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<h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>The following data are available for a natural gas power station that has a high efficiency.</p>
<table style="width: 522px; margin-left: 60px;">
<tbody style="padding-left: 60px;">
<tr style="padding-left: 60px;">
<td style="width: 391px; padding-left: 60px;">Rate of consumption of natural gas</td>
<td style="width: 155px;">= 14.6 kg s<sup>–1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-left: 60px;">
<td style="width: 391px; padding-left: 60px;">Specific energy of natural gas</td>
<td style="width: 155px;">= 55.5 MJ kg<sup>–1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-left: 60px;">
<td style="width: 391px; padding-left: 60px;">Efficiency of electrical power generation</td>
<td style="width: 155px;">= 59.0 %</td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-left: 60px;">
<td style="width: 391px; padding-left: 60px;">Mass of CO<sub>2</sub> generated per kg of natural gas</td>
<td style="width: 155px;">= 2.75 kg</td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-left: 60px;">
<td style="width: 391px; padding-left: 60px;">One year</td>
<td style="width: 155px;">= 3.16 × 10<sup>7</sup> s </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, with a suitable unit, the electrical power output of the power station.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the mass of CO<sub>2</sub> generated in a year assuming the power station operates continuously.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain, using your answer to (b), why countries are being asked to decrease their dependence on fossil fuels.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of energy transfers, how thermal energy of the burning gas becomes electrical energy.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«55.5 × 14.6 × 0.59» = 4.78 × 108 W </p>
<p>A unit is required for this mark. Allow use of J s<sup>–</sup>1. </p>
<p>No sf penalty. </p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«14.6 × 2.75 × 3.16 × 10<sup>7</sup> =» 1.27 × 10<sup>9</sup> «kg»</p>
<p><em>If no unit assume kg</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CO<sub>2</sub> linked to greenhouse gas OR greenhouse effect</p>
<p>leading to «enhanced» global warming<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>climate change<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>other reasonable climatic effect</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Internal energy of steam/particles OR KE of steam/particles</p>
<p>«transfers to» KE of turbine</p>
<p>«transfers to» KE of generator <em><strong>or</strong></em> dynamo «producing electrical energy»</p>
<p><em>Do not award mark for first and last energies as they are given in the question. <br></em></p>
<p><em>Do not allow “gas” for “steam”</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept reference to moving OR turning generator</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The ratio <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{distance of Mars from the Sun}}}}{{{\text{distance of Earth from the Sun}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>distance of Mars from the Sun</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>distance of Earth from the Sun</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> = 1.5.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the intensity of solar radiation at the orbit of Mars is about 600 W m<sup>–2</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine, in K, the mean surface temperature of Mars. Assume that Mars acts as a black body.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The atmosphere of Mars is composed mainly of carbon dioxide and has a pressure less than 1 % of that on the Earth. Outline why the greenhouse effect is not significant on Mars.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>use of <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="I \propto \frac{1}{{{r^2}}}">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>∝</mo>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> «1.36 × 10<sup>3</sup> × <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{{{{1.5}^2}}}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>1.5</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>» ✔</p>
<p>604 «W m<sup>–2</sup>» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>use of <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{600}}{4}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>600</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span> for mean intensity ✔</p>
<p>temperature/K = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\sqrt[4]{{\frac{{600}}{{4 \times 5.67 \times {{10}^{ - 8}}}}}} = ">
<mroot>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>600</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>5.67</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mroot>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 230 ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>recognize the link between molecular density/concentration and pressure ✔</p>
<p>low pressure means too few molecules to produce a significant heating effect</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>low pressure means too little radiation re-radiated back to Mars ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, with reference to energy changes, the operation of a pumped storage hydroelectric system.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The hydroelectric system has four 250 MW generators. The specific energy available from the water is 2.7 kJ kg<sup>–1</sup>. Determine the maximum time for which the hydroelectric system can maintain full output when a mass of 1.5 x 10<sup>10</sup> kg of water passes through the turbines.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Not all the stored energy can be retrieved because of energy losses in the system. Explain <strong>one</strong> such loss.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>At the location of the hydroelectric system, an average intensity of 180 W m<sup>–2</sup> arrives at the Earth’s surface from the Sun. Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells convert this solar energy with an efficiency of 22 %. The solar cells are to be arranged in a square array. Determine the length of one side of the array that would be required to replace the<br>hydroelectric system.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>PE of water is converted to KE of moving water/turbine to electrical energy «in generator/turbine/dynamo»</p>
<p>idea of pumped storage, <em>ie:</em> pump water back during night/when energy cheap to buy/when energy not in demand/when there is a surplus of energy</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>total energy = «2.7 x 10<sup>3</sup> x 1.5 x 10<sup>10</sup> =» 4.05 x 10<sup>13</sup> «J»</p>
<p>time = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{4.0 \times {{10}^{13}}}}{{4 \times 2.5 \times {{10}^8}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4.0</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>2.5</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>» 11.1h <em><strong>or</strong> </em>4.0 x 10<sup>4</sup> s</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>For MP2 the unit <strong>must</strong> be present.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>friction/resistive losses in walls of pipe/air resistance/turbulence/turbine and generator bearings</p>
<p>thermal energy losses, in electrical resistance of components</p>
<p>water requires kinetic energy to leave system so not all can be transferred</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Must see “seat of friction” to award the mark.</em><br><em>Do not allow “friction” bald.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>area required <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" = \frac{{1 \times {{10}^9}}}{{0.22 \times 180}}">
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.22</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>180</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> «= 2.5 x 10<sup>7</sup> m<sup>2</sup>»</p>
<p>length of one side <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" = \sqrt {area} = 5.0">
<mo>=</mo>
<msqrt>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</msqrt>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5.0</mn>
