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<h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Plutonium-238 (Pu) decays by alpha (α) decay into uranium (U).</p>
<p>The following data are available for binding energies per nucleon:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">plutonium 7.568 MeV</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">uranium 7.600 MeV</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">alpha particle 7.074 MeV</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with nucleon number <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>A</mi></math> of the binding energy per nucleon, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mtext>BE</mtext><mi>A</mi></mfrac></math>. Numbers are not required on the vertical axis.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify, with a cross, on the graph in (a)(ii), the region of greatest stability.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the energy released in this decay is about 6 MeV.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The plutonium nucleus is at rest when it decays.</p>
<p>Calculate the ratio <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mtext>kinetic energy of alpha particle</mtext><mtext>kinetic energy of uranium</mtext></mfrac></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>the energy needed to «completely» separate the nucleons of a nucleus</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>the energy released when a nucleus is assembled from its constituent nucleons ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept reference to protons <strong>AND</strong> neutrons.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>curve rising to a maximum between 50 and 100 ✓</p>
<p>curve continued and decreasing ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Ignore starting point.<br></em></p>
<p><em>Ignore maximum at alpha particle</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>At a point on the peak of their graph ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>correct mass numbers for uranium (234) and alpha (4) ✓</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>234</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>600</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>074</mn><mo>-</mo><mn>238</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>568</mn></math> «MeV» ✓</p>
<p>energy released 5.51 «MeV» ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Ignore any negative sign.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>K</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>α</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi>K</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>U</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo></math>»<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac><mfrac><msup><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>α</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac><mfrac><msup><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>U</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mfrac></mstyle></math> <em><strong>OR </strong></em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>U</mi></msub><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>α</mi></msub></mfrac></math> ✓</p>
<p>«<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mn>234</mn><mn>4</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo></math>» <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>58</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn></math> ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> marks for a bald correct answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mn>117</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math> for <strong>MP2</strong>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A particular K meson has a quark structure <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\rm{\bar u}}">
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯</mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</math></span>s. State the charge on this meson.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The Feynman diagram shows the changes that occur during beta minus (β<sup>–</sup>) decay.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxYAAAEsCAYAAABewCVFAAAgAElEQVR4Ae3dX4hcVZ448NM/ZJdk3cGkDcqQBGce4rKEMcJEAjFj2F3yZxmIG3VZJWQWEoXRmMEHY3AENzO6q8mDQxL2QSNsghsf3ISEHfwT5iFBs4gOGheZcfLgaBKERY1hBhJmXvrH9w7Vdneqq6u761bde8/nQNNV98+553xOdXV9654/QyMjIyNJIkCAAAECBAgQIECAwCwE/t8sznUqAQIECBAgQIAAAQIECgGBhRcCAQIECBAgQIAAAQKzFrhmbA5DQ0Njn3pMgAABAgQIECBAgACBqwTajaYYF1jEARFctDvwqtxsIECAAAECBAgQIEAgK4FOsYKuUFm9FFSWAAECBAgQIECAQDkCAotyXOVKgAABAgQIECBAICsBgUVWza2yBAgQIECAAAECBMoREFiU4ypXAgQIECBAgAABAlkJCCyyam6VJUCAAAECBAgQIFCOgMCiHFe5EiBAgAABAgQIEMhKQGCRVXOrLAECBAgQIECAAIFyBAQW5bjKlQABAgQIECBAgEBWAgKLrJpbZQkQIECAAAECBAiUIyCwKMdVrgQIECBAgAABAgSyEhBYZNXcKkuAAAECBAgQIECgHAGBRTmuciVAgAABAgQIECCQlYDAIqvmVlkCBAgQIECAAAEC5QgILMpxlSsBAgQIECBAgACBrAQEFlk1t8oSIECAAAECBAgQKEdAYFGOq1wJECBAgAABAgQIZCUgsMiquVWWAAECBAgQIECAQDkCAotyXOVKgAABAgQIECBAICsBgUVWza2yBAgQIECAAAECBMoREFiU4ypXAgQIECBAgAABAlkJCCyyam6VJUCAAAECBAgQIFCOgMCiHFe5EiBAgAABAgQIEMhKQGCRVXOrLAECBAgQIECAAIFyBAQW5bjKlQABAgQIECBAgEBWAgKLrJpbZQkQIECAAAECBAiUIyCwKMdVrgQIECBAgAABAgSyEhBYZNXcKkuAAAECBAgQIECgHAGBRTmuciVAgAABAgQIECCQlYDAIqvmVlkCBAgQIECAAAEC5QgILMpxlSsBAgQIECBAgACBrAQEFlk1t8oSIECAAAECBAgQKEdAYFGOq1wJECBAgAABAgQIZCUgsMiquVWWAAECBAgQIECAQDkCAotyXOVKgAABAgQIECBAICsBgUVWza2yVRS4ePFiOnPmTIrfEgECBAh0L3D27Fnvn91zOZJA6QICi9KJXYBAe4H4h7hjx460bt269L//+7/tD7KVAAECBCYVmDt3bnrrrbfS8PBw8X4a76sSAQKDExBYDM7elTMWOH36dLr55pvT4sWL06lTp9LmzZvT/PnzMxZRdQIECExfYOHChWnbtm3p8uXLxcnxvhrvrxIBAoMRGBoZGRkZe+mhoaE0YdPY3R4TIDBLgejyFN+ubd26Nb3wwguzzM3pBAgQINAS+Nd//dd07Nix4gubOXPmtDb7TYBADwU6xQruWPQQWlYEuhH45S9/WRz27LPPdnO4YwgQIECgS4G77747vfvuu+nNN9/s8gyHESDQSwGBRS815UWgC4EILOJuha5PXWA5hAABAtMQWLJkSVq+fHky1mIaaA4l0EMBgUUPMWVFoBuBS5cupXnz5nVzqGMIECBAYJoCq1evTufOnZvmWQ4nQKAXAgKLXijKgwABAgQIECBAgEDmAgKLzF8Aqk+AAIGWwIULF3QhaWH4TYAAAQLTFrhm2mc4gQCBxgpcuXIlnT9/vqjfokWLUrtZVVp9lyfb31icDCoWU3bG2irRTz3GAcVvKV+BmMHuiy++KADavRa6eb/IV0/NCeQp4I5Fnu2u1gTaCkRQEfPAx08rwJh44FT7Jx7veX0E4sNjTNW5YcOGIsCIIKMVSNanFkraK4GTJ0+Ovh+0y7Ob94t259lGgEBzBdyxaG7bqhkBAgRmJLBy5coUP7HQmDsYMyJ0EgECBLIUEFhk2ewqTYAAgakFBBhTGzmCAAECBL4WEFh8beERAQIECLQREGC0QbGJAAECBK4SEFhcRWIDAQIECLQTEGC0U7GNAAECBFoCAouWhN8ECBAg0JVABBgLFixImzZtSjHA95133unqPAcRIECAQLMFBBbNbl+1IzAwgaGhoYFd24X7K6Ct++vdy6uNjIz0Mjt5ESCQuYDAIvMXgOoTKEvAB5ayZAeTb0w7e+DAgeIOxc6dO9P69evbrnMymNK5KgECBAhUQcA6FlVoBWUgUBMBaxrUpKF6WMxo85hyNro9rVixIp06dSpt3LhRUNFD46pmdcMNN3Qs2ieffNJxv50ECOQnILDIr83VmMCkAmNX13377bevOm7Pnj1XbbOhmQICima263RqFeNoWunEiROth8XvWHX7iSeeGLfNEwIECOgK5TVAgMA4ga1btxZdXn7wgx+ka6+9Ni1dujRdvnw5vfrqq8X2cQd70jiBiV2edu3a5e5E41q5uwotWrRo9MBWEHHTTTelzz//PP3Hf/xHevfdd0f3e0CAAIEQEFh4HRAgME7goYceGg0g7rrrrnH7IuiIFH3tpeYJxLfS8QEyxlAIKJrXvtOt0Zw5c9LBgwdTfMkQQcTatWvHZbFv37708MMPj9vmCQECeQsILPJuf7UncJXAsmXL0vnz59OhQ4eKaUSPHz+eli9fnjZv3py2bNmSXnnllTRv3rw0d+7cq861od4Ca9asSfEjEWgJxN/9d77znXT48OFi4H4EGBs2bCjeD2Kszblz54pDvR+0xPwmkLeAwCLv9ld7Am0FFi5cmB5//PG2++KDhkSAQD4C8WVD/LRLu3fvbrfZNgIEMhUweDvThldtAgQIECBAgAABAr0UEFj0UlNeBAgQIECAAAECBDIVEFhk2vCqTYAAAQIECBAgQKCXAgKLXmrKiwABAgQIECBAgECmAgKLTBtetQkQIECAAAECBAj0UkBg0UtNeREgQIAAAQIECBDIVEBgkWnDqzYBAgQIECBAgACBXgoILHqpKS8CBAgQIECAAAECmQoILDJteNUmQIAAAQIECBAg0EsBgUUvNeVFgAABAgQIECBAIFMBgUWmDa/aBAgQIECAAAECBHopILDopaa8CBAgQIAAAQIECGQqILDItOFVmwABAgQIECBAgEAvBQQWvdSUFwECBAgQIECAAIFMBQQWmTa8ahMgQIAAAQIECBDopYDAopea8iJAgAABAgQIECCQqYDAItOGV20CBAgQIECAAAECvRQQWPRSU14ECBAgQIAAAQIEMhUQWGTa8KpNgAABAgQIECBAoJcCAoteasqLAAECBAgQIECAQKYCAotMG161CRAgQIAAAQIECPRSQGDRS015ESBAgAABAgQIEMhUQGCRacOrNgECBAgQIECAAIFeCggseqkpLwIECBAgQIAAAQKZCggsMm141SZAgAABAgQIECDQS4FrepmZvAgQaL7A2bNni0ouWrQozZkzp/kVVkMCBCYVuHjxYvriiy/S3Llz08KFCyc9zg4CBPIQcMcij3ZWSwI9E7j55ptT/Jw/f75necqIAIF6Cpw8ebJ4P9i7d289K6DUBAj0VEBg0VNOmREgQIAAAQIECBDIU0BgkWe7q/UABf7sz/4sxY9EoGoCR48eTXfeeWc6ffp01YqmPAQIECBQAwGBRQ0aSRGbJfDHP/4xxY9EoGoCGzduTI8++mjas2ePAKNqjaM8XQv8+Z//eYofiQCB/gsYvN1/c1ckUAuB+Nb61KlT6dKlS2np0qXpO9/5Tlq2bFktyq6QMxdYuXJlip9o/wgw4ieCjdgm5SsQg7R//vOfpw8//DBdd9116bvf/W7xU0WRP/zhD1UsljIRyEJAYJFFM6skge4Frly5krZv354OHDhw1Un79u27apsNzRQQYDSzXWdSqwgyb7/99qtOXb58eXFn66odNhAgkK2ArlDZNr2KE2gv8OSTT44GFfHB4eDBg8U31nH0ww8/3P4kWxsrEAHGsWPHdJFqbAt3rlhMLz02qIi7V/GeEO8N7777bvrxj3/cOYMK771w4ULasWNH8RNfqBw6dKh4PDQ0lG677ba0f//+FHdqJAIEuhdwx6J7K0cSaLzAmTNniq4vUdG4O7Fly5bRtSq2bt1a7Gt3J6PxMCpYdIXSRSq/F0J0hYsUgcRLL72UlixZUjy/55570muvvZbuuuuu2qJcvnx59P3uq6++Gv1CJSoUQVP8RLDx/PPP6wZa21ZW8H4LCCz6Le56tRJoLQYX/0zjG6333nsv/d///V9Rhxh3MJNF4uIf2KpVqyrp8NZbbxXlig8R27ZtG1fGMHjooYfG/fMdd8CYJ/GNn9R8gePHjze/kg2u4cjISMfaxbf1rS8SnnrqqdGgIk6KxTFjsH984dA6pmNmFd8ZdYj3vahnjB85fPhwcYc2gosHHnigGG9mQdCKN6LiVUJAV6hKNINCVFWgtRhc3DK/4447ii4B8Q1d/MS+e++9N8W+blMEJ/EP7MYbb+z2lL4ed+7cueJ6q1evbnvdbgdvxwcWP801iAB0w4YNxc/777+vrWv6em/7Rz5mY6yo3Up//dd/3Xo47vf69evHPa/rk+jiFZNVrFmzJs2fP7/4YuU3v/lNUZ0ILt588826Vk25CfRVQGDRV24Xq6tAfDMX/1ziG62nn366+EAVdYlvbGNftym6DkQeVb1j0er2sGLFikmrFB8opTwFYhBvrHPRmikqxl50G2zmKVbvWscMUK20cOHC1sNxv2+44YZxz6vwJO4mt97Lui3PfffdN9rts3VO3KWNOzKRfvGLX7Q2+02AQAcBgUUHHLsItAQiqHjjjTeKb7Qef/zxYjBra4ak2BcfuKZKcUzc6di5c+dV/8CmOrdK+xcsWFCl4ihLHwTaBRSmn+0DfA0u8Rd/8ReVK2Xri5Fu3pdbhZ8sQG7dkZluoNLK128CuQkILHJrcfWdkUAEEXGLfGwf2xjY3EqtcRet52N/x4DomHnkkUceSdGFZDp3OMbm04/H0R0g0ttvvz3p5ZrQn3rSytkxTkBAMY4juyfxzX8rTdbl8+OPP24dUpnfcach3sviPXeyclemsApCoGECAouGNajqlCMQ/6gmprFBxsR9redHjx5Nt956a/H09ddfr/wiY4sXLy7KevLkyWKweqserd/+Sbckmv1bQNHs9u22dtdff/3oob/61a9GH4998NFHH419WpnHu3btSps3by6+yIn3YdPGVqZpFKThAgKLhjew6vVG4KabbppRRnF3Iga3Rlq3bl1XXaZmdKEenRR3ZSJF964XX3xxXHARA8/37t3boyvJpooCMQvaxDEUujxVsaX6U6YYxNy6i/nEE0+k1ix5ravH3diqrmMRX/zEzHYRVMQd2OHh4XTixIlW0a/6He9v7dJnn31WbDa2rJ2ObQSuFhBYXG1iC4GeCkTf3d27d6fnnnuumFUq/tFVNbW6EET5YjG8mAkryhsLRc2dO3faAyKrWk/lmlwgPkjGoGwBxeRGOe1pDV6OLxtiJrzo1hkf0CMAbd2NrapHBEIRXMTvGCMX08hOlmIq8Ykpgo1YxyLS3/3d303c7TkBAm0EBBZtUGwiUIZAfFA7cuRIeuaZZyp9Wz66ELS+pYwPEzHgvLXidutDRhk+8hy8QASWAorBt0OVShCviRgbFrPZRYpBzGvXri1mxIvnVX1PiO58EQhFd6gIlFvTyE5mG+Mxxg72jq5T8WVQvAdGat3Nnex82wkQ+JPA0MiEFXJiYasJm1gRyFagtdBbzGfebpxFa38EDN0Myo5vwOKb/26PHyR8/JONed0vXbpUFCNmWokZUmLK3Eix1kV0lZAIEGi+QHzQ/vnPf55aU9Bed9116e677y4qHtti2tmqBKXxPht3W2MGvk7vy3EnI4KPsSm6PMXdidaXKbHv4MGDRYAy9jiPCeQs0ClWEFjk/MpQ9ykFWoFDrwKLuGB0IYh/XBNXtp6yMA4gQIAAgSkFoqtW3FW5fPnyuJn8Jp44NrCIL3vi7uzYFHdp4n067npIBAh8LdApsLjm68M8IkCgHwJx56O1wnU/rucaBAgQyEngl7/8ZdFFq5uZ+1oucWfj/Pnz6dNPP00xfXhMtdvuLnXreL8JEGgvILBo72IrAQIECBAgUEOB6L45b968aZc8VhefbIXxaWfmBAKZCggsMm141e5OoDWIOcZFtEut/dG/WCJAgAABAgQI5CwgsMi59dV9SoGYJrZTmmp/p3PtI0CAAAECBAg0ScB0s01qTXUhQIAAAQIECBAgMCABdywGBO+y+Qr8/ve/z7fyak6AAIGKCCxatCjFjH8SAQK9ExBY9M5STgS6EvjLv/zLro5zEAECBAhMX6DbL29i1igzP03f1xkEOgkILDrp2EeAAAECBAjUSsCXN7VqLoVtmIAxFg1rUNUhQIAAAQIECBAgMAgBgcUg1F2TAAECBAgQIECAQMMEBBYNa1DVIUCAAAECBAgQIDAIAYHFINRdkwABAgQIECBAgEDDBAQWDWtQ1SFAgAABAgQIECAwCAGBxSDUXZMAAQIECBAgQIBAwwRMN9uwBlWd5gsMDQ1VqpIjIyOVKo/CECAwcwHvLzO3cyYBAikJLLwKCNRQoCof5qv2IaSGTanIBCon4P2lck2iQARqI6ArVG2aSkEJECBAgAABAgQIVFdAYFHdtlEyAgQIECBAgAABArUREFjUpqkUlAABAgQIECBAgEB1BQQW1W0bJSNAgAABAgQIECBQGwGBRW2aSkEJECBAgAABAgQIVFdAYFHdtlEyAgQIECBAgAABArUREFjUpqkUlAABAgQIECBAgEB1BQQW1W0bJSNAgAABAgQIECBQGwGBRW2aSkEJECBAgAABAgQIVFdAYFHdtlEyAgT6LHDhwoV08eLFPl/V5aok4DVQpdZQFgIE6iYgsKhbiykvAQKlCbzzzjtpeHg47d+/X4BRmnK1M/YaqHb7KB0BAtUWEFhUu32UjgCBPgps3Lgxffnll8UVBRh9hK/QpbwGKtQYikKAQO0EBBa1azIFJkCgTIH58+enbdu2CTDKRK543l4DFW8gxSNAoLICAovKNo2CESAwSAEfLgepX41rew1Uox2UggCB+ggILOrTVkpKgMAABHy4HAB6xS7pNVCxBlEcAgQqKyCwqGzTKBgBAlUS8OGySq0xmLJ4DQzG3VUJEKiPwDX1KaqSEiBQF4GhoaG6FHVW5Xz44YdT/Ej5CtT5NTAyMpJvw6k5AQKlCAgsSmGVKYG8BZr8geXs2bPpwIED6eTJk2nnzp1p/fr1ac6cObVs8AgAm9xWZTVKk14DZRnJlwCBPAV0hcqz3dWaAIFpCsSHyR07dqRNmzalFStWpFOnTqWYmrSuQcU0q+/wlJLXgJcBAQIEOgsILDr72EuAQOYCPkxm/gIQUHgBECBAoGsBgUXXVA4kQCAnAQFFTq3dvq5eA+1dbCVAgMBkAgKLyWRsJ0AgSwEfJrNs9nGV9hoYx+EJAQIEuhYQWHRN5UACBJoucOjQIWMomt7IU9Rv//79XgNTGNlNgACByQTMCjWZjO0ECGQn8P3vfz/dc889BmRn1/JfV/i+++5LW7Zs8Rr4msQjAgQIdC0gsOiayoEECDRdIBZAkyYXiC5Cc+fOTQsXLpz8oJrv8RqoeQMqPgECAxUQWAyU38UJECAwOIGtW7cWU6guWbKkYyEuXLiQtm3blhYsWJA+//zz4tgILn7yk58kH8Q70tlJgACBrAQEFlk1t8oSIEDga4FbbrklffLJJ6lTYBFBRazX8dxzz6WVK1cWJ8e2559/Pq1bty4dPXq00XcwvtbyiAABAgSmEjB4eyoh+wkQINBQgdtvvz39+7//+6S1u3LlShFUPPXUU6NBRRzculsR2+NOhkSAAAECBEJAYOF1QIAAgUwFli1bVnRvipmQJqYIKrZv3542b96c1qxZM3F38by1PcZeSAQIECBAQGDhNUCAAIGMBZ599tn0P//zP+kf//Ef04kTJ9LFixeLnwgqIsUMSZ1Sp25Unc6zjwABAgSaJyCwaF6bqhEBAgS6FojB1y+++GL6p3/6p/TKK6+k4eHhYuzE+vXr0wsvvNBx2tW4q7Fnz560aNGirq/nQAIECBBoroDB281tWzUjQIBAVwJz5swpxlLEIO0IJrpNb775Znr66ac7Bh/d5uU4AgQIEKi/gDsW9W9DNSBAgMBABGLg99///d8P5NouWp7A0NBQqsJPeTWUMwECZQm4Y1GWrHwJlCgQ//QlAoMUiClnI8UA8G5SHH/58uWOU9t2k49jyhUYGRkp9wJyJ0Cg0QICi0Y3r8o1UcA//ia2av3q9M477xTdp6YqeYzDePLJJ4uF+GKBvQ8++CD97d/+bfqHf/iHdNttt011uv0ECBAgUCMBXaFq1FiKSoAAgSoJXHvttR2L05qydvHixenYsWPF+I3XX389xfMHH3wwnT59uuP5dhIgQIBAvQQEFvVqL6UlQIBAJQRuuOGGdOjQoY5lidW6582bN24RvZiF6oc//GERaMQCfTG9rUSAAAECzRAQWDSjHdWiZgJfffVVzUqsuATGC6xcuXJ0cb24MzExHT16NEV3qV27dk3cVTyP1bv37duXTp482Xa/jQRmKhDvr3FXTCJAoP8CAov+m7ti5gIrVqxIBw4c8E1t5q+DJlR/79696dy5c2nt2rXF3YsYoB1BRgQVzzzzTIoVvWMq28nSN7/5zcl22U5gRgLx+ov3Vws3zojPSQRmLSCwmDWhDAhMT6A1YNU3tdNzc3T1BCJo2L17d/q3f/u3FGtaxEJ5c+fOTR999FGKsRRxV6JTeu2119K3v/3tTofYR2BaAjFRQKTvfve70zrPwQQI9EZgaGTCFDMxjeWETb25klwIEBgViL7pP/jBD9KRI0e6mlln9EQPCDREIMZWrFu3Lp06darjXY2GVFc1+iDgfbUPyC5BIKVinZvJYgXTzXqJEBiAwObNm1PMqBPdReJb23vuuSetWrXKB6wBtIVLDkbg8OHDKf4OOnWVGkzJXLVOAhGg/vrXv07Hjx8vxuu88cYbac2aNXWqgrISaJSAOxaNak6VqaPAmTNn0scff5xWr16dYsYciUAOAtElMLpLdfOaj37z58+fL7paCURyeHV0X8ezZ8+mDz/8sOhS1+1ijd3n7kgCBNoJdOrdZIxFOzHbCPRRIP4Zbty4sasPWH0slksRKE0gPgzecsstXb3mYyB4jNuIAbnxO2aZim+nJQIhEIO04/1TUOH1QKAaAgKLarSDUhAgQCArgVjfYqoUs0pFV8Evv/yyGCR++fLlYrXumKY29kkECBAgUC0BXaGq1R5KQ4AAgcYLRL/44eHhImCYrCtUrMr9yCOPtO0uFV2jtm/fnv75n/85xXoaEgECBAj0T0BXqP5ZuxIBAgR6KhBv4FX66UXlIpg4ePBgeuyxx9qu5xLrYcSq3C+99FLb7lIxzuKhhx7SJaoXjSEPAgQI9FBAV6geYsqKAAECZQjEtH5V+Oll3WJGqJgJLdYbiGlCYxKDSPE7+sy/9dZbHRc5i/EWEgECBAhUS8B0s9VqD6UhQIBANgIRXNx6663pv//7v4t1XaLiGzZsSM8///yUg3E/+eSTtHjx4mys+lnRuENWpTTZfPlVKqOyECDwJwFjLLwSCBAgUGGBTn1Z+13sKpXlzjvvTP/yL/8yZQDSb6MmXK9K7VylsjShbdWBQC8EOv1d6grVC2F5ECBAgEDfBFrdpkwx2jdyFyJAgEBXAgKLrpgcRIAAAQJVEXj11VfTgw8+2HVxYjB4zEQlESBAgEC5ArpClesrdwIECMxKoNMt51llPIOTq1KWblftjoX4duzYkRYsWJA++OCDYlG+mJ42pqmVJheoSjtHCatUlsnF7CGQl0Cnv0uBRV6vBbUlQKBmAp3ewPtdlaqUpZtyRFBx8803F7NLtda6iC5Ue/bsKVbw3rt3b4ppa6WrBbrxvfqscrZUqSzl1FCuBOon0OnvUleo+rWnEhMgQCBrgZg5KhbQmyxF16dNmzaNCyri2BiT8Z//+Z/FnYsXX3xxstNtJ0CAAIEZCrhjMUM4pxEgQKAfAp2+GerH9cdeoypliTsPDzzwQDp69GhauHDh2CKm1qrct9xyS9q2bdu4fa0ncUysg2Ea05bI+N9VaecoVZXKMl7JMwL5CnT6u3THIt/XhZoTIECglgJx5+G5555La9asSU899dTo4noxQHv79u3pW9/61qRBRVRYF6haNrtCEyBQAwGBRQ0aSREJECBAYLxAjJuIhfWuu+664u5FfIO2bt26tH79+vT444+PP3jCswhAli9fPmGrpwQIECAwWwFdoWYr6HwCBAiUKNDplnOJl22bdZXK0raAXW48dOhQ+t3vftfxrkaXWU15WAQxcYekTndJqtTOVSrLlI3tAAKZCHT6u3THIpMXgWoSIECAQCrGYOzfvz/Fyt39SIcPH0533HFHMR4kxnZIBAgQaLKAwKLJratuBAgQIDBO4L333itmhZo46HvcQT18EgPIX3rppfT2228LMHroKisCBKopILCoZrsoFQECBAiUIPD++++ne+65p4ScJ89yyZIlaffu3QKMyYnsIUCgIQICi4Y0pGoQIECAwNQC586dSzfddNPUB5ZwhACjBFRZEiBQKQGBRaWaQ2EIECBAoEyBpUuXphMnTpR5iSnzFmBMSeQAAgRqKmBWqJo2nGITIJCHQKfZN/otUKWyzLTuMUtTTEsb62DElLVVSGfPnk0HDhxIJ0+eTDt37iymzB3kLFJVaucqlaUKrxVlIFAFgU5/lwKLKrSQMhAgQGASgU5v4JOcUtrmKpVlNpW8cOFCMdXs8ePHZ5NN7c+dbOXxKrVzlcpS+wZXAQI9Euj0d6krVI+QZUOAAAEC9RCIGaFefvnl9MQTTxQL5f3mN79J8SF7UD9ffvll2rdvX10MmS0AAA8NSURBVIEXv+N5P8pSj9ZSSgIE6iQgsKhTaykrAQIECPREILoa/fSnPy26RG3atKlYZ6InGU8jk+iWFWtqDA8PF2dFQBHT086fP38auTiUAAEC1REQWFSnLZSEAAECBPosEOMsXn/99fTaa6+l+++/P8WH/bKTgKJsYfkTIDAoAYHFoORdlwABAgQqIRB3CF544YW0atWqYmD36dOnSymXgKIUVpkSIFAhAYFFhRpDUQgQIEBgcAKbN28uFrF75JFHii5KV65c6UlhBBQ9YZQJAQI1EBBY1KCRFJEAAQIE+iMQa0ycOnUqxUJ69957b4oZpGaTjh49agzFbACdS4BArQRMN1ur5lJYAgRyE+g0rV+/LapUln7UPRbSW7t2bXrjjTfSmjVrZnTJCEzmzp1bqwHZVWrnKpVlRi8AJxFooECnv0uBRQMbXJUIEGiOQKc38H7Xskpl6VfdIzDYtWtXmjdvXvF7kAvX9avOVWrnKpWlX/6uQ6DqAp3+LnWFqnrrKR8BAgQIDEwg1rzYu3dvWrx4cbrjjjvSmTNnBlYWFyZAgEDVBdyxqHoLKR8BAlkLdPpmqN8wVSpLv+se14ug4oEHHijWmoiB3k1NVWrnKpWlqe2tXgSmK9Dp71JgMV1NxxMgQKCPAp3ewPtYjOJSVSpLv+veul7M8PTYY48VT5988skUdzSalqrUzlUqS9PaWX0IzFSg09+lrlAzVXUeAQIECGQn0FrzYv369Wnjxo0pBnhLBAgQIPAnAXcsvBIIECBQYYFO3wz1u9hVKku/697uemfPnk07duxIt912W4q1L5oysLtK7VylsrR7DdhGIEeBTn+X7ljk+IpQZwIECBCYtUCsefHyyy8X+cSaFxFoSAQIEMhZwB2LnFtf3QkQqLxAfDNUpTQyMlKl4lSmLNEl6oknnkg7d+4sukhVpmAzKEinbyNnkN2sTqlSWWZVEScTaJBAp79LgUWDGlpVCBAgQGBwAmPXvIgAI8Zj1DF1+tDQ7/pUqSz9rrvrEaiqQKe/S12hqtpqykWAAAECtRJorXmxdOnStG7dulqveREfHKrwU6sXgMISIJDcsfAiIECAAAECPRZorXkR611s2bKlMQO7e8wkOwIEaijgjkUNG02RCRAgQKC+AsuWLUunTp1K586dS9u3b0/RTUoiQIBA0wV0hWp6C6sfAQIECAxEIKaf3b17d4o1LxYtWmTNi4G0gosSINBPAV2h+qntWgQIECCQpUDcsdi2bVvj1rzIsjFVmkDmArpCZf4CUH0CBAgQGKxADOxurXlxxx13WPNisM3h6gQIlCTgjkVJsLIlQIAAAQLtBE6fPl2s1B13MGJwt0SAAIE6CXS6YyGwqFNLKisBAgQINELg4sWL6bHHHivq8qMf/SjFFLUSAQIE6iAgsKhDKykjAQIECGQn8LOf/ay4exEV37p1a5o3b15asWJFuuGGG9KCBQvSkiVLsjNRYQIEqi0gsKh2+ygdAQIECGQscP/996eTJ0+me++9N61evTpdunQpffTRR+m3v/1tOnDgQNqwYUMRYMRdjRtvvDHddNNNxSxTMeuURIAAgX4LCCz6Le56BAgQIECgS4GzZ8+m++67L33ve99LH3/8cdq/f3+Kwd6tFDNKffHFF8W+zz77rFgbY8+ePengwYPGaLSQ/CZAoG8CAou+UbsQAQIECBCYvsCOHTuKLlDXXnttWrt2bTpy5EjauHHj9DNyBgECBEoWEFiUDCx7AgQIECAwG4EYzL1u3bpite4vv/wy7dq1qxhvEb91eZqNrHMJEOi1QKfAwsrbvdaWHwECBAgQmKbA/Pnzi25NL774YtENau/evWnx4sUp1rw4c+bMNHNzOAECBAYjYLrZwbi7KgECBAgQGCcQdy2Gh4dT3LGIQCNSBBUPPPBAsWq3NS/GcXlCgMCABNyxGBC8yxIgQIAAgW4FIpjYt29fOnz48Ogpy5YtS6+//nr68MMPU8weFQO5JQIECFRVQFeoqraMchEgQIBAdgIxO9ShQ4dS3L1opQg4du/endavX18M6D5x4kRrl98ECBColICuUJVqDoUhQIAAgdwFjh49Wqxj8fjjj19FEVPTxgxSt912W7GwnoHdVxHZQIBAyQK6QpUMLHsCBAgQINArgbgzcezYsRRBxMQUK3G//PLLxeZYUK/dMRPP8ZwAAQL9EtAVql/SrkOAAAECBLoQiLsQO3fuLFbdbnd47I+7GQ8++GDatGlTijscEgECBKogoCtUFVpBGQgQIECAwBiBK1euFFPNRtAwdhXuMYcUD2Mwd2vNiwhGWrNJTTzOcwIECPRKQFeoXknKhwABAgQI9EEg7krEbFAx/WynFEHHCy+8kJYuXVossGfNi05a9hEgULaAOxZlC8ufAAECBAj0QaC15kWsd7FlyxYrdvfB3CUI5CjgjkWOra7OBAgQIJCVQKx5cerUqXTu3Lm0fft2a15k1foqS6AaAgZvV6MdlIIAAQIECMxaILpQtda8WLRoUbLmxaxJZUCAwDQEdIWaBpZDCRAgQIBAXQRiYPe2bduseVGXBlNOAjUR0BWqJg2lmAQIECBAoFcCMbA71rz4xje+UcwwZc2LXsnKhwCByQTcsZhMxnYCBAgQINAQgdOnTxcrdccdjBjcLREgQGCmAp3uWAgsZqrqPAIECBAgUCOBixcvpscee6wo8bPPPjvlmhfx4WGmaWRkZKanOo8AgYoLdAosDN6ueOMpHgECBAgQ6IVALJ4Xa16sWrWqWPMiAo1OKYKDmf50ytc+AgSaK+CORXPbVs0IECBAgEBbgRjY3WlF77Yn2UiAAIGUUqc7FgILLxECBAgQIECAAAECBLoS6BRY6ArVFaGDCBAgQIBAXgLRVSoGfXeaTSrufMRaGVeuXMkLR20JEGgrILBoy2IjAQIECBDIU+DMmTPpzjvvTMPDw+n2229P//Vf/9UWIgKOWIRv7dq16fz5822PsZEAgbwEBBZ5tbfaEiBAgACBjgLLli1Ljz766Ogxly5dGn089sHbb789+vT6668ffewBAQL5Cggs8m17NSdAgAABAm0FVq5cmbZu3Vrsm6wr1JtvvlnsP3LkyJRT17a9iI0ECDROQGDRuCZVIQIECBAgMHuBefPmFZkcP378qsxibMWBAwfS008/nTZu3HjVfhsIEMhTQGCRZ7urNQECBAgQ6Chw3XXXTbp/7969xR2NRx55ZNJj7CBAID+Ba/KrshoTIECAAAECUwn81V/9VdtDDh06VMwU9fLLL6c5c+a0PcZGAgTyFBBY5Nnuak2AAAECBKYtENPP7t+/Px09elRQMW09JxBovoDAovltrIYECBAgQGBWAjGm4tNPP03R9SmCCqt2z4rTyQQaKyCwaGzTqhgBAgQIEJi5wNKlS0dP/tWvflWsV/H+++8LKkZVPCBAYKKAwdsTRTwnQIAAAQIExgnEInhvvfVWijUuJAIECEwm4I7FZDK2EyBAgAABAoXAG2+8kWJti25TrH0RC+h9+OGHacWKFWn16tXWuugWz3EEaizgjkWNG0/RCRAgQIBAWQKt1bT37duX1qxZ0/Vlzpw5k26++eZikHdMWfvMM8+k4eHhFNslAgSaLTA0MjIyMraKQ0NDacKmsbs9JkCAAAECBDIROHHixLSCiosXL6Z169alb37zm+nYsWOF0pUrV9LcuXPTo48+mnbv3p2JnGoSaK5Ap1hBV6jmtruaESBAgACBWQlM505FXOjkyZPp3XffTUeOHCnWumhdfOvWra2HfhMg0GABgUWDG1fVCBAgQIBAPwViXEWku+6666rLxh0LiQCBZgsILJrdvmpHgAABAgT6JvDVV1+lDRs2jHaDigtHV6jz58+nRYsW9a0cLkSAwGAEDN4ejLurEiBAgACBxgl861vfSsePH08x1iJSBBXbt29PmzZtKh43rsIqRIDAOAGDt8dxeEKAAAECBAjMVCBmfrr11lvT8uXL0+bNm9MvfvGLItCINTCmM13tTK/vPAIEyhfoNHhbYFG+vysQIECAAIFsBCK4ePXVV9Nvf/vbtGrVqvQ3f/M3VuvOpvVVNAcBgUUOrayOBAgQIECAAAECBEoW6BRYGGNRMr7sCRAgQIAAAQIECOQgILDIoZXVkQABAgQIECBAgEDJAgKLkoFlT4AAAQIECBAgQCAHAYFFDq2sjgQIECBAgAABAgRKFhBYlAwsewIECBAgQIAAAQI5CAgscmhldSRAgAABAgQIECBQsoDAomRg2RMgQIAAAQIECBDIQUBgkUMrqyMBAgQIECBAgACBkgUEFiUDy54AAQIECBAgQIBADgICixxaWR0JECBAgAABAgQIlCwgsCgZWPYECBAgQIAAAQIEchAQWOTQyupIgAABAgQIECBAoGQBgUXJwLInQIAAAQIECBAgkIOAwCKHVlZHAgQIECBAgAABAiULCCxKBpY9AQIECBAgQIAAgRwEBBY5tLI6EiBAgAABAgQIEChZQGBRMrDsCRAgQIAAAQIECOQgILDIoZXVkQABAgQIECBAgEDJAgKLkoFlT4AAAQIECBAgQCAHAYFFDq2sjgQIECBAgAABAgRKFhBYlAwsewIECBAgQIAAAQI5CAgscmhldSRAgAABAgQIECBQsoDAomRg2RMgQIAAAQIECBDIQUBgkUMrqyMBAgQIECBAgACBkgUEFiUDy54AAQIECBAgQIBADgICixxaWR0JECBAgAABAgQIlCwgsCgZWPYECBAgQIAAAQIEchAQWOTQyupIgAABAgQIECBAoGQBgUXJwLInQIAAAQIECBAgkIOAwCKHVlZHAgQIECBAgAABAiULCCxKBpY9AQIECBAgQIAAgRwEBBY5tLI6EiBAgAABAgQIEChZQGBRMrDsCRAgQIAAAQIECOQgILDIoZXVkQABAgQIECBAgEDJAgKLkoFlT4AAAQIECBAgQCAHAYFFDq2sjgQIECBAgAABAgRKFhBYlAwsewIECBAgQIAAAQI5CAyNjIyMtCo6NDTUeug3AQIECBAgQIAAAQIE2gqMCSFG918z+iil1O6Asfs9JkCAAAECBAgQIECAQDsBXaHaqdhGgAABAgQIECBAgMC0BAQW0+JyMAECBAgQIECAAAEC7QT+P/aT3EPgOtJMAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" alt></p>
<p>Label the diagram by inserting the <strong>four</strong> missing particle symbols.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Carbon-14 (C-14) is a radioactive isotope which undergoes beta minus (β<sup>–</sup>) decay to the stable isotope nitrogen-14 (N-14). Energy is released during this decay. Explain why the mass of a C-14 nucleus and the mass of a N-14 nucleus are slightly different even though they have the same nucleon number.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>charge: –1«e» <em><strong>or</strong></em> negative <em><strong>or</strong></em> K<sup>−</sup></p>
<p><em>Negative signs required.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>correct symbols for both missing quarks</p>
<p>exchange particle and electron labelled W <em><strong>or</strong></em> W<sup>–</sup> and e <em><strong>or</strong></em> e<sup>–</sup><br><em>Do not allow W<sup>+</sup> or e<sup>+</sup> or β<sup>+</sup> Allow β or β<sup>–</sup></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>decay products include an electron that has mass<br><em><strong>OR <br></strong></em>products have energy that has a mass equivalent<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>mass/mass defect/binding energy converted to mass/energy of decay products</p>
<p><strong> «so»</strong></p>
<p>mass C-14 > mass N-14<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>mass of <em>n</em> > mass of <em>p<br><strong>OR<br></strong></em>mass of <em>d</em> > mass of <em>u</em></p>
<p><em>Accept reference to “lighter” and “heavier” in mass.<br>Do not accept implied comparison, eg “C-14 has greater mass”. Comparison must be explicit as stated in scheme.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A possible decay of a lambda particle (<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\Lambda ^0}">
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
<mn>0</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>) is shown by the Feynman diagram.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the quark structures of a meson and a baryon.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain which interaction is responsible for this decay.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw arrow heads on the lines representing <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\bar u}">
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯</mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</math></span> and d in the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\pi ^ - }">
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>π</mi>
<mo>−</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the exchange particle in this decay.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline <strong>one</strong> benefit of international cooperation in the construction or use of high-energy particle accelerators.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Meson:</em> quark-antiquark pair<br><em>Baryon:</em> 3 quarks</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>Alternative 1</strong></em></p>
<p>strange quark changes «flavour» to an up quark</p>
<p>changes in quarks/strangeness happen only by the weak interaction</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Alternative 2</strong></em></p>
<p>Strangeness is not conserved in this decay «because the strange quark changes to an up quark»</p>
<p>Strangeness is not conserved during the weak interaction</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not allow a bald answer of weak interaction.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>arrows drawn in the direction shown</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Both needed for <strong>[1]</strong> mark.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>W <sup>−</sup></em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not allow W or W<sup>+</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>it lowers the cost to individual nations, as the costs are shared</p>
<p>international co-operation leads to international understanding <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>historical example of co-operation <strong><em>OR</em> </strong>co-operation always allows science to proceed</p>
<p>large quantities of data are produced that are more than one institution/research group can handle co-operation allows effective analysis</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Any one.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>One possible fission reaction of uranium-235 (U-235) is</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>92</mn><mn>235</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>+</mo><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>→</mo><mmultiscripts><mi>Xe</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>54</mn><mn>140</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>+</mo><mmultiscripts><mi>Sr</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>38</mn><mn>94</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></mmultiscripts></math></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Mass of one atom of U-235 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>235</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi></math><br>Binding energy per nucleon for U-235 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>59</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math><br>Binding energy per nucleon for Xe-140 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>29</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math><br>Binding energy per nucleon for Sr-94 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>59</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A nuclear power station uses U-235 as fuel. Assume that every fission reaction of U-235 gives rise to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>180</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math> of energy.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A sample of waste produced by the reactor contains <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kg</mi></math> of strontium-94 (Sr-94). Sr-94 is radioactive and undergoes beta-minus (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">β</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math>) decay into a daughter nuclide X. The reaction for this decay is</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi>Sr</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>38</mn><mn>94</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>→</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>e</mi></math>.</p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The graph shows the variation with time of the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="576" height="367"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by binding energy of a nucleus.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why quantities such as atomic mass and nuclear binding energy are often expressed in non-SI units.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the energy released in the reaction is about <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>180</mn><mo> </mo><mi>MeV</mi></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>kg</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math>, the specific energy of U-235.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The power station has a useful power output of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo> </mo><mi>GW</mi></math> and an efficiency of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>36</mn><mo> </mo><mo>%</mo></math>. Determine the mass of U-235 that undergoes fission in one day.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write down the proton number of nuclide X.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the half-life of Sr-94.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample after <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>10</mn></math> minutes.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">energy required to </span><span class="fontstyle2">«</span><span class="fontstyle0">completely</span><span class="fontstyle2">» </span><span class="fontstyle0">separate the nucleons<br></span><span class="fontstyle3"><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br></span><span class="fontstyle0">energy released when a nucleus is formed from its constituent nucleons </span><span class="fontstyle4">✓</span></p>
