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<h2>SL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p>The mass defect for deuterium is 4×10<sup>–30 </sup>kg. What is the binding energy of deuterium? </p>
<p>A. 4×10<sup>–7 </sup>eV </p>
<p>B. 8×10<sup>–2 </sup>eV </p>
<p>C. 2×10<sup>6 </sup>eV </p>
<p>D. 2×10<sup>12 </sup>eV</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>As quarks separate from each other within a hadron, the interaction between them becomes larger. What is the nature of this interaction? </p>
<p>A. Electrostatic<br>B. Gravitational <br>C. Strong nuclear <br>D. Weak nuclear</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Two pulses are travelling towards each other.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses overlap?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the relation between the value of the unified atomic mass unit in grams and the value of Avogadro’s constant in mol<sup>−1</sup>?</p>
<p>A. Their ratio is 1.</p>
<p>B. Their product is 1.</p>
<p>C. Their sum is 1.</p>
<p>D. Their difference is 0.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Photons of energy 2.3eV are incident on a low-pressure vapour. The energy levels of the atoms in the vapour are shown</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>What energy transition will occur when a photon is absorbed by the vapour? </p>
<p>A. –3.9eV to –1.6eV</p>
<p>B. –1.6eV to 0eV </p>
<p>C. –1.6eV to –3.9eV </p>
<p>D. 0eV to –1.6eV</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>When an alpha particle collides with a nucleus of nitrogen-14 <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\left( {{}_7^{14}{\rm{N}}} \right)">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>14</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span>, a nucleus X can be produced together with a proton. What is X?</p>
<p>A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_8^{18}{\rm{X}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>18</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p>B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_8^{17}{\rm{X}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>17</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p>C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_9^{18}{\rm{X}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>18</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p>D. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_9^{17}{\rm{X}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>17</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The binding energy per nucleon of <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_4^{11}Be">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>B</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</math></span> is 6 MeV. What is the energy required to separate the nucleons of this nucleus?</p>
<p>A. 24 MeV</p>
<p>B. 42 MeV</p>
<p>C. 66 MeV</p>
<p>D. 90 MeV</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>In nuclear fission, a nucleus of element X absorbs a neutron (n) to give a nucleus of element Y and a nucleus of element Z.</p>
<p>X + n → Y + Z + 2n</p>
<p>What is <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{magnitude of the binding energy per nucleon of Y}}}}{{{\text{magnitude of the binding energy per nucleon of X}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>magnitude of the binding energy per nucleon of Y</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>magnitude of the binding energy per nucleon of X</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> and <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{total binding energy of Y and Z}}}}{{{\text{total binding energy of X}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>total binding energy of Y and Z</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>total binding energy of X</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAugAAADOCAYAAABsMPeSAAAgAElEQVR4AeydD3hU1Z33v5lYqpgElpXKnejiCymBPsSqycZa6TpJNCmlWp6wQGtNhiZvxfcFZJeXJE0AWwVRSBYeUCyWnWkglC3IZLHUVQYThxZryc5QFd4lmQYe1DCDLyxCEhGQzH2fc//NnTt3/iUTMpP85nmSuXPvPef8zuec8zu/e87vnJvC8zwP+hABIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQASKQEAQMCSEFCUEEiAARIAJEgAgQASJABIiAQIAMdKoIRIAIEAEiQASIABEgAkQggQiQgZ5AhUGiEAEiQASIABEgAkSACBCBm5IVQUpKSrKKTnITASJABIgAESACRIAIEAGFgHZJaNIa6CxH2swouaQDIkAEiAARIAJDRIANIFH/NETwKVkikIQE9AadycUlCQuSRCYCRIAIEAEiQASIABEYvgTIQB++ZUs5IwJEgAgQASJABIgAEUhCAmSgJ2GhkchEgAgQASJABIgAESACw5cAGejDt2wpZ0SACBABIkAEiAARIAJJSIAM9CQsNBKZCBABIkAEiAARIAJEYPgSIAN9+JYt5YwIEAEiQASIABEgAkQgCQmQgZ6EhUYiEwEiQASIABEgAkSACAxfAmSgD9+ypZwRASJABIgAESACRIAIJCEBMtCTsNBIZCJABIgAESACRIAIEIHhS2CEGejX4W1+CuyNTeLfU2j2XleVrg/drXUwKtcL0ODqVV2/0Ycqec3N8MrJ97rRurcBT210QS29fLk/39ddDchi+c5qgCtekUYUpBvugxthNsrlMQ9W9xWdUD70uh3Y21CDjUp5fIJmcxZSUrJgbv5EJ8xAT/XC1VAg1hM1e71ovc0wC3VGW5/0bo7uXFB5DEIa0UlCdw1vAoPdjm4UPaYjDqDBnCPpdiNKrO3wBSXvQ69rIwqE9pqDyuaPNPdcw5nmxVIf8H00uC4GxRCvE0obV/obWQ+qv/vRB/W7f4imLpBejFf5D894oujTe9vQUGAU2qmxshlnNI3Ud6YZlYJNYERBQxuGzgLz1/WshlC2ltxm1G1WczwAm2qEGejaJuHEkRNqBXwZfz36nt8Q1t6eEL974dq6EEVzq/B2X0II1H8hup2wmJdhh/LkcQ4XenSeDq7/BVu/V4C5VW1I9iz3HxaFJAJEIDSBC2izrEDVjuPSLV6cvPC5xvhmlwxIy/0JGupnATgO6+JX4ehWWQi97+PfXmKDIRxM9c/gqdyxoZNMyCvDqH9ISL4kVFgC0fTpaXl4qqEKJgBe61psdpxXRXkRf/k3K6zMJjBVoeGpPKSpro60wxFuoLvQdOBDdMul7uvCBwc75F8J8H0TuNKt4Hke/PZScAkgUVxF+PwizgrG+VxYOr4Az7+D5blJ2By5UmxnZcRvRSl3U1wRKZHdiDSUxOiACCQbgS9w8SwbbOFQbDmBPp5H5/Jc6LfGsbj3RxWoYArV24jVv3JKo3QX4dr6HKocXoArxZIf3TOoxsFNucvRKegNpjt64KxnJgswud6JL5XzSaoTWUZuhM66EWkkW1MYSnmj6tMNSLu3FEsqpgNwYf3qJrh62UMym936NZZXvQFgOiqWlOLetEQ3Ue9E6fZO0UZT2ixrz5dwwlIxYJst0XM/eFXt8WWoLubgbXobTmkExdf5J+y2e8EtrcayydqktVOoKUgxmtHQ7IJXNQADqKd4jCioaYLrk3fRkMWmPeTpSnlaJAvmvX+Gq7lBcfMwmregzXtNSlzr4sLC3YO8Kodw/WRVHr4ixHnR77oT4I4hT9Fo3EB63TjYYJamcXNgbjgA9yWdkWuWl1YraqTpqJSUEtRYW+EWGpOWj/q37JIip5GClIIaWFvdUkco5cs4BzuEYK+hMvsWpATILsXHXDu+koeqk+y3A1V56TpuONfgdTVJckrMFYYsHJOnFdaaEmX6u6DGila38mgmJRbq6wo8bVtUZbQRB9Vhg9xP1OW2Cy5Xs3/q3WjGxjZv4MheNOURlAYzLvyuNXtdf0azukw3vhtYLwPSKEHN9jZ80halWxObMrfWSG4B2rJkzKKtz1GWhZyvrGfRfOBZKV3Z/UnTDgtqsN3lRpvkjsSmIq+5rSgR3AbkMHK5XoHbOk+cWq1p9T+Yy5ehLrdtaFW7XwnpqMstmjolcynAi817USe0o1CuF/K9seoEWfgQbd3nDdAvKSlSe4/UhiOWuZSu5E7hd1PT6gg10yjagpwd9XekNIT68neYs4MpCS/sldOQmhLe3cyQ+X089/IicPDCUdWAPe4r8J1pxSsbJOPg5SrMzhylliIBjpk+3u3XJSlM16n1WKj+gTkJaNoNax+6/Vcs2UxEvRhjfRsxevGP+C9J96WUWOFW2yy+dlhLmMtJHmpa1aPZ6rrA6g9zM41Dn86iNUzE7OeeFR+SHfWo2+OGz/cJ7K9YwawbruJZPDd7IsIaqAFlx+wrptua4VL6/mh1KhNI0z5Y2zjYgUtqBFEfX4O3dSP+V6UVXkxHed13ka0/UhA5Rj5JPwB7aIn18yXvsS3kWViU7+BbLHN5wMTXO3t4nv+C7xB+5/LVb+3n6ydDdY3n+7psfAXHzmn/pvMVttN8nyDKVb7LtojnNPdwj5fzjwth5bQ+5m3lk3XikuIutvAdQoRqeW28h9cLx+L8TJUvdp/86eGd9SYemMyX2z4WT/ad5m0V00OnPbmed37JbtXPC8s/V97In+gRcyyn5P/u43tONPLluqw43lR/hO/hVflSsypXyy7F6LHx5ep72LEgo8yC403lj/Mm7T0KwzBlx1XwlhOX/KIHHMnstOUt/VaHVWRcyNs8DF6I/CkyzuUtHV+IqUVbHkFp8DyvnNOTkeOLLSfEeqmbxnT+8fLZYl1VyjwAQAT5pvPllmM8azm8br1UyRRrWejli6vlWy716bdDbjZf/rhYpyfXO/kv+XN8S3UuD6gYMDH7TvCWYo4HcvnqlnNi/gL+Ryq3WUJbE6IKpQ/U9UKXS6i05fqs4qbUF/BQGKpkDGgvcn1VtXX+M95ZP0u3rXMVNr5LaMJyuqpwuvWFyaUuc57ne47xlvIQusS0gXcKOkIlrzo/yrGqLQSUhfQjmjT06gvktqgXqXROlU+u/Bf8C1Je/GzChI1wKfb+SS4/8GId1iZwiT9hqQjqW8T+SK6Xclmq65DY50TXf8nhVXVBKwbvlzO4LwQPdf1XykUuixjqgqpsdNORdVbc0xjGevFSC18t9MuBba6vw8IXs/Yo6digIufj3KcrCahsDK6cf+GFcrF+c4t4W9dV5S7dgzD1w99+5fqsbg+qY0WnhrERJD2l3yb1JFOz0uhLvdtV5/R0RtgHlMjmfTLfcSu+/s18TEYHDn7QxZ6f0NVxCkAe7v/GbZqMXUHngd/C6mV+iUfQw6Yy+k7DJkzRHMehU+fFEVHfKRx4VfJfrLXD08fu68LOiWexS/Gz1kRtqoWt4xJ4/iq6bGxEB4C9Dcc/1RvRZtMp72umQmOZAvWh2/EqFluZn2Yxalu6hKngPs9hbChn002qT/dhbF68BV6uApYTTD4efM8xWMqnw7vjJfy67YLqZtWhz409S2sFv3KuvBEnevqEvHlafgGTMFr1HLa6ekXXHY8N5ULQhbB5voSuGw+bwvzSiXphRsOEemcP+M7lyFWeSL1wfDwRSySGYjpqhufh2LwWVu90lFuOiWUnTz95rVj5a6fOSKoqP8KhmpUdtSaOOc9FHbbadkJIt6/LJo4Y4CgOHT8nPLVHXR5akQJ+czBV29DBWCv10gv7of/CpyyVzha8GlTmGzDx4yMR1lv464u/LPvQc6IR5dxx7Fi5C21q/10mU9j6HGtZ+Ntbn7sO38q4JrVDls4v0OK5Ktatnffg412y7zETYhzySoqF0VH77j+hUxotkmfIUPy/UWnStvEAoCHaxxvYsOcouhFrPpi8G+AUyucPWPWtcdrEAn+HZRh4a7hfPncz6oTp4uD6G+z7KccUbZlfgXvPc6hkPt8qHdHnkdqHox7Lt8quI3LcxQjdFuR71N9RpiG4OXwMWzlTEpNRbvs4Oncz1Sied8cvUCvkZRFefu77yEywntHn3oul8oicrMf6utBSWwzgDVQt/zVcvZkh+oebouu/1OijOg6uV4mlF8PXtxGnFzPuRklZLoDD2H34tDSLewWdh9+CnbmGrSmHKUOn4se7T1fq1ihkzq7Cy8yO8u5Abe0OYcS5IorZK6XsZL2qsp+8h07hrHqGgKUXVqfK+lzTrxx5GeUx+hX7vC1Y+7+Y/cP6Lgu2VEwfkJucTmko9Ib9wU1fvw9zOC+ETvzihzjQ5AKK8zH99q9o8n4zplTsAc+fxq6C87A374W19knMEYwe4PK5S7gsGEKiiwwwA2ULvgOO0TVkovBnNajWLWgOxWXlmD0lA8AoZD5QiEc0Kcf35zWcPd0pGmXlC7GkMFOYQjJwD6DS/GiAv9T1vx6FjT1UeK2onDZGdA1JzxE7ZGh891VCKkYQ5mLNivmYKviQjQJXuAirqplyeANb3zkZt91nBJ9TFUMu7zvIV7O+/hGO2lzCgrAdlTlIF1wfxmCa0NkhwMVJlY3AwwBWRfjZqgUCK6/tKP6q9xylDl08H5WzpwqN1JD595j1iNp3KvryUEcZfDwDZZXfwxTG2pCJB2Y9qLpFVsDM5pyPBSa5zP35UN2sOfQvmvbuWIBp6alISUlF+rQF4sJerx0HnOoHtQj1OeaymIGyx+4W2aWlYbTvNA7vPiz6GZfNh4ljLgjquiWLb0BG3sMoY/XA/hYOd7KdgS7iL79rFjui+d9GViTNF1Dm/vYhlPmVWOsU4zJT9Kc0jEba6HCJR2AoZzHi93V8erwNdnZfQF4ewdp3POB5J9YV6j2kRFnm6rJYU4UFU5kOAwycXK+8cGz9AzrU7SNsW9DJUH/S0Ikm3Cm/qwu7azqiMQ7CxTc419Rt+J+xYoHU6av7Fsfv8E4H64X0PtH1X3ohw54LqFdyuQMJoxfD1jc105GiF3UGLno/xO+amE6dgfkz7tJ1KRnUPl31kMzqWlSuLUzPTKnAAZ5H365/QJd9H5qtq/DEnC2ibXP5Ai5dVlvoEXSq7zxOv+8RH+6XVKBQ7lfy58MsPNCEbQX+i73H0fizZXjBwZ4HtmPXsvwBGecs4nA9hT/h4XokP1Ha96P5X5vR5OVQrNt5+9Dbvh1m41dhzJuFOXPmonK90PUJZEaPH4PRzEDvuQDBVZrLwl0TVP6Lo8dgPLsh6DMaE8be6i+E8RORo7bfgu6P9cRn+OiYegvC6+i5wEZuAW7CWNyqRGfA6DHjhDyIp67j3EedYl6UewIPvGcv4vPAU8IvhcHkfHxz0s2qO27GmPHpwu+Txz6CKIXqcr8PNQy1rM99hGNCoYRIwHsBFz9XN+bg+ybnTMR45bSWlXJB/2DCWKQrrexvMDHnTtV90ZaHKoju4TiMTZenFG7C+IlZ8FcjVRr33IUJiizR5ENbf7SJX8TZi1+oTmrKQlufYy0LbTvyfY4LJ9lToxH33HWbv93AX7cUYTLuw7xlbKcOabSo+yj2MP9irhQLSyapwiohAg7Clnms+QiSNyApzY8IDDV3+39qy+oKPKf6s+BdG48/BfFIKnOlLLLxyDfvUPFU1auTnfjonMpCD9sWtOkwhSqXdwxp6EQT/pR6YORBzHpAfIANH+ZGX/W34cmPfBOTlDYMQNF3n+DYR5+FECy6/itE4JCnw7aRkKGkC2Hrgj+/4fupCIlEm8aI0YsGZOTPxjI2AywMXFxGd9s+bHB4wVX8ECVZ6v7az3aw+3T/wNVkPDLr76Obveo9Dqs5B6nGPMyeMwdzKtcLvuuC1KPHYUzAIEgEnarombGYMPYWf8b1+hXV1cBDtsD8Z6jc8d+icb7mEXGANvCmmH+pm3rMgZM/wFhMuz8PwD7UVrGnrxBPkcoUD3Ml+BVs+5zw9PlX3cscDOnjRMPI24nTZ+WFngAuX8K5UIMbcuAb8n0T0seJpqb3/dOqaSAfLl+6IMwCiGIYcOvYceKI+uR6OL9kq5I1fyF2lVEYnGzDB6fUe5pfwaVzPUL0gYp9kDN+61hMEEbUJfcYbT6i2Hnl5MEPcEqx4bWsBiJ/tOUxVGncgrETxG3mAneWkOtCJ7aXqh84IsgZa1loFa3hVoybzArTg/dPS25lQpL+uuWXYCzufawUxWzR4O4/wnnkbTSxzTnKSvFwFIv/wpZ5rPlAOsaP0e/8/PLG++hmGCdli5GevYgepf5GSifKMlfKQnYRlONVtY/JWZg4Xn5wlK/H8H0j0ohBnKG71a8nAuulum+5EzkT/0ZfxCj7L/3Aoc8GyqIq99BBorziz2/4firK6HRvG0gaUbYR3XR1TsaqTwaiF9PuxmNlM6SBizYcOWCHF7ko+/E/hDSME65Ph8r1zVQNi+0NOD1X8aWzXjUwpcM51ClFz0TTr+hFwt6dsBKPVr0BrvwF/LKuKC7GOUtphBvoN+H26flgXnzCRztiJ5/v9aDjGBu5+1tMur8Ys3+Qi9s/fQ+2NwJHqAxZ38b8YmZAHEZT4x/FXTR8Z9D64jqsD+WDLqcxoG+VQX2wFe+dYQ8HbCWxFS8JOxvIkd+MrBnfFfNr341GxxnBD83nfQ+W7ftV/sgqF4GT27F5x3Fh9xWf96C0E0Xo1d5+Bq9h5fO70S7sFsFk2YLV65mrySw8VTA5xPZnspxx/JZnSeDAhs02UR5WJnXiji5G3d08NOnbd8Oyr11i0IIXVzcKrLg59+HrA7A/gGjLQyNPTD9DpeHPR+jo5ClR4OSGV7Cjne16w8pS2lnFWIdWrQ966MiAgZaF4S7MmM86Fy/sTbvhEFbrq+tWYOJKXbS/ipq1e8SOqORuiM4YgfcG/Qooc3/7EMp8nOzLOYA6FZRgtCeibesq3aZq65BGnlJSQu0mE2WZq8tiZT0ahboBMB9MsX1wMD31D/3fvYDhuBFpRIt9SO9Tt+GNeL5R1MdQ9y2mx1CQrTtNC0TZf8WcxYA2Ipc7QHoxkfWiXJe8sFuexVrm1ssVoyQv9LoYRY8iQfp0Zb0gwE26HyWzv4fc28/hD7aDYWf9Q9ZvtZ5R9yttu7Gd8Qn7YVtDbhHca1DeiNYtZZJbb9hAUV8c4QY64K98bHTtYeTpLZJIm4z7Z7JFlMdhnXMXUlNSkGo04xD+hzDKLPugwzAJJQvZfuVeOF4ohjE1BSmpd+CJjybgcWEUN+pyCXOj/8nfv83iZaRl52EmS8O7BXPu+CpSUr4KY9F+wOR3dmCRGrKKsFBY3GrHC0V3SHmZgWXKCz6kpDPy8JM1bB/P45B9t1ONxXiBTYeVL8FP