File "09-plant-biology-ahl.html"
Path: /StudyIB/biology/page/471/09-plant-biology-ahlhtml
File size: 50.27 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="EN"><head> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PZBWZ8J');</script> <title>09 Plant biology AHL</title><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="/">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link href="../../../css/bootstrap.flatly.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../fonts/awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css"><link href="../../../js/jquery-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/style.min.css?v=202301301645"><meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta name="googlebot" content="noarchive"><meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:title" name="og:title" content="StudyIB Biology: 09 Plant biology AHL"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:description" name="og:description" content="This is an introduction to the HL Plant biology topic. It lists understandings and skills expected for Topic 9 including structure and function of xylem and phloem, meristems, growth and reproduction."> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:url" name="og:url" content="https://studyib.net/biology/page/471/09-plant-biology-ahl"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:site_name" name="og:site_name" content="StudyIB - Your IB learning companion"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:locale" name="og:locale" content="en"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:type" name="og:type" content="website"> <meta name="description" content="This is an introduction to the HL Plant biology topic. It lists understandings and skills expected for Topic 9 including structure and function of xylem and phloem, meristems, growth and reproduction."> <meta name="image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="keywords" content="IB, IBDP, InThinking, International Baccalaureate, Revision, Revision websites, Student Sites, Students, Learning, Guidance, Exam, Questions, Practice problems, Diagnose, Help, Notes"> <meta itemprop="name" content="StudyIB Biology: 09 Plant biology AHL"> <meta itemprop="description" content="This is an introduction to the HL Plant biology topic. It lists understandings and skills expected for Topic 9 including structure and function of xylem and phloem, meristems, growth and reproduction."> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="StudyIB Biology: 09 Plant biology AHL"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This is an introduction to the HL Plant biology topic. It lists understandings and skills expected for Topic 9 including structure and function of xylem and phloem, meristems, growth and reproduction."> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@inthinker"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min.css?v=202209111300"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min.css?v=202211221000"><style type="text/css">.filter-sl-only { display: none; }</style><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"> <meta name="application-name" content="StudyIB: Your IB Learning Companion"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#A5BED5"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/img/favicon/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-70x70.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-150x150.png"> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-310x150.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-310x310.png"><script>var stdHash = "6da675cbcb3d25f050b05557349abc79", stdTicket = "082b9c9c4ae3624d";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min.js?v=202205311700"></script><link href="../../../css/subjects-frontpage.min.css?v=202302031000" rel="stylesheet"></head><body class="public biology"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PZBWZ8J" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div id="top-header"> <div class="wmap general hidden-sm hidden-xs subjects"> <div class="layout-wrapper"> <div class="container-fluid"> <a href=""> <img class="header-thinker" src="../../../img/header-thinker.svg"> </a> <h1> <a href="../../../biology.html"> IBDP Biology </a> <a href="https://inthinking.net" title="inthinking.net" class="inthinking-logo pull-right"> <img src="../../../img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 80px; width: auto;"> </a> </h1> <p class="slogan">InThinking Revision Sites for students</p> <p class="author">Website by <strong>David Faure</strong></p> <p class="updated">Updated 4 February 2023</p> </div> </div> </div> <nav id="public-topnav" class="navbar navbar-default"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="navbar-header"> <a class="navbar-brand hidden-md hidden-lg" href="../../../index.htm"> <img class="header-xs-thinker" src="../../../img/header-thinker.svg"> </a> <button type="button" class="collapsed navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#subject-navbar-collapse" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-2x fa-user"></i> </button> <div class="brand hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm"> <a class="brand-xs" href="../../../biology.html"> <strong class="title" style="white-space: nowrap;font-size: 18px;">Biology</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="subject-navbar-collapse"> <ul class="nav navbar-bar navbar-userbox hidden-md hidden-lg"><li class="dropdown"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-user-circle" style="margin-right: 5px;"></i><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="dropdown-submenu"><a class="dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-globe"></i> Subjects</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li></li><li class="active"><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i> DP Biology</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html">DP Chemistry</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../englishalanglit.html">DP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsanalysis.html">DP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsapplications.html">DP Maths: Applications & Interpretations SL</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../physics.html">DP Physics</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../spanishb.html">DP Spanish B</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-dashboard"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user/profile.