File "inheritance-102-hl.html"
Path: /StudyIB/biology/page/1342/inheritance-102-hlhtml
File size: 80.8 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="EN"><head> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PZBWZ8J');</script> <title>Inheritance 10.2 HL</title><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="/">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link href="../../../css/bootstrap.flatly.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../fonts/awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css"><link href="../../../js/jquery-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/style.min.css?v=202301301645"><meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta name="googlebot" content="noarchive"><meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:title" name="og:title" content="StudyIB Biology: Inheritance 10.2 HL"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:description" name="og:description" content="Inheritance has been covered in the SL genetics topic already so this HL topic covers dihybrid crosses and the discovery of linkage by Morgan with Drosophila flies."> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:url" name="og:url" content="https://studyib.net/biology/page/1342/inheritance-102-hl"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:site_name" name="og:site_name" content="StudyIB - Your IB learning companion"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:locale" name="og:locale" content="en"> <meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:type" name="og:type" content="website"> <meta name="description" content="Inheritance has been covered in the SL genetics topic already so this HL topic covers dihybrid crosses and the discovery of linkage by Morgan with Drosophila flies."> <meta name="image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="keywords" content="Ahl, Topic10, IB, IBDP, InThinking, International Baccalaureate, Revision, Revision websites, Student Sites, Students, Learning, Guidance, Exam, Questions, Practice problems, Diagnose, Help, Notes"> <meta itemprop="name" content="StudyIB Biology: Inheritance 10.2 HL"> <meta itemprop="description" content="Inheritance has been covered in the SL genetics topic already so this HL topic covers dihybrid crosses and the discovery of linkage by Morgan with Drosophila flies."> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="StudyIB Biology: Inheritance 10.2 HL"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Inheritance has been covered in the SL genetics topic already so this HL topic covers dihybrid crosses and the discovery of linkage by Morgan with Drosophila flies."> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://studyib.net/img/studyib-card-default.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@inthinker"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min.css?v=202209111300"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min.css?v=202211221000"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/slick-carousel/slick.min.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/slick-carousel/slick-theme.min.css"><style type="text/css">.filter-sl-only { display: none; }</style><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../img/favicon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"> <meta name="application-name" content="StudyIB: Your IB Learning Companion"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#A5BED5"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/img/favicon/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-70x70.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-150x150.png"> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-310x150.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="/img/favicon/mstile-310x310.png"><script>var stdHash = "6da675cbcb3d25f050b05557349abc79", stdTicket = "082b9c9c4ae3624d";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min.js?v=202205311700"></script><link href="../../../css/subjects-frontpage.min.css?v=202302031000" rel="stylesheet"></head><body class="public biology"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PZBWZ8J" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div id="top-header"> <div class="wmap general hidden-sm hidden-xs subjects"> <div class="layout-wrapper"> <div class="container-fluid"> <a href=""> <img class="header-thinker" src="../../../img/header-thinker.svg"> </a> <h1> <a href="../../../biology.html"> IBDP Biology </a> <a href="https://inthinking.net" title="inthinking.net" class="inthinking-logo pull-right"> <img src="../../../img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 80px; width: auto;"> </a> </h1> <p class="slogan">InThinking Revision Sites for students</p> <p class="author">Website by <strong>David Faure</strong></p> <p class="updated">Updated 4 February 2023</p> </div> </div> </div> <nav id="public-topnav" class="navbar navbar-default"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="navbar-header"> <a class="navbar-brand hidden-md hidden-lg" href="../../../index.htm"> <img class="header-xs-thinker" src="../../../img/header-thinker.svg"> </a> <button type="button" class="collapsed navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#subject-navbar-collapse" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-2x fa-user"></i> </button> <div class="brand hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm"> <a class="brand-xs" href="../../../biology.html"> <strong class="title" style="white-space: nowrap;font-size: 18px;">Biology</strong> </a> </div> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="subject-navbar-collapse"> <ul class="nav navbar-bar navbar-userbox hidden-md hidden-lg"><li class="dropdown"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-user-circle" style="margin-right: 5px;"></i><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li class="dropdown-submenu"><a class="dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-globe"></i> Subjects</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li></li><li class="active"><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i> DP Biology</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html">DP Chemistry</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../englishalanglit.html">DP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsanalysis.html">DP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsapplications.html">DP Maths: Applications & Interpretations SL</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../physics.html">DP Physics</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../spanishb.html">DP Spanish B</a></li></ul></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-dashboard"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user/profile.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-cog"></i> My profile</a></li><li class="menu-item"><a href="../../../user/messages.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i> Messages</a></li><li class="menu-item hidden-md hidden-lg mt-xs-3"><a href="../../../index.htm?logout=1" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-power-off text-danger"></i>Log out</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="nav navbar-bar"><li class=""><a class="home" href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li class=""><a class="topics" href="#"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-th-large"></i> Topics</a></li><li class=""><a class="favorites" href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-star"></i> My favorites</a></li><li class=""><a class="" href="../../flashcards.