<p><em><span class="fontstyle5"><br>Allow protons </span><span class="fontstyle3"><strong>AND</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle5">neutrons.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">the values </span><span class="fontstyle2">«</span><span class="fontstyle0">in SI units</span><span class="fontstyle2">» </span><span class="fontstyle0">would be very small </span><span class="fontstyle3">✓</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle3"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>140</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>29</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>94</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>59</mn><mo>-</mo><mn>235</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>59</mn></math> <em><strong>OR </strong></em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>184</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>MeV</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle3">see <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi>energy</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>180</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>6</mn></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>60</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>19</mn></mrow></msup></math> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi>mass</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>235</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>66</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>27</mn></mrow></msup></math> ✓</span></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>13</mn></msup><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>kg</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">energy produced in one day<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>9</mn></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>3600</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>36</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>14</mn></msup><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">mass<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>14</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>13</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>kg</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>39</mn></math> </span><span class="fontstyle2">✓</span></p>
<p><em><span class="fontstyle3"><br>Do not allow <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>39</mn><mn>94</mn></mmultiscripts></math> unless the proton number is indicated.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>75</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>»</mo></math> <span class="fontstyle3">✓</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1</strong></em></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>10</mn><mo> </mo><mi>min</mi></math><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>8</mn><mo> </mo><msub><mi>t</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math> ✓</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">mass remaining<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mfenced><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mfenced><mn>8</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>«</mo><mi>kg</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2</strong></em></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">decay constant<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>ln</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow><mn>75</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">mass remaining<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>600</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>kg</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✓</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The first scientists to identify alpha particles by a direct method were Rutherford and Royds. They knew that radium-226 (<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{86}^{226}{\text{Ra}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>86</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>226</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ra</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>) decays by alpha emission to form a nuclide known as radon (Rn).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write down the missing values in the nuclear equation for this decay.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxUAAABpCAYAAABMFQ4tAAAdaUlEQVR4Ae3dD3CUd53H8U9i5XoK2KntTJ9QlWm5hN5A9Uwsc4q6hLJ4WpRJxGqdJJhM/zjg1TKwGAqKtE0Ogum1FmvtbAxJWwVuM1Sud5Ia3DupDsxGqzAHm0GHIuzGsa1AYi202efmyf57drPZJLBhN7tvZpjs7vPb3/P7vX7PJs93n+f3/RWZpmmKfwgggAACCCCAAAIIIIDAJQoUX+L7eBsCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggMCxAUMGBgAACCCCAAAIIIIAAApclQFBxWXy8GQEEEEAAAQQQQAABBK5KJigqKkp+iecIIIAAAggggAACCCCAQIKAfWr2iKDC2mgFFvZCCe/mCQIIIIAAAggggAACCBSsQKpYgdufCvZwoOMIIIAAAggggAACCGRGgKAiM47UggACCCCAAAIIIIBAwQoQVBTs0NNxBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQyI0BQkRlHakEAAQQQQAABBBBAoGAFCCoKdujpOAIIIIAAAggggAACmREgqMiMI7UggAACCCCAAAIIIFCwAgQVBTv0dBwBBBBAAAEEEEAAgcwIEFRkxpFaEEAAAQQQQAABBBAoWAGCioIdejqOAAIIIIAAAggggEBmBAgqMuNILQgggAACCCCAAAIIFKwAQUXBDj0dRwABBBBAAAEEEEAgMwIEFZlxpBYEEEAAAQQQQAABBApWgKCiYIeejiOAAAIIIIAAAgggkBkBgorMOFILAggggAACCCCAAAIFK0BQUbBDT8cRQAABBBBAAAEEEMiMAEFFZhypBQEEEEAAAQQQQACBghUgqCjYoafjCCCAAAIIIIAAAghkRoCgIjOO1IIAAggggAACCCCAQMEKEFQU7NDTcQQQQAABBBBAAAEEMiNAUJEZR2pBAAEEEEAAAQQQQKBgBQgqCnbo6TgCCCCAAAIIIIAAApkRIKjIjCO1IIAAAggggAACCCBQsAIEFQU79HQcAQQQQAABBBBAAIHMCBBUZMaRWhBAAAEEEEAAAQQQKFgBgoqCHXo6jgACCCCAAAIIIIBAZgQIKjLjSC0IIIAAAggggAACCBSsAEFFwQ49HUcAAQQQQAABBBBAIDMCBBWZcaQWBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQKVoCgomCHno4jgAACCCCAAAIIIJAZAYKKzDhSCwI5IxAK9qpre51KiopUNPx/qda3/ad6gxdHtjEUVG/XdtWVRMuWaNH6p/V8b1ChkaWl5PIlddre1atgysKpKuA1BBBAAAEEEMhHgSLTNM3kjlknIileTi7GcwQQyDGB0Jku3f2RarUFUzTMsVk9zzWq0pgW3hh6RV1336HqtqMpCjvV2NOmhytnKfbNw+BRta36kho6kssbcrTs1b61t2l6ipp4CQEEEEAAAQTySyBVrBA7X8ivrtIbBApR4FV5H29SW9ApV/shBYbM4S8HTHNIA8faVet/Sg89+7IGh2lCOu99SqvbXpPD1SFf4EKkrClz4IjctQE1P7RbvxmMXoJ4U327t6ihQ6ptPRipe0gDfo9cDsm7brt2971ZiOj0GQEEEEAAAQSk+JeQaCCAwBQXOP877e/sleFarwfrbpMR+8qgWNNLF+iT8yXvi0cVGI4TXpdvf7eCxkptevDLKo9evbAIps/Rwk/eInl/pd8GIrdMhU7q4K6DMuq/rab7Pxap26p3uR7ctFKGDmrXwZOpb5ma4qw0HwEEEEAAAQTGFrhq7CKUQACBKSEws1JbA6a2pmvskRM6PRhS6czrVLnVJzNt4T/If3pQKr1aoRO/1K7uEtX0fEKzYsGKtaNizaxsUsBsSrdXtiGAAAIIIIBAngsknB7keV/pHgKFKzAYkP9IUEbN7aqYOdbHflCn/X+QDKeWVlwrKaTB0yd0ZFjvgoK9nVq/qCQ8CZyJ2oV7TNFzBBBAAAEEbAJjnV3YivIQAQSmpsBFnflZlzqD5apZeqtmjtGJ0Jn/1bPWbVSxAOSi+k+eUFDv1dv7XSqvqNU2b2QmeLBD66qX6a6NL46ZAert3u2aE8tIFc02NcbPRevV1vW8DvSdH6PVbJ5aAoPq3b4okp1sjGMgdsyEM5N1dXnVF5vrM7V6TWsRQACBfBYgqMjn0aVvCFhXGY7/SBtWd6mssVlfd1yX3mTwqNo3fEttZZv1zNcXJgUg3Wrd9jstiU3UtiZ1H5PHNV/e5sf07G/Opq/7UrZ6t6mherkWl31MdY++NGbgcim74D1TRSAo77Z7VF29SGWlX9Gjh0dJezxVukM7EUAAgTwTIKjIswGlOwjEBayAolOrKlfqxSXNenLDYtvk7Xip2KNoytgXb5P7yQfiqWdjBSTD9Zi++0B0orY1qXuuqh5cL5fxglp3/1qTdz3hqDrWrNBdrYcj2atsjeJh4QkEO7Rmwd1q7Z2EQLbwNOkxAgggkBEBgoqMMFIJArkmYA8o2nVgR43mTk/zcbcHFAceVf3cVDdJGZpfVjLqWhTBl0+qP5qBNi3Hzar1nIqnsDWjqW+Tfg4F5Nv7A7kcRqS2oLytHeo+k2IRv7T7Y2NuC9wrT+CtMY+HoYBPe90uOWKdeUGt3zugM+M65mJv4gECCCCAwCQJpDnLmKQ9Ui0CCEyywHn1dW3UslsadarGI2/agCKkwb4urV/mVMOpZfJ4UwUU03TD7DmKntpPcuPj1RcbKv/c3dq6b69aooFFsEtP7f8DqWvjSgXzqNgo1+fqm7XP1xoLLIJtP9b+E6yPUjAHAR1FAIGcFiCoyOnhoXEITFAgdEYHNqxQWfU+vb91j55rrlLpqFcoLip44CEtK6tW5/sf1KHnNquqNNUVimLNrLhdNUZQR176vxHzGkL9J/Vy0JDzzo9qzmT8RpleoXuG18KwLII64g9wC9QED4v8KV6s6eU12uQqj3QpkvY4fzpITxBAAIEpKzAZpwBTFoOGIzC1Bc6qt/VeLW4+IkeLWzvscx9GdCykwd4dumvxZnkdrdq346u6zb4AXnL5mbdqaU25gm3f0ob2o/GT+sHj2uvepW4t1J0LZ0/SaprFetd7rtW7Im0K9p/VX5PbN/zcuuriVVfX0/GUt8mZgw70xduesg5ezH2Bq/We62dEmnlW/Wf/ZmuyPavUfeoKvi2Fgup9/jltr5tvyzY1X3Xbd5FVzCbHQwQQQOByBQgqLleQ9yOQKwLnf63drS8Mf5vvXbdAM2In1PaUnV9QW591u8jrOrz7WXmttnvXqGLGO2wnXNHyJVradjxyq9F1cny9WY2O19TRMD9e94xbVL0toFr3N/WF0qsnSSKkN869rjcitRs3XKN3J+8pFNThR7+i0rJFqq6+J57yNlYukjlocZlK63bocDBb8zLeVF/bF1RSt1PHM5wWNdTXpqXWmC9tU19snkF4f0VF9rG0lh45rral1loj0eMhDDV5dcQGIgMP3tS5Pw9E6rlGN1zz96PWGQp0a8PiclUs/7LWdRy1lTuqjnVfDGcVa7MFybYSE3kYTpccCWIm8sZUZa/42EzsGEnVZF5DAAEELAGCCo4DBPJCIKTzvp+pM7J8xJhdOv877e/sHbOYvUCxsURN+7zqsU+Wdbjk7vFoR/28USdw2+u4lMehYI/+7aF2hbuWarK4dYXmbi1Y0xEpk34vwY7VWv7vBycxU1W6/V+t0s/fp5oXV6pyVWfGA4t0e86PbdYtezv00LbosXuTym6cPkrXntKKis+oObqmSspSR9XRsEW7hwPtlAV4cYICoWCvnm9br0WxLzWWan3bgaS1Rc6qd/sd4S8yEoLgCe6M4gggkFsCZop/kpWIg38IIIBA5gTe8rWYN0umdLNZ6zk1dsUDfrNnT4tZa1jvifw3Vpme0xcS3jvkd5vO2PZas8XjMwND9iJD5oC/x3S7nLZ6Gs2ecwmF7G+Y5McXzNOeVaYhmUZtu3lsIFvtmORupq1+wPS1OCLjca/pCbyVtrRpWmP4c3NPS+2wW/R4MOo95ukEPnu90WMm6ZgYCpg+j/24Mkyn+5iZUM0YrUneHD62x9OP5Hfm0fOhgHmo1Rofw3S4OkxfIPw5HQocNFtr55nxsRoyB3ytpmP4M/sZs8X3lzxCoCsIFI5AqlghZfSQqmDhMNFTBBCYDIF4UGELEqLBwLh+zjPrPSeTTv7+ZvrdKyInp+Wmq+fPozd96JjpdhqRsg6zxTcwetnJ3jJ00vTUzwu3xbHZ7ImcgE32bnOn/hQn/+M6BmzHTooA0zST6k1ZxlKIB3bDAUqtxwxcBk7BBxUDR0x3rXU8zzNr3UfMEZ+sgUNmi+Mu0+3/m2nGjn3DdLQcGln2MsaBtyKAwJUTSBUrcPtTbl04ojUIIJBSwCmXZ48eq/pA0j2bV6u0fndkjQOftlamWTG8+EZ9cElZytqv+IvFH9Dyh1vVaKXK9W7W4vK7WSF6IoPgaJTH26SqWdPSvMuQ8+HVWp6yzDTNur1KNdE8yf1nNRCbh5KmSjaNFIiucdNxVEb9t9W0MsWtkNP/UYs+c07/c/SMzuxt0eq2o5JjnbbfVzFpt02ObCivIIDAZAtcNdk7oH4EEEDgUgWM2hY9/rkK3er8RJrUuGlqtzL/7PuVXhkK6eyhp9WwbXhqepo3XLlNxcZibXiyWWcqV6pjeIXofvV7HtOmqrmcaKUchnmqbWnU5z5cIWdl6TiMyrTkgzcmBaG2it/1Hl0fTSn2+9fDQQVfs9mAxvPwrHq//w01WJPgjVV6YssdmpXS8GqV3DRbp176njb8aIeCmqf6r1Xpn0ZNdz2efVMGAQRyTSDlxz/XGkl7EEAgnwRGWVHbWkHb06La6LfHDpcervusPlXlGF9AMdinA13/obb1S+OZrN5Roorl1aquXqGGbd05hlis6XNrtGNfdDG3bm2rviXL2amyQZR6RW1rBW1PS21k0UVDDtcDqvvsHaoaV0Bh9eN6XTuD780mb0SttNQ/1Np1Vsa5dFeFoi14W97WVnUENXxFY8vy5KuO0XL8RACBqSpAUDFVR452I5BvAtYK2lVr9cPe7shtQdvUsLhaqx59acSCe4ldv6jg4R2qKy3T4kkJHv6orro58UAlltUmmnr3cn6+QzMq1oRT+0Y6ZWWnWlBSpe29ZxO7WWDPrBW0q9Y+rd6ezXLISgncoMWOr03gNrFrdU3Gggr7+hcjx/udFev0ez2l6pJ3jnqczNneq7fzagxtaaknsk5N2isaeQVEZxAoOAGCioIbcjqMQG4LRG8LCl+xOKqONffpG/YF9xKaH1nEb8Hq4W9AEzbJul3mWXk8Hnk8L8gXOK2e2ErMiSV5lqsC02RUPqAn3fXhKxbWbWLLN6r9+PlcbXDBtCvU9xNtjaT2NVz36fPp1qkZ/LWe/e5PxnlFo2AI6SgCeSdAUJF3Q0qHEJiIwEUFezttK1CXaNH6TvWOsjhcKHhYO+23Fy1ar529wcgCeRPZb7qy1m1BX1LTE6sit75Yawl8Q99P+c29/dtSK4jwyBe4EJm4fUQ7196lqqoqVVV9WuVGSGf7L+Xb//epaueJSJ1mhn8OacAXvf0pbGLUPqFDgS6tLb8mHdLkbLPmoOxMWmNg5+FRrxRZaxJ0ba9TSeTqTUnddnVl/HiYqbkrv6kn6ueF+xxsU8NX3erN8OKB6UGnq3ztz0cd+7d8LbpZqW/jMs3wMXNibbly62Ys67PflbjS+KL1anu+d9Txjhu9rT8dPazwDYXlqll6q2bGNyY9suZdbNE6a70Qxzo1faF09HkuSe/kKQIITDGBVMmnUqWJSlWO1xBAYCoLJKXVtKf0TJGKc+i0x6y3rxkRK58q1etIl3hK2XGuUxFLPRlJI+poNX3Jazq85TNbbo5sd7pNf7rFBs71mK5Y+7OcUnaYZ8gcONZuW4fDabo8x7KXYjPZOza+sq0xEB3X5LbbUr1qPGsP2FO/jm99h8Tjb7R0pBOo137s3Nxi+sZaKiPa9RQ/p15K2TSffWudicbupLVekjttd14RThWbXGT4uX1NijFSPqd8Py8igECuCqSKFbhSMcWCQJqLQMYEzh/U46t3KOjYrJ7Yt/sXFLDuYQ/u0OrH7atOvyrv401qCzrV2HNaQ5FvX4cC1vyH19S2+il5z2c4J6eVdnXLt1UfnbjtbdHa7/s0aAd445z+/Ib9hVEeW2kvv3a/to13xfFRqsnky9ZK4U1fbQzftmWlSPXv0dasZX4K6bz3Ka1ue02Oxm4FhiJXZIZOq6fRqWBbkx73vhrvfqhPu+9vVIdq1XooEDkezsnvaZRDL2jdhi71ZfpwmHWHtsSuXgXlXbdllKtX8WbyaBSB2GffpXZfdPysMT+nY+5/kb/5MT37m3Fe1bv5Nn3wpqtT72jQp++vbYnMGZqh698zSrnU7+ZVBBCYYgIEFVNswGguApkSCPWf1MtBQ86aO+Uwovn+p8lw3Kkap6Fg58/kiwYKoVd18uWA5LxTKx2zYrcvFBsf18qahVKwW/t9r2eqabF6isc6kZxeorL5kaij+1E90tqVeOuWdTvP809r/TJnOO1lrOY/6sgrf4k9u+IPQq9o78Y1avYGNXy703ObVVU6+g0kk9++i+o/eUJBLVTNyo/LiP5lKJ4lx8o75VSvOvf/TtGZDKETv9Su7veq/oktuv82I3I8zFRp1RptsuatdP9UB0+8meFmT9Os5evit0FZwcvaH17h26Ay3KWsVBfSed/P1Bksl2vTOtWVR8fPasxMlS78mObr13rxt/2Xd1tj6BV13d+gdV7J0fykWpzR3zHhTofO7NdOe6CaFQt2igACmRSI/unIZJ3UhQAC+SAwf45uHHce+ZtUduP0Sej1GCeSxTdp6b1V8bkX66pVUfJ38Qw8wyll79E2637uhH9vqP/sXy/vpCmhvok8uRhbAMyobdeBHV/VbbGgbiL1XMmyhuaXlUTWhnhTJw7+VN3GMn359vfFAsxwa65T5VafTHO36tNN3L3Upo/n6tWl1l0w7yvWzMomBcx0i0UGdcQfSLwqmODzLv3Dh/85/Ll743WdeyPpslTojA5svEfVw1e+duq5NR+Rfh/Qkd+e1KBCGuzrUuMGv+ZVXJtQK08QQGBqCxBUTO3xo/UIXLJA8ZzFurf+veru3CVvbGL2RQW9u9TZbV2U+KjmRH9DRE/eu3ep3XsmdjIeCv5C7Z0HJeentHDOJN3akPZE0go6GvVMo3MMB2sS9ws65HFFApCxTprGqO5yNg++rB99t0saDihqNHfcgdvl7HSs916tOUu/qHrjoDrbfxGfqBs6I2/7LnUnpAwd1Gn/H8IVJk3snpyJ2oltH/PqVWJxnk1IIKTB0yd0RGNNvi7WTMe94atGwXY99Mhe9Q1PnLcChv3a/pVPaXGz5PIc0L6mJTKuereuvfk1dTTM14yid2hGWZuu/9dalefEsT8hIAojgEA6gVQTQFJNvkhVjtcQQGBqCwwFDpntLqdpfebj/+eZta0HR07UHAqYvnaX6UgoK9OofcI8FLgwJsSEJ2on1Jg8sTR5MvA509/zY7Oldp6tHzLlcJluzwumL9q+gUNmi8MIlzEazZ5z6WZ2JzQgQ0/+ZvrdK0yjtt08ljzpPEN7uPRqLpgBX4fpivpEx9moNVsPBcyY1NAx0+00TDlWma5k7+H3OM3GntPx8ikbZJ/oO76J2gnVJE8qj03in0C9BT1RO0Ez/iTqOt7PxoDf7NnTYks2IFNGrdmy5+emP+H4vmAGejaHf3c4Gk2P/1x8nzxCAIEpKZAqVrBS5I34l6rgiEK8gAACU1zgghk49ETiCUHkRDJVoDAUOGi2pjqJTD7pnOIqBdv8oYB5qLXWNKLBROxnUpAZDSqs7QljP2QO+D3hoCR2kl+wmlOw4+fMY+5609B4gsIp2D2ajAACGRVIFStEb25IdzGDbQggkIcCob5ntHLBIzpV45F/YCiSg39IA36Pak49ogUrn4ln8AkdV/vKFVpzapk8/nPxfP0Dx+Sp6deaBfervS/TE3PzED1nu/Sm+trv14I1/arxHNNAJLuXlQ3I71mmU2tWaGX78dhtb+FulMv1zHf0QGyidrGmly7Xg5tWyvA+q92HMz9xP2f5pnzDzut42wOqbDisJe7vaENlPBnDlO8aHUAAgSsmQFBxxajZEQK5JPCqvO7vDd8rX9PwaZXG7m22nRh2f0/u4ewsVrrRDm205lnU1Gq5PUvR9LmqenC9XMYebXT/MpYdKJd6SlvGIXD+l3Jv3DOc3ath+dzIhGzrfdGMTiXq3tiRlDY43eT8gF4++WpSEDKOdlAkCwL2gOJH2lE/zzb+WWgOu0QAgSkrQFAxZYeOhiNwGQLRFLHGHM2+ITHVY7zW6IlhNN1oiT40+7qkbD/x0sGXT6o/KQlMfCuPclkgnF5YMj40WzeM9lcheEIn+y9Kxddp9odKcrk7tG28AoPH1bV+hW5pOK0azx4CivG6UQ4BBFIKjPbnI2VhXkQAgTwRGNeJYTSImKYbZs+JZE0avf9pT0hHfxtbckCg+IbZ+lB0kcHR2hMLQK9VxVKnDB3TS0f/lHQ1IhqALtSdC2ePGoCOtgtev3ICoeCL2rCsUtWdN6j1ULuas7bw4pXrM3tCAIHJFSComFxfakcgRwUiJ4bBfdr5g722BeOslJB79chD7QoaTi0dziNfrJkVt6vG6FXnznZ19QbjJ5LWN52PbNW24FgpKHOUgWaFBWbeqqU15Qp27tQPunrjKWV1Xn1drXpoW6+MmttVMdP6kxE9Ho6qbfUWtR+PLYmnwb7/knuyUwwzZpcvMHhYrXfVqdn7YbXse8w2L+byq6YGBBAoXIEiayp4cveLioqGJ2Imv85zBBDII4HhBarqtbi5O0WnnGrsadPDsQmbFxU80Ky7Fm+Wd0RpQ47GnXru4SXxlZhHlOGFXBewvrneOHyimbxQoCTHZvU816jK2CJ9aY4Ho17uA4+qfm42VwjPde1sti+k8wc2au7iZqUY6XjDnG75/7tepXz1GDfhEQIIxARSxQr8uojx8ACBAhMonqXKpj3y97jlckTvfTHkcLnV49+jplhAYblMk1G5Sfv8PXK7bAvNOVxy93jDC1zx22RKH0DFxhI17fOqx+2SI9YTp1zuHvn3bbIFFKMdD5Fjx0tAEePLyQevy7e/O31AkZPtplEIIJDrAlypyPURon0IIIAAAggggAACCOSQAFcqcmgwaAoCCCCAAAIIIIAAAvkiwA0L+TKS9AMBBBBAAAEEEEAAgSwJEFRkCZ7dIoAAAggggAACCCCQLwIEFfkykvQDAQQQQAABBBBAAIEsCRBUZAme3SKAAAIIIIAAAgggkC8CBBX5MpL0AwEEEEAAAQQQQACBLAkQVGQJnt0igAACCCCAAAIIIJAvAgQV+TKS9AMBBBBAAAEEEEAAgSwJEFRkCZ7dIoAAAggggAACCCCQLwIEFfkykvQDAQQQQAABBBBAAIEsCRBUZAme3SKAAAIIIIAAAgggkC8CBBX5MpL0AwEEEEAAAQQQQACBLAkQVGQJnt0igAACCCCAAAIIIJAvAgQV+TKS9AMBBBBAAAEEEEAAgSwJEFRkCZ7dIoAAAggggAACCCCQLwIEFfkykvQDAQQQQAABBBBAAIEsCRBUZAme3SKAAAIIIIAAAgggkC8CBBX5MpL0AwEEEEAAAQQQQACBLAkQVGQJnt0igAACCCCAAAIIIJAvAgQV+TKS9AMBBBBAAAEEEEAAgSwJEFRkCZ7dIoAAAggggAACCCCQLwIEFfkykvQDAQQQQAABBBBAAIEsCRBUZAme3SKAAAIIIIAAAgggkC8CBBX5MpL0AwEEEEAAAQQQQACBLAkQVGQJnt0igAACCCCAAAIIIJAvAgQV+TKS9AMBBBBAAAEEEEAAgSwJEFRkCZ7dIoAAAggggAACCCCQLwIEFfkykvQDAQQQQAABBBBAAIEsCRBUZAme3SKAAAIIIIAAAgggkC8CRaZpmvbOFBUV2Z/yGAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBAYIWAPI65K3mrfmLyN5wgggAACCCCAAAIIIIBAsgC3PyWL8BwBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQmJPD/paGGq9ytX0EAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Rutherford and Royds put some pure radium-226 in a small closed cylinder A. Cylinder A is fixed in the centre of a larger closed cylinder B.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>At the start of the experiment all the air was removed from cylinder B. The alpha particles combined with electrons as they moved through the wall of cylinder A to form helium gas in cylinder B.</p>