</math></span> k«m»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A cell is connected to an ideal voltmeter, a switch S and a resistor R. The resistance of R is 4.0 Ω.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>When S is open the reading on the voltmeter is 12 V. When S is closed the voltmeter reads 8.0 V.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Electricity can be generated using renewable resources.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the laws of conservation that are represented by Kirchhoff’s circuit laws.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the emf of the cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the internal resistance of the cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The voltmeter is used in another circuit that contains two secondary cells.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Cell A has an emf of 10 V and an internal resistance of 1.0 Ω. Cell B has an emf of 4.0 V and an internal resistance of 2.0 Ω.</p>
<p>Calculate the reading on the voltmeter.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why electricity is a secondary energy source.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some fuel sources are renewable. Outline what is meant by renewable.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A fully charged cell of emf 6.0 V delivers a constant current of 5.0 A for a time of 0.25 hour until it is completely discharged.</p>
<p>The cell is then re-charged by a rectangular solar panel of dimensions 0.40 m × 0.15 m at a place where the maximum intensity of sunlight is 380 W m<sup>−2</sup>.</p>
<p>The overall efficiency of the re-charging process is 18 %.</p>
<p>Calculate the minimum time required to re-charge the cell fully.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why research into solar cell technology is important to society.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>« conservation of » charge ✓</p>
<p>« conservation of » energy ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow <strong>[1]</strong> max if they explicitly refer to Kirchhoff’ laws linking them to the conservation laws incorrectly.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>12 V ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>I</em> = 2.0 A <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>12 = <em>I</em> (<em>r</em> +4) <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>4 = <em>Ir <strong>OR</strong> </em>8 = 4<em>I</em> ✓</p>
<p>«Correct working to get » <em>r</em> = 2.0 «Ω» ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow <strong>ECF</strong> from <strong>(b)(i)</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Loop equation showing <em><strong>EITHER</strong> </em>correct voltages, i.e., 10 – 4 on one side or both emfs positive on different sides of the equation <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>correct resistances, i.e.<em> I</em> (1 + 2) ✓</p>
<p>10−4 = <em>I</em> (1 + 2) <em><strong>OR</strong> I</em> = 2.0 «A» seen✓</p>
<p><em>V</em> = 8.0 «V» ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow any valid method</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>is generated from primary/other sources ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«a fuel » that can be replenished/replaced within a reasonable time span</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>«a fuel» that can be replaced faster than the rate at which it is consumed</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>renewables are limitless/never run out</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>«a fuel» produced from renewable sources</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>gives an example of a renewable (biofuel, hydrogen, wood, wind, solar, tidal, hydro etc..) ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>OWTTE</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE</strong> </em>1</p>
<p>«energy output of the panel =» <em>VIt <strong>OR</strong> </em>6 x 5 x 0.25 x 3600 <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>27000 «J» ✓</p>
<p>«available power =» 380 x 0.4 x 0.15 x 0.18 <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>4.1 «W» ✓</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo></math> «<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mn>27000</mn><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mfrac></math>=» 6600 «s» ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2</strong></em></p>
<p>«energy needed from Sun =» <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>V</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></mfrac></math> <em><strong>OR <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>25</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>3600</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>18</mn></mrow></mfrac></math> </strong><strong>OR</strong> </em>150000 «J» ✓</p>
<p>« incident power=» 380 x 0.4 x 0.15 <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>22.8 «W» ✓</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>t</mi><mo>=</mo></math> «<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mn>150000</mn><mrow><mn>22</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>8</mn></mrow></mfrac></math>=» 6600 «s» ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow <strong>ECF</strong> for <strong>MP3</strong></em></p>
<p><em>Accept final answer in minutes (110) or hours (1.8).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>coherent reason ✓</p>
<p><em>e.g.</em>, to improve efficiency, is non-polluting, is renewable, does not produce greenhouse gases, reduce use of fossil fuels</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> allow economic reasons</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>a) Most just stated Kirchhoff's laws rather than the underlying laws of conservation of energy and charge, basically describing the equations from the data booklet. When it came to guesses, energy and momentum were often the two, although even a baryon and lepton number conservation was found. It cannot be emphasised enough the importance of correctly identifying the command verb used to introduce the question. In this case, identify, with the specific reference to conservation laws, seem to have been explicit tips not picked up by some candidates.</p>
<p>bi) This was probably the easiest question on the paper and almost everybody got it right. 12V. Some calculations were seen, though, that contradict the command verb used. State a value somehow implies that the value is right in front to be read or interpreted suitably.</p>
<p>bii) In the end a lot of the answers here were correct. Some obtained 2 ohms and were able to provide an explanation that worked. A very few negative answers were found, suggesting that some candidates work mechanically without properly reflecting in the nature of the value obtained.</p>
<p>ci) A lot of candidates figured out they had to do some sort of loop here but most had large currents in the voltmeter. Currents of 2 A and 10 A simultaneously were common. Some very good and concise work was seen though, leading to correct steps to show a reading of 8V.</p>
<p>cii) This question was cancelled due to an internal reference error. The paper total was adjusted in grade award. This is corrected for publication and future teaching use.</p>
<p>di) The vast majority of candidates could explain why electricity was a secondary energy source.</p>
<p>dii) An ideal answer was that renewable fuels can be replenished faster than they are consumed. However, many imaginative alternatives were accepted.</p>
<p>ei) This question was often very difficult to mark. Working was often scattered all over the answer box. Full marks were not that common, most candidates achieved partial marks. The commonest problem was determining the energy required to charge the battery. It was also common to see a final calculation involving a power divided by a power to calculate the time.</p>
<p>eii) Almost everybody could give a valid reason why research into solar cells was important. Most answers stated that solar is renewable. There were very few that didn't get a mark due to discussing economic reasons.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Two renewable energy sources are solar and wind.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>An alternative generation method is the use of wind turbines.</p>