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-bolt"></i> Flashcards</a></li><li class=""><a class="qbank" href="../../test-your-knowledge.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-question"></i> Question bank</a></li><li class=""><a class="" href="../../blogs.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-paperclip"></i> Blog</a></li><li class=""><a class="sitemap" href="../../sitemap.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-sitemap"></i> Sitemap</a></li><li class=""><a class="activity" href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-calendar-check-o"></i> My activity</a></li></ul> <ul class="nav navbar-bar navbar-right"> <li> <form class="navbar-form hidden-md hidden-lg" role="search" method="get" action="biology/search"> <div class="input-group"> <input class="form-control nav-search" name="glob" type="search" placeholder="Search..."> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn bg-blue"> <i class="fa fa-search"> </i> </button> </span> </div> </form> <a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search hidden-sm hidden-xs" data-toggle="dropdown"> <i class="fa fa-lg fa-search"></i> </a> </li></ul> </div> </div></nav><nav id="nav-menu-search" class="shadow-bottom hidden-sm hidden-xs" style="display: none;"> <div class="container-fluid"> <form class="" role="search" method="get" action="biology/search"> <input class="form-control nav-search" name="glob" type="search" placeholder="Search Biology..."> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit"> Search </button> </form> </div></nav><div class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" id="modal-mini-login"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <button aria-hidden="true" data-dismiss="modal" class="close hidden-xs login-button-close" type="button">×</button> <form method="post"> <div class="form-group"> <input name="user-email" class="form-control" type="text" placeholder="Email"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input name="user-password" class="form-control" type="password" placeholder="Password"> <input name="user-fp" class="fp" value="d8c893da5db7501669ffeeac46273ba6" type="hidden"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <a href="../../../reset-password.html" class="reset-password" style="font-weight: normal;"> Forgot your password? </a> </div> <div class="form-group"> <button type="submit" name="submit-login" value="1" class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center"> <i class="fa fa-user fa-fw"></i> Log in </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="modal fade" id="show-topics" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div id="dialog-topics" class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-topics"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-body modal-body-topics"><div id="new-frontpage-toplevels-topics" class="frontpage-box"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../812/start-here.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Start here</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/00_random-images/post-it-time.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2876/paper-1-style-exam-questions.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Paper 1 style Exam questions</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../../chemistry/images/test-images/exams.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2896/paper-2-style-exam-questions.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Paper 2 style Exam questions</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/00_random-images/cell_corrections2.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../462/01-cell-biology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">01 Cell biology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/01_cells/acetabularia_-wikimedia-24-nov-2012.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../463/02-molecular-biology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">02 Molecular biology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/02_molecules/simple_molecules_smaller.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">03 Genetics SL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/03_genetics/meiosis_painting.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../466/04-ecology-.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">04 Ecology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/04_ecology/greenhouse_globe.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../467/05-evolution-.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">05 Evolution</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/05_evolution/red_bird_unsplash.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">06 Human physiology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/06_humans/gland_square_image.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../469/07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">07 Nucleic acids AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/03_genetics/dna.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../470/08-metabolism-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">08 Metabolism AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/02_molecules/respiration.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../471/09-plant-biology-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">09 Plant biology AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/09_plants/flower_qn.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">10 Genetics AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/10_geneticshl/crossing-over.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">11 Animal physiology AHL</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('/media/biology/images/11_animalphysiol/muscles.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2824/option-a-neurobiology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Option A - Neurobiology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/12_options/brain.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2852/option-b-biotechnology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Option B - Biotechnology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/12_options/bioreactor.png'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2853/option-c-ecology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Option C - Ecology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/12_options/lemur.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="item"><a href="../2854/option-d-human-physiology.html"><div class="header" style="height: 35px;"><h3 class="title special" style="margin-top: 0;">Option D Human physiology</h3></div><div class="body"><div class="cropper" style="background-image: url('../../images/12_options/hormones_small.jpg'); height: 10vw;"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container-fluid shadow-ith"><div class="row frontpage"> <div class="col-md-3" id="left-column"> <p class="visible-xs-block"></p><div class="dropdown user-menu hidden-xs" style="margin-bottom: 20px;"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" style="border-radius: 0; padding: 6px 18px;"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-user-circle"></i> <small><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></small> </button> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="dropdown-submenu"><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-globe"></i> Subjects</a><ul id="user-subjects-menu" class="dropdown-menu"><li></li><li class="active"><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i> DP Biology</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html">DP Chemistry</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../englishalanglit.html">DP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsanalysis.html">DP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../mathsapplications.html">DP Maths: Applications & Interpretations SL</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../physics.html">DP Physics</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../../spanishb.html">DP Spanish B</a></li></ul></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="../../../user.