<p>The wall of cylinder A is made from glass. Outline why this glass wall had to be very thin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Rutherford and Royds expected 2.7 x 10<sup>15</sup> alpha particles to be emitted during the experiment. The experiment was carried out at a temperature of 18 °C. The volume of cylinder B was 1.3 x 10<sup>–5</sup> m<sup>3</sup> and the volume of cylinder A was negligible. Calculate the pressure of the helium gas that was collected in cylinder B.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Rutherford and Royds identified the helium gas in cylinder B by observing its emission spectrum. Outline, with reference to atomic energy levels, how an emission spectrum is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The work was first reported in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Outline why Rutherford and Royds chose to publish their work in this way.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>222 <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>4</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Both needed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>alpha particles highly ionizing<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>alpha particles have a low penetration power<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>thin glass increases probability of alpha crossing glass<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>decreases probability of alpha striking atom/nucleus/molecule</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>conversion of temperature to 291 K</p>
<p><em>p</em> = 4.5 x 10<sup>–9</sup> x 8.31 x «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{2.91}}{{1.3 \times {{10}^{ - 5}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2.91</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1.3</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p><em>p</em> = 2.7 x 10<sup>15</sup> x 1.38 x 10<sup>–23</sup> x «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{2.91}}{{1.3 \times {{10}^{ - 5}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2.91</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1.3</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>»</p>
<p>0.83 or 0.84 «Pa»</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electron/atom drops from high energy state/level to low state</p>
<p>energy levels are discrete</p>
<p>wavelength/frequency of photon is related to energy change <em><strong>or</strong> </em>quotes <em>E</em> = <em>hf <strong>or</strong> E</em> = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{hc}}{\lambda }">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>λ</mi>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>and is therefore also discrete</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>peer review guarantees the validity of the work<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>means that readers have confidence in the validity of work</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>OWTTE</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A stationary nucleus of uranium-238 undergoes alpha decay to form thorium-234.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The following data are available.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-left: 30px;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Energy released in decay 4.27 MeV<br>Binding energy per nucleon for helium 7.07 MeV<br>Binding energy per nucleon for thorium 7.60 MeV</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Radioactive decay is said to be “random” and “spontaneous”. Outline what is meant by each of these terms.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Random: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Spontaneous:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for uranium-238.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the ratio <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>kinetic</mi><mo> </mo><mi>energy</mi><mo> </mo><mi>of</mi><mo> </mo><mi>alpha</mi><mo> </mo><mi>particle</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>kinetic</mi><mo> </mo><mi>energy</mi><mo> </mo><mi>of</mi><mo> </mo><mi>thorium</mi><mo> </mo><mi>nucleus</mi></mrow></mfrac></math>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>random:</em><br>it cannot be predicted which nucleus will decay<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>it cannot be predicted when a nucleus will decay ✔<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>NOTE: OWTTE</em><br></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>spontaneous:</em><br>the decay cannot be influenced/modified in any way ✔<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">NOTE: </span><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">OWTTE</span><br></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">234 × 7.6 <em><strong>OR </strong></em> 4 × 7.07 ✔</span></p>
<p><em>BE</em><sub>U </sub>=<span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">« 234<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> ×</span> 7.6<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> + 4 × 7.07 – 4.27 =</span>» <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1802</mn></math> « MeV » ✔</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>B</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi></msub></mrow><mi>A</mi></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mn>1802</mn><mn>238</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>57</mn></math> <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">« MeV » ✔</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;"> NOTE: Allow ECF from MP2<br>Award <strong>[3]</strong> for bald correct answer<br>Allow conversion to J, final answer is 1.2 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">×</span> 10<sup>–12</sup></span></span></span></em></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">states or applies conservation of momentum ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">ratio is «<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi><mi>α</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>kTh</mi></msub></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mfrac><msup><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>α</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mfrac><msup><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mi>Th</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mstyle></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mn>234</mn><mn>4</mn></mfrac></math>» 58.5 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">✔</span><br></span></p>
<p><em> NOTE: Award<strong> [2]</strong> for bald correct answer</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Radioactive uranium-238 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mmultiscripts><mtext>U</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>92</mn><mn>238</mn></mmultiscripts></mfenced></math> produces a series of decays ending with a stable nuclide of lead. The nuclides in the series decay by either alpha (α) or beta-minus (β<sup>−</sup>) processes.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The graph shows the variation with the nucleon number <em>A</em> of the binding energy per nucleon.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Uranium-238 decays into a nuclide of thorium-234 (Th).</p>
<p><br>Write down the complete equation for this radioactive decay.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Thallium-206 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mmultiscripts><mtext>Tl</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>81</mn><mn>206</mn></mmultiscripts></mfenced></math> decays into lead-206 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mmultiscripts><mtext>Pb</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>82</mn><mn>206</mn></mmultiscripts></mfenced></math>.</p>
<p>Identify the quark changes for this decay.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why high temperatures are required for fusion to occur</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, with reference to the graph, why energy is released both in fusion and in fission.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Uranium-235 (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>U</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>92</mn><mn>235</mn></mmultiscripts></math>) is used as a nuclear fuel. The fission of uranium-235 can produce krypton-89 and barium-144.</p>
<p>Determine, in MeV and using the graph, the energy released by this fission.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>U→«</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>92</mn><mn>238</mn></mmultiscripts><mmultiscripts><mo>»</mo><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>90</mn><mn>234</mn></mmultiscripts><mtext>Th+</mtext><mo>«</mo><mmultiscripts><mo>»</mo><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>2</mn><mn>4</mn></mmultiscripts><mi>α</mi></math> ✓ </p>
<p><em>Allow He for alpha.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>udd→uud<strong><br><em>OR</em><br></strong>down quark changes to up quark <strong>✓</strong><strong> </strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>links temperature to kinetic energy/speed of particles <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>energy required to overcome «Coulomb» electrostatic repulsion <strong>✓</strong><strong> </strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«energy is released when» binding energy per nucleon increases</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>any use of (value from graph) x (number of nucleons) <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mn>235</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>-</mo><mfenced><mrow><mn>89</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>144</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>160</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mtext>MeV</mtext><mo>»</mo></math> <strong>✓</strong><strong> </strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Rhodium-106 (<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{\,\,\,45}^{106}{\text{Rh}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>45</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>106</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Rh</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>) decays into palladium-106 (<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{\,\,\,46}^{106}{\text{Pd}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>46</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>106</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Pd</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>) by beta minus (<em>β</em><sup>–</sup>) decay.</p>
<p>The binding energy per nucleon of rhodium is 8.521 MeV and that of palladium is 8.550 MeV.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><em>β</em><sup>–</sup> decay is described by the following incomplete Feynman diagram.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Rutherford constructed a model of the atom based on the results of the alpha particle scattering experiment. Describe this model.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the energy released in the <em>β</em><sup>–</sup> decay of rhodium is about 3 MeV.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw a labelled arrow to complete the Feynman diagram.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify particle V.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>most of<strong>» </strong>the mass of the atom is confined within a very small volume/nucleus</p>
<p><strong>«</strong>all<strong>» </strong>the positive charge is confined within a very small volume/nucleus</p>
<p>electrons orbit the nucleus <strong>«</strong>in circular orbits<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>the energy needed to separate the nucleons of a nucleus</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>energy released when a nucleus is formed from its nucleons</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow neutrons </em><strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>protons for nucleons</em></p>
<p><em>Don’t allow constituent parts</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Q</em> = 106 × 8.550 − 106 × 8.521 = 3.07 <strong>«</strong>MeV<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>Q </em>≈ 3 Me V<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>line with arrow as shown labelled anti-neutrino/<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\bar v">