8kM0aMMUzFsrvYRA8VtmsvwCjv6+/EN5wg21zWIYXBiH/J8sERZ7KH7UqXeg6AW7sLhtzU/yojDY7Fg/Z5rgvy4zALcILz89I4qw4WSLoTzCRxP2qn6ZL8NHf3d/wLqD4EjYlOjjWMMWECtrEeSynI7yNY8jX6+9BEcknRloWdyMrJIfSltz/QJFRqmeP/E+/u5xzSJnlqLSHl1wOE4iusWhsvDqMpfah1LmA82HnEZ/vg3Rt/UppVgrvJDH39ZT5HUkpoWomann6hNtmd+MKfOWo15aMC2vU1HaR1xeMnIj0uhPGdz4MAalLP36mPUtgh7DLNQ3/AS5wnofnf6h/WvR9V8xZ0vdRsS+gfRi4utFpT/4kwMO5tYbanGoXB8Go0+X4+7Xdway7/+WuA7MOgd3SHZW0aFrYOoIQT7okRIJ0a/cv1j1EkX9OHxn9mHpo8sE9xrFvgh6M3D4LV/1YxbPjngD3T9Kk4uyUKNrbCHDGgsaq+Wx9mJUN+7D3p3/R1jU6d9LfRQyS9fCYd8grf6djvL6t+DYsgj3hhjcCFc4+tduRtbMpapdV5gn+XWwxU5r9u9AtVBD2WrkalhaXsWqWRoXBMNElG6ywV5fLhlnooz/t+UFzfRQBqZWbISjxeKPk+3pKeQn3FMie1PfUuzveAevKWnI8jiwf3k/Fk4YJmHm6hX+FdV3pgJXon2nqAFpU8uwxdECi1J+AFe+AXbHRlRIi9v0WUtny38Dp9PPVgy7FqVRuEqEjZddjLo8IsYU+gZtGlw56u02bHn6QdW6gxDB06ajYosNLZZq4c1vwl1y+JhXqA+8LAyZs7HJ8RbqpV2HxLJ4GU/fq7fgcRQyHy4VF4uyXQp015eEyHfYMh94PkKkGtXpqNs6xiJ32TY4bfX+tiO0YRucu2qlxVA6SUZb5mn5WL7fgZbX1PEXo9rSgo79SyWDUSf+WE7diDRikWfI7h2L3OW70NHyW6XuswXypmoLWjp2YbnyxlOd/iH1jij7rxgzF7aNxBiX9natzpL6nuB+Shswht/aNGS9Ntz1ouFOPPxjeVOIEG69ARgHoU8PiD/WH2z3lxXY3yj3Sawd7IBz779iCduEIWjzgsjxa/sVCHXBiRbp5WH6MfTiL//2kvjWU/0bBn5WtQ1jUh3q7Rk55Bn40intnw7evxdnH9/j3CDt0y3vBzvkkpIAI4jAl856frKwn6t6z37VHtkB+2knMhjVHszqvXJ7jvD1Jra/uXb/ZvWetIF7/+rnUrVPc9Iw0c8JnR1aAgnZPw0tkoRLfeTqRdWe+qq9wBOugEaYQHo6oz9v+0kIbHqZGXrBVEaP8iIO/8b4fqN96CUlCUYQAcWA9ddF1n7EP7XRnuhM1A+7svyqb8VoVxnaUj656hY+1Cup/LlWhSMD3Y+FjmImkJj9U8zZGN4BRpxe1L64J9RL04Z3sSdq7vR0Brm4DHwSQhWD3pQyuyxO+zo2zQ65UloVCR0SgfgSSMvHsl37YVO7HLEUBDcoGzaVRnilcnylGUBsbKp1EXY5bappfhadNNXvkN2O1FtNsms2OFaZBrxeYACCU1AiQAQSjcCI04vqbX7ZS5x2YpXuuxASraBGrjwp7GkiGbOfkpIibP2XjLKTzESACBABIjB8CVD/NHzLlnJGBAaDgJ7OoBH0wSBNcRIBIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQgX4SIAO9n+AoGBEgAkSACBABIkAEiAARGAwCA3rNymAINBhxsqkD+hABIkAEiAARGAiBeHmEUp80kFKgsEQgOQnEqj9GhIEeK5TkLHqSmggQASJABJKBAPVJyVBKJCMRGFoC5OIytPwpdSJABIgAESACRIAIEAEiEECADPQAHPSDCBABIkAEiAARIAJEgAgMLQEy0IeWP6VOBIgAESACRIAIEAEiQAQCCJCBHoCDfhABIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQgaElMMIN9OvwNj8FtqJe/HsKzd7rqhLxobu1DkblegEaXL2q6zf68BM0m7OQkpIFc/MnUuI+9Lod2NtQg41xk60XroYCgUlWgwtqIoOa4143DjaY/bxLrHD79FLshrt1Nxqe2gKXLJy3GWahnLRlqBe+H+euu9CQxeqJmr1ePKo6ZW6GV++WmM9py2Mw0ohZKAowHAkMdju6Ycy64T64EWajrNvnweq+okn9IlwN35d0//fR4Lqouq66ZlyM5jPXVNeS5dCvN/x9nMxD9Z3V4NejUWVtAH1ONPUroXQtgGhkjoob3RQXAtHYCb1taCgwim27YCNcvSpDQnXNWNmMM6pLcZEvjpGMcANdS9KJIyfUSvoy/nr0vTgZWdq04vT7+l+w9XsFmFvVhr44RTk00fjQ3dYIc9UOP++TF9Cj03iuu36F7xX9EFVvfzE0olKqRIAIJDaBbics5mXYoTwhn8OFHvlpXhZ9LHKfegb1Jg7AG6ha/mupI/eh1/VrLK96A8B0VLxchdmZo+RA9D1s+hwqyuQjEKWdkJaHpxqqYGIZdNRj+VYnxKHVi3BtfQ5VDi/ALcLLz30fmQlsBSewaENRdVxoOvAhuuWkfV344GCH/CsBvu9E6fZO8HwntpfemQDyxFMEHz6/eEE0zost6OjjwXcuR27SbQR6E7jSrWDbqPHbS8G6/vh/bkQa8ZeaYiQCN4zA5xdxVjDO58LS8QV4/h0sz00LTl6vI+91YuvyejgAcBXP4rnZE5GcHWUacpe/I+oipo++dKJ+MkNgQr2zx38+KfUsy8cN0oNcKbYzfvxWlHJJ1yEF1/mkPhOtnWBAWu5P0FA/i02BwFH1HLa6LiTdg3dy6p3BqGCPL0N1MQdv09twdovDtr7OP2G33QtuaTWWCYpNnbB2CjUFRnMDml1eBAz6BkzHlKBmexs+aWtAFnPHkKcWVVNoe11/RrPi5pED88Z34VUi1Li4sHBfyUPVSSaXA1V56VKcoVwg5ClPtZsGm648gAZzjjgdZDSj4WAHLqmzKh/3utFqrUGB7PJTUANrq1t6MpVv0vuWXFLkNFKMKKixotUtPwqxfE2Fcc6rYmB7JbJT1TLKcYr5+kpeFYQsn6xC3ldSEOSG4/PCtV2WU2TuZ8jiYvJYUSNPgaWUoMbaCrd6GkxOUu/bdwZtG2VXnByYGw6owuqxV5Xb3j/D1dygTL0bzVvQ5lVPn0dTHnppqM/tgsvVHFCmG9vU9VKTRkENtrvcaIvKrYmFbYW1pkRyDdCWZeCUcPj6HE1Z+POV9eJeHKiT0lXcn9TtkMnSBNcn70ruSMwl7Tzc1nmirEoYqVB97bCWsGnQPNS0ntcpaVW5WQ+o3K+kdALKLYo6JbfzrGfRfOBZqR3puV7EwlAlo+L2BkBxEwh0+fJ5XSr9koIUob1HasNRlLlAj93H3O3ktpGClCAdoZI3YlvQKRJESkOqL8Y52CEEfw2V2bcgJaS7mbYjr8GiRTVJM8KmR2hg5yLo6pB9DkuVlY2qL2H9BKtfzS5VHxajdEOuawPbougC69dJKeYh1rWIpT0NVEcNpq6V6084/cHyGo2dINcx7QzZEixKtgdvPkk/ABsAGOjnS95jW8izuFC+g2+xzOUBE1/v7OF5/iEpIjcAACAASURBVAu+Q/idy1e/tZ+vnwzVtat8l20Rz7Fw2j9uEW/ruioK1neat1VM19wznX+8fLYYdnI97/yS53mPjS/XxqP85vhiywm+T4jxY95WPpkHJvPlto/1wwlxqvNl4z0Kph7eWW/yh+d5vq/LxldwOvmQ0p9c7+SZiLxuXli46Xy55RjPiOl/LvEnLBX6rDCLr3d+xvO8nC+1HFIeAyJV5UvhA16QUWFo4svLWR7VcakZhi47rryRP9Ejkg5Ilv340inVAXW8/mN/WJWM5TJ7vfz5w6LYwndIyUZXHnppqM4F5F1OZy5v6fhCyJZuGtxsvvxxsa4qZR4EIUx94Sp4y4lLYgilLOS01d+xloV+vrjqFv4Sr1+W3OPl/ONCnZba8qUWvlr47WfABO3rsPDFjBVXy7dc0iv3COVm2sA7hfqiLwerg/56EaKdh0o7aoayjJr2otTXhbzNI7Rgnu85wtebOE3bYGUzna+wnRZ1jJKuP5xufRG4qcqc7+N7TjTy5bq6hONN9UckHSHLq64TqmNVWwiuftGkoV9foLTF4FiFM0FsVExCBAl3mpV9wn2UOiH3cVoJo9DVSv1QlZnUj4WsJxHql1aKxNK16nYrt4kQdUzRu349o8sknrpWt+9UlY3Sngaqo77QtXnip2ujadt6ukOj94IqUx/f49zAm5SyYfpeZaMF3T90J/R0Bo2gyw9buBVf/2Y+JqMDBz/oYmMB6Oo4BSAP93/jNuUu4cB3CgdeZQsAZ6He+ZkwVdjXZUMF82fw/l+cOiuOiPo6W/Cq9TiAYtS2dKGP59Hn2YCJHx/x+1kHxMzBVG1DR08f+L7TsFVMZxHCfui/8GnAfdIPNvWmnbaMabryPByb18LKpoJNv0CL5yp4/io8R15GeYBvhg/djlex2HocXHkjTjD5+D70nGhEOXccO1buQps066AV0+fei6WVVngxHeWWY+hhU4V9XWipLVb5fWaidHs7PLaFYvByGzy6bjzilOaXznoIExqT6+H8kkfn8lz4Jx478PGEJRJDOR0Vw+7D2Lx4C7xcBSwnLonTvD3HYCmfDu+Ol/DrtgvaLAT/VrNq+YXg5xZ92FrYOli6V9FlWyS6wNjbcPxT5h8bbXkEixR4phjVthMCa6Ve4igOHT8H4Ao6D/w2uMx33oOPd7G6Gu4jy6cqS/4STlgqwHmtWPlrp989TIgmQn2OuSzk9vYl3Ku+jQylHXIw1drhYW5RfV3YOfEsdim+xwAy7kZJWS6Aw9h9+LQ0w3UFnYffgh0citeUw5QRQRWqy1xuH47fYA+rLzHng4Op/ohYPu46fCts2hEYhiuugGtX4N7TII4Mq/Mi1N/jsC5+FQ7dNhxlmfvc2LO0VvD59uuIq/AI8ctTzOr1PUznhGsLAcKLP6JKo1d0MfPYUC6EWgib50tEdDdTu7qwcMX/jJqkdW0RccX6PypdnT47RJ8j6xV/3fb3Ycdx6NT5wJnlaIULqquIQU+Hq19yvY7U90USNFF0bYT2NFAdlXZasnkGSddG1bbTo7QT1GWmniFj55m+X5w0a0oi9ErqjA7/45u+fh/mcF7Yd/8JnRc/xIEmF1Ccj+m3fyUw84apqDjgAd+3DQVdrWhu3obaJxaLRg96cO4S2y1ANgCYsp+PBaZMwY/RwBXhZ6sWhPBNnoGyyu9hSpoBMGTigVkPBqYb71++8zj9vgfAZJQvqUAhxxZCjQKXPx9mwaCRE/QvlvXuWIBp6alISUlF+rQF4iIsrx0HnHqGrZrBP2PFgukQvEANmSj8WQ2q2UOA43d4p+OynFAcvtUMOeQ9nBvA+vpfj8LGjDevFZXTxoiuD+k5qNzBjFPNGgRdaTSsChdhVTUz/lywHf0owo43HIrLyjF7SobAOfOBQjyiTiPq8lAH0jkuno/K2VMF1obMv8esR1T+Wb7TOLz7sKioyubDJJe5kg+d+ORT1z/CUZsLwHHsqMxBuuDqNAbThAcwBLiHiUHUZRFcn2Mui+JSPHbvWMH3NC3tZsguaMAMlC34DjimzdR1S5Yb45BXUgyOPeyyts1cxno/xO+aGIcZmD/jrgg+xpoyV9qHWOZXYq5TM1D22N1i+aSlYbQip95BeIZ6IfTPncPxQ0eD23rhz/EOe2j2rEWh3oNClGXuL4u5WLNiPqYyHcZ0iVKv3sDWd06q2keEtqCTidjT0Ikk5KludLzTIvidC7fYm/G7v2geKEKGHQ4XBqqrb8aUij3g+dPYVXAe9ua9sNY+iTnCABVw+dwlxK7lNe1OqUuka9WuuGLtC9+eYta1TKeqdNTNkrvvYOnaQW3bvW688wbTfezjhb3pTfwlWndWKdRQfZGBriYvj7TZ96P5X5vR5OVQPP/byAqi1I12ayWMqUbkzZ6DOXOexHq2Klj4pGP8mJuZEyh6LrARS4C75y5MUOIwYPSYcSE65XEYmy6PBd+E8ROzxJFiMeI4/P8MHx2Tt2dkLoOf48JJJvdYTBh7iyr+mzFmfLrqtyac6op4eBFnL+rtqOJnMPmRb2KSwgDA6DEYL1gmn+DYR58Fxdj/E2qGWtbXce6jTtF/PUQC3rMX8XmIa+LpO5Ez8W9Ud2hZqS4FHY7GhLG3+o3B8RORo7Kdoy+PoIgDT0wYi3SF9d9gYo5qQbFS5kbcc9dtflkQRT7OfYRjgvN/YHLKL+8FXPxcWTABQF0W2voce1kEtiPA13NBLEsuC3dNUO2yodQtWTIDMvJnYxnbrcP+Fg53XkZ32z5scHjBVfwQJVmsvYb7hCvzL2OvU1p5wyUdlmGYgNqyuv7/cOrdcIUXIi5tPNrbpDJXymJyPr45Sc3TX69OHvsIokZkkURoC9p0mLqSyzvqNHQi0T2l3rVFvkG9q4t8bjh/D1RX+9Dbvh1m41dhzJuFOXPmonK9XQE2evyYEH2ecovOQbh2p3N7wKkI9UvRg5H6voBIg38kjK4Nl9/YdS00Okppe5rz/n5cRtM/XavEH/e2rdq1RRYxYFcX+WRifivdeGKKd6OlGotp9+cB2Ifaqi3whhhd808FFqPa8hr2OT3oU1xNZJlvQvq48cIP7/uncVaxW3y4fOlCP0YT5Hjj+G24FeMms2FsD94/rZ6CvIJL53pUCd2CsRPYyCUwud6JL4UV7WxVu/wXalcZP4OTBz/AKYUBgMuXcE4YUtEqYVWycT804Nax48QRdck9xp8HKS8Rd16RXaBk4bSs5PP9+I66PPoRtxxkIGncOhYTBNcnzS4QSj2IZZeD2MtC28kb0seJD7DeTpyW3MqEbCp1S840gLS78VjZDMnNpQ1HDtjhRS7KfvwPUWyzFa7MY88HRo/DmNE3WPXe9DVMepA9DV7G2YufR+9uEGWZK2Vxsg0fnFLvN+5vH5NzJkLUiKpyieFw0NJQ7doCUz1aWup1tmeLQdCkvHWAulpxUWAuWb+CbZ8Tnr4eOOuFje76SSRcu+tnlHKwgehBOY5I3wNJI8p2F0kE8frAdZTS9gZJ1yrxx1V/qB+8mevVG2gJ2NUl8WfIbnAvEV11Grq7bsLt0/PBvKOFj/ZpUTjpQ29XJ46xY+7ruL/kMfwg92/x6R9+jzcCBqhuRtaM74px2Xej0XFG6BR93ha8uLoxhA+6mOzA/6sa5MFWvCe8ZOMavK1WvLRDJaThLsyYz4wWNu2zGw5hV4pr8Lbtxnbm3qN8ZBcB4OSGV7Cjne2+wuKTdqIw1qFV139VzWAjnm88Lu744juD1hfXYT0bvDc9hoLs8JP8ihgDPjAgI+9hlDEj8+R2bN4hyuPzHkSdsKNLqN081AkzVjuwT9iBhjHYgtXrGatczLlvosoXXh0myuOoyyPK+PRuC5WGkg+9QNI5eYYJDmzYbEM7myZkZSntrGKsadX4oIeJCwMvC0PWtzG/mBXmYTQ1/lHcKUJdtwKSl+uiF3bLs1jL6jdXjJK8cQF36f/QlLnSPliZT8K4Adcp/VSjOys/PJ/EwTf+U3zpBmPw0qvSLiZyLOMx/aH7NG1dHvVkL60JsZtMlGXuL4vXsPL53WLdEHSE3D5m4amCyQNqH4OThnqEbRbqG/4nCgv/p2Z7tsTvyOVS7v+33D4A2Puhq3s96DjGFPrfYtL9xZj9g1zc/ul7sL0xkG2KNe1O0VGka4ebrh2Uth3w4F2Fhqe+i0Ld9x70v9UMesihW7M6sJT1VrzGHqNqNba8yr/vBG8pFnc6EHeKUO/gIa5+112ZjVzeZGI7rOTy1S3nRFF0dz4Jt4uLvEpcDP6ls56fzFYfy7IpK7ZVK5dV8jImCLuiXpbRH14/L/5V4MqOHj3HeEu5dkcadl+kXVw+4531s3R2jmBh5V1cWH51ykLEEPRf2X1DWpkduItLJIahdyoI2HFDm6qyA4KfjcBbkoGrsPFdwkYgevmQV5/7uQvRK3H6ZY6uPPTS0DvHUoly556odhYIs9JedxcXf76YJMH1OZqy8OdLqYtK2ejvTBC0s4B8f0B7VO8mI9+g/ZbLLVKZR5MP1W4Q8u5N2uTUv5XdMiIx1GeAb5t4k7Cjiip80E4lcr443lRr5z2s/galG2WZs11ctLslSG0D0NvFJXJbUOMQj6NNQy8fwbHxATKrZWTNRrXjjbJbj14c+ufi0z/px93vs4q+CbWLS5S6Wq/Puaq3YxnHf9v0bWEHL6UvDapfOrlR5JTrZ+D3jdW1enXJr5P8fTPLxxDoWj2bgImiMJTb/0B1lL6eiZ+ujbZth2KvrUfquqy2M9TpaNq8Noob/FtPZ9AIuvYRSBlhzEVZyd1gy/m0H0Pm97Fm/w5UC2+gY6PA1Wh0/jt2Lnk4cKGhYSJKN9lgry8X3Sq4ctTbbdjy9IP98MfTSiH9NkzCzNUr/Luu3JkKXPFBT0ZLy6tYNUvljyysqZuNTY63UF/OdoxhswJMRidatFOTadNRscWGFku1OP2r3GvDlgpp8acYg+b/WOQu34WOlt/60wCbBrWgpWMXlueKrjOaQGF/GrJmYvUGiSk43Ik+qCfVwwZGBqZWbISjxeIvP7bDTP1bcGwpkxa3hYthMspfew/ORpmDFHbT7ChcJcLFK14zZEZZHpGjCnmHNg2ufAPsjpfx9L2a3YqCYjAgbWoZtjhaYKlW5pkght+Iiql6rSUoEtWJgZbFKGSWroXDvkGq/3I5LsK9epMyhjvx8I8flRYNR7M4VBY1UpkPNB9yOv35HoXM2SuwX6mPUtvaVodZWgZp+Vi2az9ssj5iybH2btuPXWseERfZBokQbZmz3RKWYn/HO3hNHb+pGpYWB/YvzxcXiAfFH8uJOKcRNMKW55dRvatLEvmsxkIz+N4odbVen3PtTsxeY0GjoheKUd24D3t3/h9hIXzwosbg1IPPRGp3wSFiOaPVgyH7vlgi1dyrTYN0rQaQ8jOebVvr2vIMnlLsDPWuLiF2l1JkSoCDG/yQELfk9J424hZ5nCJSRgzV+8Dyqic7ZWQ8TglSNEQgIgF5lEezH6wyYqgZ2YwY3xDeoIwSgfePqqlHSOTRI1lG1SiSsj+wfE3vWx5BTyImetmgczecQDL0TzccyohLkHSt8K6YqHTtiKscQRnW0xlsoV9SfvQyk3AZUYyewCk6JnvAy0ESTnASaPgSUBuwOvUyQV/ioF8eqoddxZ3Cnye/0S4b2vI1lRuafsTSWTkcGehhMdHFIAJJ0T8FSU0n4kuAdG2Ay2984Q672PR0Brm4DOYsht6UMktPmPa1YVPpRNU2d4MpCMVNBGQCbIpvEXY5bSqXI3ZNco1wrEVppmrLQjlYQn6PRe6ybXDa6v0uXoKcbHelFjgUtyP1VpPsxSI7saowkjtPQmaYhCICRCBpCJCuJV07sMqawh5DBhbF0IROSUkRtvkbmtQpVSJABIgAESAC+gSof9LnQmeJABHQJ6CnM2gEXZ8VnSUCRIAIEAEiQASIABEgAkNCgAz0IcFOiRIBIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQAX0CZKDrc6GzRIAIEAEiQASIABEgAkRgSAiQgT4k2ClRIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQASKgT4AMdH0udJYIEAEiQASIABEgAkSACAwJATLQhwQ7JUoEiAARIAJEgAgQASJABPQJkIGuz4XOEgEiQASIABEgAkSACBCBISFABvqQYKdEiQARIAJEgAgQASJABIiAPoGb9E8nx1m2sTt9iAARIAJEgAgkGgHqnxKtREgeIpBcBJLaQE/Sl6AmVw0haYkAESACRCAmAnpvBYwpArqZCBCBEUVA74GeXFxGVBWgzBIBIkAEiAARIAJEgAgkOgEy0BO9hEg+IkAEiAARIAJEgAgQgRFFgAz0EVXclFkiQASIABEgAkSACBCBRCdABnqilxDJRwSIABEgAkSACBABIjCiCJCBPqKKmzJLBIgAESACRIAIEAEikOgEyEBP9BIi+YgAESACRIAIEAEiQARGFAEy0EdUcVNmiQARIAJEgAgQASJABBKdABnoiV5CJB8RIAJEgAgQASJABIjAiCJABvqIKm7KLBEgAkSACBABIkAEiECiEyADPdFLiOQjAkSACBABIkAEiAARGFEEwhroPrcVJSkpSDHWobXbN6LAUGaJQNIR6HXjYMPz2O6+Mkiid8N9cDPqtrdD1AZX4LbOSyz90NuGhoIHUdN6fpAYULREgAiMbAJaPRhvGj70ug+goW4X3JLZJdpieQmk1y7C1fB9GGta0R3v7FN8CoEwBvoVdB5+C8eWvYAXcg7hgPOCEogOiAARSDQCPnS3NcJc9QH6Bku0bics5hfhGrQEBih473FsX/0C/t1xdYARUXAiQASIQAgCg64HL6DNsgJVrsEaaAmRr6hPd6N9+wuo+/ejUYegG/tHILSB3v0nWFaeQtmsH6N0fibWr/ud8jTXv6QoFBEgAkRgMAhcg9fVhJpFrZg273tIG4wkKE4iQASIwAgn4PO2YXtNHX4/7THMJ0U76LUhhIHuQ7fzbTShGCV5mcia8V0U29/C4c5EfaIbdE6UABEIT0BwLzHDyFzCUnJgbmiCtabE7/7R3YoaoxEFNZvRYM5BSkqKf3rQ54Vrew0KhLApSCmogbXVjV51iuye5gaYjSx+9sfisqLVzSYYfehuXYmpRS/Ai9dQmX2LP25IxmuBUQpXghprK9y9ssvaebTW5AlpbmuQ5NdzaWPyTy3Ceq8X9sppSA245wyOvrnBL5vRjIaDgfL7vC40y/EL8mvkkPiUbDuINhULo3kjDgp5VMMIPPa5d2LB8lMoefEp5KWnBl6kX0SACAwjAsy9ZKOia4zmBuy1Mt0pu3+E02eRdCHDxO5pVnS0oGvV+jiMHhSN1xId/cziZTq6DsaUEtRse1GSX5ZZXTxM/u+iaL0LsFciO1V9z1WcPfo7lWysnzmg0uUsmXD9BEtH4lOyBa1tTaiR+wUdna2WSjj2taNxwXPoKKnFsry/DbpMJwaBAK/7Oce3VOfyXHULf4ld7zvBW4on88WWE3yf7v03/iSAG58opUgE9Aj0neZtFdN5rryRP9HDWsgl/oSlgucAHlwt33Kpj+cvtfDVHPtdwVtOXOL5vk/5jk72LYd9mT/iucoaG99zopEv56bzFbbTUnv7jHfWz+K5cvkedlsX31JbzMO0gXcKafbxl1pqeQ5zeUvHF5KUV/ku2yKe48r5DUc8Ylw9x3hL+XSeq7DxXUJjFts6MJ0vtxzje/irvKfjNN+jl08hD5xKD3zBd1jm8gDHm6ptfIcgx1Xe0/IL3oRZfL3zMzGWniN8vSmXL99wmPdICqTPY+drTZN5U/0RMS2ZD4r5atsJ8VxQHvWE4nm+51PeI6TN830dFr4YuXx1y7kQN9NpIjD4BKh/GgzGsj6TdKiiK8FDafOh9JkcNpwu7ON7nBt4k1pfMn2o1WdBepCpYxtfwU1X6TipD+AW8bYuUa+L+hlKP9Hn6eQ7Jb0VSEvKQ7GF75D1paDXwMNUy9s6BKuMD9KhfDT9hMwngs4OFEj61cN7PFLPINiEnN9G1L2fTsZCQE9n6I6g+9y/w7r1QFnJ3chgDwWGuzBj/n2wr9wBBy0WHYTHJIoyeQn40O14FYvffAgvr/0RpqaxJpWBqRXrsLM6NyhbXNmP8Y9TMwDD1zBlcpoY1joNa1ZUIp8bxRob0qaW4aWdj+LNxa+K7a37KPZsOIsy83zpHnZbJkwL5qPY8R4+8FwLSkc40X0Ymxc3I2dNLZbmcxAae9p0VLy0CWVvrsVmh2ohJfcozP/4DaRhFLgpE2NzE+EWYNWK2Zgi5H0UONN8lBW34+AHZ+FjI0dt+7ChoxjmygfASRrHwH0HC8rug+PgcXjkwXwAXHUNVpROFdM3cMh7OBdcuDyyjKZ9DZyQtj4GOksEiMAwICDos0OY+fIzWMB0qKIra8Fps6fVZ1Hpwgto2/MbdJSZUSnrS6YPA/SZNiH2+zwcm9fCmvPPWLH0QUnHSX1A2Z+xePNh1ULKXJSZZwn9hIGbjMkx6a1cVK9ahtIpglWGIB0aSz+h1dl530E+d1TS2Xp5ZOfSwHHk1xKKzmCc1zHQxcWhdo65t4yT0rxZdHPx2mmx6GCUAsWZxAQuwHnADm/OfZguGNhyVtJwR/Yk+UeIbyksl4W7JjDjXP4YkHZHFnLk9pZRiHUeJ9blX0BrczOa2Z+1BkXZlbDLQYK+JTc1rxH33HWbaJzL96QZkZ3jQdOBD1Udh3wxXt+XcazDg14YkFG4Fh7PGuSf/YMoe/NeWGt+gOzK1yIkJnHAKXR0BTj8RAhHl4kAERheBGR9Ng0PTr9dpc9kHREut3LYSLrwNhSuc8KzLg9nW1+XdNU21BQVotJ+OXQC3R/iQJML3D13YUKARSX2Ad6mt+EczIHNY53oYi6L/eonpGwJfQIknR06q3TlxhIIqE5C0r7TOLz7MOB9AUVjUiV/qhSkCsaAa5A79RubeUqNCCQEAU1bY36PYnuTpetGu7USxvRsFL10BBfZ6bEz8Uvnr1Ac0Xh1YX3ReKUdCz6VqdNQaffKkQ/+d+9xWM3fRHr243jpyH8LI19jS9bDaZkLyJ3L4EtBKRABIjCiCUTShT70tm+H2TgG2UWv4MhFNrX3NZT8shmW4sjGq3d9EcbI64iE71uiGISIZ4EMpJ+IpxwUV7wI3BQYEZuu34GV9hmwdOxAxZSbVZflhWhbsbfy25prqtvokAgQgdgIFFvQ8WYFpgQ/LgvxsD1wl1a2YabtNLaVTpRGj1h7tOMYgHvCpjZXpy2rA6jcXNSn43Z8Be49z6Hy4EOwdW1AaaY8U8AWK50CkBW3lCgiIkAEiEBoAhF0oa8d1qW1ODjThq5tpciU9TFbGHrMG0HRcii2tOLNiqmq0X21JL5BnK0U0/G59w6gn1DLSseJQkCugpI84pQ7Kn6Ikiy1cc4uG5CR9zDKuMPYffi09KKSRMkGyUEEhorAOOSVFIMLGgnuRVcHM0DDfeSwR3Hcq/Yj96HXtREFKfNgdV9Gb1cnjkE7tXsdPRfDvSJCbq8n8O7xTwPbq/AynyyUWOUXDoWTcaDXJA5aFyDf57h4nvYrHyhdCk8ERgYBWZ9p3d18kn4MR0EOG0EX9nrQcQzIefAbyloZFquv5yLCDmNk3I2SMiOOvftf8KrW0wDiy3xSSqw3YItqmUOs/UQ4bnRtqAkEGuiCLxVQ9uN/8D89qiXMuA/zlt0H++4/oTOgIqpvomMiMJIIGJBhWoiXZ9qx+vl90pZX3XA3b8BqtlVW2I8c9hAW121Dm2Cks7fI7cPq5VuA+uWYN2W08mDc1PhHqQO4Bm/bNtQt3gK/o4raF9OHy72X4cuYgadffghvLn4Gm9q8opHe247m1atQhUVYO29KiNGeEEILfoqjxYuXe6Hs1BjidvG09BBi341GxxlRBp8XbZuewWLr8bAh6SIRIAJEQCEg6LNvoWn1BjRL28syXfn86kaVHlTuDjyIRhdKhra9aTcc0oCJz/suNtX9HFa/ogWC9OBtMD1dh5lv/hx1m96VdDTrA9ZjeRVQv7Y05OxooJDyL/X6pSvo7b0uXwjzLT+EHEb4fiJMFHQp4QioDPQrcO/divXZP8a8fHlxqFbesbj3sVIU21+BxXEe4utnVfs5a2+n30RgJBAwTETppl2oG/86TOls3caDeP5UHpbUz46ceyGsDTsf+hg1xq8iJSUV6abXMX7Jbuxali/uZpIxA/+0fx3y3zPDmMr2QM/Fz/5wG8z7XkO1avsCQ1YJamovoTL7Vtw657fo9I1CZulaOHY+hLM1uUhlfpHpc/H6+IVw7lqE3Jh2EGCTaJMws6YM19g+6LdWYE9U70VgDyFLsL/xHrxXdIcowx0/wx/uNGOfrTp494XIxOgOIkAERiQBSZ/VjcfrpjGCrpzy/EcoXPI0iiPyiEYX3gbTP72Cxvw/oUjQxSm442fv4U7zK7Cpd+TS0YOGzNnY5NiEh84+J+noMTC9Pg5LnNuwLHdsROkCb7gZWTN/itprK5GdOglz9nQGzoAG3uz/FWU/4Q9AR4lOIIXt05joQurJxxa7Janoetmhc8OOwBW4reUwdTyF9nWF4nalwy6PlCEiQAT0CFD/pEdlcM6xgcKZpk7UtK9BYYZqzHFwkqNYicCgENDTGVSbBwU1RTpyCEhviDNWwtou+4QzFxQLnl95Gcvm3UfG+cipDJRTIkAEBouA8LbhHJitx5W3LAsuKM+/gmvLZiOfjPPBIk/xDhEBMtCHCDwlO1wISC4cL0/DoUI27cpcUL6K3C1f4Af7+zO9OVy4UD6IABEgAnEkILhwPIucQz9CurSdYWrur9D3g1f97oBxTI6iIgJDTYBcXIa6BCh9IkAEiAARGFYE9Karh1UGKTNEgAjElYCezqAR9LgipsiIABEgAkSACBABIkAEiMDACJCBPjB+FJoIEAEiQASIABEgAkSAuJB6ZwAAIABJREFUCMSVABnoccVJkREBIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQgYERIAN9YPwoNBEgAkSACBABIkAEiAARiCsBMtDjipMiIwJEgAgQASJABIgAESACAyNABvrA+FFoIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQASIQVwJkoMcVJ0VGBIgAESACRIAIEAEiQAQGRuCmgQUf2tBs30j6EAEiQASIABFINALUPyVaiZA8RCC5CCS1gc7zfHLRJmmJABEgAkRg2BPQe+nIsM80ZZAIEIF+E9B7oCcXl37jpIBEgAgQASJABIgAESACRCD+BMhAjz9TipEIEAEiQASIABEgAkSACPSbABno/UZHAYkAESACRIAIEAEiQASIQPwJkIEef6YUIxEgAkSACBABIkAEiAAR6DcBMtD7jY4CEgEiQASIABEgAkSACBCB+BMgAz3+TClGIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQASLQbwJkoPcbHQUkAkSACBABIkAEiAARIALxJ0AGevyZUoxEgAgQASJABIgAESACRKDfBMhA7zc6CkgEiAARIAJEgAgQASJABOJPgAz0+DOlGIkAESACRIAIEAEiQASIQL8JaAz0K3Bb54G9cjT4rwQ11la4e339TowCEoHhSMDntqIkZR6s7itDnD0fet0H0FC3C26pmYqy5aGm9fwQyyYn70OvayMKjHVo7SZdIlOhbyJABJKFQDfcBzejbns7BkeDJYMevwhXw/dhrGlFd7IUWxLKqTHQ5RzMhaXjC/A8r/z1eZ7BhENLYVq6D2cGp1bKidM3ESAC/SJwAW2WFahyDfWDQijhfeht/y1W1/0GjlC30HkiQASIQCIT6HbCYn4Rrr7BEjLR9Xg32re/gLp/PzpYACheiUAIAz2Yj4F7AJXmRwHrb3GgM1ENgGC56QwRIAIJQMDnhWv7Siz6vRHz5k9KAIFIBCJABIgAEYiFgM/bhu01dfj9tMcwPy2WkHRvfwhEbaArkXNZuGvCKOUnHRABIhBMQFRkJZKrmBEFNVa0utWTgd1wt1pRU2AMcQ+b5myFtUaOIwUpBTWwtrrRG5wcgPNorfkuita7AHslslPVbi1Xcfbo79BgzpHSyoG54UCguxozoJsbYDbK7m1amX3obq2DMWUetrU6sF2RSyeuIPmuwN24HMs7CvDism8hPeg6nSACRIAIREOAuZdsVPSU0dyAvdYaFKTI+o7pwTxBV25rMMPI3HUVd7pr8LqaVDpXz22X3dOs0pUavdvdipqpRVjv9cJeOQ2pStxAeJ0v688S1Gx7UZJfllmd78HW4xKfki1obVOxMJrRcDBU3yLJ52tH44Ln0FFSi2V5f6sWmo4HiUDUBrrP+x4sv+lG1b4lMGVEHWyQxKZoiUDiEvCdacZPcyvROuEZePqYm1g7fpn9Lp4w1aH5zDUAzA/bgoVPvIvsX7aLbmR9/4lVqbtRtGSv6D/e68TWhdU4lP0v6BFcza7Cs2o0mopWYo+ur/ttKFz3Flqqc4FiCzr6nFhXeJsE6Th2vNGJSSveFdLq82xA5huLsHCrUzL2L8K14ad49PVbsMh1NVCehRa4AtadvIYnV9uRXvlaiLj0ymUUjDM3Yv/aR8CR6tADROeIABGISOAazjTXwWQ+jodaL4Hn++CuHY/9K9cHu8w5/gOHx1XBzV+Fx7EQ+RnXcaZ5GXIffRsT1rnQx3Rqz78gO8Btl+nlLXj80deRusgu3sPCC3p3Gba6LgIZhVjX3oJqjkOx5QT6PGtRmGFAZJ0vZ86OpsMcat196PPsxpP54+QL0vcN0uP257Hadisq93eBZ3ncOQlvFEt51Eik/DTcgZmNv8XawkyQGleoDOpBCM6voTL7loCFoqnGGVhm/SvOdl3C5UEViSInAslM4Dwcm9fCmvPPWLH0QckgzcDUinXYWfZnLN58GN24Bs8H78GR8yBmTMkQM2vIROHaA+APVGCKAfB5juOgYxIempEFcSZxFLjCn+Mdfg8qptwcI6BcVK9ahlIpLQP3HSwouw+Og8fhYetJuo9iz4azKDPPRz4nzY4ZMmFaMB/FjvfwgYc9VMgfbVz34uH8sf645NsCvg1I474m5SPgAv0gAkSACERHoPswNi8+hJkvP4MFU5neNCBtahle2lkLThsD9yjM//gNpGEUuCkTkSaEbUbOmloszedEAzNtOipe2oSyN9dis4Mtor+Atj2/QUeZGZXyPSy8aT7Kittx8IOzIRaFRqPzZQFzUWaehalpBhi4yZicFsIEk28P+Nbq3gHocW4BVq2YjSlC+qPA5X0H+dzRMHlkgqSB48ivJaBIBvlHiNoRvEiU7zkBWzWwfs5y8UlykAWj6IlAUhLo/hAHmlzg7rkLEwJaVxruyJ4Eb9PbcHbfBOM3H4DJ/gos+/6I1mZHoLsJ63qM0/GI6TBWWn6Pttbfa9xj4kTmWCe62Og4GxXyOLEu/wJam5vRzP6sNSjKroQ9YlJiviDHFfF+uoEIEAEiECsBH7qdb6PJOw0PTr9dNYJrQNodWcgJG50c1oh77rpNFZbZnEZk53jQdOBDdIONXjvhWZeHs62vi3qweRtqigpRaQ8zLBmVzh/EnTVk3TsQPS5wAI51eEK4UIYFTBcHiUCACRE2jbSpmF05H8V4Axv2HKWtdcLCoosjnYB3fRHGBGxXeguyK1+TsBiQlrsU+zsacP/F32P1nAJkp6cG+pin5WP5fgd23v8ZbKufRFH2GKSk6PlMxoN0N9qtlTCmZ6PopSO4yKIcOxO/dP4KxTiFji59r/d4pExxEAEiQARuDAEX1heND/AMSEmdhkq7V0qe7TK1HWbjGGQXvYIjF5lR/TWU/LIZluLIxmt4nX8jckh6/EZQvpFp3BRLYoYJd+EeDjgWSyC6lwiMOALMP7EVb1ZMDRyt0XBIm2JCKfurWAef14V9v9mMxUWPo6PlLdF/PG0KCkvZ30+xji3i3PcbbF5cBFNHC9rXFUJyjtHEGvtPn3svlla2YabtNLaVTpRkZoua7EJbvyf2KCkEESACRCDBCDDPgB2hXQR97bAurcXBmTZ0bStFpjx8yRaGHvMCYRVhJJ3vG/RBTdLjCVbd4iCOXAWjisp39jTe9+airOTuuBkHUSVMNxGBZCGQcTdKyow49u5/wRswqym+2CGlxKq8REidJQOXi9InzSjjPHj/9PlgX0cDh9zSBTCX5cL7/mmcDYhbHVOsxz70dnXiGLRTx9fRc1G960ys8dL9RIAIEIF4ETAgI+9hlHHaGT1Zf4VLRw57Au8e/zRQt/a2oaEgCyXWdvh6Peg4BuQ8+I2Axey+nosI+5q3fur8cBLHfk3mQHo8dnaJGyJ6A723Hfssu2E3/RjzglYeJ24GSTIicGMJ3AbT03WY+ebPUbfpXclI74a7eT2WVwH1a0sxxSC9sbegDs3K1ovdcL/9NtpQioUlkwDh7aQlqGlul3wC2baLf8CBNqBiYRGydFuu5A8uZPgKenuvR5F1ufM6jKbGP0ryXoO3bRvqFm+BPPkbRUR0CxEgAkRg8AhkzMDTL38LTas3SHqT6cR9eH51Y2Q9JYR9CG8ufgab2ryikd7bjubVq1CFRVg7bwoMkqFtb9oNh1dcGO/zvotNdT+HVa0IBX/t0WI+L/ei1xeNzo8FC+nxWGgN53t1u3kgeBeXlPSlOJK9BM5di5ArrTwWXyOeQq97Hc41hPIWMwFD5mxscmzCQ2efgzGV7Ss+BqbXx2GJcxuW5Y4FcDOmLNgE55JxeN3EfMtV9+xfgdmZo2CY8gQanQsx/vW5SBeupyLd9DrGL3kVa2bLbiha0W5G1syfovbaSmSnTsKcPZ2Bo0Xa2+XfGTPwT/vXIf89syRvLn72h9tg3vcaqoO2R5AD0TcRIAJE4EYSGIXM0rVw1I2X9GYqpjz/EQqXPI3iiGJIYXc+hLM1uUhlOjV9Ll4fv1Bl09wG0z+9gsb8P6HI+FVBL9/xs/dwp/kV2Nj2tfLHMAkza8pwje2DfmsF9nReQWSdLweO5pv0eDSURsI9KTzP88mYUWbUJKnoyYibZCYCRIAIEIEoCVD/FCWoONzGBgpnmjpR075G2JM8DlFSFETghhPQ0xkhRtBvuGyUIBEgAkSACBABIkAE9AmwxZrGHJitx5WtAAUXlOdfwbVls5FPL1DU50Znk5YAGehJW3QkOBEgAkSACBCBEUJAcMV7FjmHfiS5/aUgNfdX6PvBq9i1LJ9ehDZCqsFIyia5uIyk0qa8EgEiQASIwKAT0JuuHvREKQEiQASSloCezqAR9KQtThKcCBABIkAEiAARIAJEYDgSIAN9OJYq5YkIEAEiQASIABEgAkQgaQmQgZ60RUeCEwEiQASIABEgAkSACAxHAmSgD8dSpTwRASJABIgAESACRIAIJC0BMtCTtuhIcCJABIgAESACRIAIEIHhSIAM9OFYqpQnIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQgaQlQAZ60hYdCU4EiAARIAJEgAgQASIwHAnclMyZYvtG0ocIEAEiQASIQKIRoP4p0UqE5CECyUUgqQ10nueTizZJSwSIABEgAsOegN5LR4Z9pimDRIAI9JuA3gM9ubj0GycFJAJEgAgQASJABIgAESAC8SdABnr8mVKMRIAIEAEiQASIABEgAkSg3wTIQO83OgpIBIgAESACRIAIEAEiQATiT4AM9PgzpRiJABEgAkSACBABIkAEiEC/CZCB3m90FJAIEAEiQASIABEgAkSACMSfABno8WdKMRIBIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQgX4TIAO93+goIBEgAkSACBABIkAEiAARiD8BMtDjz5RiJAJEgAgQASJABIgAESAC/SZABnq/0VFAIkAEiAARIAJEgAgQASIQfwJkoMefKcVIBIgAESACRIAIEAEiQAT6TSC0gd7rRuveBpiNKWCvIGV/RnMD9ra60dvv5CggESACg0ag142DDc9ju/vKICXRDffBzajb3g6fkMIVuK3zkGKsQ2u3eGaQEo4+2t42NBQ8iJrW89GHoTuJABFIfAK+dlhLslBilfXPUIpMunAo6Y+UtHUMdB963c2oefR7WP2ft+Np11XwPA+evwTHE6nY/4QJjza0kZE+UmoI5TNJCPjQ3dYIc9UH6BssibudsJhfhGvQEhig4L3HsX31C/h3x9UBRkTBiQARIAJhCJAuDAOHLsWLQLCB3uvE1oWL0TRpPXa+UIZcbpSUVgamPLIUW/ZXAVX/G6tphCpeZUDxEAEiMCAC1+B1NaFmUSumzfse0gYUFwUmAkSACCQrAdKFyVpyenJrDHQ2CrcPGxwzsKbme8jUXAUMSLv3h2jYtwold8iGu160dI4IjDACgnuJGUbBHSwH5oYmWGtK/O4f3a2oMRpRULMZDeYc0WWsphXdDJPPC9f2GhRIrmQpBTWwal3J2D3NapczFpcVrW4Wgw/drSsxtegFePEaKrNvgVGOG5LCLjBKrmolqLG2wt0ru6ScR2tNHlia2xok+fVcVpj8U4uw3uuFvXIaUgPuOYOjb27wu8MZzWg4GOgK5/O60CzHL+RTI4fEp2TbQbSpWBjNG3FQyGPo+uRz78SC5adQ8uJTyEtPDX0jXSECRGB4EYioO5lHQKuoi0Pq1264W62oUXSkWrfq4CJdqAOFTg0GAY0JfgHOA3Z4uSzcNSGEAW7gkPuDH6BwSsZgyENxEoHkI+D7CM1L58B8rBCtPX3g+XdRO86Blevtmrx44Wj6AONq3wXf9ykcT+Yhg4X9aTEebf07rPMwd7I+9PzyGzj0xBwsbf5I8vW+CNeGn+LR12/BItnlrO8/sSp1N4oWWuDqBTIK16C9pRYc5sLS8QU86wqRgWs407wMuY++jQnrXOhjrmo9/4LsQ0thWroPZ2QbnUnp+A8cHlcFN38VHsdC5GdoVENGIda1t6Ca41BsOYE+z1oUyvd4D+KNo5Owws3yfhWenZPwRvEybHVdFPPf24YNjy/E66lPwtXH3OV49HmWI7XpSSzc6lS5y3lhf7IBtvSfYD+Tta8LOzPfQrGQR7WwgVgNxu+jcf8qFCqzfYHX6RcRIALDkEA0ulPwCKjGoex/QY/gqnsVnlWj0VS0EnuEtTo+9LosWPjEu8j+Zbvozivr1iV74dZTO6QLh2FlSswsBfbCvvM4/b4HyMnCHWmBlxJTfJKKCAw1AR+6Ha9i8ZsP4eW1P8JUod1kYGrFOuyszg0Sjiv7Mf5xagZg+BqmTE4Tw1qnYc2KSuQLBqYBaVPL8NLOR/Hm4lfhYIsvu49iz4azKDPPl+4BYMiEacF8FDvewweea0HpCCe6D2Pz4mbkrKnF0nwOQotOm46Klzah7M212OxQLaTkHoX5H7+BNIwCN2VibG4i3AKsWjEbU4S8jwJnmo+y4nYc/OAsfGx0n83KdRTDXPkAOEmtGLjvYEHZfXAcPA6PqhPkqmuwonSqmL6BQ97DueDC5ZFlNO1r4Ehf6dcBOksEhiUBSe9G0J0+z3EcdEzCQzOyJJ02Clzhz/EOvwcVU24GcA2eD96DI+dBzJAHHQ2ZKFx7APyBCkyJ1QwiXTgsa9tQZSrW6jdUclK6RCBBCUizTjn3YXrACG4a7sieFEHmUDNWBqTdkYUcrx0HnBfY8DjWeZxYl38Brc3NaGZ/1hoUZVdCO0bvT9CHbufbaPIacc9dt4nGuXwxzYjsHA+aDnwoutjI5+P6fRnHOjzohQEZhWvh8axB/tk/iLI374W15gfIrnwtQooSB5xCRxftHRUBFl0mAiOIQHS602CcjkdMh7HS8nu0tf5ecglUYxoF4zcfgMn+Ciz7/ojWZofK/U9930COSRcOhN5IDhtooBtuw133GIFjnehSfFRHMh7KOxG4AQS8L6BoTKqynSnb0jQ1wPjuRru1Esb0bBS9dASC48jYmfil81cojmi8urC+aHxA3Cmp01Bp996AjElJ9B6H1fxNpGc/jpeO/Dcb/sfYkvVwWuaSrrlxpUApEYHhRyCS7kzLx/L9Duy8/zPYVj+JouwxSElRr38xIC13KfZ3NOD+i7/H6jkFyE5PFdbkBK0Digc90oXxoDhi4rgpMKfjkFdSDG59J06fvQZksCmg4A9b8LX/RDqKCqfENhUeHBWdIQJEoNiCjjdDT6f63FYsrWzDTNtpbCudKI2Gs4WhdhwDcE9YgswnfYc0nat3o8rNRe/ygM9dgXvPc6g8+BBsXRtQmimvbWGLU08ByBpwChQBESACI5RABN0pUEmbgsJS9vdTrGOLSvf9BpsXF8HU0YJ2Ya2OAWlTTChlfxXrwOybfb/ZjMVFj6Oj5S2sK7wtTnBJF8YJ5IiJJnAEnU1H58/GMjYltO4/AheRCUh86G3fjp/kLsDvLn4Vo0cMJsooEQhFQHqoDZp16kVXBzNAw33ksEdx3Kv2I2cLlzaiIGUerO7L6O3qxDFMw4PTb1e5qlxHz0VhD5gQCRiQkfcwyrgTePf4p9JiU+lW4WU+N+qFHxIHrQuQ73NcPE/7lYcoPDpNBIhAWALR6E6dF7axTS5KF8Bclgvv+6dxVrX+RU7OwOWi9EkzyjgP3j99PlB3yjf165t0Yb+wjeBAGgOdLbjKw1O/fAGPvLkYT9Q2waUYDuzNWZuwqLAWHy/YgDWz5ZG8EUyPsk4E2EOtaSFenmnH6uf3Sf6L3XA3b8Dq9a4IfOSwh7C4bhvahLbGtgXbh9XLtwD1yzFvymjJ0D6MpsY/wit0KNfgbduGusVb4HdUkf21WZI+XO69DF/GDDz98kN4c/Ez2NTmFTua3nY0r16FKizC2nlTVAZ/BFHZZcF3XXosv9yL6LzgpI7UvhuNjjOiDD4v2jY9g8XW41EkSrcQASJABLQEotGdN4PNPpYwl5bmdmm3