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-dashboard"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li><a href="../../../user/profile.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-cog"></i> My profile</a></li><li><a href="../../../user/messages.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i> Messages</a></li> <li class="divider"></li> <li> <a href="../../../index.htm?logout=1"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-power-off"></i> Log out </a> </li> </ul></div> <div id="side-nav"><h4 class="side-nav-title dropdown"><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html" class="dropdown-toggle toplevel-dropdown" data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-ellipsis-v"></i></a> <a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html">10 Genetics AHL</a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="../../../biology.html" style="padding-left: 5px; border-bottom: solid 1px #ddd"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li><a href="../812/start-here.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Start here</a></li><li><a href="../2876/paper-1-style-exam-questions.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Paper 1 style Exam questions</a></li><li><a href="../2896/paper-2-style-exam-questions.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Paper 2 style Exam questions</a></li><li><a href="../462/01-cell-biology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 01 Cell biology</a></li><li><a href="../463/02-molecular-biology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 02 Molecular biology</a></li><li><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 03 Genetics SL</a></li><li><a href="../466/04-ecology-.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 04 Ecology </a></li><li><a href="../467/05-evolution-.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 05 Evolution </a></li><li><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 06 Human physiology</a></li><li><a href="../469/07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 07 Nucleic acids AHL</a></li><li><a href="../470/08-metabolism-ahl.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 08 Metabolism AHL</a></li><li><a href="../471/09-plant-biology-ahl.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 09 Plant biology AHL</a></li><li><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> 11 Animal physiology AHL</a></li><li><a href="../2824/option-a-neurobiology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Option A - Neurobiology</a></li><li><a href="../2852/option-b-biotechnology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Option B - Biotechnology</a></li><li><a href="../2853/option-c-ecology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Option C - Ecology</a></li><li><a href="../2854/option-d-human-physiology.html"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i> Option D Human physiology</a></li></ul><div class="pull-right"><a class="sidenav-expand" title="Expand all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a> <a class="sidenav-compress" title="Compress all" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a></div></h4><ul class="side-nav level-0"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1341/meiosis-101-hl.html">Meiosis 10.1 HL</a></label></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="inheritance-102-hl.html">Inheritance 10.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1343/gene-pools-and-speciation-103-hl.html">Gene pools and speciation 10.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Inheritance 10.2 HL <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="1342" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html">10 Genetics AHL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Inheritance 10.2 HL</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505974" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for 10.2 Inheritance</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about inheritance</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Test yourself - multiple choice questions</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8"> 10.2 Inheritance HL 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/10_geneticshl/mendel_peas.jpg" style="width: 683px; height: 700px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">Inheritance has been covered in the SL genetics topic already so this HL topic covers dihybrid crosses and the discovery of linkage by Morgan with<em> Drosophila</em> flies. The prediction of phenotype ratios using larger Punnett squares is required as is the understanding of how phenotype ratios of 9:3:3:1 or 1:1:1:1 ratios can appear. The identification of recombinant phenotypes is important and so is the ability to recognise signs of linkage.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary using these <a href="http://quizlet.com/494207940/flashcards" target="_blank">10.2 Inheritance</a> flashcards.</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/494207940/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-180" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="180"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-180" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-180" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-180" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-180" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-180" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img4.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-180" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-180" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-180/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for 10.2 Inheritance<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505974" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="blueBg"> <p class="liWithoutP"><u>Linked genes</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Genes are linked when they occur on the same chromosome.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Unlinked genes show independent segregation in meiosis.</li> </ul> <p class="liWithoutP"><u>Polygenic inheritance</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Variation between living can be discrete or continuous.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Phenotypes controlled by many genes (polygenic) show continuous variation. They may also be influenced by environmental factors.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Chi-squared tests are used to calculate if differences between observed and expected frequencies are statistically significant.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Student skills and applications</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">A awareness of Morgan’s discovery of non-Mendelian ratios in <em>Drosophila.