<mrow>
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯</mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Correct direction of the “arrow” is essential</em></p>
<p><em>The line drawn must be “upwards” from the vertex in the time direction i.e. above the horizontal</em></p>
<p><em><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-12_om_15.34.15.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/06.c.i/M"></em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>V = W<sup>–</sup></p>
<p><em><strong><sup>[1 mark]</sup></strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The radioactive nuclide beryllium-10 (Be-10) undergoes beta minus (<em>β–</em>) decay to form a stable boron (B) nuclide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The initial number of nuclei in a pure sample of beryllium-10 is N<sub>0</sub>. The graph shows how the number of remaining <strong>beryllium </strong>nuclei in the sample varies with time.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>An ice sample is moved to a laboratory for analysis. The temperature of the sample is –20 °C.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the missing information for this decay.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>On the graph, sketch how the number of <strong>boron </strong>nuclei in the sample varies with time.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After 4.3 × 10<sup>6</sup> years,</p>
<p><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="\frac{{{\text{number of produced boron nuclei}}}}{{{\text{number of remaining beryllium nuclei}}}} = 7.">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>number of produced boron nuclei</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>number of remaining beryllium nuclei</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>7.</mn>
</math></span></p>
<p>Show that the half-life of beryllium-10 is 1.4 × 10<sup>6</sup> years.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Beryllium-10 is used to investigate ice samples from Antarctica. A sample of ice initially contains 7.6 × 10<sup>11</sup> atoms of beryllium-10. State the number of remaining beryllium-10 nuclei in the sample after 2.8 × 10<sup>6</sup> years.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by thermal radiation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss how the frequency of the radiation emitted by a black body can be used to estimate the temperature of the body.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the peak wavelength in the intensity of the radiation emitted by the ice sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Derive the units of intensity in terms of fundamental SI units.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} 4}^{10}{\text{Be}} \to _{{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} 5}^{10}{\text{B}} + \beta + {\overline {\text{V}} _{\text{e}}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mspace width="0.056em"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mspace width="0.056em"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Be</mtext>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">→</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mspace width="0.056em"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mspace width="0.056em"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>B</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>β</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mover>
<mtext>V</mtext>
<mo accent="false">¯</mo>
</mover>
<mrow>
<mtext>e</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p>conservation of mass number <strong><em>AND </em></strong>charge <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{\,\,5}^{10}{\text{B}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>B</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} 4}^{10}{\text{Be}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mspace width="0.056em"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mspace width="0.056em"></mspace>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Be</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Correct identification of both missing values required for </em><strong><em>[1]</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>correct shape <em>ie </em>increasing from 0 to about 0.80 N<sub>0</sub></p>
<p>crosses given line at 0.50 N<sub>0</sub></p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_19.42.49.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/06.b.i/M"></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong><em>ALTERNATIVE 1</em></strong></p>
<p>fraction of Be = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{8}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span>, 12.5%, or 0.125</p>
<p>therefore 3 half lives have elapsed</p>
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{t_{\frac{1}{2}}} = \frac{{4.3 \times {{10}^6}}}{3} = 1.43 \times {10^6}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4.3</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1.43</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> <strong>«</strong>≈ 1.4 × 10<sup>6</sup><strong>»</strong> <strong>«</strong>y<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>ALTERNATIVE 2</em></strong></p>
<p>fraction of Be = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{8}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span>, 12.5%, or 0.125</p>
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{8} = {{\text{e}}^{ - \lambda }}(4.3 \times {10^6})">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>e</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mi>λ</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4.3</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</math></span> leading to <em>λ</em> = 4.836 × 10<sup>–7</sup> <strong>«</strong>y<strong>»</strong><sup>–1</sup></p>
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{\ln 2}}{\lambda }">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mi>λ</mi>
</mfrac>
</math></span> = 1.43 × 10<sup>6</sup> <strong>«</strong>y<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Must see at least one extra sig fig in final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1.9 × 10<sup>11</sup></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>emission of (infrared) electromagnetic/infrared energy/waves/radiation.</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>the (peak) wavelength of emitted em waves depends on temperature of emitter/reference to Wein’s Law</p>
<p>so frequency/color depends on temperature</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\lambda = \frac{{2.90 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}}{{253}}">
<mi>λ</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2.90</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>253</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>= 1.1 × 10<sup>–5</sup> <strong>«</strong>m<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow ECF from MP1 (incorrect temperature).</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>correct units for Intensity (allow <em>W, Nms<sup>–</sup></em><sup><em>1 </em></sup><em>OR Js<sup>–</sup></em><sup><em>1 </em></sup><em>in numerator)</em></p>
<p>rearrangement into proper SI units = kgs<sup>–3</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow ECF for MP2 if final answer is in fundamental units.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>During electron capture, an atomic electron is captured by a proton in the nucleus. The stable nuclide thallium-205 (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>Tl</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>81</mn><mn>205</mn></mmultiscripts></math>) can be formed when an unstable lead (Pb) nuclide captures an electron.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write down the equation to represent this decay.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The neutron number <em>N</em> and the proton number <em>Z</em> are not equal for the nuclide <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>Tl</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>81</mn><mn>205</mn></mmultiscripts></math>. Explain, with reference to the forces acting within the nucleus, the reason for this.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Thallium-205 (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>Tl</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>81</mn><mn>205</mn></mmultiscripts></math>) can also form from successive alpha (α) and beta-minus (β<sup>−</sup>) decays of an unstable nuclide. The decays follow the sequence α β<sup>−</sup> β<sup>−</sup> α. The diagram shows the position of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>Tl</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>81</mn><mn>205</mn></mmultiscripts></math> on a chart of neutron number against proton number.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Draw <strong>four</strong> arrows to show the sequence of changes to <em>N</em> and <em>Z</em> that occur as the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>Tl</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>81</mn><mn>205</mn></mmultiscripts></math> forms from the unstable nuclide.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>Pb</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>82</mn><mn>205</mn></mmultiscripts></math> <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>e </mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>0</mn></mmultiscripts><mtext mathvariant="bold-italic">AND </mtext><mo> </mo><mmultiscripts><mi>ν</mi><mtext>e</mtext><none></none><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>0</mn><mn>0</mn></mmultiscripts></math> <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Reference to proton repulsion <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>nucleon attraction <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>strong force is short range <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>electrostatic/electromagnetic force is long range <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>more neutrons «than protons» needed «to hold nucleus together» <strong> ✓</strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p>any α change correct <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>any β change correct <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>diagram fully correct<strong> ✓</strong></p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[2] max</strong> for a correct diagram without arrows drawn. </em></p>
<p><em>For <strong>MP1</strong> accept a (−2, −2 ) line with direction indicated, drawn at any position in the graph. </em></p>
<p><em>For <strong>MP2</strong> accept a (1, −1) line with direction indicated, drawn at any position in the graph. </em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1] max</strong> for a correct diagram</em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The diagram shows the position of the principal lines in the visible spectrum of atomic hydrogen and some of the corresponding energy levels of the hydrogen atom.</p>
<p><img 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1Bfy4J+Cnv1G+16NUy+Mij1j0QleOdMFErrtoAgadlmxZmvgJzXiaQEpYUEyt/Hsq6cbbKNAAIIIIAAAq4gwL/mrjBKxIiArQQMf+nwboupRznqTdudpBN5zXoylzuroOAb9GfszMvrL+oPfE9fx5uuTZh+MhOFzK1cv9ISdPjEeUmZSU2FPxQzqHnm+onmGjR1heKSTe/zgwACCCCAAAKuJEBC4UqjRawIFFXAvHYh7dprMZf7V2kLJ+iFzVX11Jd7dTApQdtGltOC3uMUc/xKonDVyjOTk6r+zRTx3+2Zaye+0sjAnxXV/2PFpeaV0Vy1Vg5AAAEEEEAAgWISIKEoJniaRcD1BNKUULq3Jo1rl7H2Ql7yqdlRfTvHKWr6tsz1EYXolVdN9YuJ05cTsuoxlfFVSNs2Cj38kaKXxF/9blOFaIZDEEAAAQQQQMAxAqUc0wytIICAzQVSYhXVrL/mF3jBwVv1xi/T0siaMn974FNJwSHeVoeSa+2FfOQfXFVpy01TpZqZX1tduTk2Kebgn0pVTflaXREFEUAAAQQQQMCRAiQUjtSmLQRsKeAbpuh9iYq+ljrNi6/98i2RO2HIPNS3rtr1qKaYfEua3shYfJ1vupJrsXaBlfEmAggggAACCLiIAFOeXGSgCBMB2whkXlHIufj68qLrSpm3hM3Zmq9qNAq1uFNT1vumBdYnVDOsjip5ecnHP1BBlxdfZx2T/a5OhviZ6h7QWlGxORaHm9dp+Cm8fV2uTmTR8RsBBBBAAAEXECChcIFBIkQEbCdQRkEdeqlD/MeaPHuvUk0VG5K18/0peiu+i57tEZIxNSpXg6VVuX1fDai+SpM/+ymjnM4r+cclmvdlXQ166E5zIuIV1FaRnRL01sQlOmBeXG06ZqYmTzqqPsMfUIiX5BXSTVHP+ilm7rrMY0yNpejAsoVa23q4hrTK/wpKrrDYgQACCCCAAALFLlDCaDQaLaMIDgg033XFch+vXUfANH78uIeA6cnR9vlJUXzsMs2eOFnz92cswPBu/4yin+yjLqEVMxIKwwHN6t5D0fG99OmOcQrLevZEary+/mSShr2zUaaS3u2f07TR/dQ2JGvFg0Gp8Vu0dNZURc/dlRG+d3sNfX2I/tM1NHMxd0YSE7dyvj4a866+NodQX33GD9ejvVophGdT2GfYqRUBBBBAAAEbCOSVK5BQ2ACWKhBAAAEEEEAAAQQQ8ASBvBIKpjx5wsjTRwQQQAABBBBAAAEE7CRAQmEnWKpFAAEEEEAAAQQQQMATBEgoPGGU6SMCCCCAAAIIIIAAAnYSIKGwEyzVIoAAAggggAACCCDgCQIkFJ4wyvQRAQQQQAABBBBAAAE7CZBQ2AmWahFAAAEEEEAAAQQQ8AQBEgpPGGX6iAACCCCAAAIIIICAnQRIKOwES7UIIIAAAggggAACCHiCAAmFJ4wyfUQgm8B5JcfNU1SnOjI9nCY4oI46j52h1XHJMmQ7LveGIflHzR0bblFunuKSz2ceeEqxY1tnvmeqN+d/rRUVeyrjWEOy4uaMVefLx4QrauYai7pyt80eBBBAAAEEEHBOARIK5xwXokLAbgKG42v0SsRCqe9MbT2UqIOHNmnCrds1JuJDbUkpIKVI/VHv9h+hbY3e0+9JiTqY9LM+afSjIvt/rLhUUzk/hb36jQ6a3zO9n/nfnkUaWqucaj47RaPD/CSd1/GVExU5T+qzbLu5rt93vKBbt0Yr8v1tSrFbz6kYAQQQQAABBOwhQEJhD1XqRMBpBdKVsH6J1od016MPN1ZF018Ar4pqNHSEng/Zpk1xf+cTuUEpO1drxuEw9W5bRRl/OEqrcttwhR9eouU78yt3RnGfvKn31V/RjzeUj6l2Q6I2fP6Ngh56RH1DK5rr8qrYXE+NHqygZZsVV1BSk0907EYAAQQQQACB4hMgoSg+e1pGoBgEUvXHwaPyrheg2yz/7/cqr+r1zitm4x4rrhCc0p6kv/KYLmVQatwcRb1zSn1G91GoT2aDqX/qYPxNqhtQPjMxyWDwui1AdRVbQFJTDFw0iQACCCCAAAJXFSh11SM4wKUETPPW+XEPAdOUIZv/GP7S4d2npHp515y2O0knDJKvZbJhPtRLvo0e0IDqI7To68fUqls1ecm0FuM7xVV/QtG9QrIlB+YihmPa9Mk8He00Wp+0Mk11yvgxnEjSnjSpbtaObL+zkhO/3PVlO44NBBBAAAEEEHAWARIKZxkJG8Vhlw+hNoqNapxAwHx1IC3fhKLACH0a65l3+6vnva1VY1jWkXcrasOnV64+ZO02zWxK+Foz15ZW+MyWqnw5QTEo9Y9EJSi/hMKiAl4igAACCCCAgEsIXP5n3iWiJUgEECgmAdP0pffUJfx7dfvq18wF1wn65auO+q73cM06kHMpdboSvtuo3bV6qXujW4opZppFAAEEEEAAAUcIkFA4Qpk2ELCHQEqsomrnvDVrzu066j7zwJX1DT6VFBzibUU0f2vnsiU62uMhda/pm1neSz41O6pv5316a05c9rUXhsPatnyf6j3UQQ2y1k6YS3nJxz9QQVZEQBEEEEAAAQQQcE4Bpjw557gQFQJXF/ANU/S+REVf/cgrR5gXX19Zz3DljYxXuRZrZx2Qskeblh2RemTtyPrtI//gqkqbtFlxo1opLHPxhSFhu1b8epPqDs++8NpUyrz4Ot+cxi/XYu2slviNAAIIIIAAAs4pwBUK5xwXokLATgKZCUDm4uvLjZgXa59VUHCljFu7Xn4j84VvXbXrUS3nXkmZd43q0