KKZf/4ADbUDFwiJkGaS3IRfUofn/t3c/sE1cdxzAv7YrSksSEIINO3SgKIphalZWo1QVbDhxiZetqJEZVKrInMWCdIOMNqIxTaCVSksbmlGltKMMxYMlRSM0GZnLaP7UGFrE6tmoHdEWLMRoB3akMUaN10HU2NPZZ3CMPTvGwXHyjRSRXO7e+73P4Z9/Pr97vrmcqwfOvj7YoEO1Ni96jmQujDwh/H0MBG4v0IW1zhfo8RuHGc8o+7FJca84f3U61G3DWNFmhXn78purMQQfAJKwdZfHIEo2SYHxLCCdB13zAdTP7oJamL8oWYJXzi9Gzevl8aMOHNuBtmVfwBh4rMmQre7C7JqDOFBbFJxClrMUz5gbUXRKD4VMAolEhc0nZkF/+BDq5Le6kOZrYXz+SxiU0zBt5e9wzjcFubrtsLYtw6BRBZmwDnD2KnTNrob9wHqoRrvyiTQPZcYKDAnroE+rQvu5KFeoboUj/iQ8kdbAvG8RTmnmBmOYuxknHtDjcEcdwsK/7UhuoAAFKBBTIIHcKS1Yg332aszuWoXswDroofy6R7zIOBUFlc2w18xEl1qYny7k1+lQd81EjbkB5Ten5EVEwVwYAcJfx0JA4hcWJc7AL+GBlKGhZ6A2Qx69gHBl5idQn31anOc4+hZ4BAUokJkCfH7KzPPGqCmQLoFoOSPKFfR0hcd+KZCJAsLNmvVQKAwwDYTmhAtTUFrwypavULv6YfAjvTLxvDJmClCAAhSgQPoEWKCnz549TwgBcQrHWwtxvCT0Fum9UL39Xzxh3ota1YwJMUoOggIUoAAFKECBuyfAKS53z5o9UYACFKDAJBCI9nb1JBg2h0gBCiQpEC1n8Ap6kpg8jAIUoAAFKEABClCAAmMhwAJ9LFTZJgUoQAEKUIACFKAABZIUYIGeJBwPowAFKEABClCAAhSgwFgIsEAfC1W2SQEKUIACFKAABShAgSQFWKAnCcfDKEABClCAAhSgAAUoMBYCLNDHQpVtUoACFKAABShAAQpQIEmBe5I8blwcJixLwy8KUIACFKDAeBPg89N4OyOMhwKZJZDRBbrf788sbUZLAQpQgAITXiDamsYTftAcIAUokLRAtBf0nOKSNCcPpAAFKEABClCAAhSgQOoFWKCn3pQtUoACFKAABShAAQpQIGkBFuhJ0/FAClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKpF6ABXrqTdkiBShAAQpQgAIUoAAFkhZggZ40HQ+kAAUoQAEKUIACFKBA6gVYoKfelC1SgAIUoAAFKEABClAgaQEW6EnT8UAKUIACFKAABShAAQqkXoAFeupN2SIFKEABClCAAhSgAAWSFmCBnjQdD6QABShAAQpQgAIUoEDqBVigp96ULVKAAhSgAAUoQAEKUCBpgYgC3QePpR4KiQTCx46O/C6EvukgLE5P0p3xQApMRAGf0wStZDVMzutpHp4PXmc3muoPwOkLhhKMbTGMlsvpic1rQ1PxkvT1n55Rs1cKUCDVAr4BmLT50JoGIKa3VPcwivY8cPa+ifr9oViuw2laDYmiHhZP+qMLDIS5dxTnc3zuGlGgh4JUoe7Df8Lv99/6vtaBNfgj1qifhWmARXpIiv9SYPwIXIGtpQHPOdL9QkEU8fZj/7ZX8XvrjfFDxEgoQAEK3KmAx44W/WtwDN9pQ2N0PHPvGMHe3WZjFOhRgsgqwPLal/BWmQ2Gn7XA4R0nrxKjhMpNFKBAOgWG4Ha0wrjegoWrf4isdIbCvilAAQpMGgHm3ol0qhMv0IVRS+eh3PgsSq3vot12ZSI5cCwUSKmAz23DfqNWnCamQLHRFDE9zAOnxQRjsSLGPsJ0FQtMN9uQQFJshMnihDdqpJdhMf4Amh0OoMcApSx8WssNDJ7+A5r0hWJfwnS1bjjDX2T73HB0NkGvCE1ti4w5NP1tNfZarGFju70tn7MNlZvOQ/va01icLYsaLTdSgAIUuGMBIW/tN6I4NCX3thyZSB6Nl4sjovRYYFygwQ63Gz2GhZCNmNZyCaeP7ryVRxV6NPWOzNk+twOdTfqwqcRaGE2WW/lYaF+hgHZvL2xhY1Po30BvnCnGzL0R5yrDfx1dgS7U6HPmY5HchU8vXB4H88AyXJ/hT0gB36VOrFUZYJnzAlzDwjSxAexWnsQadT06Lw0B8MHraEH1mpNQ7h4ITiMb/jO2yg5CU/NecP641453qutwXPlLXAtMNbsB19b70arZgvaoc91noaTxA3xYpwJKW3B22I7Gklmibz9+e+Qc8hpOBvoadu1E7pH1qH7HLhb7V+HYuRYruu7DeseNkfFUR75bdgjrtvUg23AoRluAVPE49pm3okQ+ZUKeXw6KAhQYBwK+z9G5thQrLN9Co0vIW8O4tvvbOL5mJTZ2fh6sT+Lm0QRyceRQc0rQOPAh6uRylLb8DcOu7SjJEUspdy+OnM5Dg3MYfv8NuNrycKS0Fu84rgZb8dqw86lqdMnWwRF4bvBj2LUJstZ1YflY2NWNnnVN6Mj+KcxC/h++iLbcD1B6Wz4eGRxz70iPTP9t1AV6cMBunDnrinElL9NJGD8F7kTgMqxvboep8Fk0bFwCeeARloMFVY1oq/gTNrz5MTwYguuzU7AWLsHSgpxgZ9JclGzvhr+7CgVSwOfqR681D8uW5otTRKZAXvIijvnbUVUwdZQBqlC3tRY6sS+p/HuorHgY1t5+uISZap7TaN85iAr9kygKFdXSXKgrn0Sp9RQ+cwkvKkJfkW19F48VzbjVlrBb1jcgz0oytYS64b8UoAAFYgr44LHuwQbTQrzcYBDzlhRZCyqwq20Fjm7YA6vHl0AejZ+LY4YQ7Q/ySmxtKEdBIP9NgVz9JCpKB9D72SB88MFjO4ydZ0uhNzwqPjcAt+VjsV15nRENugXB/C+VY/FjKshvy8cRQTD3RoBk9q98Fs3s88fox5uA5y/obnVAvmg+5ox4dGVhrjIP7tY+2D33QPHQo1D3/Aothz+CpdN66+1NcTxSxYNYrv4YW1reh83yfsT0mBQN+sw5XBSmuQhXhFx2NBZdgaWzE53Ct8kIjdKAnrhdBceFUFtx9+f1TeKlAAAFoUlEQVQOFKAABe5U4Ars3T1wy/Mxf074O3VSZM3NR6G7B932K4ifR6fEzcV3GinwlXhBU4qcku1wuV5G0eCJYJ7tfA8m4xNQGg7F6UYcF87j7MXokxzjNMA/Z6DAiBIi8fjlKFQqePNX4mDcc5IJuHdoMD00LzLw731hSViKLNVGmM824ZGr72PbymIos2Uj55hnFWGT2Yq2R/6Njm3roFFOh0QSMVcxZaYeDJgMUGQrodn1CQJvxs4ow277r1HKJ4SUKbMhClAgxQLuV6GZLhuxJLQs/MJC3DyaQC5OZcjefpj0DyFb+RR2ffIvYdIwZmh3wN6yCrzIkUroidHWKAt0Hzz2PrS6FVg0fxZGefDEEOMoKBBXQJybGL5Maejnm/MVpcgqUENX1YhjfmEeoh0dPxrEFs1T2BZaszyrACW6tWg85oJ/2AV7x3IMbtFAvc2KVC506nO+h40GG8o6LmD4WCOqdDrodN+H4su/40zcsXIHClCAAmkSCNxvE7YcdCjP+sPuwYmbRxPIxSkZ3nU421+CoXcZOi5ewLHGtdAJubYkF1+ePZ+SHtjIxBIYXY3t+wf63jXDXfpzGNShG9AmFghHQ4E7Esj5DrQVCpw5+Ve4R6xEehWOpsch0ZpufohQeD9SuQq6dXpUxLoBWyqHSlcJfYUK7k8vYHBE2+EtjfZnH7wXz+EMFmLJg98Me9H9Na5dTeXLgNHGxf0pQAEKxBKYicXaUsjPnEa/O/weGeGmzzdQHOuD4xLIo3FzcayQ4m734qJQiBc+jAdD9/oIx/j+g6uX+VkRcfkm4Q6JF+heJ3p3voANR4vQ0vzjwI1sk9CLQ6ZAHIFZUP+iHmVHX0R980mxSPfA2bkDm54DXt+uQ4FU/NS54np03lw2ywNnXx9s0KFamwcEPp1UC2PngHgztrBc2Al024Cqag3yoz5yxfnggQivw+v9Ok6swp+lyFn8GCrkH6N130divENw2/aifsPbcCfQAnehAAUocHcFpMhRV+OtsuPYUL8XtkCRLuTIw9i26W3g9U1YXTAVwU9S/n95NH4ujp5qFVAW3h8c8ldehK9YG9tBfFHRcxD7rJeCq8z43LA1v4ANpv7Yh/Evk1Yg6v89wIEdmtkj5nVJsmvQN3MVzI7dqFogrjwhvPgLFBISKIyWlL7tPmnPCAee8QLS3HI0W5uxbPAlKGTCuuLToe6aiRr7XtSqZgCYioLKZthrZqJLLcwtD9vH3IDy3CmQFqzBPns1ZnetQnbg7zJkq7swu2YPXi6fF3alO5xrKvLL1uL5oS1QyvKwsv1cYkuh5izFM+ZGFJ3Si/GqsPnELOgPH0KdPLx9/kwBClBgnAhI50HX3IG2ZV/AqLgXEkkoRx7EgdqiwD1y8fNo/FwcdbTSPJQZKzAkrIM+rQrt5xL59GbhRUUNzPsW4ZRmLmRCXp+7GSce0ONwRx2YaqNKT+qNEr/f789EAaGoydDQM5GbMVOAAhSgQIICfH5KEIq7UYACAYFoOSPGFXSKUYACFKAABShAAQpQgALpEGCBng519kkBClCAAhSgAAUoQIEYAizQY8BwMwUoQAEKUIACFKAABdIhwAI9HerskwIUoAAFKEABClCAAjEEWKDHgOFmClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKpEOABXo61NknBShAAQpQgAIUoAAFYgiwQI8Bw80UoAAFKEABClCAAhRIhwAL9HSos08KUIACFKAABShAAQrEEGCBHgOGmylAAQpQgAIUoAAFKJAOARbo6VBnnxSgAAUoQAEKUIACFIghcE+M7RmxWfhoVH5RgAIUoAAFxpsAn5/G2xlhPBTILIGMLdD9fn9mSTNaClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKJCDAKS4JIHEXClCAAhSgAAUoQAEK3C0BFuh3S5r9UIACFKAABShAAQpQIAGB/wEx/g44qwFL2AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the energy equivalent to the mass of one proton?</p>
<p>A. 9.38 × (3 × 10<sup>8</sup>)<sup>2</sup> × 10<sup>6</sup> J</p>
<p>B. 9.38 × (3 × 10<sup>8</sup>)<sup>2</sup> × 1.6 × 10<sup>–19</sup> J</p>
<p>C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{9.38 \times {{10}^8}}}{{1.6 \times {{10}^{ - 19}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>9.38</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1.6</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>19</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>J</p>
<p>D. 9.38 × 10<sup>8</sup> × 1.6 × 10<sup>–19</sup> J</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A nucleus of phosphorus (P) decays to a nucleus of silicon (Si) with the emission of particle X and particle Y.</p>
<p><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{}_{15}^{30}{\text{P}} \to {}_{14}^{30}{\text{Si}} + {\text{X}} + {\text{Y}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>30</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>P</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>14</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>30</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Si</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>X</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>Y</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p>What are X and Y?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What statement about alpha particles, beta particles and gamma radiation is true?</p>
<p>A. Gamma radiation always travels faster than beta particles in a vacuum.</p>
<p>B. In air, beta particles produce more ions per unit length travelled than alpha particles.</p>
<p>C. Alpha particles are always emitted when beta particles are emitted.</p>
<p>D. Alpha particles are deflected in the same direction as beta particles in a magnetic field.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The Feynman diagram shows a particle interaction involving a W<sup>–</sup> boson.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYsAAADGCAYAAAAjUayNAAAduElEQVR4Ae2df3BVRZbHzxCgynID5R+zf2ge6xRTLgMJjjCjJiAUFkIEHMYhoqi1SoRVB3SVDOAwLBHHYWWcEGoRdITgoC5IjIulEASG2tGVZBxrLHeI/ucfk8TS8i8D5T8CZuvbscP7cV/ee/fHu919v12Veu/27du3+9M379zT5/Tp7wwODg4KEwmQAAmQAAmMQGDUCOd4igRIgARIgAQUAQoLPggkQAIkQAIFCVBYFETEAiRAAiRAAhQWfAZIgARIgAQKEqCwKIiIBUiABEjAXAJnzpyRhoaGyBtIYRE5Yt6ABEiABKIhMCQolkgqVRXNDdJq/Q5dZ9No8CsJkAAJWETg0UcfkY8++kiOHz8ReatHR34H3oAESIAESCB0Atu2tUh3d3dZBAUaT2ER+hCyQhIgARKIlkB7e7vs3r1bOjpek3HjxkV7s29r5zRUWTDzJiRAAiQQDgFMOzU0LJHW1u1SX18fTqVF1EIDdxGQWIQESIAETCCgDdpNTU1lFRToOzULE54AtoEESIAEChDQgmLKlClKqyhQPPTTFBahI2WFJEACJBA+gXJ6Pnm1ngZuLyrMIwESIAGDCJTb88mr6xQWXlSYRwIkQAKGEIjD88mr65yG8qLCPBIgARIwgEBcnk9eXac3lBcV5pEACZBAzAS0QTsOzyevrlOz8KLCPBIgARKIkYAWFHF5Pnl1ncLCiwrzSIAESCBGAnF7Pnl1nQZuLyrMIwESIIGYCJjg+eTVdQoLLyrMIwESIIEYCJji+eTVdU5DeVFhHgmQAAmUmYBJnk9eXac3lBcV5pEACZBAGQlog7Ypnk9eXadm4UWFeSRAAiRQJgJaUJjk+eTVdQoLLyrMIwESIIEyETDR88mr6zRwe1FhHgmQAAmUgYCpnk9eXaew8KLCPBIgARKImIDJnk9eXec0lBcV5pEACZBAhARM93zy6jq9obyoMI8ESIAEIiKgDdomez55dZ3CwouKAXnd3d0GtIJNIAESCJOAFhTYO3vFipVhVh15XRQWkSP2dwN4SOzZs9vfxbyKBEjASALNzZtUu1pbtxvZvpEaRQP3SHRiPNfWtlcaGpZIVVWq7Buzx9ht3poEnCVgk+eT1yBQs/CiYkCeXqCjfbANaBKbQAIk4JPAW2+9Jbt37xa8BI4bN85nLfFeRm+oePkXvDumovbs2SPHj5+w9iEr2EkWIAGHCdjo+eQ1HBQWXlQMy9PaBQQGEwmQgD0EYNCeN+8mWbFihXUG7WzKnIbKJmLgsTaGQWgwkQAJ2EEAHo2zZ8+S2tpa6wUFiFOzsOO5E5feUCxBzmaSgC8CWJn9u989LZ999pmMGjVK/v73Xl/1mHYRvaFMG5E87YFRjB5SeeAwmwRiJoCXuUOHDslTT/2HfPXVV/LNN9+oFkGrcCVRWFg0kukeUqnUa4JjJhIggfgIQEi0tLTISy+9qATE+fPnMxozd+7cjGObDygsLBs9rPzs72+S++5rpIeUZWPH5rpFoLm5Wdra9uTt1JgxY2TKlOq85207QQO3bSMmooxlUG+xaI+JBEggHgKVlf8gFRUVeW9+7tw5ZdzOW8CyExQWlg2Ybi49pDQJfpJAPAR+8Yu1sn37doEG4ZUmTpzolW1tHoWFtUMn0tHxmsA9jzGkLB5ENt1qArfe+jM5fPiIXHLJJTn9qKmZmpNncwaFhcWjpz2kYGBDOAEmEiCB8hPo7u6Syy67TK655pqMaalZs2aVvzER3pHCIkK45ag63UMKYQWYSIAEykcAL2l4WXvhhT/Im28elnvvXa4ExujRo52yV4AoF+WV77mK9E6MIRUpXlZOAjkE8sV8OnTov2X//v3y6qsdOdfYnEFhYfPoZbWdMaSygPCQBCIikMSIChQWET1McVWLoGV6aiquNvC+JOA6gST+n1FYOPZUJ/GNx7EhZHcMJ1BIg39661b5/bPPjdiLHTt3ys0LF4xYxrSTFBamjUgI7ck3lxpC1ayCBBJNIIhtsK+3V356y08kNWGCvP7mG9ZxpDeUdUNWuMF6Gkq/ARW+giVIgAQKEdCeT352uxsYGJCHVq1Wt9ix85lCtzLyfCKERRJdShFDqqlpKIYUpqaYSIAE/BPAbwhevhA5wU8Az4dXrZKe06dl7fr1SrPw35L4rnReWPT19cn8+fMEMeaTllasWKl8vRlDKmkjz/6GSQAvWwjciZcvvISVmmC/OPXuKbnjzmXqr9TrTSnvvM3irrvukrff/pNaYXn6dI8p3MvajiR6bpQVMG/mNIEg/z8QEvfcfbdU19RYaadIH1inNQtoFadOvav6e/bs2URqF+g8Y0ilP/L8TgLFE8DUE5IO3Fn8lSKwU2zcsEHGjx8vttop0vvrtLB47LHHRG9Ggs9f//qJ9L4n5jtjSCVmqNnREAnA8wmBOvGy5SfBTgEPKJvtFOn9dlZYpGsVusNJ1i7oIaWfAn6SQGECQTyfULsrdop0Us7aLLStIr2z+I7okEm1XaD/QfzEs1nymARcJBB0nZJLdor08XVSs/DSKnSnk6xdgAE9pPSTwE8SyCUQ1PPJNTtFOiEnNYt8WoXueNK1C3AI4uGhOfKTBFwjEPT/4uiRTnlo1aqCWO5/8AFlyyhY0KACzgkLaBW1tdcXRIzwwdjHOqlJx5BatGiRbNz470nFwH6TwDABHfHg+PETw3n8cpGAc8ICP4LZK7Zvu60hJ7Y8DL7wEkpyAicsWLz00ktlw4ZfyT333JNkHOx7ggnQlld48J0TFl5drqq6Qvr7P/U6lfi8H/1ounz++edqd6+Kigpl01i9enXiBWniH4wEAYDnE7QKuMj6CeWRFFROGriTMnhh9HPhwkWqmgsXLsjXX38tu3btlKuvnipNTWsEU3pMJOAygaAxn1xmk903CotsIgk7ht0G+wWnp3PnzsnBgweV7QfOAhQa6XT43RUCQT2fXOFQbD8oLIol5Wg5qN16lbtXFxFX6+GHH/I6ldg8xPqZfvUPc/qP1brfv/J76g++9tkJ1+BaJjMIIMAmXpbgTs5UmACFRWFGTpdIpVJSWVnp2UfYMPDPtG/fi57nk5pZN2OmivuTLRD0MWIBIRx1esI5+ODjWqb4CQSJ+RR/6+NpAYVFPNwjuSt+oPBmi20dvRJ8wHE+e8vHSZMm5RQfNWqU3H//A8qLLOleY9lwEEEUKVsg9PScVnsVVNdUS9e3ASz1tbrsjJkzVNYr+w8MayFaG8En8pmiJRA05lO0rTO39szJanPbyZZFSODHP75W3n///eE7QKMYO3asLF68eDiPXy4SwA8+tIe+vt6LmSJDexYsW6byILAxLYUtNJEgPPBdCxrb9zbI6LhFBzrmEzyf+BJU2sBRsyiNl5Ol58yZI2PGjFF9u/zyy6Wz86g8+OCDasMXGAGZcgncvHCBEg76DKaZIBwgDBYsXKCy9bQUDnpO94jWKvQ1/CwvAe35tHnzE3SR9YGewsIHNNcugV0CHlD4/OMfT6p/pDVrmtQxd9nzHu3q6holHCAgkDDNBM0BAgGf+MO0FJK2V+AapngIaM+nlStXytKlS+NphOV3pbCwfADDav6xY8dz7BN4A0PSxsCw7uVCPVpL0NoDppl0HvoH7UKfy7ZXuNB/2/qgPZ/wEsTkjwCFhT9uzl3ltXIVc7qY28U8L4yCTBcJpGsP0C4gGNI1B3g9IR9/0DAwPYVrmMpPQL/s6Jef8rfAjTvSwO3GOEbWCy0w8GZWVZXytWF9ZI2LuWJoD51HOpWQgMEbdgydoGUgD0IE9oo7vjV86/P8LA8BvOTgZee99/5Cg3ZA5NQsAgJMwuXQOvBWhje07CCNSeh/vj5q7eFo5xGBuyyEQ3qqmzlDcA7ahfaCSj/P79ESoOdTuHwpLMLlGWtt+scKi7+8ks7X5bzK5MuDURDGwfvuaxR6SA1RStcevBbbzZgxU2kV4J1uz8jHmPnhEaDnU3gsdU0UFpqEA5/D8+inezx7o71z/P5w0UMqFys0CiTtLpteApwhoHWZ9HP8Hh0Bej5Fw5YhyqPhGlutWAG8ccMGNX/+5JYtw1MjWLWNhWJr168X7NLlN+EfEfYLTE21tm73Ww2vI4HICATd7S6