.</li></ol><p> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Unregulated mitosis and subsequent cell growth creates tumours.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-946-592"><p>D6 The ventilation rate must be controlled in order to maintain the correct concentration of respiratory gases in the blood.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">flow</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cerebellum</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">autonomic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">aorta </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">lungs</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> intercostal</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">oblongata</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Stretch</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">respiratory </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">volume</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">inhaled</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pH</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">carotid</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">medulla</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>The ventilation rate is controlled by the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="autonomic"> <span class="review"></span> nervous system through the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="respiratory "> <span class="review"></span> centre of the medulla <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="oblongata"> <span class="review"></span> of the brain.</p><p>Ventilation is maintained by rhythmicity and adjusted by chemoreceptors.</p><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Stretch"> <span class="review"></span> receptors in the thorax and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="lungs"> <span class="review"></span> inhibit inspiration and promote expiration to equalise the volumes of air <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="inhaled"> <span class="review"></span> and exhaled.</p><p>Chemoreceptors in the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="medulla"> <span class="review"></span> oblongata, <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="aorta "> <span class="review"></span> and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="carotid"> <span class="review"></span> arteries are sensitive to blood <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pH"> <span class="review"></span> and carbon dioxide concentration rise. They stimulate the respirarory centre which in turn sends impulses through the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" intercostal"> <span class="review"></span> and phrenic nerves to increase the tidal <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="volume"> <span class="review"></span> and rate of breathing.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Rhythmicity gives coordinated intake and exhalation of air, chemoreceptors cause adjustments of exhalation rate.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <p> </p> <hr> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>If you can't see the content below, please click this link to <a href="http://quizlet.com/213067487/match" target="_blank">Gas exchange card match game.</a></p> <ul> </ul> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/213067487/match/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="592"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Gas exchange 6.4</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My 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