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-cog"></i> My profile</a></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user/messages.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i> Messages</a></li><li class="menu-item hidden-md hidden-lg mt-xs-3"><a href="../../../index.htm?logout=1" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-power-off text-danger"></i>Log out</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="nav navbar-bar"><li class=""><a class="home" href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li class=""><a class="topics" href="#"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-th-large"></i> Topics</a></li><li class=""><a class="favorites" href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-star"></i> My favorites</a></li><li class=""><a class="" href="../../flashcards.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-bolt"></i> Flashcards</a></li><li class=""><a class="qbank" href="../../test-your-knowledge.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-question"></i> Question bank</a></li><li class=""><a class="" href="../../blogs.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-paperclip"></i> Blog</a></li><li class=""><a class="sitemap" href="../../sitemap.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sitemap"></i> Sitemap</a></li><li class=""><a class="activity" href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-calendar-check-o"></i> My activity</a></li></ul> <ul class="nav navbar-bar navbar-right"> <li> <form class="navbar-form hidden-md hidden-lg" role="search" method="get" action="biology/search"> <div class="input-group"> <input class="form-control nav-search" name="glob" type="search" placeholder="Search..."> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn bg-blue"> <i class="fa fa-search"> </i> </button> </span> </div> </form> <a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search hidden-sm hidden-xs" data-toggle="dropdown"> <i class="fa fa-lg fa-search"></i> </a> </li></ul> </div> </div></nav><nav id="nav-menu-search" class="shadow-bottom hidden-sm hidden-xs" style="display: none;"> <div class="container-fluid"> <form class="" role="search" method="get" action="biology/search"> <input class="form-control nav-search" name="glob" type="search" placeholder="Search Biology..."> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit"> Search </button> </form> </div></nav><div class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" id="modal-mini-login"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <button aria-hidden="true" data-dismiss="modal" class="close hidden-xs login-button-close" type="button">×</button> <form method="post"> <div class="form-group"> <input name="user-email" class="form-control" type="text" placeholder="Email"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input name="user-password" class="form-control" type="password" placeholder="Password"> <input name="user-fp" class="fp" value="d8c893da5db7501669ffeeac46273ba6" type="hidden"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <a href="../../../reset-password.html" class="reset-password" style="font-weight: normal;"> Forgot your password? </a> </div> <div class="form-group"> <button type="submit" name="submit-login" value="1" class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center"> <i class="fa fa-user fa-fw"></i> Log in </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="modal fade" id="show-topics" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div id="dialog-topics" class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-topics"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-body modal-body-topics"><div id="new-frontpage-toplevels-topics" class="frontpage-box"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../812/start-here.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Start here</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/00_random-images/post-it-time.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2876/paper-1-style-exam-questions.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Paper 1 style Exam questions</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../../chemistry/images/test-images/exams.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2896/paper-2-style-exam-questions.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Paper 2 style Exam questions</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/00_random-images/cell_corrections2.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../462/01-cell-biology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">01 Cell biology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/01_cells/acetabularia_-wikimedia-24-nov-2012.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../463/02-molecular-biology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">02 Molecular biology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/02_molecules/simple_molecules_smaller.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">03 Genetics SL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/03_genetics/meiosis_painting.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../466/04-ecology-.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">04 Ecology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/04_ecology/greenhouse_globe.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../467/05-evolution-.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">05 Evolution</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/05_evolution/red_bird_unsplash.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">06 Human physiology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/06_humans/gland_square_image.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../469/07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">07 Nucleic acids AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/03_genetics/dna.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../470/08-metabolism-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">08 Metabolism AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/02_molecules/respiration.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="09-plant-biology-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">09 Plant biology AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/09_plants/flower_qn.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">10 Genetics AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/10_geneticshl/crossing-over.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">11 Animal physiology AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/11_animalphysiol/muscles.