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href="../2852/option-b-biotechnology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Option B - Biotechnology</a></li><li><a href="../2853/option-c-ecology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Option C - Ecology</a></li><li><a href="../2854/option-d-human-physiology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Option D Human physiology</a></li></ul><div class="pull-right"><a class="sidenav-expand" title="Expand all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a> <a class="sidenav-compress" title="Compress all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a></div></h4><ul class="side-nav level-0"><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="digestion-absorption-61.html">Digestion & absorption 6.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../580/blood-system-62.html">Blood system 6.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../591/defence-against-disease-63.html">Defence against disease 6.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../592/gas-exchange-64.html">Gas exchange 6.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../593/neurones-and-synapses-65.html">Neurones and synapses 6.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../594/hormones-and-reproduction-66.html">Hormones and reproduction 6.6</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Digestion & absorption 6.1 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="579" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html">06 Human physiology</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Digestion & absorption 6.1</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505964" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for 6.1 Digestion and absorption</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Video tutorial</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Model answer</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6"> 6.1 Digestion revision quiz 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/06_humans/digestive_system_100x100-1.png" style="width: 646px; height: 618px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">This subsection looks at the human digestive system, its parts and functions are in this topic. This includes digestive enzymes, their optimum conditions, substrates and products, as well as detailed structure of villi and microvilli in the small intestine. </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 6.1 digestion and absorption using these flashcards.</p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/212940964/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-44" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="44"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-44/digestivesystemdiagram3.png" data-fancybox="gallery-44" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-44/digestivesystemdiagram3.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-44/digestiveenzymes-smallintestinecrosssection.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-44" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-44/digestiveenzymes-smallintestinecrosssection.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-44/structureofmicrovilli.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-44" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-44/structureofmicrovilli.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-44/smallintestinevillimicrovilli.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-44" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-44/smallintestinevillimicrovilli.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-44/digestionofstarch.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-44" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-44/digestionofstarch.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-44/methodsofabsorption.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-44" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-44/methodsofabsorption.PNG"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-44" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-44" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-44/digestivesystemdiagram3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-44/digestiveenzymes-smallintestinecrosssection-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-44/structureofmicrovilli-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-44/smallintestinevillimicrovilli-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-44/digestionofstarch-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-44/methodsofabsorption-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for 6.1 Digestion and absorption<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505964" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li>The outline structure of the digestive system (skill - annotated diagram).</li> <li>Food is mixed with enzymes and moved along by the contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle of the small intestine.</li> <li>Enzymes (amylase, lipase and an endopeptidase) are secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine where they digest macromolecules ( starch, glycogen, lipids and nucleic acids) in food into monomers.</li> <li>Tissue layers in the intestines include longitudinal and circular muscles, mucosa and epithelium.</li> <li>The presence of Villi in the small intestines increases the surface area of epithelium and helps absorb the monomers formed by digestion and mineral ions and vitamins.</li> <li>Different nutrients are absorbed into epithelial cells by different membrane transport mechanisms.</li> </ul> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Skills</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Apply knowledge of the process or digestion and absorption in the small intestine to the digestion of starch and the transport of maltose and glucose to the liver.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Describe your experience of the use of dialysis tubing as a model of the intestines.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Draw an annotated diagram of the digestive system.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Identify tissue layers in transverse sections of the small intestine.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505964" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div id="carousel-106" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="106"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-106/61digestionspider.png" data-fancybox="gallery-106" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-106/61digestionspider.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-106/61digestionspiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-106" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-106/61digestionspiderlist.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-106" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-106" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-106/61digestionspider-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-106/61digestionspiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <h3 id="header-3">Video tutorial<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505964" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div> <p>Watch the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=VB6jp0q7nuI" target="_blank"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/screencast.png"> Screencast of a teacher drawing the diagram </a>below.<br> This shows how to draw a simple diagram of the digestive system that can be drawn quickly and used in IB exams.</p> <div class="video-embed youtube"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VB6jp0q7nuI?rel=0"></iframe></div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on digestive enzymes.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question tests an understanding of enzymes involved in digestion.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Compare and contrast the digestion of starch and lipids in the small intestine. (5 marks) </span></b></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <p><em>Compare and contrast – similarities and differences. Put both comparators in the same sentence (e.g. a mammal has fur; a bird has feathers. Both mammals and birds have pentadactyl limbs.)</em></p> </div> <p>Click the + to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505964" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Compare and contrast the digestion of starch and lipids in the small intestine. (5 marks) </strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><em>Both</em> starch and lipids are hydrolysed using water to split up the polymer into smaller units.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><em>Both </em>are hydrolysed</span> <span style="color:#FF0000;">by the addition of water</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lipids and Starch are <em>both</em> digested in the small intestine by enzymes from the pancreas.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lipase hydrolyses lipids <em>and</em> amylase breaks down starch.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The digestion of starch involves two enzymes, digestion of lipids uses one enzyme.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Amylase splits the polymer starch into dimers of maltose; maltase then hydrolyses maltose to glucose (monomers).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lipids are hydrolysed by a single enzyme, lipase, into fatty acids and glycerol.