Uahl1dyZ0538g5Tu9A8pjuZr5KczXVnqIzF2lUV7G++uWwebbELAQQQQAABBJxRgITCGUeFmBCwm0AZBXXopQ7xH2vy7L1KNbVjSNbO96forfguerZHHndrMsdyixo98ria7d6o5bHxGeVkUOqBdZq3zE8DejRQ1kSorCRDIYHyzzbdKbNTXoG6t39rJUyapjmZay8Mydv1wcSPlRAxUN1Dytit91SMAAIIIIAAArYXIKGwvSk1IuDUAl6V22r49MG6bWFvNQgIVPDtzTVgV21Fzx2iVllXGQwHNCu8joJrj1Os+UFzpvUSffX2lPbSxhEZ5QKC1GLyaf0n5nMNCy17DX0urcrtn9S7o8pr0X13ynSr4xrNntPuOqM1c2gLi8TkGqrkUAQQQAABBBAoNoESRqPRaNm66R93bj1qKcJrBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQMAnklStwhYJzAwEEEEAAAQQQQAABBKwWIKGwmo6CCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggQELBOYAAAggggAACCCCAAAJWC5BQWE1HQQQQQAABBBBAAAEEECCh4BxAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABqwVIKKymoyACCCCAAAIIIIAAAgiQUHAOIIAAAggggAACCCCAgNUCJBRW01EQAQQQQAABBBBAAAEESCg4BxBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQMBqARIKq+koiAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAiQUnAMIIIAAAggggAACCCBgtQAJhdV0FEQAAQQQQAABBBBAAAESCs4BBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQsFqAhMJqOgoigAACCCCAAAIIIIAACQXnAAIIIIAAAggggAACCFgtQEJhNR0FEUAAAQQQQAABBBBAgISCcwABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQSsFiChsJqOggi4g8AZxU3tqfpjY5Vy1e4YlBq/QdMGNldwQKCCA5pr0NQNik815Ch5Xslx8xTVqU7mceGKmvOjknMelqMUmwgggAACCCDgmgIkFK45bkSNgA0EUnRgzhRFr/mtUHUZjq/UqPD39dcDM/VLUqIO7pmpzn+9r04PfqC4y0nFeR1fMVoPTDcoYvFuHUxK0C8b+kvzBmvI7AMipygUNQchgAACCCDgUgIkFC41XASLgG0EDMk/au7YcVp7R2d18y5Mnae0ZfpUbe0xXCO71ZSPqYhPTXXp11319i/R8p1/Z1SSsk0fjolTp4iOqulj+vPiJZ+Qrho5uosSJs3TlhRSisJocwwCCCCAAAKuJFDKlYIlVgQQsIGA4YDmDH5TicPf08sNz2pOoar0U9ir32hXgccalBK3WTEK07uht1gc6SXfsAnatc9iFy8RQAABBBBAwG0EuELhNkNJRxAopICXv+77eJbGh1VWUf4AGJK364OJHyuh03ANaeUn6bxOJCUoLaS6fP/colljwzPWUNR+XNM2xSu1kOFxGAIIIIAAAgi4lkBRPk+4Vk+JFgEEMgV8VLGiedKSdSKGA5oVXkc1mvXVO9vq6vEBzVTR/JckVX8cPCqlLVHUqO9UfehiHTSttfhhmMrNf1ajVhxhDYV14pRCAAEEEEDAqQVIKJx6eAgOAScU8KqpfjF7dTDpgLZOD9C6B7trqGWyEH+Lek95XmEVS2cE71NL3SMaa+uYz1hD4YTDSUgIIIAAAggUVYA1FEUVdLLyptt58uMeAqZv9wv8SYlVVLP+mp9W0FHeqjd+mZZG1izS9Ka8WyitimGDNTJivQZ+/rUSuj6QcZh3kKrflplMmPd4ycc/UEFpG3X4xHnJt0ze1bEXAQQQQAABBFxSgITCJYct/6Cv+iE0/6K842oCvmGK3peoaGeIOz5Rf6SWVWj7MHkvc4aAiAEBBBBAAAEEHCXAlCdHSdMOAq4skLluIr8H4Hn3aKNQ31LyqXGXWipWm+IybyNr7rNBqX8kKqFWU9WrZHnlwpVBiB0BBBBAAAEEsgRIKLIk+I0AAvkLeIWo57gnVHXZQi0/kPVM7fNKjv1Yk5fV1vOPhMrX9NSJymEa+Lif5k+cf/lhd4bk7zVr7o9qOThcDczPpsi/Gd5BAAEEEEAAAdcTIKFwvTEjYgTsL5B5RSK49jjFmh9G5yWf0MH6bO59Oj35vozbwQbcpcc2+mtkzET1q2lKJ0w/ZRU6/HOtHSF91CTIfFyNtjN0qc87mtStmh3WcWQ2yy8EEEAAAQQQKDaBEkaj0WjZumlRL/PwLUV4jQACCCCAAAIIIIAAAiaBvHIFrlBwbiCAAAIIIIAAAggggIDVAiQUVtNREAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBEgoOAcQQAABBBBAAAEEEEDAagESCqvpKIgAAggggAACCCCAAAIkFJwDCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggYLUACYXVdBREAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABEgrOAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEELBagITCajoKIoAAAggggAACCCCAAAkF5wACCCCAAAIIIIAAAghYLUBCYTUdBRFAAAEEEEAAAQQQQICEgnMAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEErBYgobCajoIIIIAAAggggAACCCBAQsE5gAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAlYLkFBYTUdBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQIKHgHEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAGrBUgorKajIAIIIIAAAggggAACCJBQcA4ggAACCCCAAAIIIICA1QIkFFbTURABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQRIKDgHEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAwGoBEgqr6SiIAAIIIIAAAggggAACJBScAwgggAACCCCAAAIIIGC1AAmF1XQURAABBBBAAAEEEEAAARIKzgEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBCwWoCEwmo6CiKAAAIIIIAAAggggAAJBecAAggggAACCCCAAAIIWC1AQmE1HQURQAABBBBAAAEEEECAhIJzAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBKwWIKGwmo6CCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggQELBOYAAAggggAACCCCAAAJWC5BQWE1HQQQQQAABBBBAAAEEECCh4BxAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABqwVIKKymoyACCCCAAAIIIIAAAgiQUHAOIIAAAggggAACCCCAgNUCJBRW01EQAQQQQAABBBBAAAEESCg4BxBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQMBqARIKq+koiAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAiQUnAMIIIAAAggggAACCCBgtQAJhdV0FEQAAQQQQAABBBBAAAESCs4BBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQsFqAhMJqOgoigAACCCCAAAIIIIAACQXnAAIIIGv1k10AACAASURBVIAAAggggAACCFgtQEJhNR0FEUAAAQQQQAABBBBAgISCcwABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQSsFiChsJqOgggggAACCCCAAAIIIEBCwTmAAAIIIIAAAggggAACVguQUFhNR0EEEEAAAQQQQAABBBAgoeAcQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAasFSCispqMgAggggAACCCCAAAIIkFBwDiCAAAIIIIAAAggggIDVAiQUVtNREAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBEgoOAcQQAABBBBAAAEEEEDAagESCqvpKIgAAggggAACCCCAAAIkFJwDCCCAAAIIIIAAAgggYLUACYXVdBREAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABEgrOAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEELBagITCajoKIoAAAggggAACCCCAAAkF5wACCCCAAAIIIIAAAghYLUBCYTUdBRFAAAEEEEAAAQQQQICEgnMAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEErBYgobCajoIIIIAAAggggAACCCBAQsE5gAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAlYLlLK6JAURQMBFBVIUH7tMsydO1vz9aeY+eLd/TtNG91PbEN9C98lwfIWGtp+q8tOXKjrML7OcQanxW7R01lRFz92Vsc+7vYa+N0oD24XIp9C1cyAC2QWCAwKz73DCrcbNW2SL6sft27Jts4GApwgcTEr0lK7Sz0wBEgpOBQQ8SuC8jq8Yp55jUvX4rE36vXFFeRmStfP9KA0IH6fojRMVXrn01UUMR7QqeqLWp5VWH4ujDcdXalT4RF184m1tPdRcFb3OK/nHGXq536Ma9fpCvd+tmrgsagHGy2sSuJYPKTkTkGspe01BWRzcp8/DFluSI9rM1mDmRnH0Pa842Od8Ao44N3K24XwKRGQPAf5tt4cqdSLgrAKGRG34fL3U42H1MyUTpji9KqrR0BF6PmS9oqZvU8pVY0/RgdlvKDqpnIKyHZuuhPVLtF4d1DeyqSqaKy+tio0jNXJUkNaP+UxbUgzZSrCBAAIIIIAAAq4vwBUK1x9DeoBA4QW8aqpfzF71y6dE2u4knTBIvvl+1WBQatwsPTepjF56r6tmPzbfoqYyComcq4ORFrssX6Yl6PCJ85JvGcu9vEYAAQQQQAABFxfI92ODi/eL8BFA4JoFrle97s0VVNBfhdSf9OlLS1T99eHqUu0aE4M726tF0DWWueY+UAABBBBAAAEEHC1Q0EcHR8dCewggUCwC53V85Ud6K761IjsEFrDG4YziPnlbGzpM0aRrWAthOL5OUyclqEP/tgUnK8XSdxpFAAEEEEAAgaIKMOWpqIKUR8ClBQxKPbBI48ccUo/pH6pLvguyTYu5JyhyfQvNXNzQfLemQq2GSN2rOS9P1eEHX9VnXVmQ7dKnCsEjgAACCCCQjwAJRT4wrrqbuyu46sjljvuqd4hJiVVUs/6an3Hn19wVmPd4q974ZVoaWTOPKw+mZGKenuv+gTTqU40Iq5zHMRnVGo6v0atjjmjA3HEK9Snkhc3UvZo1bKDe0lNaPLJN5iLtfMJkNwIIIIAAAgi4rAAJhcsOXd6BX/VDaN7F2OuKAr5hit6XqGirYs+6nessczLxdmSdAp4RkXn3prQ4re9xl97P0d7uyMaaf+c4rV0eqZDMXMOQvF0fjH1On5iSiWl9VbOwSUiOutlEAAEEEEAAAecXIKFw/jEiQgRsK2A4rtgJQzRwltRn2kyN7lazgGTC1HTed28yxM9Uz3s/V92Zlg+2O6/k2Ml6LHKeFPGalr7QVSEkE7YdP2pDAAEEEEDAyQRIKJxsQAgHAfsKnFHcO09r4Kz/qcO0hZpwDYurrx6X6ZayH+uxyE91tNNUrXulmyoXcnbU1evmCAQQQAABBBBwVgH+uXfWkSEuBOwgYIhfoeh34iQla/2w1qoRECjTupvL/9Uep1jTw+cMBzQrvI6Cs7YLE4shXksnfKQDktLWDler2y3qNbfRWlGxpwpTE8cggAACCCCAgAsJcIXChQaLUBEoqoBXSKSWJ+X35DnL2gt+AJ7pyFx1XeWheZa18xoBBBBAAAEE3EeAKxTuM5b0BAEEEEAAAQQQQAABhwuQUDicnAYRQAABBBBAAAEEEHAfARIK9xlLeoIAAggggAACCCCAgMMFSCgcTk6DCCCAAAIIIIAAAgi4jwAJhfuMJT1BAAEEEEAAAQQQQMDhAiQUDienQQQQQAABBBBAAAEE3EeAhMJ9xpKeIIAAAggggAACCCDgcAESCoeT0yACCCCAAAIIIIAAAu4jQELhPmNJTxBAAAEEEEAAAQQQcLgACYXDyWkQAQQQQAABBBBAAAH3ESChcJ+xpCcIIIAAAggggAACCDhcgITC4eQ0iAACCCCAAAIIIICA+wiQULjPWNITBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQcLkBC4XByGkQAAQQQQAABBBBAwH0ESCjcZyzpCQIIIIAAAggggAACDhcgoXA4OQ0igAACCCCAAAIIIOA+AiQU7jOW9AQBBBBAAAEEEEAAAYcLkFA4nJwGEUAAAQQQQAABBBBwHwESCvcZS3qCAAIIIIAAAggggIDDBUgoHE5OgwgggAACCCCAAAIIuI8ACYX7jCU9QQABBBBAAAEEEEDA4QIkFA4np0EEEEAAAQQQQAABBNxHgITCfcaSniCAAAIIIIAAAggg4HABEgqHk9MgAggggAACCCCAAALuI0BC4T5jSU8QQAABBBBAAAEEEHC4AAmFw8lpEAEEEEAAAQQQQAAB9xEgoXCfsaQnCCCAAAIIIIAAAgg4XICEwuHkNIgAAggggAACCCCAgPsIkFC4z1jSEwQQQAABBBBAAAEEHC5AQuFwchpEAAEEEEAAAQQQQMB9BEgo3Gcs6QkCCCCAAAIIIIAAAg4XIKFwODkNIoAAAggggAACCCDgPgIkFO4zlvQEAQQQQAABBBBAAAGHC5BQOJycBhFAAAEEEEAAAQQQcB8BEgr3GUt6ggACCCCAAAIIIICAwwVIKBxOToMIIIAAAggggAACCLiPAAmF+4wlPUEAAQQQQAABBBBAwOECJBQOJ6dBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQTcR4CEwn3Gkp4ggAACCCCAAAIIIOBwARIKh5PTIAIIIIAAAggggAAC7iNAQuE+Y0lPEEAAAQQQQAABBBBwuAAJhcPJaRABBBBAAAEEEEAAAfcRIKFwn7GkJwgggAACCCCAAAIIOFyAhMLh5DSIAAIIIIAAAggggID7CJBQuM9Y0hMEEEAAAQQQQAABBBwuQELhcHIaRAABBBBAAAEEEEDAfQRIKNxnLOkJAggggAACCCCAAAIOFyChcDg5DSKAAAIIIIAAAggg4D4CJBTuM5b0BAEEEEAAAQQQQAABhwuQUDicnAYRQAABBBBAAAEEEHAfARIK9xlLeoIAAggggAACCCCAgMMFSCgcTk6DCCCAAAIIIIAAAgi4j0Ap9+kKPUEAAQQQcGeB4IBAq7tXlLKFbbRx8xbZDnVEm9kazGfDWeLIJzx2F6MA50Yx4rtZ0yQUbjagdAcBBBBwR4GDSYnu2C36hAACCLiFAFOe3GIY6QQCCCCAAAIIIIAAAsUjQEJRPO60igACCCCAAAIIIICAWwiQULjFMNIJBBBAAAEEEEAAAQSKR4CEonjcaRUBBBBAwB4CF1N0eNfP2nf4b6Ub7dFAAXUWZ9vZwjLqYuoR7f5xnw6fTpejGbKFwgYCCHiEAIuyPWKY6SQCCCDgCQL/KmnRMLUfs9nc2ZLVWunB7m3UODRUDerXULVyZVTCbgzF2XaOThkPadFj3fTy96mSvFWlZVd1a99Ud4Xepfo1qqpcGb5LzCHGJgIIFFGAhKKIgBRHAAEEEHAWgetVrXEr1dNW/d+DwzQw5LTiNn6uUe9M0CW7f7AuzrZz+JfwV+NOd0rfn1KPMX0UcuIXbZzxkt4fnyaVrK4W/wlXu8ahCr2rnkKq3aIy9suycgTGZvELXFTqqZM6dfKk/ilTSVWr+smnFCdA8Y+L60dQwmg0ZrsaaronMbfnc/2BpQcIIICARwoYE7Wkf0+9lD5C6+b1VaCXQemnErVvz27t/n6tPv9wvY6ZYEp21Jux76hX1dK2YyrOtnP0wnh0sQaEvaZ/o5dobt9geRnTdSphn/bs2aUfVs/RfzceMpcoGTZJGz9/UFX5TJlD0J02L+j/En/Wtm82a93ixfpy71+XO1cyoJOeffUlDWrpL75hvszCi6sI5JUrcN3zKmi8jQACCCDgQgIl/NW0c1NpxxptSUiXdEn/nv1LJ5L267u1WzOSCdPViua36vzpNNt2rDjbztGTElUaqfM9Xvph4VYlGEwM/+jsX8k6/Nt2rduckUyYrlY0rXJJZ86ZDuDH/QSMunjyJy2IilC7Ng/p6fEf6cvfq6vni69pyrSpemtylAYEx+udfs9o6venWGvjfieAQ3vEFQqHctMYAggggIC9BYwn12h4i2H6pXUPtUzfocVbD+uS6aJEQAcNiAxXm9bNFRpYzi7fyBZn29ldL+rkmhfV6sk43RPRUOlbvtS2I6YEylvV2keoX492atXiLgWWvS57MbbcRMCoC4krNKr/WK1K+ldlazVVaPnTitt6VJUem6b/vthWlUxTnS4e0dox/TXsyGOZV/TcpPt0w64CeV2h4AqXXcmpHAEEEEDAUQLG9D+1Z8dWfbtmsbZeuKAzGxdqQbn66jwkWl06halZbX+7zRcvzraz+xqUnrxPO76N1doF3+iCTurruYdVts79GvRauDq1bqxaVXztkkxlj4OtYhW48JvmvTBBq8621gsLX1JEE3+VKXFJqb8v0Ut9ntcTt3yuBU/dpRtKVdZdLero0tKf9NtfDymwQsliDZvGXVeAhMJ1x47IEUAAAQQuC1zUqa/fVu8nl+iCyqtGrSo6u7+0It6fqai7y10+yj4virPtHD0yJmvz64/r6ZXJUrlg1ax2TgdO99E7i1/S3d4slMih5babhqTvteL70rp32gt6rKl/5t3NSsqnRic93HuG+s7dqN39G6jJDX/rt5/2S16NVIpPhG57PjiiY6yhcIQybSCAAAII2FmglPyaP6yJb83W6p1b9eWiNxRR4ax+3ndU/9q5Zamwbafr2PdrFbNyg7btT7bPczJK3KZmkVGaOHeddmxfqwVv9JVfqXjtO3guh4Jpsfoh7Y77RfuPpehijnfZdG0B4z/n9Lf8VLPaLXnfKvl/yfrrXLqOLhmnwXOSVeepHmpWlqsTrj3qxRs9ayiK15/WEUAAAQTsImDQv+kXVbpM6ewfqC6m6Ni+3TpyQz01D/HN/p7N4sinbaVp9wcPq/vkXyRVUMMnJ2rac2EZc9lt1naOioznlX6+lMpcb/n94b/6c/NUDRr4sfabFpeoitqOfkuvP9FEflzEyAHooptntyq67TPa0/8zfTbkLvmYx/WSUvfN14hHxmtzvTfMd/eqcmy13ljmq/5P3WPf89BFGQk7b4G81lCQUORtxV4EEEAAATcUMKbu1pznn9QrO0M09M2XNLB9UOaHLVt29l/9+cOvOle/sYKzPeTBqIunErT7yCmd2rVc06J3qMZ7X+jt+6vYKbGRZEzTsW0xmrdspdbEpqhGt0f1RI9Smt1ttLY17acnw2ur9KHVmvbhId093c6x2JKYuq4i8I8SF7+oh0ZuU/UHe6lDjZt0JmmHvlywRcfK3q+X57yuR2rfbL/z7irR8bZrC5BQuPb4ET0CCCCAgA0EjKl7NH/M85qw8pj8zXc8aq+2rUJV1ccWUz6yPsjFKmj8fM2OrKU876NkPKENo3tpyOEh2rigrwLscmUgK5YY/a3yqnl3NZ3b8bOOma5KePfVh1tf0b23lJQyYxl6ZAh3+rHB+eU0VRj/T/uXTdXLr87Vz6fNg65q9z2ukc8PUMcaua/OGdPP6GR6GVUoa88nyjuNDoEUQSCvhIIlOEUApSgCCCCAgKsJmKYjXadqzVqqwbez9NPG/yp64zyte32F5vUNKvI3tsaTm/XOmBidbfmcnmpfPfNuSue0f97LGv9rO017835VMiUPJXxVJaSytOGE/r4kBdjhX+OMWFZL943VvPF91LjSDbp0+hd98cIzit5xs26+MXMaVIlbVKtxHV3acEKnDVKg5ewoVxte4r0iUOJm1eo5Xos6D9P/zqRLZcrqVnOycEmpx/bp98N/6OjhJCUe/F37fv1B3/x0RJdCRmr5l0NUr7RdMtwrsfHK7QTs8CfM7YzoEAIIIICASwsYdTH1D+3fuU2bln2huSt36YypP+Xq64FnH1a39veoWd1KRU4mJKP++T1OsRdC9fSo/mpZxTtTzVvVgyrq2Jj3Nb15oEY8EKySR7/W/C9+VskmfVTJFhdG8hifS0cPaOuF2ooY3FtNKmXEUqpcA/1ncE99+tV6rf76QdXvGKBSZ37RysU7pAoNdQOfI/OQdO1dJcqU1W23peno9l+VENpEwWXOad8Xw9X3w98zO1ZeNVs21L0ty2jD1k369rdHVa++j2t3mugdLkBC4XByGkQAAQQQcIjAxRQd3bVNX29YoyUL1mi/adpHyepqETFCXTu2V1ijEPmVseXX8SVU+oYbVUo3q+xNlhOdSuiGW/1VTfs1f9j9mj8ss/clm+jpt1qrol0/xPuqXI5YSpe7VVW0X/OG3Ks1dwTLJ/6Ajl26Xb0+eUB32Cm5cch400g+AqmKnz9GD4/ZoYbTlmh6t6qq3/t5DT00WR/ubKBJK6IVXrWMjH+u0JOtRuiLtXsVWb+pstLhfCplNwLZBEgosnGwgQACCCDg+gJG/bNrlp4cOlnfZj4dukrLCL3Qt5NaN7lTwX72myNeKqSxwivMUczafeqadXcd4xntXrtGcSU7aPT0jrq49Vsllq6tNj176N7a5WxwZSTvEcuKZU1svB4Kqacy5sPSdPCbDYq77n6NntpYyas2Kz6opfr37querWxxlSbvWNhbfALGPzfq7XGrdLbl8+rX7DaVUAmVCeygYe9XVbmIPnrhtbvV5MNuqlSxibp2qqANK7Zoz9NN1ITnlhTfoLlgyyQULjhohIwAAgggUJBACZWpcKtuq9RegwZ0Uvt2LVS/qoOeDn1TQ0WMaqWHRkaoa1wvdalzk87u/UpfbEzUzeHv6IEOnVXpvu4FBW+7925qqIeHN1HnMU9o0J8D1LX+TTq9c6k+nvuTyj3yiXp1bqNyD0Tarj1qckIBo/45tEfbzdPwItWs4vVXYrwuWO16NVP0yJXanNRJfQNvU9MubeW9crVW/dBfTcL8rhzLKwSuIkBCcRUg3kYAAQQQcD2BEpXu15sL7y8wcGP6aR0/ekwnzko3VQ5UYEWfzEXUBRa7yps3KLDXBM3yKmu+u84HG01316mgux6ZqFdGd8xYkJ2zBmO6/u9/6br+1rLKdpfZnMdd8/YNur33OM08N1EvvvmqXjA/c8JHNXu/oSmjW6mcxVQrY/pJJfx+TGevu1UhIZXlU8rizWtulwLOI5DfNDxThAZdvHBe0jmdSzdIKqlbmt6rcO+vtDf+uP4N85NF+uE8XSISpxTgORROOSwEhQACCCBgDwFj+p/as2Orvt24Wovmb8m4haq5IdMH7Zc15eUeqmWT28eaFoKf0rGjf0t+/qpSISNZMaYe054Dh5V89LCSEhMUv/cX/bA5Tscuheq5lbP0pF0Ww5qeip2k+CMpKnXr7QqpYnm1xqiLf36tNwcO08y9qRkfKtuP1kdv9leoH9852uMcdHideT7kzqD0o1/p9Uee1bx/H9e8TSMypzhd1LnUS/L2ud5uU/Ec3n8atLkAt421OSkVIoAAAgi4hIDxrBI3ztLE1z7UxqQ0yfRchvYPa2jL+gosW1oXzuzWyvdeUv8SN2vVmx1Uochf0JdQKZ8KCqhVXulHf9IPB2upRfCNOr93nvo99KFSzGglVbZWUzXqeLe81/2gmG8TNLD+nSptc1AvlfG7XfX8DEo/tkOLJi5RzJffK7XG/XpkSEeVmTVWM5ND1W98Z9W77pBWvD1ZT0RXVsy0znlfUbF5fFRoV4Fc0/DKSin7tGr2Rh25VE0PTOulUG/pYupfOnnyf0pO91aVqv6q4ENCaddxcbPKuULhZgNKdxBAAAEEcghc/EOxbzytwZ/9LAV01BNPPqT2rZqobkVvi29hL+nvDS8r7Im/9XLsO+pV1RYf641K/32BhvWJ0jeNp+hr08LXfw9p/YeT9eb7+1T/rZma0i1QpYxHFDOkl57/9UGLb4pz9KHIm0ZdSFyiZ3q9qA1/SWVrNVTguT362bxovYp6frJEb95rWrCb5XBCL2z8QH0DmfRSZHpnqMCYovhV72nsuM/1k/khdyVVtk53PTaoo2qVOqof1i3XolWZt1M2xVsyWO2fe1njBrdUJaa/OcMIOlUMXKFwquEgGAQQQAAB+wukKX7uWA3+7KRaj5qtlwfcrSp53iq2pG6uEqDKl37WsZPnJVskFMaj+urtqdqY0lJPRzbNuOpR5nZ1GP6WAss9pQdGvqM2TScrvFJltejaWtet26zY3Y+rSdOytmcx/qmNU9/WBnXQCwtfUkQTf5W59Jd2zX1ZA8cfVHnfGzKTq5IqV6uBQi99rv+dviCRUNh+LIqjxhK+Cun6khZ0eMr8kDvjxf9TwrfzNG38YL1lTjDK6a7eI9S9hb9u1Hmd/m2TZr/9pAad+1izR7bItt6mOMKnTecXsOUNuJ2/t0SIAAIIIOBZApeSFDvvO13f+2W9OeSefJIJScbT+vWrjUosWV1VKtji6oSkf45q13dnFDRsuIY0q2Sx4Ntbwe3vV/MLm7Rg8xEZVUp+zTqoq/d+zV31S+Z0KBsP06VkHfj2pCpFPKZHmvpnLP4uVV71+wxQX/9jWrf6Ox01Lcy9eEo/x8Rou27SjTfwUAobj0KxV2d+yF35c9ox+RkNeHG2flYNtWjfQjXLpWjX3rOq3LSTwrv1VuQL7+qL97rq5McztDbp32KPmwCcX4AJcs4/RkSIAAIIIGCtgDFd505eUOlK5eWb57qIi0o9+pNW//dtTZmzT3cMm6H7qtgooSh9g24qdb1uKecjy8fcmbty4YL+1b86fe5fme+vc8td6tSjujbtidfhf1ur3vV5BmutQma56+WXM5bSZXVrFS8dmfOk2qwOVs2bjuvAkX/l99B0dbvjhiK2R3HnE0hT/BevanRMmtqMna9xEU1UqYyXjKn7tfDFJzR48M1avPAJ1b/helUKbaz6l17X9/v/Vt/ASs7XFSJyKgGuUDjVcBAMAggggIBNBUoFqHH3Gjq7/XvtMk3hMf+Y7sB0TLtjF2v6qL4Ku+c/GjvnmOoO+0AfDW2km2z1Wd7cdmXFrdio3anme7ZmtJ6eqHUz5upHBatt/crKuA5QXi1f/FJblz9un2TCHEsV7VuzVb+lGy87XIjfqlU7fdTxpSl6uXuIyldrp37jP9OCqHY2WJie2Qy/nEfAcFTblv8gr47Pa9xjzczJhCm4Ej53qHtEZ924a5XW7fo/SZd0+rdd2qXrdP11XKlyngF03ki4QuG8Y0NkCCCAAAJFFiinJo8MVNteL6p3owW6K6yGyp75XVt+OqKMj/jlVavrMEUN7KPO9W+1mJZU5IYlXWn7wQd26uGuteWrM9q3com+TvpXt3Sdoj4Nb85sqIRK3Xijjdu37EM5NYmIVIv7ohQ58LieDK8rnzM/aeH0Bfr5lkf1aa9uCivXU49aFuG1+wkY/9W5v/7VjWHV8