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2824/option-a-neurobiology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Option A - Neurobiology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/12_options/brain.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2852/option-b-biotechnology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Option B - Biotechnology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/12_options/bioreactor.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2853/option-c-ecology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Option C - Ecology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/12_options/lemur.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2854/option-d-human-physiology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Option D Human physiology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/12_options/hormones_small.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container-fluid shadow-ith"><div class="row frontpage"> <div class="col-md-3" id="left-column"> <p class="visible-xs-block"></p><div class="dropdown user-menu hidden-xs" style="margin-bottom: 20px;"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" style="border-radius: 0; padding: 6px 18px;"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-user-circle"></i> <small><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></small> </button> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="dropdown-submenu"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-globe"></i> Subjects</a><ul id="user-subjects-menu" class="dropdown-menu"><li></li><li class="active"><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i> DP Biology</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html">DP Chemistry</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../englishalanglit.html">DP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsanalysis.html">DP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsapplications.html">DP Maths: Applications & Interpretations SL</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../physics.html">DP Physics</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../spanishb.html">DP Spanish B</a></li></ul></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="../../../user.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-dashboard"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li><a href="../../../user/profile.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-cog"></i> My profile</a></li><li><a href="../../../user/messages.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i> Messages</a></li> <li class="divider"></li> <li> <a href="../../../index.htm?logout=1"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-power-off"></i> Log out </a> </li> </ul></div> <div id="side-nav"><h4 class="side-nav-title dropdown"><a href="../../../biology.html"> <i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><div class="pull-right"><a class="sidenav-expand" title="Expand all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a> <a class="sidenav-compress" title="Compress all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a></div></h4><ul class="side-nav level-0"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../812/start-here.html">Start here</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../806/video-welcome.html">Video welcome</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2565/question-bank.html">Question bank</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../2876/paper-1-style-exam-questions.html">Paper 1 style Exam questions</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2875/topic-1-cell-biology-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 1 Cell Biology Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2881/topic-2-molecular-biology-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 2 Molecular Biology Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2882/topic-3-genetics-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 3 Genetics Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2883/topic-4-ecology-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 4 Ecology Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2884/topic-5-evolution-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 5 Evolution Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2886/topic-6-human-physiology-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 6 Human Physiology Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2887/topic-7-nucleic-acids-hl-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 7 Nucleic acids HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2888/topic-8-metabolism-hl-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 8 Metabolism HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2889/topic-9-plant-biology-hl-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 9 Plant biology HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2890/topic-10-genetics-hl-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 10 Genetics HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2891/topic-11-animal-physiology-hl-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 11 Animal physiology HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../2896/paper-2-style-exam-questions.html">Paper 2 style Exam questions</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2717/paper-2-questions-topic-1-cells.html">Paper 2 questions Topic 1 Cells</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../3013/cross-topic-question-challenges.html">Cross topic question challenges</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2996/paper-2-questions-from-topic-2-molecules.html">Paper 2 questions from Topic 2 Molecules</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2898/paper-2-questions-topic-5-evolution.html">Paper 2 questions Topic 5 Evolution</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../462/01-cell-biology.html">01 Cell biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../486/introduction-to-cells-11.html">Introduction to cells 1.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../606/ultrastructure-of-cells-12-.html">Ultrastructure of cells 1.2 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../607/membrane-structure-13-.html">Membrane structure 1.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../575/membrane-transport-14-.html">Membrane transport 1.4 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../608/the-origin-of-cells-15.html">The origin of cells 1.