<p>The following data are available:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 120px;">Length of turbine blade = 17 m<br>Density of air = 1.3 kg m<sup>–3</sup><br>Average wind speed = 7.5 m s<sup>–1</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the difference between photovoltaic cells and solar heating panels.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A solar farm is made up of photovoltaic cells of area 25 000 m<sup>2</sup>. The average solar intensity falling on the farm is 240 W m<sup>–2</sup> and the average power output of the farm is 1.6 MW. Calculate the efficiency of the photovoltaic cells.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the minimum number of turbines needed to generate the same power as the solar farm.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain <strong>two</strong> reasons why the number of turbines required is likely to be greater than your answer to (c)(i).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>solar heating panel converts solar/radiation/photon/light energy into thermal <strong>energy</strong> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> photovoltaic cell converts solar/radiation/photon/light energy into electrical <strong>energy</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept internal energy of water.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>power received = 240 × 25000 = «6.0 MW»</p>
<p>efficiency «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" = \frac{{1.6}}{{6.0}}">
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1.6</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>6.0</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> = 0.27 / 27%</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>area = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\pi ">
<mi>π</mi>
</math></span> × 17<sup>2</sup> «= 908m<sup>2</sup>»</p>
<p>power = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2} \times 908 \times 1.3 \times {7.5^3}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>908</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>1.3</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>7.5</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> «= 0.249 MW»</p>
<p>number of turbines «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" = \frac{{1.6}}{{0.249}} = 6.4">
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1.6</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.249</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>6.4</mn>
</math></span>» = 7</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Only allow integer value for MP3. </em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for <strong>25 turbines</strong> (ECF from incorrect power) </em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for <strong>26 turbines</strong> (ECF from incorrect radius</em>)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«efficiency is less than 100% as»</p>
<p>not all KE of air can be converted to KE of blades</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>air needs to retain KE to escape</p>
<p>thermal energy is lost due to friction in turbine/dynamo/generator</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow velocity of air after turbine is not zero.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>One possible fission reaction of uranium-235 (U-235) is</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>92</mn><mn>235</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>+</mo><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>→</mo><mmultiscripts><mi>Xe</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>54</mn><mn>140</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>+</mo><mmultiscripts><mi>Sr</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>38</mn><mn>94</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></mmultiscripts></math></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Mass of one atom of U-235 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>235</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi></math><br>Binding energy per nucleon for U-235 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>59</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math><br>Binding energy per nucleon for Xe-140 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>29</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math><br>Binding energy per nucleon for Sr-94 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>59</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A nuclear power station uses U-235 as fuel. Assume that every fission reaction of U-235 gives rise to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>180</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math> of energy.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A sample of waste produced by the reactor contains <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kg</mi></math> of strontium-94 (Sr-94). Sr-94 is radioactive and undergoes beta-minus (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">β</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math>) decay into a daughter nuclide X. The reaction for this decay is</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi>Sr</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>38</mn><mn>94</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>→</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>e</mi></math>.</p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The graph shows the variation with time of the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="576" height="367"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by binding energy of a nucleus.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why quantities such as atomic mass and nuclear binding energy are often expressed in non-SI units.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the energy released in the reaction is about <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>180</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>kg</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math>, the specific energy of U-235.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The power station has a useful power output of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo> </mo><mi>GW</mi></math> and an efficiency of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>36</mn><mo> </mo><mo>%</mo></math>. Determine the mass of U-235 that undergoes fission in one day.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write down the proton number of nuclide X.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the half-life of Sr-94.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample after <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>10</mn></math> minutes.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">energy required to </span><span class="fontstyle2">«</span><span class="fontstyle0">completely</span><span class="fontstyle2">» </span><span class="fontstyle0">separate the nucleons<br></span><span class="fontstyle3"><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br></span><span class="fontstyle0">energy released when a nucleus is formed from its constituent nucleons </span><span class="fontstyle4">✓</span></p>
<p><em><span class="fontstyle5"><br>Allow protons </span><span class="fontstyle3"><strong>AND</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle5">neutrons.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">the values </span><span class="fontstyle2">«</span><span class="fontstyle0">in SI units</span><span class="fontstyle2">» </span><span class="fontstyle0">would be very small </span><span class="fontstyle3">✓</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle3"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>140</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>29</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>94</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>59</mn><mo>-</mo><mn>235</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>59</mn></math> <em><strong>OR </strong></em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>184</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>MeV</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle3">see <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi>energy</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>180</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>6</mn></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>60</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>19</mn></mrow></msup></math> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi>mass</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>235</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>66</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>27</mn></mrow></msup></math> ✓</span></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>13</mn></msup><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>kg</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">energy produced in one day<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>9</mn></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>3600</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>36</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>14</mn></msup><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">mass<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>14</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>13</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>kg</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>39</mn></math> </span><span class="fontstyle2">✓</span></p>