kkYT+mPv/6R8egGPffY5zpd/zn9p1l593OgRzYXIKGwOSkVIoAAAgg4j0AJXRfYQ5OX3KaVi1Zpfew3+lkhavNgBzVscreaNQ9VrWzPZbBl5Jltzy+jaWOjNfPdjRmVl2ugHmOf1zMRLVTFYXfQKaHrbu+hN+am6Y3Rb+vVkaZb50ola/XVm28/q9bl+BbaliPvtHWVrKI7OwTp7PYfte/xO1U/85krxtQ9WjhjlVJKNtQ99cqrRJUm6j7gBT02IFKhN3FuOO14OlFg3DbWiQaDUBBAAAEE3FTA/DTsM/rH6KUbyvrp5jzvNOWYvvNUbMc4O2crWbcPfkk/BnTRQ/fdobJnEvTt6lXaduQWtZ8wXVMerScfW037c04EoiqiQF63jSWhKCIqxRFAAAEE3Ejg0kVd9Colh104sKQrzrYt45BRly4a5FWqpMVzOrIdwIZLC1xS6v4VmjR2oub9dNLck5IBHTVk1DAN7FSTZMKlx9YxwZNQOMaZVhBAAAEEXErggv4v8Wdt+2aTls/8XXd/8qH6hZRxUA+Ks+0cXbx4Wok/bdeWzTGataO5Pl4WqRBu3ZIDyY02s66aqYzK3lo241bCbtQ9umI/gbwSCtZQ2M+bmhFAAAEEnFbAoPRTCfp160atXrJQi7YezlikXb6LwowX7Rx1cbado2vGdJ06+Iu+27BaSxcs1zbzk7NL6pb7wqTzRvEpM4eXO22WKKObb6uorNsCuFPX6IvjBUgoHG9OiwgggAACxSRgTP9Te3Zs1bdrFmvGoh91xhRHudpqGzFYtW86qe8WbNL8hd+rzYttVcnG856Ks+3s3AalJ+/Tjm9jtXbBbC01T3spqbK12qjPkDt006nvtWjZYi3c3kovtPG3452nskfFlrMJMPXN2UbEmeNhDYUzjw6xIYAAAgjYUMCo87s+VJeuk5WgCrqr96N66P4wtWxWWxXNi6SNunBogQbdN1VlJi/R9G7VbLiGoDjbzkmYqt0f9FP3yXFSucbqOfBBdWrVUs3qVsq8IPGPDs0brs7jyujNLZMVXinXY/lyVsi2Owkw9c2dRtMufWHKk11YqRQBBBBAwDUESqh03XBFf9RQ5RrdqWC/MjkSBtNtXluoc4uJemF1nE50q6aKNutYcbadsxM+qtPtBX3QqKwa3hkkv1x3nLpBga3aqemFN/Tl9ycU3q1KzgrYdjcBpr6524g6MQuU7QAADXhJREFUvD9MeXI4OQ0igAACCBSbgJe/mnT0z6d5oy6eOapDx9IkvzSZHyhty9tnFmfbOXrs5d9Y9+XHoAs6czhJf+iC/NL+lem52rZkyBEKm8UmwNS3YqN3w4ZJKNxwUOkSAggggMA1CFz+dna55n6yVD+frqR7n2gif0d8ii7OtnMQmZ5PcfDX77Rx6Tx9ZlpfUj5cg5tXJpnI4eQ+m2mKXzpOA7Omvo0cmWvqW6+7hqvzoMmqx9Q39xl2O/WEhMJOsFSLAAIIIODMAqY7LcVr5+aN+ipmceZdnkqqbJ0H9PRrQ/RYp2DZb+VAcbadY0xMCc1vPyr266+0cmHWXZ7Kq1bX5xQ9tJ86Bt6QowCb7iPA1Df3Gcvi7wkJRfGPAREggAACCDhUwKi079/SvQ9N1wlTu+Xq64FnJ6pb+3ssFiab3rikixe9VMqmd3sqZNsOecjdGf0wqa/6frhfUkYyNXRSN7Vr1UR1K3pfuTLhkFgcegLQWKYAU984FWwlQEJhK0nqQQABBBBwEYESuqFGK/UfeKPKhrVTWKMQi4XJpnUUiYrbtkWbly3S9y2naklkTdnu+W4Fte3oh9zdpJCw3urvc5Nat22lRndUsHjshKNjcZFTxwPCZOqbBwyyHbpIQmEHVKpEAAEEEHBugRLlmmrg2KaXg7z8IWrVci2cv0XHLpneqqL2bQ06L8mWz83O3nbG9KfiecBeSZVrGqmXLjM40QP3Lo8MLxwiwNQ3hzC7cyMkFO48uvQNgTwF0hU/c6A6jf8ux7veqjd+mZYW8ttYw/EVGtp+qspPX6roML8cdWVuGo4o5qmHFFX+DW19NUy+eR/FXgSKR8CYpuQ9P2jrlrVa+KlpMbYpiyivmu37alCdm5Ty0zot/e8MrWo0Tg/W8LFpjAU/5O6M4r5cr0/fX6PGkx5USBn7rg53plhsikxlhRRg6lshoTisAAESigJweAsB9xRI1R8HT6je+HWFTh5yORiOaFX0RK1PK60+ud7M2nFex1dOVdTaZCkiax+/EXAigQvxWvbcIL0db1DZhj313H866Z57LNYPXOytBk/9Ry+9vlbNPn9QVW32ud6oC78v14jIrAfsPZ/rAXsX+zTW0Hav6fV7GmvGg4FX1jPYnM+ZYrF556iwUAJMfSsUEwcVKEBCUSAPbyLghgIpe7Rp2XnVnV7eynnhKTow+w1FJ5VTkM7lA2RQ6oFFGj9hj6qGeOtoPkexG4FiFSh9h8Jf+1gNy9XVncGW6wcyoyrlr0at6+pS1A7tOdVDVSuUtFG4V3/IXamqDdQq9IImbNmvUw8GqoKNWs5djTPFkjs69jhCgKlvjlB29zZst87M3aXoHwJuImA4kaQ9aVUV7G/NFA6DUuNm6blJZfTSiK7yzs8k9Sd9OuwTlYoarl75HpRfYfYj4CiB6+XfpI2ahuSRTFxM0dGfYjTjix+l6310w/U2uzyR0TnzQ+6aKiTX07qNuph6RHFLZmv+zlRdf7O3rrc3hzPFYu++Un++Aqapb7tjF2v6qP+oZaMOenjYJM3fe6NaRwzW0CEPqcWNW83T8OLNT3zMtxre8FABrlB46MDTbU8VMCj1j0QleN+gkyueVv0PNipNknf7ZxT9ZB91Ca1Y8FULU6Lw0hJVf32OulT7WrPzZDyjuE/e1IyA4VrXNUgbZuV5EDsRcEKBi0o9ukvfbtqgdYsX68u9f5lvp3pLlzt0q8G0vsKO38GZEphd2/T1hjVasmCN9pvXc1RT59rlZbxolGx669qr0DtTLFcJlbdtJcDUN1tJemo9JBSeOvL020MFzutEUoLSqtdSo0dGasTI0pIMSo1fqYnPDFfiax9qWGjZfGxMicLb2tBhihZ2qyav+LwOM13BmKOo9WGaubirKud9UF4F2YdAsQkYU4/oxy0btG7eHH2x9bBMqUPJgPbqN6aN6t1qUOLaGer58FF9MvM5taxgy382Lyn1aJy+/epLzZ+9WNuOmNN7VWvfT6Pb1lEF4yGt+29/RRx6SzNeaq0KNr5Ikh3cmWLJHhlbjhBg6psjlN25DVv+ZXRnJ/qGgJsIlFFI5FwdjLTsjpd8QlqqXcOpGjhhhTovj1RIri9iz+v4igmKXN9CMxc3lGmylMGyiszXhuMrNSoiVvfO/UyhPl55H5RHOXYhUKwC/+zRvGdf1Wqf+uo8JFpdOoWpWW1/+WReFTC2C9bFbo9p9IzW2jC6af5T/a65E0b9s3uRnnt1uW6sc78GvRauTq0bq1YVX2X843xJ7YJLqMdDE/X5vXdqVNP8kv1rbjiPAs4USx7hscv+Auapb/55tGOahndUu9ZmTsPr44BpeHlEwS7nFiChcO7xueboggMCr7kMBZxT4GBSYsGBpcQqqll/zTd9qZnvT2FvBesj/+Cq0rJE/ZFqUIhv9ozCcHyNXh1zRAPmjstIFPJqz3znp6k6/PgUTcr3KkdeBdmHQPEKlPBrqWGL1uiFWjVVsUz2c98UWQmfSgqscp1OrNqphBFNVc9Wa7NVSn6thmre6udUq04li4fKZXmUlI9/Nfnrd32584ieb1pWNms6q4nLv50plstB8aI4BZj6Vpz6Ltc2CYXLDVnBAV/1Q2jBxXnXlQR8wxS9L1HRdo85XQnrl2h9WpzW97hL7+dob3dkY82/c5y+nCTNXHtEB9b2VoN3chz0a3+Fzr1bURs+Vb8QWz4iLEc7bCJgjUAJXwXclddTUgxKT96rrevm6vOt/6frOgeqYu58w5oWL5cp4VNdd9W9vHnlhfkZGdu0bvYcbVcFdQr0s+cKDnO7zhTLFQheOVaAqW+O9Xaf1kgo3Gcs6QkCVxcwHNCs7j30Vr0PcjxozvRsiqPy7jFQoTmuTpieEZx7mpRkiJ+pnvd+rrozrzzYbnlStrlUUr7tXT1UjkCgeARM0zv+0P4dsVobs1iLVu3SGZVU2SZD9eGL7ey8juGiUo/t045v1mnVvEWZi8IrqOGTEzW6QyU7PosiL2lniiWv+NhnHwGmvtnH1f1rJaFw/zGmhwhcEfAKUc9xT2hRxEItfyRU/WqavpU1PTNineZ9GaroL1vwNOsrWrzyKAGj0hO3aOHCeZr1yXodMa/Mrq4W/ceqT8c2atEwUDfb7U5L55QUu0wL587WjI0HMxaFV2utR8c+qI7tWig0sFzmmgpHDIgzxeKI/tJGdgGmvmX3YKuwAiQUhZXiOATcQsBLPqGD9dncNVow+T4Fb0w23TRWNSNGauSiCQqrbLrrkynHyLiSER3fS5/uGKewXFct3AKDTiCQTcDr7F7N++gn3djlCUXdf6/a3lNfVX0c8c+kUWf3rtAnP3mr85Bx6nhvW91Tv+rlReHZgrT7hjPFYvfO0kAeAkx9ywOFXVcVKGE0Go2WR5kW9TIP31KE1wgggAACHiFw8W8dO1FKFf2z7rLkqF4bdfGv4zpx/W3yd0gCU1C/nCmWguLkPccI5D/1bdpzYapkt6t2jukdrVgnkFeu4IivXqyLllIIIIAAAgg4UqDULaqS110z7R5DCZUq769iaTpX35wpllzBscNhAkx9cxi1mzREQuEmA0k3EEAAAQQQQAAB2wgw9c02jp5TCwmF54w1PUUAAQQQQAABBAohcKNq/eddfdPPGabhFSJcDil2ARKKYh8CAkAAAQQQQAABBJxJgKlvzjQarhCLjR/R4wpdJkYEEEAAAQQQQAABBBCwlQAJha0kqQcBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQ8UIKHwwEGnywgggAACCCCAAAII2EqAhMJWktSDAAIIIIAAAggggIAHCpBQeOCg02UEEEAAAQQQQAABBGwlQEJhK0nqQQABBBBAAAEEEEDAAwVIKDxw0OkyAggggAACCCCAAAK2EiChsJUk9SCAAAIIIIAAAggg4IECJBQeOOh0GQEEEEAAAQQQQAABWwmQUNhKknoQQAABBBBAAAEEEPBAARIKDxx0uowAAggggAACCCCAgK0ESChsJUk9CCCAAAIIIIAAAgh4oAAJhQcOOl1GAAEEEEAAAQQQQMBWAiQUtpKkHgQQQAABBBBAAAEEPFCAhMIDB50uI4AAAggggAACCCBgKwESCltJUg8CCCCAAAIIIIAAAh4oQELhgYNOlxFAAAEEEEAAAQQQsJUACYWtJKkHAQQQQAABBBBAAAEPFCCh8MBBp8sIIIAAAggggAACCNhKgITCVpLUgwACCCCAAAIIIICABwqQUHjgoNNlBBBAAAEEEEAAAQRsJUBCYStJ6kEAAQQQQAABBBBAwAMFSCg8cNDpMgIIIIAAAggggAACthIgobCVJPUggAACCCCAAAIIIOCBAiQUHjjodBkBBBBAAAEEEEAAAVsJkFDYSpJ6EEAAAQQQQAABBBDwQIESRqPRmNXv4IDArJf8RgABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQTyFDiYlHh5f7aE4vJeXiCAAAIIIIAAAggggAAChRBgylMhkDgEAQQQQAABBBBAAAEE8hYgocjbhb0IIIAAAggggAACCCBQCAESikIgcQgCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgjkLUBCkbcLexFAAAEEEEAAAQQQQKAQAiQUhUDiEAQQQAABBBBAAAEEEMhb4P8Bw8DE31XuuAEAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the energy of a photon of blue light (435nm) emitted in the hydrogen spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify, with an arrow labelled B on the diagram, the transition in the hydrogen spectrum that gives rise to the photon with the energy in (a).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain your answer to (b).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>identifies λ = 435 nm ✔</p>
<p><em>E</em> = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{hc}}{\lambda }">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>λ</mi>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{6.63 \times {{10}^{ - 34}} \times 3 \times {{10}^8}}}{{4.35 \times {{10}^{ - 7}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>6.63</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>34</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>4.35</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> ✔</p>
<p>4.6 ×10<sup>−19</sup> «J» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>–0.605 <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>–0.870 <em><strong>OR</strong></em> –1.36 to –5.44 <em><strong>AND</strong></em> arrow pointing downwards ✔</p>
<p><em>Arrow <strong>MUST</strong> match calculation in (a)(i)</em></p>
<p><em>Allow ECF from (a)(i)</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Difference in energy levels is equal to the energy of the photon ✔</p>
<p>Downward arrow as energy is lost by hydrogen/energy is given out in the photon/the electron falls from a higher energy level to a lower one ✔</p>
<p><em>Allow ECF from (a)(i)</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Silicon-30 <span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{(}}{}_{14}^{30}{\text{Si)}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>(</mtext>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>14</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>30</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Si)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></span> can be formed from phosphorus-30 <span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="({}_{15}^{30}{\text{P)}}">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>30</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>P)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></span> by a process of beta-plus decay.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write down the nuclear equation that represents this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the Feynman diagram that represents this reaction. The diagram has been started for you.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p style="text-align:left;">Energy is transferred to a hadron in an attempt to separate its quarks. Describe the implications of quark confinement for this situation.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p style="text-align:left;">The Standard Model was accepted by many scientists before the observation of the Higgs boson was made.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Outline why it is important to continue research into a topic once a scientific model has been accepted by the scientific community.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{15}^{30}{\text{P}} \to {\text{(}}{}_{14}^{30}{\text{Si)}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>30</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>P</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>(</mtext>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>14</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>30</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Si)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{ + }}{}_{ + 1}^0{\text{e}} + {v_{\text{e}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext> + </mtext>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>0</mn>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>e</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>e</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span> ✔</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Subscript on neutrino not necessary to award MP2.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow the use of β for e.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not allow an anti-neutrino for MP2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p>correct change of either u to d ✔</p>
<p>W<sup>+</sup> shown ✔</p>
<p>correct arrow directions for positron and electron neutrino ✔</p>
<p><em>Allow ECF from MP2 in ai for MP3</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>quarks cannot be directly observed as free particles/must remain bound to other quarks/quarks cannot be isolated ✔</p>
<p>because energy given to nucleon creates other particles rather than freeing quarks/<em><strong>OWTTE</strong></em> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>models need testing/new information may change models/new technology may bring new information/Models can be revised/<em><strong>OWTTE</strong></em> ✔</p>
<p><em>Look for responses that suggest changes/improvements to models.</em></p>
<p><em>Don’t accept answers specifically about the Standard Model.</em></p>
<p><em>Don’t accept answers about simply proving the model correct.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few candidates were awarded full marks for a variety of reasons for the Feynman diagram they drew, and many left this question blank. It should be noted that on the exam the time axis can either be vertical or horizontal, so candidates should be familiar with both methods of drawing Feynman diagrams. Candidates should be able to draw Feynman diagrams from scratch either way. The examiners were looking for the basics of drawing a diagram (proper change in quark structure, proper exchange particle, and proper arrow directions for the positron and neutrino).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few candidates recognized that quarks cannot exist in isolation, and fewer still could discuss the effect of adding energy to attempt to separate quarks. Some recognized that the added energy would ultimately be converted into mass, but few clearly specified that this would form new particles (such as mesons) rather than just new quarks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a “nature of science” question. The examiners were looking for the idea that models can be improved on and revised by new data rather than just proven right or wrong.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the quark structure of a baryon.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The Feynman diagram shows a possible decay of the K<sup>+</sup> meson.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img 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"></p>
<p>Identify the interactions that are involved at points A and B in this decay.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The K<sup>+</sup> meson can decay as</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">K<sup>+ </sup>→ μ<sup>+</sup> + v<sub>μ</sub>.</p>
<p>State and explain the interaction that is responsible for this decay.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>3 quarks / example with three quarks «e.g. up up down» ✓</p>
<p>integer / zero / 1 / no fractional «electron» charge<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>held together by the strong force / gluons<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>half integer spin<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>baryon number = 1<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>colour neutral ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A «Decay of the strange antiquark is a» weak «interaction» ✓</p>
<p>B «Decay of the u to a gluon and eventually to d and anti-d is a» strong «interaction» ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>weak «interaction» ✓</p>