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../609/cell-division-16.html">Cell division 1.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../463/02-molecular-biology.html">02 Molecular biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../577/molecules-to-metabolism-21.html">Molecules to metabolism 2.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../578/water-22.html">Water 2.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../600/carbohydrates-lipids-23.html">Carbohydrates & Lipids 2.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../601/proteins-24.html">Proteins 2.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../585/enzymes-25.html">Enzymes 2.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../602/structure-of-dna-and-rna-26.html">Structure of DNA and RNA 2.6</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../603/dna-replication-transcription-translation-27.html">DNA Replication, transcription, translation 2.7</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../604/respiration-28.html">Respiration 2.8</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../605/photosynthesis-29.html">Photosynthesis 2.9</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html">03 Genetics SL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../790/genes-31-.html">Genes 3.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../791/chromosomes-32.html">Chromosomes 3.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../792/meiosis-33.html">Meiosis 3.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../793/inheritance-34.html">Inheritance 3.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../794/genetic-modification-35.html">Genetic Modification 3.5</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../466/04-ecology-.html">04 Ecology </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../795/species-and-communities-41-.html">Species and communities 4.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../796/energy-flow-42.html">Energy flow 4.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../797/carbon-cycle-43-.html">Carbon Cycle 4.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../798/climate-change-44.html">Climate change 4.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../467/05-evolution-.html">05 Evolution </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../799/evidence-for-evolution-51-.html">Evidence for evolution 5.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../800/natural-selection-52.html">Natural selection 5.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../801/classification-of-biodiversity-53-.html">Classification of biodiversity 5.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../802/cladistics-54.html">Cladistics 5.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html">06 Human physiology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../579/digestion-absorption-61.html">Digestion & absorption 6.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../580/blood-system-62.html">Blood system 6.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../591/defence-against-disease-63.html">Defence against disease 6.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../592/gas-exchange-64.html">Gas exchange 6.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../593/neurones-and-synapses-65.html">Neurones and synapses 6.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../594/hormones-and-reproduction-66.html">Hormones and reproduction 6.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../469/07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html">07 Nucleic acids AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1160/nucleic-acids-71-hl.html">Nucleic acids 7.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1157/transcription-72-hl.html">Transcription 7.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1158/translation-73-hl.html">Translation 7.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../470/08-metabolism-ahl.html">08 Metabolism AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1195/metabolism-81-hl.html">Metabolism 8.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1196/cell-respiration-82-hl.html">Cell respiration 8.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1197/photosynthesis-83-hl.html">Photosynthesis 8.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="09-plant-biology-ahl.html">09 Plant biology AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1251/transport-in-xylem-91-hl.html">Transport in xylem 9.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1252/transport-in-phloem-92-hl.html">Transport in phloem 9.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1253/growth-in-plants-93-hl.html">Growth in plants 9.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1254/reproduction-in-plants-94-hl.html">Reproduction in plants 9.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html">10 Genetics AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1341/meiosis-101-hl.html">Meiosis 10.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1342/inheritance-102-hl.html">Inheritance 10.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1343/gene-pools-and-speciation-103-hl.html">Gene pools and speciation 10.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html">11 Animal physiology AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2063/antibody-production-vaccination-111-hl.html">Antibody production & vaccination 11.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1345/movement-112-hl.html">Movement 11.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1346/kidney-and-osmoregulation-113-hl.html">Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1347/sexual-reproduction-114-hl.html">Sexual reproduction 11.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2824/option-a-neurobiology.html">Option A - Neurobiology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2852/option-b-biotechnology.html">Option B - Biotechnology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2853/option-c-ecology.html">Option C - Ecology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2854/option-d-human-physiology.html">Option D Human physiology</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> 09 Plant biology AHL <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="471" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">09 Plant biology AHL</span></li> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_9:_Plant_biology"><img alt="" src="../../images/09_plants/flower_qn.jpg" style="width: 120px; float: right; height: 155px;" title="Image: CC by Kevin Dooley on Flickr">Topic 9: <a class="new" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=IB_Biology/Plant_biology&action=edit&redlink=1" title="IB Biology/Plant biology (does not exist)">Plant biology</a></span></h3> <p>This is an introduction to the HL Plant biology topic. It lists understandings and skills expected for Topic 9 including structure and function of xylem and phloem, meristems, growth and reproduction. Helpful for revision.