<p><em><span class="fontstyle3"><br>Do not allow <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>39</mn><mn>94</mn></mmultiscripts></math> unless the proton number is indicated.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>75</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>»</mo></math> <span class="fontstyle3">✓</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1</strong></em></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>10</mn><mo> </mo><mi>min</mi></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>8</mn><mo> </mo><msub><mi>t</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math> ✓</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">mass remaining<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mfenced><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mfenced><mn>8</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>«</mo><mi>kg</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2</strong></em></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">decay constant<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>ln</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow><mn>75</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">mass remaining<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>600</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>kg</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A satellite powered by solar cells directed towards the Sun is in a polar orbit about the Earth.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>The satellite is orbiting the Earth at a distance of 6600 km from the centre of the Earth.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The satellite carries an experiment that measures the peak wavelength emitted by different objects. The Sun emits radiation that has a peak wavelength <em>λ</em><sub>S</sub> of 509 nm. The peak wavelength <em>λ</em><sub>E</sub> of the radiation emitted by the Earth is 10.1 μm.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the orbital period for the satellite.</p>
<p>Mass of Earth = 6.0 x 10<sup>24</sup> kg</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the mean temperature of the Earth.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the difference between <em>λ</em><sub>S</sub> and <em>λ</em><sub>E</sub> helps to account for the greenhouse effect.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Not all scientists agree that global warming is caused by the activities of man.</p>
<p>Outline how scientists try to ensure agreement on a scientific issue.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{m{v^2}}}{r} = G\frac{{Mm}}{{{r^2}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>leading to <em>T</em><sup>2</sup> = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{4{\pi ^2}{r^3}}}{{GM}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>π</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p><em>T</em> = 5320 «s»</p>
<p><em><strong>Alternative 2</strong></em></p>
<p>«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="v = \sqrt {\frac{{G{M_E}}}{r}} ">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</math></span>» = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\sqrt {\frac{{6.67 \times {{10}^{ - 11}} \times 6.0 \times {{10}^{24}}}}{{6600 \times {{10}^3}}}} ">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>6.67</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>6.0</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>24</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>6600</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</math></span> <em><strong>or </strong></em>7800 «ms<sup>–1</sup>»</p>
<p>distance = 2<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\pi ">
<mi>π</mi>
</math></span><em>r</em> = 2<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\pi ">
<mi>π</mi>
</math></span> x 6600 x 10<sup>3</sup> «m» or 4.15 x 10<sup>7</sup> «m»</p>
<p>«<em>T</em> = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{d}{v} = \frac{{4.15 \times {{10}^7}}}{{7800}}">
<mfrac>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>v</mi>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4.15</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>7800</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>» = 5300 «s»</p>
<p><em>Accept use of ω instead of v</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>T</em> = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{2.90 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}}{{{\lambda _{{\text{max}}}}}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2.90</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>λ</mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>max</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{2.90 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}}{{10.1 \times {{10}^{ - 6}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2.90</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>10.1</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>= 287 «K» <em><strong>or</strong> </em>14 «°C»</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[0]</strong> for any use of wavelength from Sun </em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept 287 °C</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>wavelength of radiation from the Sun is shorter than that emitted from Earth «and is not absorbed by the atmosphere»</p>
<p>infrared radiation emitted from Earth is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere</p>
<p>this radiation is re-emitted in all directions «including back to Earth»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>peer review</p>
<p>international collaboration</p>
<p>full details of experiments published so that experiments can repeated</p>
<p><em><strong>[Max 1 Mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A planet orbits at a distance <em>d</em> from a star. The power emitted by the star is <em>P</em>. The total surface area of the planet is <em>A</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the power incident on the planet is</p>
<p> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>P</mi><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>π</mi><msup><mi>d</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mfrac><mi>A</mi><mn>4</mn></mfrac><mo>.</mo></math></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The albedo of the planet is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>α</mi><mtext>p</mtext></msub></math>. The equilibrium surface temperature of the planet is <em>T</em>. Derive the expression</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>T</mi><mo>=</mo><mroot><mfrac><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>α</mi><mtext>p</mtext></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>16</mn><mi>π</mi><msup><mi>d</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi>e</mi><mi>σ</mi></mrow></mfrac><mn>4</mn></mroot></math></p>
<p>where <em>e</em> is the emissivity of the planet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>On average, the Moon is the same distance from the Sun as the Earth. The Moon can be assumed to have an emissivity <em>e</em> = 1 and an albedo <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>α</mi><mtext>M</mtext></msub></math> = 0.13. The solar constant is 1.36 × 103 W m<sup>−2</sup>. Calculate the surface temperature of the Moon.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>P</mi><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>π</mi><msup><mi>d</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></math> is the power received by the planet/at a distance <em>d</em> «from star» <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>A</mi><mn>4</mn></mfrac></math> is the projected area/cross sectional area of the planet <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>use of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>e</mi><mi>σ</mi><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>T</mi><mn>4</mn></msup><mo> </mo><mtext mathvariant="bold-italic">OR</mtext><mo> </mo><mfrac><mi>P</mi><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>π</mi><msup><mi>d</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mfrac><mi>A</mi><mn>4</mn></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>α</mi><mtext>p</mtext></msub><mo>)</mo></math> <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>with correct manipulation to show the result <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mroot><mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>36</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>87</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>8</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mn>4</mn></mroot></math> <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p><em>T</em> = 268.75 «K» ≅ 270 «K»<strong> ✓</strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A photovoltaic cell is supplying energy to an external circuit. The photovoltaic cell can be modelled as a practical electrical cell with internal resistance.</p>