</em></li> <li class="liWithoutP">The ability to complete Punnett squares for dihybrid traits and analyse them.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Ability to calculate predicted genotypic and phenotypic ratio of offspring of dihybrid crosses involving unlinked autosomal genes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The skill to identify recombinants in crosses involving two linked genes and to understand when they are shown as vertical pair in crosses of linked genes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The skill to use of a chi-squared test on data from dihybrid cross.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505974" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This diagram summaries the main sections of topic 10.2 Inheritance HL<br> Test if you can draw something like these concept maps from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-177" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="177"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-177/102spiderlistinheritance.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-177" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-177/102spiderlistinheritance.jpeg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-177/102spidersimpleinheritance.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-177" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-177/102spidersimpleinheritance.jpeg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-177/102spiderfullinheritance.jpeg" data-fancybox="gallery-177" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-177/102spiderfullinheritance.jpeg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-177" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-177" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-177/102spiderlistinheritance-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-177/102spidersimpleinheritance-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-177/102spiderfullinheritance-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about inheritance<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505974" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Explaining the process of Mendelian inheritance is an important skill from this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p align="LEFT">In the mustard plant Arabidopsis (<em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>), there are two genes which affect plants: The tallness gene and the leaf shape gene. The allele for tall plants is T (dominant) and the allele for short plants is t. The allele for round leaves is R (dominant) and the allele for oval leaves is r.</p> <p>a) Determine the phenotype of a plant with the genotype: Tt rr. [1].</p> <p>.................................................................................................................</p> <p>b) Plants which are tall with round leaves are crossed with plants that are short with oval leaves.<br> Surprisingly all the 1000 offspring were tall with round leaves.</p> <p> Deduce the genotype of the offspring. [1]</p> <p>.................................................................................................................</p> <p>c) In another cross offspring from (b) were crossed and four different phenotypes were found in the offspring.<br> Suggest what the phenotype ratio of offspring would be. [2]</p> <p>.................................................................................................................</p> <p>.................................................................................................................</p> <p>.................................................................................................................</p> <p>d) Identify the recombinant phenotypes in this cross. [1]</p> <p>.................................................................................................................</p> <p>.................................................................................................................</p> </div> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505974" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">a) Tall with oval leaves.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">b) TtRr</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">c) 9 Tall round leaves : 3 Tall oval leaves : 3 short round leaves : 1 short oval leaves.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">d) Tall oval leaves and short round leaves.</span></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on polygenic inheritance. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Polygenic inheritance and continuous variation are important concepts in this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer.</p> <p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 106%;">Explain why traits determined by polygenic inheritance tend to demonstrate continuous variation. (4<strong> </strong></span></b></span><strong>marks).</strong></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint: Do this in italics, you may gain marks for the method of the calculation if your answer is incorrect.</em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-5">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505974" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 106%;">Explain why traits determined by polygenic inheritance tend to demonstrate continuous variation. (4<strong> </strong></span></b></span><strong>marks).</strong></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 106%;">Explain – give reasons. Begin with defining the terms in the question</span> </span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Examples often help in questions requiring an explanation. The example may itself gain credit and may also help you in providing an explanation.</span></em></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">In continuous variation there is a range of characteristics in between extremes e.g. human height.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Polygenic inheritance occurs when several genes are expressed to determine one phenotype e.g. melanin producing genes determining human skin colour.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Each of the genes for the characteristic may have several alleles.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The alleles (for each gene) may be dominant or codominant.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The genes and alleles interact with each other.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The interaction of genes and alleles gives the range of characteristics for the phenotype.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The phenotype may also be affected by environmental factors.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on dihybrid inheritance - - - click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Deriving genotypes and expected phenotypic ratios from the results of breeding is an important concept in this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <p>Antirrhinum flower <img alt="" src="../../images/richard/10.2-snapdragon.jpg" style="width: 250px; height: 230px;"></p> <p><strong>A pure-breeding red-flowered, short stem snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) is crossed with a pure-breeding white-flowered long stem variety. The seeds are planted and the F1 generation are all pink-flowered and long stem.</strong></p> <p><strong>i Derive and explain the genotypes of the parental generation. (4 marks).