</span></li> </ul> <p>You could use a table for the differences:</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">Starch</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lipids</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">Amylase breaks down starch.</span></td> <td><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lipase hydrolyses lipids</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on absorption in the intestine.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question tests an understanding of structure and function of the villi of the small intestine.</p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/6.1-lacteal.jpg" style="width: 116px; height: 111px;"></p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer.<b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:"></span></b></p> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Outline the functions of the villi of the small intestine. (5 marks)</span></b></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <p><em>Examiner hint; outline the main points in short sentences.</em></p> <p>Click the + to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-5">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505964" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Outline the functions of the villi of the small intestine</span></b><strong>. (5 marks) </strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Large surface area for absorption.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Project into the gut for close contact with digesting food.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Absorb products of digestion.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Absorb vitamins and minerals.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Capillary network to absorb nutrients into the blood.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Lacteal to absorb products of lipid digestion.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#50a9430c"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="50a9430c"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-6"> 6.1 Digestion revision quiz <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505964" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-162-579" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>1. Drag the labels to the gorrect place on the diagram below</p><p> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mouth</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pancreas</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">anus</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">small intestine</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">liver</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">stomach</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> large intestine</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">esophagus</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td><img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/digestive_system_to_label.jpg" style="float: left; width: 300px; height: 429px;"><p>A: <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="mouth"> <span class="review"></span> </p><p>B: <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="esophagus"> <span class="review"></span> </p><p>C: <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="liver"> <span class="review"></span> </p><p>D: <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="stomach"> <span class="review"></span> </p><p>E: <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pancreas"> <span class="review"></span> </p><p>F: <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="small intestine"> <span class="review"></span> </p><p>G: <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="large intestine"> <span class="review"></span> </p><p>H: <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="anus"> <span class="review"></span> </p></td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Write a list of the ones you got wrong.</p><p>Try to sketch a diagram and place these organs into the digestive system.</p><p>Then try this question again.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>2. Which row in the following list gives the correct functions of the enzymes named?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Endopeptidase is found in the Gastric Gland and breaks down Amino acids</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Lipase is found in the Gastric gland and breaks down Fatty acids</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Amylase is found in the Salivary gland and breaks down Cellulose </span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Lipase is found in the Pancreas and breaks down Trigylcerides </span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Amylase breaks down starch</p><p>Endopeptidase breaks the peptide bonds in polypeptides</p><p>Lipase breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>3. Which of the following best describes the process of peristalsis?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The movement of villi in the small intestine</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle of the small intestine</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The maintenance of a constant internal environment, within limits.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The movement of gastric juice and food during churning of the stomach</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Circular muscles tighten and close the lumen of the intestines, then longitudinal muscles in the wall of the intestines contract pushing the partly digested food along the tube.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>4. Which of the following best describes the role of the villi in the small intesines</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>to absorb food particles by diffusion</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>to move mucus along the alimentary canal to protect us from pathogens</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>to absorb the small molecules which are the products of digestion </span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>to absorb water soluble vitamins by active transport</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Villi absorb nutrient molecules in a variety of ways including, diffusion, facillitated diffusion and active transport. The also increase the surface area of the epithelium of the small intestines. Goblet cells within this epithelium produce mucus, but it is not moved along by the villi.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">Food is moved along the digestive tract by peristalsis<p>Which of the following are involved in producing the process of peristalsis?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Mucosa and submucosa</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Villi and microvilli</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Skeletal muscles and blood.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Circular muscles and longitudinal muscles.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle moves food along the digestive system</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Peristalsis moves food, as it is being digested, along the intestines.</p><p>How does this movement help digestion?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> It helps to mix enzymes with nutrients</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It breaks the food molecules by mechanical digestion</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It makes the partly digested food more solid</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It emulsifies lipids.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>As well as moving food along the digestive tract, peristalsis helps to mix the food with enzymes.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the enzymes below are secreted by the pancreas?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Pepsin and Trypsinogen</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Bile and Lipase</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Lipase and amylase</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Pepsin and catalase</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes, including protease (trypsinogen), lipase, and amylase.</p><p>Interestingly - the pancreas also produces an enzyme, "phospholipase" which catalyses breakdown of phospholipids. (not required for IB)</p><p>The islets of the pancreas are involved in glucose control, but this is not a role in digestion.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the advantage of villi and microvilli increasing the surface area of epithelium in the small intestines?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The rate of absorption of digested nutrients increases.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The speed of movement of partly digestest 'chyme' increases.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The rate of digestion increases.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The epithelial cells make a stronger lining for the intestines.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The larger the surface area of epithelium the faster the rate of absorption is..</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following statements best describes the molecules which are absorbed by villi, in the small intestines?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Villi absorb nutrients from the digestive tract.