yhlleMYWF5QPo1XyE9XjlwP5h102UwVvuzQsWClYOB00QGNddd600NTUxCFtQmLw+VALarsYV2qFiVZVRWITPNBE1Yk4YGga0i/r6+kT0mZ00mwA8n1paWuj5FNEw0WYREVjXq6WHlOsjbFf/6PkU/XhxnUX0jJ29Azyk+vv7lIcUNrlnYDZnh9rojtHzqTzDQ2FRHs7O3gUeUthJD1NSEBhMJFAOAnjmuru71cvKrl27pKGhgTGfIgbPaaiIASeheh1GQYdVSEKf2cfyEIAzBYRC9ta+e/bskfb2dtWIG264QT744AOu/4l4SGjgjhhwUqqnh1RSRjr6fg7FItujtIb+/n65/vpaqa+fP6LnHV5U+vr6paOjI/oGJvQOFBYJHfgouk0PqSioulkntIWPPupRP/CpVFWGIICwwMsHnCjwV0xCea7/KYaU/zIUFv7Z8UoPApgaaG7epKLVFvuP7lENsxwlgHAxx44dk8mTJytBgD3gb7ttqeAzaNLaLaZFuWdFUJq511NY5DJhTkAC27a1qPlkekgFBGnZ5droDA1z6K9Hli69XTZv3jzcE5QJQzAMV5j1RWu3e/e+oDbvyjrNwwAEKCwCwOOl+QnolbT0kMrPyNYzeIPHj3JVVVXGD39zc7OyM0CjrK2tyzlfrv5Su42GNIVFNFwTXyvnkN16BPADjD/YGc6ePauMzpjqMXW6B9otbB8M+xHec0hhER5L1pRFgHPIWUAMPtTaQnd3l3JTnT+/PiOMC354kaA1RDmNFCYiekiFSVOEwiJcnqwtiwDnkLOAGHiIBW1//nO30hbgmQSBAGFhi1DIh5TabT4y/vIpLPxx41UlEOAccgmwQi4KYQ1tAZ9YhwCh8Pjjj2e4qoZ8S6Oqo3Yb3nAw3Ed4LFlTHgI6hhSmBTiHnAdSwGx4GUEgQBtId1lGJFYk5MMzCeeSFMMrfQ95MKitrQ1IOrmXU7NI7tiXveecQw4XOYy4XV3dSluorKyUKVOqZcWKFRm2hnDvaG9t1G6Djx2FRXCGrKFIApxDLhLUt8WgLSDchZ5GwuK19L1D8AOIt+VsF9bS7pKc0vSQCjbWFBbB+PHqEglwDrk4YNga9OOPP1ZG5yEPpCo1jZSkKaTiSJVWitptabzSS1NYpNPg97IQSLqHFPp/7NhbykUV3yEUkmR0LstDlucm1G7zgCkim8KiCEgsEj6BJMwhQxDo8BbpRmfER4KGgDzYGWh0Df/5GqlGarcj0cl/jsIiPxueiZiAi3PICHkBIQEXVdgSqqpS0tTURIEQ8bNUavUYI0SpZQyp4slRWBTPiiUjIGDbHLJ2Uf3446FgefmMzklzUY3g0Yi8yiRot2FC5E55YdJkXSUTQDjpM2cGBELD9HT99dcJDM/YpQ0Jq5zr6uoymo01JZhWoiE6A4uRB0OxrW5Xzx6mpvym3z/7nHz/yu/Jxg0b8lbx01t+ItOv/qH09fbmLWP8icEEpCuuuDwBvbS3iwMDA4OTJv3z4MGDB2PrRE9Pz2BLy+8GGxuXD95009xBPDO7dz8fW3t44/IRwJgvWbIk0A3/5a67Bif+05WDB/5rf049v33qKXXuuV3P5pyzKYPTUMaL82Q0sFxzyHo/5yHj8sVd2GB0hn0B+Vzpm4xnTvcyDA8paAzQHsaNHy+vv/mGjB8/XlXfc/q0yp8xc4bse/llfUs7P22SbH7bSs3CL7nyXgfNAhoG3vLDTJs2bRrWFq677lqlPYR9jzDby7rKT6C3tzewdgutAtrF6p//fLgDixfdMjht6tWDX3755XCerV8YG8pOGe9kq/3GkIJWgr/+/j4V/iI75AVsCFj5TBdVJx+bUDoFbRJxy+bPn+dbs7zjzmVytPOIHD3SKUcXdEpvb69As3hyy5ZhTSOUxsZUCaehYgLP2+YnUIqHFIzOSJhCqqurlcmTpyijMw3M+fnyTH4CQT2kBgYG5MZZs9V01JmBAambOUN27NyZ/4YWnaGwsGiwktJUPYf83e/+o0yfPk1pC9AaECdp27ZWY3dnS8r4uN5PrJVBPC6/EZJf2X9AeUalJkzIsF/Yzo2us7aPoIPth1Zw1VVXyQcf/FX1DtNTbW17pb//UwoKB8fbtC5t3rxZTUU1Njb6atrNCxeo66prqp2YftIQaLPQJPhpDAFMBZw8eVLee+8vXK9gzKgkqyGtrdvVCm9MieI7kwg1Cz4FRhGAa2tz8ybfUwBGdYaNsZYAtFtos9h7HC8vTCLULPgUGEMAHk2NjcsFq7qx3oGJBOIkEIaHVJztD/ve1CzCJsr6fBGAURsq/8qVK2mX8EWQF0VBAC8tcKrASwxeZpKc6A2V5NE3qO8NDQ2SSlVxftigMWFTLhII6iF1sSZ7v1FY2Dt2zrQcGgXe2vy6KjoDgh0xmgBCwgwMnJGOjg6j2xlV43xPQyEWyj13361WKOrGIariQ6tW6UN+kkBBAjAewohIQVEQFQvETABeUbZESI4ClW9h0XmkU069eyqjTX/9vw+dWa2Y0TEeREKAnk+RYGWlERFIuoeUb2ER0Xiw2oQQoOdTQgbasW5qD6k1ax6VtWvXSpB9MGxD40tYPL11q+APCWF59dRT+jQUAmhhQxBsDILpKnzHH8piCgufOg/nEVMlPaF+fR6fqIfJDQL0fHJjHJPaC3hILVu2TA4c2C9Tp9ZIU9Matde68zz8hsvFRh4Ix3v6b38brgKheHV4XuTjPPI6Dx9RZXQIX+TrjUBQDmV+9ctfDteDjUTSr8P12WWGCxfxhSHKi4BUxiLYaOaRR/6tjHfkrUggXAIIcZ9KValNsvD7gr8777xzsKurK9wbGVSbL82iFAmKOCk6VgpC+GJTEGwEcv+DD6hqqmtqBDFUtP0DQbjw/V8feGD4OlyPY5yDxsJkLwF4PsFIiIV3TCRgKwFoF6NHZ65pfvvtP8kdd9wus2fPcnLVd+TCIpWakPM8YDep9IRjhPNF6ukZEgYLvg3GpctBwCBpoaLz+WkPAXo+2TNWbGlhApMnT84pdOHCBfnkk09k3bq18oMfTHJqeipTNOZ0vfwZ2nYxZ9Zsz5vjrZTJPgL0fLJvzNjikQnU1c2QDz/80LPQ+fPnpbKy0vOcrZnGCQu9dy3ccPV3W+Gy3UME6PnEJ8FFAnPmzJHdu5+Xc+fOZXSvoqJCpk2bJvv2vehU1OTIp6EyKBZxUF1do0p1Za3hwFaF8IrCJ5M9BOj5ZM9YsaWlEcA2vdmCAjXMnTtXDh163SlBgX75Fhb6rb+vt0+5wpaGOX9pGMFh9P7t1q3DggFGbRzDbqGN5flr4BmTCGADGRgD16xpMqlZbAsJhEJg4sSJGfXU1dUpO4WL6y98Cwv8aOPHG+slHlq1OgNY0IPX33xDYODWazGwlgP32vfyy0Gr5vVlJEDPpzLC5q1iIVBTM1Xdd+zYsXLs2HFpb3810C57sXSiyJsykGCRoFisNALwfMImRtztrjRuLG0XAThu/OY3T8r+/QeGp52gVTQ0LJHa2jrBFq2uJAoLV0bSoH7gHwjx/xEcEFNQTCSQNAJ9fX0yb95Naj0R9pB3IfmehnKh8+xD+ATo+RQ+U9ZoH4H0GFL4n3AhUVi4MIqG9IGeT4YMBJthBAFo1dhlD1NS0DRsTxQWto+gQe2n55NBg8GmGEEAU1BLl94u2DjJdg8p2iyMeKTsbwR3u7N/DNmD6AhAWCC1te2N7iYR10zNImLA5aweod8RJh6hUnTYlPT7IxAjFjZu3LAhPTvwd8Z8CoyQFThOALvsYSoKe3nbmigsbB05j3anJkyQtevXq0WSD2dtbwtBgj1CsODxyS1bPK72l8WYT/648apkEdC77LW3H7Q2Ii2FhWPPLFbA4w/ReaFJ6KQXTu7Y+YzOCvxJz6fACFlBggjY7iFFYeHgwwrtAloGNAloFJh2QsgUnR9Gl+n5FAZF1pE0AjZ7SNHA7ejTCs0C29VCaEBgQNsIc/qpoaFBUqkqwVwsEwmQQGkEYLvo7u5SC1cxRWVDorCwYZR8thH7lkO7gMD4n3fe9llL7mX0fMplwhwSKJWAbR5SnIYqdYQtKn+0cyicOzSLsHYYpOeTRQ8Am2o0Ads8pCgsjH6c/DdO2ymw1znCyePYy522lDvQ86kUWixLAiMTsM1DisJi5PG08iy8oPAHOwWM2vncaUvpHD2fSqHFsiRQHAGbPKQoLIobU2tKea2ngNDAfiCYioIdo9REz6dSibE8CRRPwBYPKQqL4sfUipL51lP8586dytD9/HPPFb2zIVacLl9+r0yZMln1nbvdWfEIsJEWErAhhhSFhYUPVr4mY2fBfOspYLeA6yzsFlqg5KsHtolFixbKDTfMlBMnTqhi69atz1ec+SRAAiEQwEZJmJaCt6GJia6zJo5KTG3at2+f7Nz5jHzxxRdy/vz5jFb093+accwDEiCB8AlgytfUXfZGh99d1mgTATycLS0t8tJLL8qFCxfUX3b7szelzz7PYxIggXAIaA8p7LIHW4ZJu+xRWIQzxtbW0tXVJW1te0Zsv96UfsRCPEkCJBAKAe0hNX/+PCUwIDRMSLRZmDAKMbahvr5eduzYIWPGjPFsxejRo2XRokWe55hJAiQQDQETPaQoLKIZa6tqvfXWn8nhw0fU4r3shsN2UVdXl53NYxIggYgJmOYhRWER8YDbUj3eZObMmaM0jIqKiuFmV1ZWii2BzoYbzS8k4AgBkzykKCwceaiCdgMxn06ePCnvvPO/cuONN8qoUUOPxrRp04NWzetJgAQCEDAlhhSFRYBBdOVSrKtYs+ZRFS4ZxrUXXviDrFu3TnVv8eLFrnST/SABKwloD6m4d9njOgsrH5/wGo2YT/Dr3rz5iRw3PZyD8OA0VHi8WRMJ+CWA/0d4SB07dlx5Sfmtx+911Cz8knPgOh3zaenS23MEBboHOwYFhQMDzS44QSBuDylqFk48Rv46gd3uxo8fJ21te/1VwKtIgATKTiCuXfYoLMo+1GbckLvdmTEObAUJ+CEQxy57nIbyM1KWX6N3u4NGwWkmyweTzU8kgTg8pCgsEvaoZXs+Jaz77C4JOEEgDg8pCgsnHp3iOqF3u9u2rTUWb4riWslSJEACxRDQMaTg9o7/7agThUXUhA2pv5DnkyHNZDNIgARKIFBODylGnS1hYGwu2tjYqNZMIHwAEwmQgDsEyhXGnN5Q7jwzeXtCz6e8aHiCBEigSALULIoEZWsx7fl0/PgJej7ZOohsNwkYQIDCwoBBiKoJ2vMJ4QFgDGMiARIgAb8EaOD2S87w6+j5ZPgAsXkkYBkBCgvLBqyY5tLzqRhKLEMCJFAKARq4S6FlSVnGfLJkoNhMErCIAG0WFg1WMU2F59OZMwOydy+DAxbDi2VIgASKI0BhURwnK0rR88mKYWIjScBKAhQWVg5bbqPp+ZTLhDkkQALhEaCBOzyWsdXU19cnjY3LhTGfYhsC3pgEnCdAYWH5EMPzCbHt8+12Z3n32HwSIAFDCNAbypCB8NuMODZB8dtWXkcCJGAvAdos7B07wfaKmILq6HjN4l6w6SRAAjYQoLCwYZQ82gjPp/b2g8KYTx5wmEUCJBA6AQqL0JFGXyFCeWDDE8Z8ip4170ACJDBEgAZuy54ETDs1NCyh55Nl48bmkoDtBCgsLBpBej5ZNFhsKgk4RoDeUBYNKD2fLBosNpUEHCNAm4UlA0rPJ0sGis0kAUcJUFhYMLD0fLJgkNhEEnCcAIWF4QNMzyfDB4jNI4GEEKCB2+CBpueTwYPDppFAwghQWBg64PR8MnRg2CwSSCgBekMZOvD0fDJ0YNgsEkgoAWoWBg487BRIra3bDWwdm0QCJJBEAtQskjjq7DMJkAAJlEiAmkWJwFicBEiABJJIgMIiiaPOPpMACZBAiQQoLEoExuIkQAIkkEQCFBZJHHX2mQRIgARKJEBhUSIwFicBEiCBJBKgsEjiqLPPJEACJFAigUS4zpbIhMVJgARIgASyCFCzyALCQxIgARIggVwCFBa5TJhDAiRAAiSQReD/AcqoBZ1zhiCZAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
<p>Which particles are interacting?</p>
<p>A. U and Y</p>
<p>B. W<sup>–</sup> boson and Y</p>
<p>C. X and Y</p>
<p>D. U and X</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The Feynman diagram shows some of the changes in a proton–proton collision.</p>
<p><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" 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" width="360" height="423">What is the equation for this collision?</p>
<p>A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mo>→</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></math></p>
<p>B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mo>→</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math></p>
<p>C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mo>→</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mo>+</mo><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></math></p>
<p>D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mo>→</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mo>+</mo><mover><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>There were some teacher comments that this was not a complete Feynman diagram however the stem does say that the diagram shows some of the changes and is intended to make the question easier by not complicating with particles that do not change. Students should be made aware that they can expect to see diagrams like this in the future as partial diagrams do tend to make the situation simpler for students to solve.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Consider the Feynman diagram below.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>What is the exchange particle X?</p>
<p>A. Lepton</p>
<p>B. Gluon</p>
<p>C. Meson</p>
<p>D. Photon</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>When a high-energy <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>α</mi></math>-particle collides with a beryllium-9 (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>Be</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>4</mn><mn>9</mn></mmultiscripts></math>) nucleus, a nucleus of carbon <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced><mrow><mtext>Z</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow></mfenced></math> may be produced. What are the products of this reaction?</p>
<p><br><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAPsAAACtCAYAAAB2pQlMAAAeQUlEQVR4Ae2djdHsSnGGycNFAi4ScBGBicBEYCIwEUAGJgITgYnARGAyuBncDI7rOebh9n1rRhpppf2k1UzVIu2op6f7/ZH23KL0/eLbHBOBicAjEPjFI7qcTU4EJgLfptmnCCYCD0Hgtmb/5S//6dv8TAymBpY1UO9jtzU7TUD0HNdBYPJxHS6oJPmYZr8WP7euJsV162Y+oPjkY5r9A0i9SgsprqvU9dQ6ko9p9qcq4YS+U1wnbDFTbkAg+Zhm3wDeDF1GIMW1HD2vno1A8jHNfjbiD8qf4npQ65dsNfmYZr8kTfcsKsV1zy4+p+rkY5r9c7j98k5SXF9e0MMLSD6m2R8uiCPbT3EdmXvm2o5A8jHNvh3DuaKDQIqrEzan34RA8vFIs//2t//W/L/a/upX//ztz3/+r9Op+NOf/vP7/r/+9b+cstdf//o/3373u3//9sMPPwzl//HHH7/Re4pjaHEJ2rtePFifnz/+8Q9lh3NOwct9RzHbUgk56WNNW8T9/vf/8Y9a0Mdf/vLfW7b6WWzyMc3eENgaKT9DdMcXxX2W2bcKt978drTzjyUprn9cWDkRD+vOIwY4c5xtdvFd0xV6yN75vtfwrK3j0Wav4PN0k5Tf/OZfK0aHnyvurzb73/72v9/otQrslWZTXKO5xCNNzdPQ2uDnrHEFs6NFeuUXFrww1CO/0vaM5GOavaAo4JqwikBBeo1l3HGrWSBHokra7z/hFC3EKWJz8fPN6/VnpGSzdx2ud0297pxHcvRGjfG8FzsyT449Q2zT7C1crNM1fBczsAdfY8C39VSEZ//ZAn+tXKwlT30gGJeY1nysoQ9vTnJoTRxbQ06rsVOPrXVLc7nXNPvf0apPdsmsZpcsn/oS4Xw9VsNDfL1Wz/eYvSUeciJERs3Pub20REEvmKGaqhU3Osd+e4YmSrNrgJo3++M73IG5Bs4YsaG2Jd5Y541j1OzWnnuKe4uvUYzUTr0BjK4ljprqeLTZkyC/+zSoZlcwCIuPwpKIerPwhsCcORUyYlJIW81e6+Gcodioh/0Y7qlwv08u/M9VzG7decT0Dq9pJnvWVGBv3/VmYRzXycHROdcy71o54ubgEOu6tzpQH9x0rFGOzF9zmbN3RIPmUY+92N486+uYZi//gQ4BVGCruRQG4FUi6nwlGtH04hTNVrO7jjqXhiJRuEuxXCPONWuxS9dTXEux9Zp9WYNHjKSJjPda5QkOWvOs0YwYrRdXeRazEbPXdVUH1upxq9lrXh8m5tpyBJM6Hm32tTttBb2CxjqA1Kz1mqJjrXEJuvOur2ZTbORUJAren3U+Weq+9dwaaq56Pc/r/nlty/fsc3StZvfXz9I6ewNfR60/e64Y1ri19SNml8e1vq2B+LVRNbfG81qurGuafQGxCnwNq/P1jl6f7My/+mRXcJpdU3zqk32v2eHGm0B94jPvk535V5/sebPt6aBqhfNRs1f9vGp0Mam1TLNXNOK8klkvIRpF5M8s5iRVoqq4FDKEamKf7DVOY9enhnO1Hp8SdY7cDIXv91p767w+8VrXR+fySTK6zpuYGC2tszf6rkPsuRH6dPff7HAFxgyuk4Mjc3xcy7xrjZNfsJTzyq9z1s56+ZU38/u91u05dbiOvY8Yycc0+wKq1UgZpkAVXz1Wkym4et1zzU5uifZaPVaRIL56zXNFSS4FyLUR4XyC2cFcLPJY8au/tjKO75rdp3grRrODdU8H8OkNJjlzvmqql4f9q07qmrVz1tYxzV7RiPMlsxOKcHwCACwiqEY3XSUS4r0BVBJZV3OxpvdEcL1C5HsdVdBVmDWmnn+C2ekHDKuxwBcscjDnDRHMKz+aHUPWXJhf3BNTfmWZD05YZx7rohauEdcye+VeXj1WnWQvS99ZX8cjzV4BmOfHIZDiOi7zzLQHgeRjmn0PinNNE4EUVzNoTr4NgeRjmv1t0H/+Rimuz+/42h0mH9Ps1+brVtWluG5V/AcWm3xMs38gyV/VUorrq+qY+/4/AsnHNPtUxmEIpLgOSzwT7UIg+Zhm3wXjXNRCIMXViplz70Mg+Zhmfx/2H79TiuvjG754g8nHNPvFCbtTeSmuO9X+ibUmH9Psn8jyF/WU4vqiMua2f0cg+bit2WlkfiYGUwPLGqh3vtuanSbyzlUbm+fvR2Dy8X7Ml3ZMPqbZl9Ca1zYhkOLatHgGH45A8jHNfjjEz02Y4nouEtfoPPmYZr8GLx9RRYrrI5q6cRPJxzT7jcm8WukprqvV97R6ko9p9qcp4MR+U1wnbjVTDyCQfEyzD4A2Q8YQSHGNrZpRZyGQfEyzn4X0A/OmuB4IwaVaTj6m2S9Fz72LSXHdu5v7V598TLPfn9PLdJDiukxhDy0k+Rgyu+8w3/uWy7OwzmbO2mdLXt4SyucqgzeiturhDau+vRYciWm9iXVLH1fkY0v9GcvbavPNvRlz5e/Jx5DZEQViYHG+nP8rm81mvrIW9wanlrm8/s6jr0jOehAx2PmHDajJ96S/wu8V+XgF7ytxuaeP5GPV7L5TnKc7T/YqkD0FHLkmmzky995cVxGI76dv1QOHvL88x6v8XpGP7HHL9xZ2W9Z/dWzysWp2nw6YvieSr2oqm9lSR/4RAITun1Qyj0879uGDgXzBP0fmxIRzsEIg5Kp/YKCuMzexxJmbPHWQh3W1Bn5h1T8+UOPrOT89/UMGWwS7Jbbu5zm9vHPQJzctNcr+9M0vF4f/jGGe6/UmxzXxN4/rwMJrHM2Z//xJTmpN5GQtPL/6TyTr2nJk7zpWzU7TCse/kJKmqAnfeZ7NbNmbviBB82hOSeU7MZqbecjTlJqdOXLwYU6RsJ7BPHN8HIpTHMlNLeJMnHncjzzE1Dzmy2P9KZ57Z2z9Xvur86Pnr/AxukeN06z0CD4MMKQPeTNGHMWGOPCUb7igfrhxJHbq31zsYZ7cj3nnsibzn31MPhbNDhAsUJQUB0AK+exi1/JnM2vxXpe0SqzXOCKcJJ55yKd/BkQSk1jUmO+B5e+5K7SWqbjzk88nAHmIq0PhKqJ6rXeegu3FeQNS/L24pfm9fCzlXLomHuJKLNiAm9waU/uS/6pr1hJbbxSJncauNbkfa80BDrWm5LauP/M8+Vg0ezZvMxWQM4tdy53NrMV7XWFXQrxWjwgEDPhANPtpQM0uya5DIHkDMJZ9e0IzxnwpNPJbt08x91w6tvJkPPmqQfL66Pe9fIzmzziwko96jZ7hi0EMdYGvo4djmjKxYy+f6ubiWONa+7UemnX9WefJx6LZeYqxoPUBsK8e2cxoPRJS7/a5FsOSHyKJ5ynAueJKc7qemJ7ZyZOCch1HchPDqAIyRpEu1W2sx1Yer3Gkj6N+re3lo9az5Rys5KOuqz0TQ13V7K051mvK+uuKXIwe31yDb+Nauc37bs8kH12zL4kScdjcdyS+6H+ymdEyNE3vyd57+tKz4uqRT0zP7Ozby535yJMYWzfikR8w8NO6CbTyiBPxXPcp6Pze414+9u63ZHZ7aplPHPMXkpi2zE6NcP/Kk5193zmSj67ZEaz/Ps0CBaslrow983s2M7qXhuuB3+sPskfMnrgpIm8uLdEY478jWybt1bXUdysP8ewDfnljWsq1dm0vH2t5e9c1ctUhN03wlVtjmHfIv1g7b6w3gfrEJoYbSHLrft4EzFH3oz6wsSb3O/uYfHTNXgHLogCDRDT2lSOb2VKLxEmsRuIoOfYHccSz34jZiZN88iMQnzTU6F6Kjf2IwZiOlkldV8VtfO/YyqPRa0299VvmX+Fjyz7Gaiz60Fycg6XfjfG7a40TSzGRN+LqA4/13iSMYY48aEIdtfZTT/D3zpF8NM1u4zbQKlCwuOZT6aubadW5NAeZAMIHgdT6xcDrkKjZwAWiucZ8HZgLbPi4VnHUOHKxZy+mZVL3V6A1X++8lYc5982jN7NevqV5cr1zaCzwtQ9wr7o1Js1OnV5jbevhBs7Mc92f9hwrtyP7Xdrs7yTslb3eLa5Xan3C2nfzoVlbRn4C3ms9Jh/NJ/takqtcz2auUtdT63g3H9Psy0pLPqbZl/GaVzcgkOLasHRX6DT7MmzJxzT7Ml7z6gYEUlwbls7QExBIPqbZTwD5qSlTXE/F4Sp9Jx/T7Fdh5gPqSHF9QEu3biH5mGa/NZ3XKj7Fda3qnldN8jHN/jwNnNZxiuu0jWbiIQSSj2n2Idhm0AgCKa6RNTPmPASSj9uanUbmZ2IwNbCsgXorua3ZaSLvXLWxef5+BCYf78d8acfkY5p9Ca15bRMCKa5Ni2fw4QgkH9Psh0P83IQprucicY3Ok49p9mvw8hFVpLg+oqkbN5F8TLPfmMyrlZ7iulp9T6sn+Zhmf5oCTuw3xXXiVjP1AALJxzT7AGgzZAyBFNfYqhl1FgLJxzT7WUg/MG+K64EQXKrl5GOa/VL03LuYFNe9u7l/9cnHNPv9Ob1MBymuyxT20EKSj67ZfbkhC+qn9WK+r8Iym/mqOuq+rRc81uvvPudtLtSUI1+cSIwvVczY0e9X5GO09ozjJZFgd+eRfKyaPd9k6ltXuRl89chmvroe9r+S2b1hp9l922l9661vaPXd9nuwvCIfe/q4Go97e0g+Npv9SkBkM3tBOXLdVczOa7J9qqfZMXbrldG82rreALbickU+tvZg/FV4tJ49x+Rjt9kR01ePbGZLPbx+ON8bz6+WOnzasQ8f4n1tMUfmNA7nPEkRCaapues68xO79t541tUa8h3l5sojJieWsUW0W2JzT76DwVlDvO2NvfiAUQ5/0XA9/9lZ89R15PEGCA7m5+hPeuZ9Z7yx5KAm45f2cy2xrbprPUecs08dm82OIWi6voi/JnzneTazZW96wGz2Afjk858tfCdGczMPkT75FA1z5ODDHGsqmcwzx8ehGL25kJtaNChx5nE/8hBT85gvj/WneO6dsfV77a/Oj56/wsfaHuLNHuLGf2PgO2ZzePP1vz8YA+YM89Q1zFez8z1x09DyIcZwBi/qhtqoKfdbq/t7cQf/D3vWsWp2FuSnNleTvfs8mxnd3z/jIyG5DmORO68jAHpnKJq8Q9cY8yo4BdIylTGKlDzE1aHg2Ht0pGh76+iVnhVtL25pfi8fSzm9Jt71hsi12l+PNwyavO01e8VHHXnzsVZywx01j9TtuqOPyceq2WtzFIMYAU7wji5wS75sZnStwtZ8vXX0DnF8/AmmASUxRYP48gZgLPv2BGKM+aqIrc+6EfXoaOXJteSjL/K/MvbyMbJn4uMasFaLPlVTs3V+KY/ckjtxgxf6Y72jx0e9cS/tZ93mO/qYfGw2OwXZ5JpZji4+82Uzeb33XeJSFDUeEZEf0olHMJwriB6JxPTMTp4qhLof5+QmhpFiY07cl+r+vrj8TytPufxdvIgua64xo+d7+RjJ38ObuuVEfKij9QH7kTzUk7ipGdY7WnNcgx/237KfOY88Jh+7zL4k2COLXcuVzazFe11R9G5WvacvAlBYPdEQk8Yxln17uY0ZNbscVFG3bgIpWjHgSDzX86dxjdlyvpePkT0SH9dUs/sEX/rl08sDBnJL7sStZWx1lPvJzUeYvdekBLzruFdcGo4+WsP+0jyIQUH0RINI8ueZ5HtzIYf/ocf9jUGwjBQbc726zNE6tvIQpzHyxtTKMTq3l4+R/D28q9l9oiavfAdzcjBa+MOZ3BJDXrBztMyujuQsY7kJjNTtuqOPycfmJzuAAkyK9ehCR/JlMyNrjOFOTh/elTUSR0XjUxbCtvybnbrEh/zsU5+e7qVIxLSKq2VS1xE/Olp5NHqtaTTfUtwrfCzl5dqoacAd03LzZHDku1wyByaVe9ZQe5qdGAZ7t8zONXUkJ2Ir/6N1f9/o4P9JPlbNzoL6ARBEV4dPpZyvMWecZzNb9+DubW8QW+uXNK9DtmZbumMjJATAx7USX+sjF3v2YlomdX+FVfP1zlt5mHPfPFbB93L25sl11thiGnGyN77XAX/JT/2FQCwYgwU50HfP7MR6jdj0x5a6a41HnCcfXbMfsdnZObKZs/eb+ZcRmHws4/Puq8nHNPu7Gfjg/VJcH9zqLVpLPqbZb0HbPYpMcd2j6s+tMvmYZv9crt/eWYrr7QXMDX+GQPIxzf4zeOaXVxBIcb2Sa659HYHkY5r9dUxnhr8jkOKawHwtAsnHNPvX8vFRu6e4Pqq5GzaTfEyz35DEq5ac4rpqnU+pK/mYZn8K82/oM8X1hi3nFgsIJB/T7AtgzUvbEEhxbVs9o49GIPm4rdlpZH4mBlMDyxqoN5Dbmp0m8s5VG5vn70dg8vF+zJd2TD6m2ZfQmtc2IZDi2rR4Bh+OQPIxzX44xM9NmOJ6LhLX6Dz5mGa/Bi8fUUWK6yOaunETycc0+43JvFrpKa6r1fe0epKPafanKeDEflNcJ241Uw8gkHxMsw+ANkPGEEhxja2aUWchkHxMs5+F9APzprgeCMGlWk4+ptkvRc+9i0lx3bub+1effEyz35/Ty3SQ4rpMYQ8tJPlYNXt9jS6L+fBmzi1vOD0L62zmrH225G29zXXL+qNjefMpNS0N3raab0Vdiu9duyIfvVpH5tE4+N11JB+LZvd1upgbQTh8BbPv5nb+3cds5t37t/a7ktl9pfKa2bkOlvnK5VZ/S3NX5GOp3rVrV+JyrdbW9eRj0ey81xyjtwZA+BL91vV3zGUz79hzbY+rCIQbsk91auoNDO770afZf47SVbj8eVXj39IfXbP7RxL8k0W5xRV+4mQzWePSd/554i8U8nDjouc6/EshXOdDPOsYvvyfmGoWb4I1d11nfoy19kciWFdryF9Y5sojJvcmvSRYf74TT393Mzt1+88POaLv+k9Mb3jME0O8w76dr/2Dmzk5mpNfs+ZinvP6q7fWpC7g+St+BVNfHV2zK+IafLXzbGZLfZpSojSnpPKdGM3NPOSBC0OzM0cOPswpEtYzmGeOjwNRUbs3F3IjCITjMI/7kYeYmsfYPNYbdO5dY7lGnexPPVXsNW70/BU+RveocZqVPsCHAYZwIm/GiKPYEAee8u3DrWKQ2Pm33czFHubJ/Zh3LmuqPZx5nnx0zY4IAOPKI5sZrVXSKrF1LcJpiR/yxQQiidHUrq8xznFXJ1ah1ZtGxvgEIA9xdShcRVSv9c5TsMbRO72Q6+5mF1d6ox9wk1sx09TEyL83WzEhtt4oEjuNbXzdj7UM96s1yb/c1vVnnqc/Hml2hFDN1wMcgUAeH4hmjQbU7JJsDgSSNwBj2bcnNGPMl0Ijv3X7FHPPpWMrD+vpQ7Hf2ezyUTGgZ/higCe8ga+jh2OaMrFjL5/q5uJY41r7ia9417Vnng+bnaJbQJ5Z3Nbc2czoegmpd/tci2HJD5HEQxTnYpLmdD0xPbOTJwXlOo7kJoZRBWSMIl2q21iPrTxZo2Ik/ytjLx979wQr+ag5as/EUFc1e2uO9eLgE7jm6fHNOvgmltHKbd5X8f2+wYb/ST66T3ZFWX+O5D4Uv+Upk+tf/Z7NjObTNL3eek9fCFVcPfKJ6ZmdfXu5M18Vmn1ZN+KRHzDww3yOzKPwXJNH4vcOcr1zLJn9ik92+HvnSD66Zqco/k0naFmkQNc7Zsac/T2bGd1Pw/XAr6aqOTH6iNn9d71rNaY3F3Lkz0Fj/KmXJiVXry73aR1beTLOG0APj4zvfd/LRy/f2rxP0XqTQ4/gay/GVJ3Kv1i7j7E+wOoTmxi8kNy6n3yao+53FL7WOXpMPhbNTpEAR5MCQBOAQKIEa7SIo+KymS15Jc6+NBJHyYE4Bj0Tz34jZidO8smfN033Ej/2I6Y+VVsmdR3xo6OVJ9faL/lfGa/wsWdfjQU3mkte/W6M393HOLGEi8obcehcc7Pem4TcMkceNKGOWvsdha+1jx6Tj0Wzk5QmaI6FfmhQkNzYJnPe62ccs5mte3jTIg+kVrFLvj3Tn2YDE4jmGvN1YC7w4eNaxVHjyMWevZiWSd1/C8atPLUOzo8SI728c6i5qk9w13jUYkyavV6j7vprwB7AhXmu88uLwbFyO7LfUfha1+gx+Vg1+2jir4jLZr6ihrnnTwi8m48lI/9U1XPPko9p9udq4fDOU1yHbxAJp9kDkPiafEyzB0Dz634EUlz7M42tnGZfxin5mGZfxmte3YBAimvD0hl6AgLJxzT7CSA/NWWK66k4XKXv5GOa/SrMfEAdKa4PaOnWLSQf0+y3pvNaxae4rlXd86pJPqbZn6eB0zpOcZ220Uw8hEDyMc0+BNsMGkEgxTWyZsach0DyMc1+HtaPy5ziehwAF2s4+bit2WlkfiYGUwPLGqj3n9uanSbyzlUbm+fvR2Dy8X7Ml3ZMPqbZl9Ca1zYhkOLatHgGH45A8jHNfjjEz02Y4nouEtfoPPmYZr8GLx9RRYrrI5q6cRPJxzT7jcm8WukprqvV97R6ko9p9qcp4MR+U1wnbjVTDyCQfEyzD4A2Q8YQSHGNrZpRZyGQfEyzn4X0A/OmuB4IwaVaTj6m2S9Fz72LSXHdu5v7V598TLPfn9PLdJDiukxhDy0k+eia3feYsyA/vA7oCiObuUJNI29zfWedcEVNS4O3sbberrq0pnXtiny06hyZ442wV9H5SL2tmORj1ey+QtdkgHAVQWcz1viVx6tgAwa+enrN7FwHS+JfGVfkY28/V+Jxbw/Jx2azs7FPgq++82Uze0E5ct1VRMI78X2qL5kdg/tu9Gn2n5RwFR5/qmj7Wfpjl9nZlhfz+9cytpdxzIpsZktW/mhA/pEI/0KLeeofH2Av4v1jA/6RCGKqWRAJuNTcdZ25MdbaH4lgXa0h/yCBufKIyYllLIm23rTp78pmF297o145yf7pw+v5z5Oap64Da2LFzPUc/UkPlv6BCGOJpybjl/ZzLbHsd/Zgnzp2m11A61/fqInfcZ7NbNlTU1o/4JMPYhl8J0ZzMw+RmI+haJgjBx/mWFPJZJ45Pg6x8+ZCboyvQYkzj/uRh5iax3x59G/Kmae3hnn6ZH9qvoPZqVPc/O9KmM3hzdd/fhpjb/JW17AWHKqBwabipqHlQ4zhDF7UjX9JKPdbq9v6jzyyZx27zW5TNlmTvus8mxnd17/ZJSG5DmORO69DPsQyFA0iqaPGOK/gFEi9aWSMIiVPFR9xCo69Rwd5+OSgN3oh153MXm+I9FT76/GGQZO3vWaveldH3nzEmNxwB7bqZKlu1x19TH880uwIHSA0Xw9kiIU4PpDFGg0oiSkaxJc3AGPZtycQY8xXRWx91o2oR0crD+vpQ5HeyeziY/9grZF7D6A6nzjXPHLLXOLGvvDPekePD2/uHJf2s27zHX08zOy9Ro8ueClfNrMUW69JXL1L1+ucIyLyQzrxCIZzBdEjkZie2clThZB7kpsYRoqNOTFfqjtztvJkjXc3u5yID7y1PmvmM08LfzVTzd6aY614btkveTvie/pj95O93lGPKGxPjmxmNIei6D3Ze09fTKIg9pidfXu5M1/LpNaNmLxpVFG3bgKZRyHWdfWc+L1jLx8j+yU+rkGHcuITfOmXTy8Pv9zMQ+7ErWVs+cj95OYjzO7PQJr9yrFXXBquV78kpnkQg4LoiQaR5M8zyffmQg7/Q4/4GYNgGSk25np1maN1bOXJOG8APTwyvvd9Lx+9fHW+h3c1e68P+gJzcjBa+MOZ3BJDXrBztMyujuQsY/HJSN2uO/qYfGx+siNKQMj/4HB0oSP5spmRNcZQPwR7V9ZIHBUNBDMgbMu/2alLM5OffSpe7qVI2I+YKq6WSV1H/Oho5cm19kv+V8YrfKztO2oacMe06JTBke9yyRyYVO5ZQ+1pdmIY7N0yO9fUkZz460L+R+v+vtHB/5N8rJqdBfWTwFmfYNi082ces5mte3H3tjeIrWKXNK/Tn2ZbumMjJATgzYH1El/rIxd7mj9jWiZ1/y0Yt/LUOjj/JLPTjziJLd/rgL/kp/5CEBO0Tg5uGOob8+bwGrGsqfvdwuzZ0BW/A+4c10Fg8nEdLqgk+eg+2a9VdruabKYdNWffhcDk411Ij+2TfEyzj+E2owYQSHENLJkhJyKQfEyznwj201KnuJ7W/9X6TT6m2a/G0I3rSXHduJWPKD35mGb/CFqv0USK6xpVPbeK5GOa/blaOLzzFNfhG8yEmxBIPqbZN8E3g5cQSHEtxc5r5yOQfEyzn4/5Y3ZIcT2m8Ys2mnxMs1+UqDuWleK6Yw+fVHPycVuz08j8TAymBpY1UG9etzV7bWKeTwQmAusITLOvYzQjJgIfgcA0+0fQOJuYCKwjMM2+jtGMmAh8BALT7B9B42xiIrCOwP8BEB7BZVV5UpgAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The half-life of a radioactive element is 5.0 days. A freshly-prepared sample contains 128 g of this element. After how many days will there be 16 g of this element left behind in the sample?</p>
<p>A. 5.0 days</p>
<p>B. 10 days</p>
<p>C. 15 days</p>
<p>D. 20 days</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The energy-level diagram for an atom that has four energy states is shown.</p>
<p> <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_17.05.37.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/27"></p>
<p>What is the number of different wavelengths in the emission spectrum of this atom?</p>
<p>A. 1</p>
<p>B. 3</p>
<p>C. 6</p>
<p>D. 7</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A simple model of an atom has three energy levels. The differences between adjacent energy levels are shown below.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>What are the two smallest frequencies in the emission spectrum of this atom?</p>
<p>A. 0.5 × 10<sup>15 </sup>Hz and 1.0 × 10<sup>15 </sup>Hz</p>
<p>B. 0.5 × 10<sup>15 </sup>Hz and 1.5 × 10<sup>15 </sup>Hz</p>
<p>C. 1.0 × 10<sup>15 </sup>Hz and 2.0 × 10<sup>15 </sup>Hz</p>
<p>D. 1.0 × 10<sup>15 </sup>Hz and 3.0 × 10<sup>15 </sup>Hz</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A graph of the variation of average binding energy per nucleon with nucleon number has a maximum. What is indicated by the region around the maximum?</p>
<p>A. The position below which radioactive decay cannot occur</p>
<p>B. The region in which fission is most likely to occur</p>
<p>C. The position where the most stable nuclides are found</p>
<p>D. The region in which fusion is most likely to occur</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A proton collides with an electron. What are the possible products of the collision?</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A. Two neutrons</p>
<p>B. Neutron and positron</p>
<p>C. Neutron and antineutrino</p>
<p>D. Neutron and neutrino</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The mass of a nucleus of iron-56 (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>Fe</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>26</mn><mn>56</mn></mmultiscripts></math>) is <em>M</em>.</p>
<p>What is the mass defect of the nucleus of iron-56?</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A. <em>M</em> − 26<em>m</em><sub>p</sub> − 56<em>m</em><sub>n</sub></p>
<p>B. 26<em>m</em><sub>p</sub> + 30<em>m</em><sub>n</sub> − <em>M</em></p>
<p>C. M − 26<em>m</em><sub>p</sub> − 56<em>m</em><sub>n</sub> − 26<em>m</em><sub>e</sub></p>
<p>D. 26<em>m</em><sub>p</sub> + 30<em>m</em><sub>n</sub> + 26<em>m</em><sub>e</sub> − <em>M</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Three particles are produced when the nuclide <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>Mg</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>12</mn><mn>23</mn></mmultiscripts></math> undergoes beta-plus (<em>β</em><sup>+</sup>) decay. What are two of these particles?</p>
<p>A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>Na</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>11</mn><mn>23</mn></mmultiscripts></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>v</mtext><mtext>e</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>0</mn><mn>0</mn></mmultiscripts></math></p>
<p>B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>e</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mn>0</mn></mmultiscripts></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>v</mtext><mtext>e</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>0</mn><mn>0</mn></mmultiscripts></math></p>
<p>C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>Na</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>11</mn><mn>23</mn></mmultiscripts></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><menclose notation="top"><mtext>v</mtext></menclose><mtext>e</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>0</mn><mn>0</mn></mmultiscripts></math></p>
