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<h2>HL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p>The Sankey diagram shows the energy input from fuel that is eventually converted to useful domestic energy in the form of light in a filament lamp.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-13_om_18.42.25.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/22"></p>
<p>What is true for this Sankey diagram?</p>
<p>A. The overall efficiency of the process is 10%.</p>
<p>B. Generation and transmission losses account for 55% of the energy input.</p>
<p>C. Useful energy accounts for half of the transmission losses.</p>
<p>D. The energy loss in the power station equals the energy that leaves it.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>X and Y are two spherical black-body radiators that emit the same total power. The absolute temperature of X is half that of Y. </p>
<p>What is <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{radius of X}}}}{{{\text{radius of Y}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>radius of X</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>radius of Y</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>?</p>
<p>A. 4</p>
<p>B. 8 </p>
<p>C. 16 </p>
<p>D. 32</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The solar constant is the intensity of the Sun’s radiation at </p>
<p>A. the surface of the Earth. <br>B. the mean distance from the Sun of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. <br>C. the surface of the Sun. <br>D. 10km above the surface of the Earth.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>An object can lose energy through</p>
<p>I. conduction<br>II. convection<br>III. radiation</p>
<p>What are the principal means for losing energy for a hot rock resting on the surface of the Moon?</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A nuclear particle has an energy of 10<sup>8</sup> eV. A grain of sand has a mass of 32 mg. What speed must the grain of sand have for its kinetic energy to equal the energy of the nuclear particle?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. 1 mm s<sup>–1</sup><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. 3 mm s<sup>–1</sup><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. 10 mm s<sup>–1</sup><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. 16 mm s<sup>–1</sup></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The average albedo of glacier ice is 0.25.</p>
<p>What is <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{power absorbed by glacier ice}}}}{{{\text{power reflected by glacier ice}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>power absorbed by glacier ice</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>power reflected by glacier ice</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>?</p>
<p>A. 0.25</p>
<p>B. 0.33</p>
<p>C. 2.5</p>
<p>D. 3.0</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Burning one litre of gasoline produces more energy than burning one kilogram of coal, and the density of gasoline is smaller than 1 g cm<sup>−3</sup>. What can be deduced from this information?</p>
<p>A. Energy density is greater for gasoline.</p>
<p>B. Specific energy is greater for gasoline.</p>
<p>C. Energy density is greater for coal.</p>
<p>D. Specific energy is greater for coal.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A model of an ideal wind turbine with blade length <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>l</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></math> is designed to produce a power <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>P</mi></math> when the average wind speed is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>v</mi></math>. A second ideal wind turbine is designed to produce a power <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>P</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math> when the average wind speed is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>v</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math>. What is the blade length for the second wind turbine?</p>
<p>A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><msub><mi>l</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math></p>
<p>B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>l</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></math></p>
<p>C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mo> </mo><msub><mi>l</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></math> </p>
<p>D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>4</mn><mo> </mo><msub><mi>l</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The dashed line on the graph shows the variation with wavelength of the intensity of solar radiation before passing through the Earth’s atmosphere.</p>
<p>The solid line on the graph shows the variation with wavelength of the intensity of solar radiation after it has passed through the Earth’s atmosphere.</p>
<p> <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-13_om_10.49.37.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/24"></p>
<p>Which feature of the graph helps explain the greenhouse effect?</p>
<p>A. Infrared radiation is absorbed at specific wavelengths.</p>
<p>B. There is little absorption at infrared wavelengths.</p>
<p>C. There is substantial absorption at visible wavelengths.</p>
<p>D. There is little absorption at UV wavelengths.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Three statements about fossil fuels are:</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">I. There is a finite amount of fossil fuels on Earth.<br>II. The transfer of energy from fossil fuels increases the concentration of CO<sub>2 </sub>in the atmosphere.<br>III. The geographic distribution of fossil fuels is uneven and has led to economic inequalities.</p>
<p>Which statements justify the development of alternative energy sources?</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A nuclear reactor contains atoms that are used for moderation and atoms that are used for control.</p>
<p>What are the ideal properties of the moderator atoms and the control atoms in terms of neutron absorption?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-13_om_10.48.15.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/23"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What part of a nuclear power station is principally responsible for increasing the chance that a neutron will cause fission?</p>
<p>A. Moderator</p>
<p>B. Control rod</p>
<p>C. Pressure vessel</p>
<p>D. Heat exchanger</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The diagram shows a simple model of the energy balance in the Earth surface-atmosphere system. The intensities of the radiations are given.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" 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"></p>
<p>What is the average intensity radiated by the atmosphere towards the surface?</p>
<p><br>A. 100 W m<sup>−2</sup></p>
<p>B. 150 W m<sup>−2</sup></p>
<p>C. 240 W m<sup>−2</sup></p>
<p>D. 390 W m<sup>−2</sup></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br>