<p>The intensity of solar radiation incident on the photovoltaic cell at a particular time is at a maximum for the place where the cell is positioned.</p>
<p>The following data are available for this particular time:</p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-left: 150px;"> Operating current = 0.90 A<br>Output potential difference to external circuit = 14.5 V<br> Output emf of photovoltaic cell = 21.0 V<br> Area of panel = 350 mm × 450 mm</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the output potential difference to the external circuit and the output emf of the photovoltaic cell are different.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the internal resistance of the photovoltaic cell for the maximum intensity condition using the model for the cell.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The maximum intensity of sunlight incident on the photovoltaic cell at the place on the Earth’s surface is 680 W m<sup>−2</sup>.</p>
<p>A measure of the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell is the ratio</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mtext>energy available every second to the external circuit</mtext><mtext>energy arriving every second at the photovoltaic cell surface</mtext></mfrac><mo>.</mo></math></p>
<p>Determine the efficiency of this photovoltaic cell when the intensity incident upon it is at a maximum.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>two</strong> reasons why future energy demands will be increasingly reliant on sources such as photovoltaic cells.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>there is a potential difference across the internal resistance<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>there is energy/power dissipated in the internal resistance <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>when there is current «in the cell»/as charge flows «through the cell»<strong> ✓</strong></p>
<p><em><br>Allow full credit for answer based on <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>ε</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>I</mi><mi>r</mi></math></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1</strong></em><br>pd dropped across cell <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mtext>V</mtext><mo>»</mo></math>✓</p>
<p>internal resistance <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">=</mi><mfrac><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn></mrow></mfrac></math> ✓</p>
<p><strong><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mtext>Ω</mtext><mo>»</mo></math>✓</strong></p>
<p><em><strong><br>ALTERNATIVE 2</strong></em></p>
<p><em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ε</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>)</mo></math> so <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ε</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>V</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mi>r</mi></math> <strong>✓</strong></em></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>21</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>14</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>×</mo><mi>r</mi></math> <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mtext>Ω</mtext><mo>»</mo></math> <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p><em><br>Alternative solutions are possible</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[3]</strong> marks for a bald correct answer</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>power arriving at cell = 680 x 0.35 x 0.45 = «107 W» <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>power in external circuit = 14.5 x 0.9 = «13.1 W» <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>efficiency = 0.12 <em><strong>OR</strong></em> 12 % <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[3] marks</strong> for a bald correct answer</em></p>
<p><em>Allow <strong>ECF</strong> for <strong>MP3</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«energy from Sun/photovoltaic cells» is renewable<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>non-renewable are running out <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>non-polluting/clean <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>no greenhouse gases<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>does not contribute to global warming/climate change <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p><em><strong><br>OWTTE </strong></em></p>
<p><em>Do not allow economic aspects (e.g. free energy)</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The radioactive nuclide beryllium-10 (Be-10) undergoes beta minus (<em>β–</em>) decay to form a stable boron (B) nuclide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The initial number of nuclei in a pure sample of beryllium-10 is N<sub>0</sub>. The graph shows how the number of remaining <strong>beryllium </strong>nuclei in the sample varies with time.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>An ice sample is moved to a laboratory for analysis. The temperature of the sample is –20 °C.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the missing information for this decay.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>On the graph, sketch how the number of <strong>boron </strong>nuclei in the sample varies with time.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After 4.3 × 10<sup>6</sup> years,</p>
<p><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="\frac{{{\text{number of produced boron nuclei}}}}{{{\text{number of remaining beryllium nuclei}}}} = 7.">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>number of produced boron nuclei</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>number of remaining beryllium nuclei</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>7.</mn>
</math></span></p>
<p>Show that the half-life of beryllium-10 is 1.4 × 10<sup>6</sup> years.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Beryllium-10 is used to investigate ice samples from Antarctica. A sample of ice initially contains 7.6 × 10<sup>11</sup> atoms of beryllium-10. State the number of remaining beryllium-10 nuclei in the sample after 2.8 × 10<sup>6</sup> years.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by thermal radiation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss how the frequency of the radiation emitted by a black body can be used to estimate the temperature of the body.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the peak wavelength in the intensity of the radiation emitted by the ice sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Derive the units of intensity in terms of fundamental SI units.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} 4}^{10}{\text{Be}} \to _{{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} 5}^{10}{\text{B}} + \beta + {\overline {\text{V}} _{\text{e}}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mspace width="0.056em"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mspace width="0.056em"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Be</mtext>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">→</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mspace width="0.056em"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mspace width="0.056em"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>B</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>β</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mover>
<mtext>V</mtext>
<mo accent="false">¯</mo>
</mover>
<mrow>
<mtext>e</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p>conservation of mass number <strong><em>AND </em></strong>charge <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{\,\,5}^{10}{\text{B}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>B</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} 4}^{10}{\text{Be}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mspace width="0.056em"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mspace width="0.056em"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Be</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Correct identification of both missing values required for </em><strong><em>[1]</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>correct shape <em>ie </em>increasing from 0 to about 0.80 N<sub>0</sub></p>