<p>D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>e</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></mmultiscripts></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><menclose notation="top"><mtext>v</mtext></menclose><mtext>e</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>0</mn><mn>0</mn></mmultiscripts></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The diagram below shows four energy levels for the atoms of a gas. The diagram is drawn to scale. The wavelengths of the photons emitted by the energy transitions between levels are shown.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>What are the wavelengths of spectral lines, emitted by the gas, in order of decreasing frequency?</p>
<p>A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></math></p>
<p>B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></math></p>
<p>C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math></p>
<p>D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>λ</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Two pure samples of radioactive nuclides X and Y have the same initial number of atoms. The half-life of X is <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{T_{\frac{1}{2}}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span>.</p>
<p>After a time equal to 4 half-lives of X the ratio <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{number of atoms of X}}}}{{{\text{number of atoms of Y}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>number of atoms of X</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>number of atoms of Y</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> is <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{8}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span>.</p>
<p>What is the half-life of Y?</p>
<p>A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="0.25{T_{\frac{1}{2}}}">
<mn>0.25</mn>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p>B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="0.5{T_{\frac{1}{2}}}">
<mn>0.5</mn>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p>C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="3{T_{\frac{1}{2}}}">
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p>D. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="4{T_{\frac{1}{2}}}">
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The graph shows the variation with time of the activity of a pure sample of a radioactive nuclide.</p>
<p>What percentage of the nuclide remains after 200 s?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: left;">A. 3.1 %</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">B. 6.3 %</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">C. 13 %</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">D. 25 %</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mtext>U</mtext><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>92</mn><mn>238</mn></mmultiscripts></math> undergoes an alpha decay, followed by a beta-minus decay. What is the number of protons and neutrons in the resulting nuclide?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>This question was generally well answered by candidates, however a significant number selected option A (incorrectly) perhaps due to confusion between nuclear mass and the number of neutrons. This question had a relatively high discrimination index.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The graph shows the variation of the number of neutrons <em>N</em> with the atomic number <em>Z</em> for stable nuclei. The same scale is used in the <em>N</em> and <em>Z</em> axes.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Which information can be inferred from the graph?</p>
<p style="padding-left:60px;">I. For stable nuclei with high <em>Z</em>, <em>N</em> is larger than <em>Z</em>.</p>
<p style="padding-left:60px;">II. For stable nuclei with small <em>Z</em>, <em>N</em> = <em>Z</em>.</p>
<p style="padding-left:60px;">III. All stable nuclei have more neutrons than protons.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The following interaction is proposed between a proton and a pion.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">p<sup>+</sup> + <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\pi ">
<mi>π</mi>
</math></span><sup>–</sup> → K<sup>–</sup> + <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\pi ">
<mi>π</mi>
</math></span><sup>+</sup></p>
<p>The quark content of the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\pi ">
<mi>π</mi>
</math></span><sup>–</sup> is ūd and the quark content of the K<sup>–</sup> is ūs.</p>
<p>Three conservation rules are considered</p>
<p style="padding-left:90px;">I. baryon number</p>
<p style="padding-left:90px;">II. charge</p>
<p style="padding-left:90px;">III. strangeness.</p>
<p>Which conservation rules are violated in this interaction?</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Copper (<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{29}^{64}{\text{Cu}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>29</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>64</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Cu</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>) decays to nickel (<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{28}^{64}{\text{Ni}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>28</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>64</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ni</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>). What are the particles emitted and the particle that mediates the interaction?</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Which Feynman diagram shows the emission of a photon by a charged antiparticle?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><img 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"></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following atomic energy level transitions corresponds to photons of the shortest wavelength?</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>The most common (incorrect) response was A, where students apparently assumed energy difference was proportional to the wavelength of the emitted photon.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Four of the energy states for an atom are shown. Transition between any two states is possible.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>What is the shortest wavelength of radiation that can be emitted from these four states?</p>
<p>A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></math></p>
<p>B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></mfrac><mo>-</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mfrac></math></p>
<p>C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfrac></math></p>
<p>D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></mfrac><mo>-</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mfrac></math> </p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Three statements about radioactive decay are:</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">I. The rate of decay is exponential.<br>II. It is unaffected by temperature and pressure.<br>III. The decay of individual nuclei cannot be predicted.</p>
<p>Which statements are correct?</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Option B was the most frequent answer by candidates, suggesting that many candidates are unclear about the basic characteristics of radioactive decay.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement about atomic spectra is <strong>not</strong> true?</p>
<p>A. They provide evidence for discrete energy levels in atoms.</p>
<p>B. Emission and absorption lines of equal frequency correspond to transitions between the same two energy levels.</p>
<p>C. Absorption lines arise when electrons gain energy.</p>
<p>D. Emission lines always correspond to the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Three statements about electrons are:</p>
<p style="padding-left:60px;">I. Electrons interact through virtual photons.<br>II. Electrons interact through gluons.<br>III. Electrons interact through particles W and Z.</p>
<p>Which statements identify the particles mediating the forces experienced by electrons?</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the definition of the unified atomic mass unit?</p>
<p>A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{{12}}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> the mass of a neutral atom of carbon-12</p>
<p>B. The mass of a neutral atom of hydrogen-1</p>
<p>C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{{12}}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> the mass of a nucleus of carbon-12</p>
<p>D. The mass of a nucleus of hydrogen-1</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A particle reaction is</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>p</mi><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mo>-</mo></msup><mo>+</mo><msub><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mi>μ</mi></msub><mo>→</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>μ</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>v</mi><mi>e</mi></msub></math>.</p>
<p>Which conservation law is violated by the reaction?</p>
<p>A. Baryon number</p>
<p>B. Charge</p>
<p>C. Lepton number</p>
<p>D. Momentum</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The age of the Earth is about 4.5 × 10<sup>9</sup> years.</p>
<p>What area of physics provides experimental evidence for this conclusion?</p>
<p>A. Newtonian mechanics</p>
<p>B. Optics</p>
<p>C. Radioactivity</p>
<p>D. Electromagnetism</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which property of a nuclide does <strong>not</strong> change as a result of beta decay?</p>
<p>A. Nucleon number</p>
<p>B. Neutron number</p>
<p>C. Proton number</p>
<p>D. Charge</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Response A was the most common (correct) response from a minority of candidates (38 %). Incorrect responses were evenly divided among the remaining options.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">A radioactive nuclide with atomic number <em>Z</em> undergoes a process of beta-plus (β<sup>+</sup>) decay. What is the atomic number for the nuclide produced and what is another particle emitted during the decay?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Element X decays through a series of alpha (<em>α</em>) and beta minus (<em>β</em><sup>–</sup>) emissions. Which series of emissions results in an isotope of X?</p>
<p>A. 1<em>α</em> and 2<em>β</em><sup>–</sup></p>
<p>B. 1<em>α</em> and 4<em>β</em><sup>–</sup></p>
<p>C. 2<em>α</em> and 2<em>β</em><sup>–</sup></p>
<p>D. 2<em>α</em> and 3<em>β</em><sup>–</sup></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which Feynman diagram shows beta-plus (β<sup>+</sup>) decay?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_16.58.22.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/24"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Three of the fundamental forces between particles are</p>
<p> I. strong nuclear</p>