</strong></p> <p><strong>ii Predict the result of breeding the F1 generation with a white flowered short- stemmed plant (assuming that the gene for flower colour and stem length are on different chromosomes). (5 marks).</strong></p> <p><strong>iii Suggest two reasons why an achieved phenotypic ratios can significantly differ from the predicted ratio. (2 marks).</strong></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint:</em><em> Use the correct terminology in responding to genetics questions.</em><br> </div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505974" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>Credit is given for the correct use of Punnet squares.</p> <p><strong>A pure-breeding red-flowered, short stem snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) is crossed with a pure-breeding white-flowered long stem variety. The seeds are planted and the F1 generation are all pink-flowered and long stem.</strong></p> <p><strong>i Derive and explain the genotypes of the parental generation. (5 marks).</strong></p> <p>Using R to denote the gene for red flower.</p> <p> r to denote the gene for white flower.</p> <p> L to denote the gene for long stem.</p> <p> l to denote the gene for short stem</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The genes for red and white flower are codominant.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The heterozygous condition for flower colour is pink.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Long stem is dominant over short stem.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Parent generation is pure breeding so homozygous for both traits, (RRll x rrLL)</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Parental cross RRll x rrLL</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">F1 genotype RrLl (the F1 generation genotype will be heterozygous for both traits).</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>ii Predict the result of breeding the F1 generation with a white flowered short- stemmed plant (assuming that the gene for flower colour and stem length are on different chromosomes). (5 marks).</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">White flowered, short-stemmed plant genotype is rrll</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">F1 Backcross is RrLl x rrll</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Punnett square</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:110px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></p> </td> <td style="width:111px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">RL</span></p> </td> <td style="width:111px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Rl</span></p> </td> <td style="width:111px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">rL</span></p> </td> <td style="width:111px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">rl</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:110px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">rl</span></p> </td> <td style="width:111px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">RrLl</span></p> </td> <td style="width:111px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Rrll</span></p> </td> <td style="width:111px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">rrLl</span></p> </td> <td style="width:111px;"> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">rrll</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Expected phenotypic ratio:</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Pink, long stem (RrLl) 25% Pink, short stem (Rrll) 25% White, long stem (rrLl) 25% White short stem 25% (rrll)</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>iii Suggest two reasons why an achieved phenotypic ratios can significantly differ from the predicted ratio. (2 marks).</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The ratio is a prediction and the acheived ratio may differ from the predicted ration.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The data is achieved from a single cross (a small sample).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The genes may be linked (on the same chromosome).</span></li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><em>Use the correct terminology when responding to a question on deriving genotypes and phenotypes.</em></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-7">Test yourself - multiple choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505974" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#5fcc9bd5"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="5fcc9bd5"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-8"> 10.2 Inheritance HL <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505974" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-422-1342" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which tem best describes linked genes?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Genes found on the same chromosome.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Genes found in the same cell.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Genes found on autosomes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Genes found in the same nucleus.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Linked genes are linked when they occur on the same chromosome.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is a feature of unlinked genes?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They show non-Mendelian ratios in genetic crosses.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They show dependent segregation in meiosis.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are not found on a chromosome..</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They show independent segregation in meiosis.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Unlinked genes show independent segregation in meiosis but linked genes don't.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the features is most likely to be controlled by polygenic inheritance and for what reason?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Blood type because it shows discontinuous variation.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Height because it has a small range.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Blood type because there are four phenotypes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Height because it shows continuous variation.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Polygenic inheritance is when a feature is controlled by more than two genes, and when each gene contributes a part of the genotype.<br>It is more common that it looks like continuous variation, as with just two genes and two alleles there can be five phenotypes.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>When would a biologist use a chi-squared test?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> To decide how close the values are to the mean.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> To test for a correlation between two variables.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> To assess the goodness of fit of a line of best fit</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> To test for a significant difference between observed and expected values.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Chi-squared tests are used to calculate if differences between observed and expected frequencies are statistically significant</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Morgan crossed white eyed male fruit flies with heterozygous wild type (red eyed) females.