<p>crosses given line at 0.50 N<sub>0</sub></p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_19.42.49.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/06.b.i/M"></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong><em>ALTERNATIVE 1</em></strong></p>
<p>fraction of Be = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{8}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span>, 12.5%, or 0.125</p>
<p>therefore 3 half lives have elapsed</p>
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{t_{\frac{1}{2}}} = \frac{{4.3 \times {{10}^6}}}{3} = 1.43 \times {10^6}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4.3</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1.43</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> <strong>«</strong>≈ 1.4 × 10<sup>6</sup><strong>»</strong> <strong>«</strong>y<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>ALTERNATIVE 2</em></strong></p>
<p>fraction of Be = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{8}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span>, 12.5%, or 0.125</p>
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{8} = {{\text{e}}^{ - \lambda }}(4.3 \times {10^6})">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>e</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mi>λ</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4.3</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</math></span> leading to <em>λ</em> = 4.836 × 10<sup>–7</sup> <strong>«</strong>y<strong>»</strong><sup>–1</sup></p>
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{\ln 2}}{\lambda }">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mi>λ</mi>
</mfrac>
</math></span> = 1.43 × 10<sup>6</sup> <strong>«</strong>y<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Must see at least one extra sig fig in final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1.9 × 10<sup>11</sup></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>emission of (infrared) electromagnetic/infrared energy/waves/radiation.</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>the (peak) wavelength of emitted em waves depends on temperature of emitter/reference to Wein’s Law</p>
<p>so frequency/color depends on temperature</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\lambda = \frac{{2.90 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}}{{253}}">
<mi>λ</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2.90</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>253</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>= 1.1 × 10<sup>–5</sup> <strong>«</strong>m<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow ECF from MP1 (incorrect temperature).</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>correct units for Intensity (allow <em>W, Nms<sup>–</sup></em><sup><em>1 </em></sup><em>OR Js<sup>–</sup></em><sup><em>1 </em></sup><em>in numerator)</em></p>
<p>rearrangement into proper SI units = kgs<sup>–3</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow ECF for MP2 if final answer is in fundamental units.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titan is a moon of Saturn. The Titan-Sun distance is 9.3 times greater than the Earth-Sun distance.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the intensity of the solar radiation at the location of Titan is 16 W m<sup>−2</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titan has an atmosphere of nitrogen. The albedo of the atmosphere is 0.22. The surface of Titan may be assumed to be a black body. Explain why the <strong>average </strong>intensity of solar radiation <strong>absorbed</strong> by the whole surface of Titan is 3.1 W m<sup>−2</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the equilibrium surface temperature of Titan is about 90 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The orbital radius of Titan around Saturn is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi></math> and the period of revolution is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>T</mi></math>.</p>
<p>Show that <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mi>R</mi><mrow><mo> </mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow></mfrac></math> where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi></math> is the mass of Saturn.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The orbital radius of Titan around Saturn is 1.2 × 10<sup>9 </sup>m and the orbital period is 15.9 days. Estimate the mass of Saturn.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>incident intensity <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mn>1360</mn><mrow><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><msup><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></math> <em><strong>OR </strong></em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>15</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>≈</mo><mn>16</mn></math> «W m<sup>−2</sup>» ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow the use of 1400 for the solar constant.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>exposed surface is ¼ of the total surface ✓</p>
<p>absorbed intensity = (1−0.22) × incident intensity ✓</p>
<p>0.78 × 0.25 × 15.7 <em><strong>OR </strong> </em>3.07 «W m<sup>−2</sup>» ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow 3.06 from rounding and 3.12 if they use 16</em> W m<sup>−2</sup>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>σT </em><sup>4</sup> = 3.07</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p><em>T</em> = 86 «K» ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>correct equating of gravitational force / acceleration to centripetal force / acceleration ✓</p>
<p>correct rearrangement to reach the expression given ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow use of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msqrt><mfrac><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi></mrow><mi>R</mi></mfrac></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mi>T</mi></mfrac></math> for <strong>MP1</strong>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>T</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>15</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>3600</mn></math> «s» ✓</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mfenced><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>9</mn></msup></mrow></mfenced><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>11</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><msup><mfenced><mrow><mn>15</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>3600</mn></mrow></mfenced><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>26</mn></msup><mo> </mo></math>«kg» ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> marks for a bald correct answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow <strong>ECF</strong> from <strong>MP1</strong>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Cold milk enters a small sterilizing unit and flows over an electrical heating element.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>The temperature of the milk is raised from 11 °C to 84 °C. A mass of 55 g of milk enters the sterilizing unit every second.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 210px;">Specific heat capacity of milk = 3.9 kJ kg<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The milk flows out through an insulated metal pipe. The pipe is at a temperature of 84 °C. A small section of the insulation has been removed from around the pipe.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the power input to the heating element. State an appropriate unit for your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline whether your answer to (a) is likely to overestimate or underestimate the power input.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss, with reference to the molecules in the liquid, the difference between milk at 11 °C and milk at 84 °C.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how energy is transferred from the inside of the metal pipe to the outside of the metal pipe.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The missing section of insulation is 0.56 m long and the external radius of the pipe is 0.067 m. The emissivity of the pipe surface is 0.40. Determine the energy lost every second from the pipe surface. Ignore any absorption of radiation by the pipe surface.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe <strong>one</strong> other method by which significant amounts of energy can be transferred from the pipe to the surroundings.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>energy required for milk entering in 1 s = mass x specific heat x 73 ✓</p>