<p>strangeness is not conserved and this is possible only in weak interactions<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>the weak interaction allows change of quark flavour<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>only the weak interaction has a boson / an exchange particle / a W+ to conserve the charge<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>neutrinos are only produced via the weak interaction ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A significant number of candidates recognized that baryons are composed of three quarks. The second mark was for a statement concerning baryons as a result of the quark composition, and not for a general statement about the quarks (e.g. "the baryon number is 1" rather than "each quark has a baryon number of ⅓). It is worth noting that the information about individual quarks is given in the data booklet which is why no marks were awarded for simply copying this information over.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates were able to successfully identify the two interactions in the diagram. Some candidates only described what was happening in the diagram without identifying the actual interaction. A common mistake was identifying the gluon at B as a graviton, and/or suggesting that this was a gravitational interaction. Many candidates also did not make the connection between the term "interaction" in the stem and the concept of force.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was another item where some candidates simply described the particles without specifying the weak interaction. The second marking point was for a justification based on an aspect of this decay that could only be true of the weak nuclear force. A commonly incorrect answer was that this was the only force that acted on quarks and leptons, which was not accepted due to the fact that the gravitational force also acts on these particles as well. Another common incorrect answer among SL candidates was to assume that this was an example of beta negative decay due to the presence of a neutrino.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deuterium, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_1^2{\text{H}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>, undergoes fusion according to the following reaction.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_1^2{\text{H}} + {}_1^2{\text{H}} \to {}_1^3{\text{H}} + {\text{X}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>X</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The following data are available for binding energies per nucleon.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_1^2{\text{H}} = 1.12{\text{MeV}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1.12</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext>MeV</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_1^3{\text{H}} = 2.78{\text{MeV}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2.78</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext>MeV</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Particle Y is produced in the collision of a proton with a K- in the following reaction.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The quark content of some of the particles involved are</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Identify particle X.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Determine, in MeV, the energy released.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">bi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Suggest why, for the fusion reaction above to take place, the temperature of deuterium must be very high.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">bii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Identify, for particle Y, the charge.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">ci.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Identify, for particle Y, the strangeness.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">cii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;">proton / <span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_1^1{\text{H}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>1</mn>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> / p ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">«3 x 2.78 − 2 × 2 × 1.12»<br></span></p>
<p style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">See 3 × 2.78/8.34 <em><strong>OR</strong> </em>2 × 2 × 1.12/4.48✔<br></span></p>
<p style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">3.86 «MeV» ✔</span></p>
<p style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">bi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">the deuterium nuclei are positively charged/repel ✔<br></span></p>
<p style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">high KE/energy is required to overcome «Coulomb/electrostatic» repulsion /potential barrier</span></p>
<p style="color:#000000;text-indent:0px;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;white-space:normal;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br></span></p>
<p style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">high KE/energy is required to bring the nuclei within range of the strong nuclear force ✔<br></span></p>
<p style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">high temperatures are required to give high KEs/energies ✔</span></p>
<p style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">bii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">−1 / -e ✔</span></p>
<p style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">ci.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p style="color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">−3 ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">cii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>At HL this was well answered with the most common wrong answer being ‘neutron’. At SL however, this was surprisingly wrongly answered by many. Suggestions given included most smallish particles, alpha, positron, beta, antineutrino and even helium.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority of candidates missed the fact that the figures given were the binding energies per nucleon. Many complicated calculations were also seen, particularly at SL, that involved E = mc<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">bi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The most common mark to be awarded here was the one for linking high temperature to high KE. A large number of candidates talked about having to overcome the strong nuclear force before fusion could happen.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">bii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>At SL many answers of just ‘negative’ were seen.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">ci.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was poorly answered at both levels with the most common answer being zero.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">cii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>An experiment is carried out to determine the count rate, corrected for background radiation, when different thicknesses of copper are placed between a radioactive source and a detector. The graph shows the variation of corrected count rate with copper thickness.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how the count rate was corrected for background radiation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When a single piece of thin copper foil is placed between the source and detector, the count rate is 810 count minute<sup>−1</sup>. The foil is replaced with one that has three times the thickness. Estimate the new count rate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Further results were obtained in this experiment with copper and lead absorbers.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img 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"></p>
<p>Comment on the radiation detected from this radioactive source.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Another radioactive source consists of a nuclide of caesium <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mmultiscripts><mtext>Cs</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>55</mn><mn>137</mn></mmultiscripts></mfenced></math> that decays to barium <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mmultiscripts><mtext>Ba</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>56</mn><mn>137</mn></mmultiscripts></mfenced></math>.</p>
<p>Write down the reaction for this decay.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>background count rate is subtracted «from each reading» ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>OWTTE</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>thickness is 0.25 «mm» ✓</p>
<p>380 «count min<sup>−1</sup>» ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>MP1</strong> and <strong>MP2</strong> can be shown on the graph</em></p>
<p><em>Allow a range of 0.23 to 0.27 mm for <strong>MP1</strong></em></p>
<p><em>Allow <strong>ECF</strong> from <strong>MP1</strong>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept a final answer in the range 350 – 420</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>lead better absorber than copper ✓</p>
<p>not alpha ✓</p>
<p>as it does not go through the foil / it is easily stopped / it is stopped by paper ✓</p>
<p>there is gamma ✓</p>
<p>as it goes through lead ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1</strong></em></p>
<p>can be beta ✓</p>
<p>as it is attenuated by «thin» metal / can go through «thin» metal ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2</strong></em></p>
<p>not beta ✓</p>
<p>it is stopped by «thin» metal ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>Cs </mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>55</mn><mn>137</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>→</mo><mtext> </mtext><mmultiscripts><mtext>Ba</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>56</mn><mn>137</mn></mmultiscripts><mo>+</mo><mmultiscripts><mi>β</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>0</mn></mmultiscripts></math> ✓</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>+</mo><msub><mover><mi>v</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mtext>e</mtext></msub></math> ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept β or e in <strong>MP1</strong>.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> penalize if proton / nucleon numbers or electron subscript in antineutrino are missing.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>a) A majority of candidates were able to say that background radiation count was subtracted from all readings.</p>
<p>b) A fairly easy question with most candidates being able to take readings from the graph to get a final count rate of approximately 380 counts per second. Many did not seem to have used a ruler to help their reading.</p>
<p>c) This was a bit chaotic with candidates showing all sorts of misconceptions. The first marking point was the one most commonly awarded. The 2 big misconceptions were that the copper and lead were radioactive themselves and produced the radiation, or that the higher the figures the better absorbers they were. Far too many candidates thought that the question was only about the radiation passing through the 3.5 mm of lead and copper. Most of these candidates realised that there must be some gamma radiation in the radiation detected. Far fewer stated that there could not be any alpha. Opinions varied as to whether there was beta, but any sensible answers were given credit.</p>
<p>d) This question was generally well answered, with most candidates getting</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Conservation of energy and conservation of momentum are two examples of conservation laws.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the significance of conservation laws for physics.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When a pi meson π- (du̅) and a proton (uud) collide, a possible outcome is a sigma baryon Σ<sup>0</sup> (uds) and a kaon meson Κ<sup>0</sup> (ds̅).</p>
<p><br>Apply <strong>three</strong> conservation laws to show that this interaction is possible.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>they express fundamental principles of nature <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>allow to model situations <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>allow to calculate unknown variables <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>allow to predict possible outcomes <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>allow to predict missing quantities/particles <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>allow comparison of different system states <strong>✓</strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>three correct conservation laws listed <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>at least one conservation law correctly demonstrated <strong>✓</strong></p>
<p>all three conservation laws correctly demonstrated <strong>✓</strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The Feynman diagram shows electron capture.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce that X must be an electron neutrino.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Distinguish between hadrons and leptons.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>it has a lepton number of 1 «as lepton number is conserved»</p>
<p>it has a charge of zero/is neutral «as charge is conserved»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>it has a baryon number of 0 «as baryon number is conserved»</p>
<p><em>Do not credit answers referring to energy</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>hadrons experience strong force</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>leptons do not experience the strong force<br><br>hadrons made of quarks/not fundamental</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>leptons are not made of quarks/are fundamental</p>
<p>hadrons decay «eventually» into protons</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>leptons do not decay into protons</p>
<p><em>Accept leptons experience the weak force</em></p>
<p><em>Allow “interaction” for “force”</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>