<br>What was unusual about his results which suggested the presence of linked genes?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> He found non-Mendelian ratios of offspring.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> He found that the white eye phenotype was fatal in females.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> He found a 9:3:3:1 ratio of offspring.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> He found more female offspring than male offspring.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Morgan discovered non-Mendelian ratios in Drosophila.</p><p>The ability to complete Punnett squares for dihybrid traits and analyse them is an important skill.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>This punnett square was drawn by an IB student.<br>What were the genotypes of the parents in this cross?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/10_geneticshl/dihybrid_punnett.png" style="width: 300px; height: 192px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> bbcc and BBCC</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> BbCc and BbCc</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> BBcc and bbCC</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> BBCc and bbCC</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Ability to calculate predicted genotypic and phenotypic ratio of offspring of dihybrid crosses involving unlinked autosomal genes.<br>In this example, the test is to work backwards from the gametes to the parents.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>This punnett square was drawn by an IB student who was lpredicting the number of offspring who have different phenotpyes. The offspring with brown curly fur have been circled.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/10_geneticshl/dihybrid_punnett2.png" style="width: 300px; height: 211px;"></p><p>What is the ratio of offspring phenotypes in this grid?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 9 white straight: 3 brown straight: 3 white curly: 1 brown curly fur.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 9 brown curly: 3 brown straight: 3 white curly: 1 white straight fur.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 3 brown curly: 1 brown straight: 3 white curly: 1 white straight fur.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 9 brown curly: 2 brown straight: 2 white curly: 3 white straight fur.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>In this example the ratio is 9:3:3:1 - genes with no linkage and two double heterozygous parents have this ratio of offspring phenotypes.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">In a breeding experiment a plant making smooth, green peas is crossed with a plant having green wrinkled seeds. After two generations four phenotypes were visible in the offspring.<p>Which of the following would be considered a "recombinant phenotype"?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Green peas with a smooth surface.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Yellow peas with a smooth surface.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Green peas with a wrinkled surface</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Wrinkled peas with a green surace.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The skill to identify recombinants in crosses involving two linked genes is important.<br>The phenotypes are different from the 'grandparents' in recombinant phenotypes.<br>So green<label class="radio"> peas with a smooth surface are recombinant.</label></p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <h3 id="header-9">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505974" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-868-1342"><p>You need to be able to work out parental genotypes from their offspring.</p><p>In humans, curly hair, C is dominant to straight hair, c.</p><p>The haemophilia gene is a recessive gene on the X chromosome denoted as X<sup>h</sup>. Normal blood clotting is represented as X.</p><p>Habib’s mother, Amal and father, Omer both have curly hair and neither have haemophilia. Their son, Habib has straight hair and is a haemophiliac.</p><p>Deduce, with reasons, the genotype of Habib, Amal and Omer by dragging and dropping the correct genotype into the box beside the name.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">XY<sup>h</sup>cc</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">X<sup>h</sup>YCc</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">X<sup>h</sup>Y<sup>h</sup>cc</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">XX<sup>h</sup>Cc</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">X<sup>h</sup>YCc</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">XYCc</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">XX<sup>h</sup>CC</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">X<sup>h</sup>c</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">XXCc</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Amal <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="XX<sup>h</sup>Cc"> <span class="review"></span> </p><p>Omer <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="XYCc"> <span class="review"></span> </p><p>Habib <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="X<sup>h</sup>YCc"> <span class="review"></span> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Explanation: Habib inherited the haemophilia gene from his mother who is a carrier. Both parents are heterozygousfor curly hair.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="panel panel-expandable panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra drag and drop explanation on dihybrid inheritance click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-869-1342"><p>You need to be able to work out parental genotypes from their offspring. You need to know the genetics of blood type.</p><p>In humans, white forelock is a rare trait, shown in the image.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/topic-3-images/10.2-white-forelock.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 141px;"></p><p>Both Anielle and Virat have white forelock and are A blood group. Their daughter, Christianna does not have the white forelock trait and is O blood group</p><p>Explain the genotypes of Anielle. Virat and Christianna by dragging the correct genotype into the box next to the name and complete the explanation.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">iiww</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">phenotype</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">dominant</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">heterozygous</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> I<sup>A</sup>iWw </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">recessive</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">OOww</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">AOWw</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">IAiWw</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">genotype</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>White forelock is a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="dominant"> <span class="review"></span> trait. Anielle and Virat are both <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="heterozygous"> <span class="review"></span> for the white forelock trait and their daughter, Christianna is homozygous <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="recessive"> <span class="review"></span> , not exhibiting the trait.