<p>16 kW <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>16000 W ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>MP1</strong> is for substitution into mcΔT regardless of power of ten.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow any correct unit of power (such as </em>J s<sup>-1</sup><em> OR </em>kJ s<sup>-1</sup><em>) if paired with an answer to the correct power of 10 for <strong>MP2</strong>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Underestimate / more energy or power required ✓</p>
<p>because energy transferred as heat / thermal energy is lost «to surroundings or electrical components» ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not allow general term “energy” or “power” for <strong>MP2</strong>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>the temperature has increased so the internal energy / « average » KE «of the molecules» has increased <em><strong>OR</strong></em> temperature is proportional to average KE «of the molecules». ✓</p>
<p>«therefore» the «average» speed of the molecules or particles is higher <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>more frequent collisions « between molecules » <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>spacing between molecules has increased <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>average force of collisions is higher <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>intermolecular forces are less <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>intermolecular bonds break and reform at a higher rate <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>molecules are vibrating faster. ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>conduction/conducting/conductor «through metal» ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>use of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>e</mi><mi>σ</mi><mi>A</mi><msup><mi>T</mi><mn>4</mn></msup></math> where <em>T</em> = 357 K ✓</p>
<p>use of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>A</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><mo> </mo><mi>r</mi><mo> </mo><mi>l</mi></math> « = 0.236 m<sup>2</sup>» ✓</p>
<p><em>P</em> = 87 «W» ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow 85 – 89 W for <strong>MP3</strong>.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow ECF for <strong>MP3</strong>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>convection «is likely to be a significant loss» ✓</p>
<p><br>«due to reduction in density of air near pipe surface» hot air rises «and is replaced by cooler air from elsewhere»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>«due to» conduction «of heat or thermal energy» from pipe to air ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates recognized that this was a specific heat question and set up a proper calculation, but many struggled to match their answer to an appropriate unit. A common mistake was to leave the answer in some form of an energy unit and others did not match the power of ten of the unit to their answer (e.g. 16 W).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates recognized that this was an underestimate of the total energy but failed to provide an adequate reason. Many gave generic responses (such as "some power will be lost"/not 100% efficient) without discussing the specific form of energy lost (e.g. heat energy).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was generally well answered. Most HL candidates linked the increase in temperature to the increase in the kinetic energy of the molecules and were able to come up with a consequence of this change (such as the molecules moving faster). SL candidates tended to focus more on consequences, often neglecting to mention the change in KE.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates recognized that heat transfer by conduction was the correct response. This was a "state" question, so candidates were not required to go beyond this.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Candidates at both levels were able to recognize that this was a blackbody radiation question. One common mistake candidates made was not calculating the area of a cylinder properly. It is important to remind candidates that they are expected to know how to calculate areas and volumes for basic geometric shapes. Other common errors included the use of T in Celsius and neglecting to raise T ^4. Examiners awarded a large number of ECF marks for candidates who clearly showed work but made these fundamental errors.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A few candidates recognized that convection was the third source of heat loss, although few managed to describe the mechanism of convection properly for MP2. Some candidates did not read the question carefully and instead wrote about methods to increase the rate of heat loss (such as removing more insulation or decreasing the temperature of the environment).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The average temperature of ocean surface water is 289 K. Oceans behave as black bodies.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Show that the intensity radiated by the oceans is about 400 W m<sup>-2</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Explain why some of this radiation is returned to the oceans from the atmosphere.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>5.67 <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">×</span> 10<span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><sup>−8</sup> <span style="display:inline !important;float:none;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;">×</span> 289<sup>4</sup></span></p>
<p><em><strong><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">OR</span></strong></em></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">= 396 «W m<sup style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:11.6px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;">−2</sup>» ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span style="display:inline !important;float:none;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;">«≈ 400 W m</span><sup style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:11.6px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;">−2</sup><span style="display:inline !important;float:none;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;">»</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">«most of the radiation emitted by the oceans is in the» infrared ✔<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">«this radiation is» absorbed by greenhouse gases/named greenhouse gas in the atmosphere ✔<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">«the gases» reradiate/re-emit ✔<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">partly back towards oceans/in all directions/awareness that radiation in other directions is also present ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was well answered with candidates scoring the mark for either a correct substitution or an answer given to at least one more sf than the show that value. Some candidates used 298 rather than 289.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>For many this was a well-rehearsed answer which succinctly scored full marks. For others too many vague terms were used. There was much talk about energy being trapped or reflected and the ozone layer was often included. The word ‘albedo’ was often written down with no indication of what it means and ‘the albedo effect also featured.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The Moon has no atmosphere and orbits the Earth. The diagram shows the Moon with rays of light from the Sun that are incident at 90° to the axis of rotation of the Moon.</p>
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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A black body is on the Moon’s surface at point A. Show that the maximum temperature that this body can reach is 400 K. Assume that the Earth and the Moon are the same distance from the Sun.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Another black body is on the Moon’s surface at point B.</p>
<p>Outline, without calculation, why the aximum temperature of the black body at point B is less than at point A.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The albedo of the Earth’s atmosphere is 0.28. Outline why the maximum temperature of a black body on the Earth when the Sun is overhead is less than that at point A on the Moon.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why a force acts on the Moon.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why this force does no work on the Moon.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>T</em> = <span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\left( {\frac{{1360}}{\sigma }} \right)^{0.25}}">