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Villi absorb macromolecules formed by digestion.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Villi absorb monomers formed by digestion and macromolecules.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Villi absorb monomers formed by digestion.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Large macromolecules cannot be absorbed by villi. Monomers are smaller molecules and are absorbed by the villi.</p><p>The term nutrients includes both monomers and macromolecues, so is less precise.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p><img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/intestine_layers_puzzle.png" style="float: right; width: 300px; height: 199px;">The diagram shows a representation of several layers in the wall of human intestines.</p><p>What is the name of the layer labelled X.</p><hr class="hidden-separator"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Epithelium</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Mucosa</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Capillary layer</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Submucosa</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Villi are found in the layer called mucosa, and the layer beneath the mucosa is the submucosa.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><p> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the fate of cellulose in the human digestive system?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cellulose is emulsified by bile, but then is left undigested as 'fibre'.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Cellulose is not digested by human enzymes but some may be digested by bacteria.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cellulose is digested by the enzyme cellulase produced in the pancreas.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Cellulose is digested in the stomach, by gastric juice.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Humans don't make enzymes to digest cellulose. Bacteria can digest cellulose in the human intestines, but much of the cellulose eaten is undigested. It is sometimes called 'Fibre'.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-7">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505964" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-896-579"><p>The intestinal epithelia uses different methods of transport to move substances into the epithelial cells from the gut lumen.</p><p>Active co-transport is used to absorb hydrophilic organic molecules into the gut epithelium from the lumen.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/6.1-lacteal.jpg" style="width: 116px; height: 111px;">Lacteals in the small intestine</p><p>Drag and drop the correct word or phrase into the gap to describe the absorbtion of glucose and amnio acids by the intestinal epithelium.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">absorbed</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">lipid area</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">facilitated</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">specific</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">glucose transporter protein</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">membrane</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">channels</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">sodium ions bind</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">each</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">active</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">hydrophilic</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Glucose is <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="hydrophilic"> <span class="review"></span> so cannot pass through the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="lipid area"> <span class="review"></span> of the membrane. Glucose is absorbed by a combination of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="active"> <span class="review"></span> transport and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="facilitated"> <span class="review"></span> diffusion by the sodium-glucose co-transporter protein. The sodium pump situated in the epithelia <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="membrane"> <span class="review"></span> actively pumps Na<sup>+</sup> into gut lumen. These <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="sodium ions bind"> <span class="review"></span> with glucose and then to the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="glucose transporter protein"> <span class="review"></span> in the membrane of the villus epithelium. Sodium ions coupled to glucose diffuse back into the cell through the protein <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="channels"> <span class="review"></span> . The glucose then moves through pores between the capillary cells to be very rapidly <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="absorbed"> <span class="review"></span> into the blood.</p><p>Amino acids are also absorbed in this way but by a variety of transporter proteins <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="specific"> <span class="review"></span> to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="each"> <span class="review"></span> amino acid. </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Active transport moves sodium ions, once these combine with glucose or amino acids, they pass passively through channel proteins, hence co-transport. Transporter proteins are specific to particular amino acids or to glucose.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <p>Click the '+' symbol to open the next explanation.</p> <div class="panel panel-expandable panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra drag and drop explanation on absorption of water, minerals, vitamins and lipids in the small intestine click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-897-579"><p>Water, vitamins, minerals and lipids are also absorbed in the small intestine.</p><p>Drag and drop the correct word or phrase into the gap to outline how these molecules are absorbed into the intestinal epithelial cells.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">channels</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">minerals</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">lipid</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">osmosis</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">diffusion</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">vitamins</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">specific</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">epithelial</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">hydrophilic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">energy</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pinocytosis</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">vesicles</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Protein <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="channels"> <span class="review"></span> in the epithelial membrane allow <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="hydrophilic"> <span class="review"></span> substances to diffuse into the intestinal <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="epithelial"> <span class="review"></span> cells by facilitated diffusion without the use of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="energy"> <span class="review"></span> . Some monosaccharides, ions and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="vitamins"> <span class="review"></span> are absorbed this way.</p><p>The pores are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="specific"> <span class="review"></span> to the substance they transport.</p><p>Water moves into the intestine cells by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="osmosis"> <span class="review"></span> aided by the absorption of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="minerals"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>Lipids and fatty acids are hydrophobic and can pass by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="diffusion"> <span class="review"></span> through the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="lipid"> <span class="review"></span> layer of the intestinal mucosa membrane.</p><p>Liquid droplets are also taken into cells by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pinocytosis"> <span class="review"></span> using invagination of the membrane and the formation of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="vesicles"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Hydrophilic molecules cannot pass through the intestinal cell membranes. Protein channels are used, the inside of the channel is hydrophilic.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A little bit of fun to revise the digestion topic. Can you make it to the leader board?<br> If you can't see the content below, please click this link to <a href="http://quizlet.com/212940964/match/embed" target="_blank">Digestion card match game</a></p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="480" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/212940964/match/embed" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="579"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Digestion & absorption 6.1</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" 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