</p><p>Anielle and Virat both have the recessive gene for O for blood group as Christianna has the O <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="phenotype"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>Anielle's genotypes for these traits could be denoted <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" I<sup>A</sup>iWw "> <span class="review"></span>and Christianna's as <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="iiww"> <span class="review"></span> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Use the clues in the data given to work back to the parental genotype.</em></p><p><em>Examiner hint: Ensure that you represent the blood group genes correctly as I<sup>A</sup>, I<sup>B</sup>, i. </em></p><p><em>A, B, AB and O are phenotypes.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-expandable panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra drag and drop explanation on linked genes click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-870-1342"><p>The concept of linked genes is an important concept in this sub topic.</p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">Drag and drop the correct term into the gap to outline the concept of autosomal gene linkage on chromosomes (see also the next activity).</span></span></p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">locus</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">chromosome</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">do</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> ratios</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">chiasmata</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">many</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">recombinants</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">do not</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">a different sequence</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">few</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">alleles</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">independently</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> linked</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">same sequence</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Genes are always found in a certain <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="locus"> <span class="review"></span> (position) on a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="chromosome"> <span class="review"></span> . Chromosomes with the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="same sequence"> <span class="review"></span> of genes are homologous. As genes may have one or more <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="alleles"> <span class="review"></span> , homologous chromosomes do not necessarily carry identical genetic information.</p><p>During meiosis, genes on the same chromosome <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="do not"> <span class="review"></span> independently assort, they are linked and inherited as a group on a chromosome, not as individual genes. Normal Mendelian predicted phenotypic <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" ratios"> <span class="review"></span> for genetic crosses are valid for genes that are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="independently"> <span class="review"></span> assorted - when the ratio differs greatly from a predicted Mendelian ratio, it is very likely that the genes being investigated are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" linked"> <span class="review"></span> on the same chromosome.</p><p>If genes are linked, <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="recombinants"> <span class="review"></span> (genotypes different from the parent genotype) are produced by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="chiasmata"> <span class="review"></span> and are generaly <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="few"> <span class="review"></span> in number.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>There are two forms of linkage - sex-linked and autosomal. The explanation of this is in another drag and drop activity.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-expandable panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra drag and drop explanation on autosomal and sex-linked genes click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-871-1342"><p>The concept of autosomally linked genes is an important concept in this topic. Sex-linked genes are considered in Topic 3.</p><p>Drag and drop the correct word or phrase into the gap to summarise the differences between autosomally linked and sex-linked genes.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">autosomes</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">non</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">genderosomes</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">carrier</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">male</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">different</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">dominant</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">identical</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">heterosomes</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">loci</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">single</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">one copy</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">heritable disorder</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">homozygous</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">heterozygous</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Sex-linked genes are in <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="loci"> <span class="review"></span> on the gender-determining chromosomes ( <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="heterosomes"> <span class="review"></span> ) whereas autosomally linked genes are located on the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="non"> <span class="review"></span> gender determining chromosomes, ( <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="autosomes"> <span class="review"></span> ).</p><p>If genes are sex linked, there will be <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="different"> <span class="review"></span> phenotypic outcomes in humans as males have a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="single"> <span class="review"></span> X chromosome and females have two. A recessive <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="heritable disorder"> <span class="review"></span> on the X chromosome (such as red-green colour blindness), if present, will always be expressed in the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="male"> <span class="review"></span> phenotype but not in the female if the normal <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="dominant"> <span class="review"></span> gene is present. A heterozygous female would be a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="carrier"> <span class="review"></span> of the trait.</p><p>If genes are autosomally linked, there will be <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="identical"> <span class="review"></span> phenotypic outcomes in either gender. Both a male and a female could be a carrier of a trait if they possess <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="one copy"> <span class="review"></span> of the recessive gene for the inherited disorder.