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1360</mn>
</mrow>
<mi>σ</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.25</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> </span>✔</p>
<p>390 «K» ✔</p>
<p><em>Must see 1360 (from data booklet) used for MP1.</em></p>
<p><em>Must see at least 2 s.f</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>energy/Power/Intensity lower at B ✔</p>
<p>connection made between energy/power/intensity and temperature of blackbody ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(28 %) of sun’s energy is scattered/reflected by earth’s atmosphere <em><strong>OR</strong></em> only 72 % of incident energy gets absorbed by blackbody ✔</p>
<p><em>Must be clear that the energy is being scattered by the atmosphere.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[0]</strong> for simple definition of “albedo”</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>gravitational attraction/force/field «of the planet/Moon» ✔</p>
<p><em>Do not accept “gravity”</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>the force/field and the velocity/displacement are at 90° to each other<em><strong> OR</strong></em> there is no change in GPE of the moon ✔</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[0]</strong> for any mention of no net force on the satellite.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept acceleration is perpendicular to velocity.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates struggled with this question. A significant portion attempted to apply Wein’s Law and simply stated that a particular wavelength was the peak and then used that to determine the temperature. Some did use the solar constant from the data booklet and were able to calculate the correct temperature. As part of their preparation for the exam candidates should thoroughly review the data booklet and be aware of what constants are given there. As with all “show that” questions candidates should be reminded to include an unrounded answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This is question is another example of candidates not thinking beyond the obvious in the question. Many simply said that point B is farther away, or that it is at an angle. Some used vague terms like “the sunlight is more spread out” rather than using proper physics terms. Few candidates connected the lower intensity at B with the lower temperature of the blackbody.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was assessing the understanding of the concept of albedo. Many candidates were able to connect that an albedo of 0.28 meant that 28 % of the incident energy from the sun was being reflected or scattered by the atmosphere before reaching the black body.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was generally well answered, although some candidates simply used the vague term “gravity” rather than specifying that it is a gravitational force or a gravitational field. Candidates need to be reminded about using proper physics terms and not more general, “every day” terms on the exam.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Some candidates connected the idea that the gravitational force is perpendicular to the velocity (and hence the displacement) for the mark. It was also allowed to discuss that there is no change in gravitational potential energy, so therefore no work was being done. It was not acceptable to simply state that the net displacement over one full orbit is zero. Unfortunately, some candidates suggested that there is no net force on the moon so there is no work done, or that the moon is so much smaller so no work could be done on it.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Wind is incident on the blades of a wind turbine. The radius of the blades is 12 m. The following data are available for the air immediately before and after impact with the blades.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the maximum power that can be extracted from the wind by this turbine.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest why the answer in (a) is a maximum.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>8</mn><mn>3</mn></msup></math> <em><strong>OR </strong></em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>32</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>4</mn><mn>3</mn></msup></math> <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">✔</span></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>P</mi></math> «in incoming beam» = 1.4×105 «W»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>P</mi></math> «in outgoing beam» = 1.9×104 «W» ✔</p>
<p>subtracts both P to obtain 1.2×105 «W» ✔</p>
<p><em>NOTE: Condone use of a wrong area or use of circumference in MP1.</em><br><em>Allow ECF from MP2.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[1]</strong> max for any attempt to use the formula for wind power which cubes the difference of velocities</em><br><em>Award <strong>[3]</strong> for a bald correct answer</em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">because some power is lost due to inefficiencies in the system/transfers to the surroundings ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept power or energy indistinctly</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>In a pumped storage hydroelectric system, water is stored in a dam of depth 34 m.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-12_om_13.07.03.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05"></p>
<p>The water leaving the upper lake descends a vertical distance of 110 m and turns the turbine of a generator before exiting into the lower lake.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Water flows out of the upper lake at a rate of 1.2 × 10<sup>5</sup> m<sup>3</sup> per minute. The density of water is 1.0 × 10<sup>3</sup> kg m<sup>–3</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the specific energy of water in this storage system, giving an appropriate unit for your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the average rate at which the gravitational potential energy of the water decreases is 2.5 GW.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The storage system produces 1.8 GW of electrical power. Determine the overall efficiency of the storage system.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After the upper lake is emptied it must be refilled with water from the lower lake and this requires energy. Suggest how the operators of this storage system can still make a profit.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Average height = 127 <strong>«</strong>m<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>Specific energy «= <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{mg\bar h}}{m} = g\bar h">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow>
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯</mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow>
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯</mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</math></span> = 9.81 × 127» = 1.2 × 10<sup>3</sup> J kg<sup>–1</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Unit is essential</em></p>
<p><em>Allow </em><em>g = 10 gives 1.3 × 10<sup>3</sup> J kg<sup>–1</sup></em></p>
<p><em>Allow ECF from 110 m</em></p>
<p><em> (1.1 × 10<sup>3</sup> J kg<sup>–1</sup>) or 144 m</em></p>
<p><em> (1.4 × 10<sup>3</sup> J kg<sup>–1</sup>)</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mass per second leaving dam is <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1.2 \times {{10}^5}}}{{60}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1.2</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>60</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 10<sup>3</sup> = <strong>«</strong>2.0 × 10<sup>6</sup> kg s<sup>–1</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p>rate of decrease of GPE is = 2.0 × 10<sup>6</sup> × 9.81 × 127</p>
<p>= 2.49 × 10<sup>9</sup> <strong>«</strong><em>W</em><strong>»</strong> /2.49 <strong>«</strong><em>GW</em><strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not award ECF for the use of 110 m or 144 m</em></p>
<p><em>Allow 2.4 GW if rounded value used from (a)(i) or 2.6 GW if </em><em>g = 10 is used</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>efficiency is <strong>«</strong><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1.8}}{{2.5}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1.8</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2.5</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =<strong>»</strong> 0.72 / 72%</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>water is pumped back up at times when the demand for/price of electricity is low</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>