<br> Detailed revision notes, activities and questions can be found for each of the sub-topic pages:</p> <ul> <li>9.1 Transport in the xylem of plants</li> <li>9.2 Transport in the phloem of plants</li> <li>9.3 Growth in plants</li> <li>9.4 Reproduction in plants</li> </ul> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="blueBg"> <h3 id="header-1">9.1 Transport in xylem</h3> <p><u>Leaf stomata & transpiration</u></p> <ul> <li>Leaves are adapted to absorb carbon dioxide from the air</li> <li>therefore transpiration can also occur in leaves and water is lost to the air.</li> </ul> <p><u>Vascular tissues</u></p> <ul> <li>The structure of primary xylem vessels.</li> <li>Xylem vessels transport water from roots to leaves to replace water lost in transpiration.</li> </ul> <p><u>Transport in xylem</u></p> <ul> <li>The cohesive and adhesive properties of water molecules allow water transport under tension in xylem and cell walls.</li> <li>The roots cells use active transport for the uptake of mineral ions (nitrates) which causes osmosis and the absorption of water.</li> <li>Xerophytic plants in deserts have adaptations for water conservation. </li> </ul> <p><u>Adaptations of xerophytes</u></p> <ul> <li>Xerophytic plants in deserts have adaptations for water conservation.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Ability to draw the structure of primary xylem vessels in stems from microscope slides.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Recognition of structure and function of xylem. (essential idea)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Use potometers to measure transpiration rates</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Design an experiment to test hypotheses about the effects of abiotic factors on transpiration rates.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="blueBg"> <h3 id="header-2">9.2 Transport in phloem</h3> <p><u>Phloem and translocation</u> <img alt="" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/hl_topics/phloem_xylem.jpg" style="width: 120px; height: 123px; float: right;" title="*image: from Biophotos on flickr"></p> <ul> <li>Plants transport organic compounds (like sugars) from sources (leaves) to sinks (flowers, roots).</li> <li>Transport occurs along hydrostatic pressure gradients.</li> <li>Active transport causes high concentrations of solutes in the phloem sieve tubes at the source.</li> <li>This leads to water uptake by osmosis and raised hydrostatic pressure</li> <li>The result is that the phloem sieve tube contents flow away from the source.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills </strong></p> <ul> <li>Identification of xylem and phloem in microscope images of stem and root.</li> <li>Ability to compare structure and function of phloem sieve tubes.</li> <li>Analysis of data from experiments measuring phloem transport rates using aphid stylets and radioactively-labelled carbon dioxide.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="blueBg"> <h3 id="header-3">9.3 Growth in plants</h3> <p><u>Meristems and growth</u></p> <ul> <li>Plant meristems are undifferentiated cells which allow indeterminate growth (ie: plants continue to grow when adult.)</li> <li>Mitosis and cell division in the shoot apex provide cells needed for the stem to get longer and for the development of leaves.</li> </ul> <p><u>Hormonal control of shoot growth</u> <img alt="" src="../../images/09_plants/photropism.jpg" style="width: 120px; height: 79px; float: right;"></p> <ul> <li>Plant hormones (ie: auxin) control growth in the shoot apex.</li> <li>Auxin efflux pumps can create auxin concentration gradients</li> <li>Plant shoots respond to the environment by tropisms.</li> <li>Concentration gradients of auxin in plant tissue influence the rate of cell growth by changing the pattern of gene expression.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills </strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Micropropagation of plants using tissue from the shoot apex grown on nutrient agar gels in the presence of growth hormones can be used for rapid production of new varieties, of virus-free strains of existing varieties and for propagation of orchids and other rare species.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="blueBg"> <h3 id="header-4">9.4 Reproduction in plants</h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Flowering involves a change in gene expression in the shoot apex which is a response to the length of light and dark periods in many plants</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Outline details of the processes of pollination, fertilisation and seed dispersal which are needed for success in plant reproduction.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Most flowering plants use mutualistic relationships with pollinators in sexual<br> reproduction.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Methods used to induce short-day plants to flower out of season such as chrysanthemums, use long uninterrupted nights rather than short day</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills </strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Draw internal structure of seeds.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Draw half-views of animal-pollinated flowers.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Design of experiments to test hypotheses about factors affecting germination.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <hr class="thin"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-12"><br><ul class="resources"><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/09_plants/xylem_drawing_small.jpeg"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../1251/transport-in-xylem-91-hl.html">Transport in xylem 9.1 HL</a></h4><p class="body">This topic relies on a knowledge of the structure of the leaf, its air spaces and stomata. The transport of water through a plant is driven by transpiration in leaves. Water evaporates from the surfaces of cells and this water vapour fills the air spaces.