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Sex-linked genes are inherited with the X chromosome. The Y chromosome determines gender (in humans) but does not have genes corresponding to those on the Y chromosome.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs a bit of fun while they revise. Try this Inheritance card matching game.<br> Can you reach the leader board?</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/494207940/match/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="1342"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Inheritance 10.2 HL</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes here..."></textarea> </div> <div class="panel-footer text-xs-center"> <span id="last-edited" class="mb-xs-3"> </span> <div class="actions mt-xs-3"> <button id="save-my-progress" type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary text-center btn-xs-block"> <i class="fa fa-fw fa-floppy-o"></i> Save </button> </div> </div></div> <div id="modal-feedback" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Feedback</h4> <button type="button" class="close hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="errors"></div> <p><strong>Which of the following best describes your feedback?</strong></p> <form method="post" style="overflow: hidden"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Recommendation"> Recommend</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Problem"> Report a problem</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Improvement"> Suggest an improvement</label></div><div class="radio"><label style="color: #121212;"><input type="radio" name="feedback-type" value="Other"> Other</label></div> </div> <hr> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-name">Name</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="feedback-name" placeholder="Name" value=" "> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-email">Email address</label> <input type="email" class="form-control" name="feedback-email" placeholder="Email" value="@airmail.cc"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="feedback-comments">Comments</label> <textarea class="form-control" name="feedback-comments" style="resize: vertical;"></textarea> </div> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-ticket" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-url" value="https://studyib.net/biology/page/1342/inheritance-102-hl"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject" value="5"> <input type="hidden" name="feedback-subject-name" value="Biology"> <div class="pull-left"> </div> </form> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block feedback-submit mb-xs-3 pull-right"> <i class="fa fa-send"></i> Send </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block m-xs-0 pull-left" data-dismiss="modal"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div></div> </article> <hr class="hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div class="hidden-md hidden-lg mt-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" id="user-id" value="38342"></div><input id="ticket" type="hidden" value="082b9c9c4ae3624d"><input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="new"><input id="fp" class="fp" type="hidden" value=""></div><div id="std-footer"> <div class="wmap"> <div class="layout-wrapper"> <p> <a href="https://www.inthinking.net"> © <span id="footer-year"></span> <em>InThinking</em> <script>document.getElementById("footer-year").innerHTML = new Date().getFullYear();</script> </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../about.html"> About us </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../terms-and-conditions.html"> Legal </a> | <a target="_self" href="../../../contact.html"> Contact </a> </p> <p> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/#!/inthinker"> <img src="../../../img/social/twitter-square.svg"> Twitter </a> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net"> <img src="../../../img/social/facebook-square.svg"> Facebook </a> <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=139741989"> <img src="../../../img/social/linkedin-square.svg"> LinkedIn </a> </p> </div> </div></div><script src="../../../js/jquery-1.11.3.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/jquery-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.js"></script><script>var pageId = 1342;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/std-galleries.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery-ui-custom.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery.ui.touch-punch.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/std-quizzes-helpers.min.js?v=20220406"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/std-quizzes.min.js?v=2022041300"></script><script src="../../../ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/slick-carousel/slick.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/std-slide-quizzes.min.js?v=20220406"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $('a.scroll-to').click(function(e){ e.preventDefault(); var n = $('#'+$(this).data('target')).offset().top - 70; $('html, body').animate({scrollTop: n},300); }); $('.toc-switcher').click(function(e){ e.preventDefault(); $('.toc > ol').slideToggle('fast'); $(this).find('i:last-child').toggleClass('fa fa-chevron-circle-up').toggleClass('fa fa-chevron-down'); $(this).attr('title', $(this).attr('title') == 'Show table of contents' ? 'Hide table of contents' : 'Show table of contents'); }); }); </script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery-ui.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jqueryui/jquery.ui.touch-punch.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/user/page-my-progress.min.js?v=202211221000"></script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/subjects/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=082b9c9c4ae3624d&p=1342&s=5&x=7218';var sData='k4iA6GSB03BgPm1yODC4IxiA6GSB0bfq7Y9FwFiA6GSBPFAF7YcHEKvrZ0fREzP5PgB2ZYK4Z0fsWnaBPduAImPlzuAFIxiA6GSB0bfsEbOFwHRFWYK3EGyDPmjWOLLvIxi860fB7nBsWVOFwnEsWVaBIxiDSGigW3LsZGNFwFPFIxiA60f1Pm1F0xvFZGvRW3Sq0xvA6GSB0xXyODC40xvjWnsB7nBr6GqmEzryOdP8ZYAFeC==';var loopSecs = 30;var minSecsLog = 60;var lsKey = '5-83605-1342';</script><script src="../../../js/subjects/activity/user-stats-page.min.js?v=202205311700"></script><script src="../../../js/subjects/activity/my-favorites.min.js?v=20220610"></script><script src="../../../js/subjects/feedback.min.js?v=202211221000"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 300;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater.js"></script><script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');ga('create', 'UA-98480796-5', 'auto');ga('send', 'pageview');</script><script src="../../../js/devicefp/devicefp.min.js"></script><script src="../../../js/jq-quickfit/jq-quickfit.min.js?v=20220201"></script><script src="../../../js/frontpage-subjects.min.js?v=202211161300"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/studyib-jq.min.js?v=202211241300"></script><script type="text/javascript">$(document).ready(function(){ $('#trigger-modal-video-overview').click(function() { if( $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src').length == 0 ) { $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src', 'https://www.youtube.com/embed/hxxtdiLdTFk?rel=0'); } }); $('#modal-video-overview').on('hidden.bs.modal', function() { $('#modal-video-overview .modal-body iframe').attr('src', ''); }); });</script></body></html>