<p> II. weak nuclear</p>
<p> III. electromagnetic.</p>
<p>What forces are experienced by an electron?</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A pure sample of radioactive nuclide <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>X</mtext></math> decays into a stable nuclide <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>Y</mtext></math>.</p>
<p>What is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mtext>number of atoms of Y</mtext><mtext>number of atoms of X</mtext></mfrac></math> after two half-lives?</p>
<p><br>A. 1</p>
<p>B. 2</p>
<p>C. 3</p>
<p>D. 4</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The reaction <em>p</em><sup>+</sup> + <em>n</em><sup>0</sup> → <em>p</em><sup>+</sup> + <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\pi ">
<mi>π</mi>
</math></span><sup>0</sup> does not occur because it violates the conservation law of</p>
<p>A. electric charge.</p>
<p>B. baryon number.</p>
<p>C. lepton number.</p>
<p>D. strangeness.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which graph shows the variation of activity <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>A</mi></math> with time <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>t</mi></math> for a radioactive nuclide?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The energy levels for an atom are shown to scale.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="185" height="250">A photon of wavelength <em>λ</em> is emitted because of a transition from E<sub>3</sub> to E<sub>2</sub>. Which transition leads to the emission of a photon of longer wavelength?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. E<sub>4</sub> to E<sub>1</sub><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. E<sub>4</sub> to E<sub>3</sub><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. E<sub>3</sub> to E<sub>1</sub><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. E2 to E<sub>1</sub></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The average binding energy per nucleon of the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_8^{15}{\text{O}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mn>8</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> nucleus is 7.5 MeV. What is the total energy required to separate the nucleons of one nucleus of <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_8^{15}{\text{O}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mn>8</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>?</p>
<p>A. 53 MeV</p>
<p>B. 60 MeV</p>
<p>C. 113 MeV</p>
<p>D. 173 MeV</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Three conservation laws in nuclear reactions are<br></span></p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">I. conservation of charge</span></p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">II. conservation of baryon number</span></p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">III. conservation of lepton number.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The reaction</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n \to {\pi ^ - } + {e^ + } + {\bar v_e}">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>π</mi>
<mo>−</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯</mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mi>e</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">is proposed.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Which conservation laws are violated in the proposed reaction?<br></span></span></p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">A. I and II only<br></span></span></p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">B. I and III only<br></span></span></p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">C. II and III only<br></span></span></p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">D. I, II and III</span></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Atomic spectra are caused when a certain particle makes transitions between energy levels.<br>What is this particle?</p>
<p>A. Electron</p>
<p>B. Proton</p>
<p>C. Neutron</p>
<p>D. Alpha particle</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">X is a radioactive nuclide that decays to a stable nuclide. The activity of X falls to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>16</mn></mfrac></math>th of its original value in 32 s.<br>What is the half-life of X?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. 2 s<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. 4 s<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. 8 s<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. 16 s</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A proton, an electron and an alpha particle are at rest. Which particle has the smallest magnitude of ratio of charge to mass and which particle has the largest magnitude of ratio of charge to mass?</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">What is correct about the nature and range of the strong interaction between nuclear particles?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. It is attractive at all particle separations.<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. It is attractive for particle separations between 0.7 fm and 3 fm.<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. It is repulsive for particle separations greater than 3 fm.<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. It is repulsive at all particle separations.</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The energy levels of an atom are shown. How many photons of energy <strong>greater</strong> than 1.9 eV can be emitted by this atom?</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" 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"></p>
<p><br>A. 1</p>
<p>B. 2</p>
<p>C. 3</p>
<p>D. 4</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The background count in a laboratory is 20 counts per second. The initial observed count rate of a pure sample of nitrogen-13 in this laboratory is 180 counts per second. The half-life of nitrogen-13 is 10 minutes. What is the expected count rate of the sample after 30 minutes?</p>
<p>A. 20 counts per second</p>
<p>B. 23 counts per second</p>
<p>C. 40 counts per second</p>
<p>D. 60 counts per second</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Option B was the most frequent answer, incorrectly selected by candidates who did not consider the background count in the laboratory.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A kaon is made up of two quarks. What is the particle classification of a kaon?</p>
<p>A. Exchange boson</p>
<p>B. Baryon</p>
<p>C. Lepton</p>
<p>D. Meson</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The positions of stable nuclei are plotted by neutron number<em> n</em> and proton number <em>p</em>. The graph indicates a dotted line for which <em>n = p</em>. Which graph shows the line of stable nuclides and the shaded region where unstable nuclei emit beta minus (β<sup>-</sup>) particles?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><img 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"></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>This question proved challenging, a low discrimination index and a relatively even spread of answers suggests that maybe guesswork was responsible for the candidates choice.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The rest mass of the helium isotope <span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_2^3{\text{He}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>He</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></span> is <em>m</em>.</p>
<p>Which expression gives the binding energy per nucleon for <span style="display:inline !important;float:none;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_2^3{\text{He}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>He</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></span>?</p>
<p>A. <span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{(2{m_p} + {m_n} + m){c^2}}}{3}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{(2{m_p} + {m_n} - m){c^2}}}{3}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{(2{m_p} + {m_n} + m){c^2}}">
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">D. <span style="display:inline !important;float:none;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-family:Verdana , Arial , Helvetica , sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0px;white-space:normal;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{(2{m_p} + {m_n} - m){c^2}}">
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>p</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What gives the total change in nuclear mass and the change in nuclear binding energy as a result of a nuclear fusion reaction?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Some transitions between the energy states of a particular atom are shown.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Energy transition E<sub>3</sub> gives rise to a photon of green light. Which transition will give rise to a photon of longer wavelength?</p>
<p>A. E<sub>1</sub></p>
<p>B. E<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>C. E<sub>4</sub></p>
<p>D. E<sub>5</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>This question was well answered by SL candidates, although answer A was a distractor for many. This question had the highest discrimination index on this SL paper.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The Higgs boson was discovered in the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Which statements are correct about the discovery of the Higgs boson?</p>
<p style="padding-left:60px;">I. It was independent of previous theoretical work.<br>II. It involved analysing large amounts of experimental data.<br>III. It was consistent with the standard model of particle physics.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What statement is <strong>not</strong> true about radioactive decay?</p>
<p><br>A. The percentage of radioactive nuclei of an isotope in a sample of that isotope after 7 half-lives is smaller than 1 %.</p>
<p>B. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken for half the nuclei in a sample of that isotope to decay.</p>
<p>C. The whole-life of a radioactive isotope is the time taken for all the nuclei in a sample of that isotope to decay.</p>
<p>D. The half-life of radioactive isotopes range between extremely short intervals to thousands of millions of years.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>There was some questioning about the use of the term 'whole-life' from teacher comments. As that option (C) was the correct answer and the most popular it did not confuse the candidates. The statement is clearly incorrect and the use of a non physics specific term that might be used in a general discussion was felt to be acceptable.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A detector, placed close to a radioactive source, detects an activity of 260 Bq. The average background activity at this location is 20 Bq. The radioactive nuclide has a half-life of 9 hours.</p>
<p>What activity is detected after 36 hours?</p>
<p>A. 15 Bq</p>
<p>B. 16 Bq</p>
<p>C. 20 Bq</p>
<p>D. 35 Bq</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br>