</p></div></li><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/09_plants/xylem_phloem.jpeg"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../1252/transport-in-phloem-92-hl.html">Transport in phloem 9.2 HL</a></h4><p class="body">This topic covers the structure of phloem and the way in which translocation takes place. This process links several topics including osmosis, cell structure, photosynthesis and respiration. There are some new terms like hydrostatic pressure, sinks and sou</p></div></li><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/09_plants/meristem_root.jpg"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../1253/growth-in-plants-93-hl.html">Growth in plants 9.3 HL</a></h4><p class="body">This topic covers three aspects of growth in plants, phototropism, micropropagation and the indeterminate growth of plants. The role of hormones in organising growth of multicellular organisms is illustrated by auxin in phototropism, and then micropropagat</p></div></li><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/09_plants/bean_seed_diag.jpg"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../1254/reproduction-in-plants-94-hl.html">Reproduction in plants 9.4 HL</a></h4><p class="body">Flowers and pollination is explored quite simply. The parts of a flower, the processes of pollination and fertilisation as well as seed dispersal and germination are included. Mutualism between pollinators and flowers is covered as well as phytochromes.</p></div></li></ul></div></div> <div id="modal-feedback" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Feedback</h4> <button type="button" class="close hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="errors"></div> <p><strong>Which of the following best describes your feedback?</strong></p> <form method="post" style="overflow: hidden"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Recommendation"> Recommend</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Problem"> Report a problem</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Improvement"> Suggest an improvement</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Other"> Other</label></div> </div> <hr> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-name">Name</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="feedback-name" placeholder="Name" value=" "> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-email">Email address</label> <input type="email" class="form-control" name="feedback-email" placeholder="Email" value="@airmail.cc"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-comments">Comments</label> <textarea class="form-control" name="feedback-comments" style="resize: vertical;"></textarea> </div> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-ticket" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-url" value="https://studyib.net/biology/page/471/09-plant-biology-ahl"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject" value="5"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject-name" value="Biology"> <div class="pull-left"> </div> </form> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block feedback-submit mb-xs-3 pull-right"> <i class="fa fa-send"></i> Send </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block m-xs-0 pull-left" data-dismiss="modal"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div></div> </article> <hr class="hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div class="hidden-md hidden-lg mt-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" id="user-id" value="38342"></div><input id="ticket" type="hidden" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"><input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="new"><input id="fp" class="fp" type="hidden" value=""></div><div id="std-footer"> <div class="wmap"> <div class="layout-wrapper"> <p> <a href="https://www.inthinking.net"> © <span id="footer-year"></span> <em>InThinking</em> <script>document.getElementById("footer-year").innerHTML = new Date().getFullYear();</script> </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../about.html"> About us </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../terms-and-conditions.html"> Legal </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../contact.html"> Contact </a> </p> <p> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/#!/inthinker"> <img src="../../../img/social/twitter-square.svg"> Twitter </a> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net"> <img src="../../../img/social/facebook-square.svg"> Facebook </a> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=139741989"> <img src="../../../img/social/linkedin-square.svg"> LinkedIn </a> </p> </div> </div></div><script src="../../../js/jquery-1.11.3.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/jquery-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.js"></script><script>var pageId = 471;</script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/subjects/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=082b9c9c4ae3624d&p=471&s=5&x=21017';var sData='k4iA6GSB03BgPm1raDuRPHpsE3KeSVBAEzP5PHpsE39FIxiA6GSB0bfjSYyBPm1FOdgl9YysWHCl6nBhWYvHkzppzuAFIxiA6GSB0bfsEbOFwHRFSYvAZGaDPmjWaU7r0zAFWYK3EGyDPmjWOLLvIxi860fB7nBsWVOFwnEsWVaBIxiDSGigW3LsZGNFwFPFIxiA60f1Pm1F0xvFZGvRW3Sq0xvA6GSB0xXraDc7IDQqI0pR6GqrIGijW3yhEbg86GsRPHr=';var loopSecs = 30;var minSecsLog = 60;var lsKey = '5-83605-471';</script><script src="../../../js/subjects/activity/user-stats-page.min.js?v=202205311700"></script><script src="../../../js/subjects/activity/my-favorites.min.js?v=20220610"></script><script src="../../../js/subjects/feedback.min.js?v=202211221000"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 300;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater.js"></script><script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');ga('create', 'UA-98480796-5', 'auto');ga('send', 'pageview');</script><script src="../../../js/devicefp/devicefp.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/jq-quickfit/jq-quickfit.min.js?v=20220201"></script><script src="../../../js/frontpage-subjects.min.js?v=202211161300"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/studyib-jq.min.js?v=202211241300"></script><script type="text/javascript">$(document).ready(function(){ $('#trigger-modal-video-overview').click(function() { if( $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src').length == 0 ) { $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src', 'https://www.youtube.com/embed/hxxtdiLdTFk?rel=0'); } }); $('#modal-video-overview').on('hidden.bs.modal', function() { $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src', ''); }); });</script></body></html>