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<h2>HL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p>An ideal gas has a volume of 15 ml, a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 100 kPa. The volume of the gas is reduced to 5 ml and the temperature is raised to 40 °C. What is the new pressure of the gas?</p>
<p>A. 600 kPa</p>
<p>B. 320 kPa</p>
<p>C. 200 kPa</p>
<p>D. 35 kPa</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is <strong>not</strong> an assumption of the kinetic model of an ideal gas?</p>
<p>A. Attractive forces between molecules are negligible.</p>
<p>B. Collision duration is negligible compared with time between collisions.</p>
<p>C. Molecules suffer negligible momentum change during wall collisions.</p>
<p>D. Molecular volume is negligible compared with gas volume.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Even though both difficulty and discrimination index are acceptable a significant number of candidates chose incorrect options B or D. The examiners appreciated that this was a challenging question which required some thought partly because it asked what is not an assumption. Candidates need to be aware that although questions are normally phased in a positive sense there will occasionally be ones like this and they need to hold the idea of 'not' when looking at the possible answers. A useful strategy is to look for correct assumptions and when those are identified there should be just one left — the required answer.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Unpolarized light of intensity <em>I<sub>0</sub></em> is incident on a polarizing filter. Light from this filter is incident on a second filter, which has its axis of polarization at 30˚ to that of the first filter.</p>
<p>The value of cos 30˚ is <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{\sqrt 3 }}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span>. What is the intensity of the light emerging through the second filter?</p>
<p>A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{\sqrt 3 }}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span><em>I<sub>0</sub></em></p>
<p>B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{3}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span><em>I<sub>0</sub></em></p>
<p>C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{3}{4}">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span><em>I<sub>0</sub></em></p>
<p>D. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{3}{8}">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span><em>I<sub>0</sub></em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>An insulated container of negligible mass contains a mass 2<em>M</em> of a liquid. A piece of a metal of mass <em>M</em> is dropped into the liquid. The temperature of the liquid increases by 10 °C and the temperature of the metal decreases by 80 °C in the same time.</p>
<p>What is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mtext>specific heat capacity of the liquid</mtext><mtext>specific heat capacity of the metal</mtext></mfrac></math>?</p>
<p><br>A. 2</p>
<p>B. 4</p>
<p>C. 8</p>
<p>D. 16</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The molar mass of an ideal gas is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi></math>. A fixed mass <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi></math> of the gas expands at a constant pressure <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>p</mi></math>. The graph shows the variation with temperature <em>T</em> of the gas volume <em>V</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>What is the gradient of the graph?</p>
<p><br>A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></p>
<p>B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></p>
<p>C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></p>
<p>D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A solid substance has just reached its melting point. Thermal energy is supplied to the substance at a constant rate. Which graph shows the variation of the temperature <em>T</em> of the substance with energy <em>E</em> supplied?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Water at room temperature is placed in a freezer. The specific heat capacity of water is twice the specific heat capacity of ice. Assume that thermal energy is transferred from the water at a constant rate.</p>
<p>Which graph shows the variation with time of the temperature of the water?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Two ideal gases X and Y are at the same temperature. The mass of a particle of gas X is larger than the mass of a particle of gas Y. Which is correct about the average kinetic energy and the average speed of the particles in gases X and Y?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Under which conditions of pressure and density will a real gas approximate to an ideal gas?</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAXEAAAC/CAYAAAAIEuzUAAAe9UlEQVR4Ae1dMYvjyLbW31DsdLLJOlLkZONJFXQywWYbCDrb4MIEgoYHCw8WBM2mFz0uXB4MDWaTCw+DsuFhDI/HMgyGZYLBmGVoGvNdSlbZJbl0bHfLUkn6Gpq2y6U653znO59KpVLbA3+IABEgAkSgtwh4vfWcjhMBIkAEiAAo4iQBESACRKDHCFDEe5w8uk4EiAAR6JWIe54H/hIDcoAcGCMH6k5XvRPxukDYTgSuiYASDf4Qga4QkPjXK2ZKgXQFLu2OAwFybxx5djVKiX8UcVezRr+cQkAqIqccpTODREDiH0V8kClnUE0jIBVR07Y4HhGoIiDxjyJeRYvviYAFAamILN3ZRAQaRUDiH0W8UailwT4jDSeW3TVvEMYfsdxspYP5WccISEXUsWsvN79KEdp2fAURktkSm5eP/IojN8jiAJ43QZh+fsU4wzpU4h9FvLVc14n4bruYH82wbs0XGroUAamILh3Lmf51Ip4L+xvcpn+g/amFTcSfsMpSxPF/Y+UMeO06IvGPIt5aLrSIv0e6ei6sbrFZPCD0lZCb7a05RUNnIiAV0ZlDuNdNi3iYGuK4xvLxfsdJ/w6zdfsyfgSU1c+jXoNukPhHEW8t9TYRV8ar7XomcoPo12oxGQWmZktBhIdsZcyW1IzlN0SBv1+28cMYqdlnu0L2ECHYX0ar5ZwU2epph8RzhnjiwZvEyPS55shH4DmLMfE8TKJf8J/hG3jeW0SzrwC22Cw/Is7b1MlpiuhhjpUDWvCaVEtF9JpxOz22Vhy/Y5m8M3KqvDyVV83bAPEsw2Mcws85NkWULg5LM6f4Bz1OsZyifdzzNUD8+F+I1MSndJLRPvuYJgujJjpFuDHjEv8o4o3BfGqgqlir/sZMfE9ITWLjqbxcUJ/wJf2xKAzjM+8HxNm33Ph2mWC6J7vRx/8R6Rcl0proxmdFf/82xRcltBeKuCLX7jdAnG2w/ZLiNr+y0O3qr48gnh8K+RRUDn4uFZGD7p7nkhbI0kxcHbrFenaXc20SZ1Dn8tN5tfB2z413SJbfz+PfOSKe/T9m0dvySWa7QDJVkxdt6zwI+tJL4h9FvLUsahE3xU2/NkXuUAxaWLebDf7SJN0L8uEEsFtPPxRe/fr612PyV+O/VMS1P9u/sPnrr2IGZ6ynbj4hUbPy/UmqarAf76Ui6kcEFi9rRdy40spFXJ/8pbwavA0fsFA36rd/IL1VV2n6JuUZ/KuKuHL7yM9jru8nMNMEy55f9VkylU+UbO2qjSJeh0zj7XUiXl1u0MWglycKRzSR97MbfQIwlj42c8TGUopabknSf2C21LdMt9hk98ZSio8g+hVp+vthd8yFIl4+YdTFqHzdzdQbh7WlAcct4ufkVfNWC7ZKTLXtDP4dHWMTcXVpUMy888mBnjwMcylFISnxjyLekggcr33XGdbEr4ieJOKlWe4ay9k/kKa/GmvjhyWX3OpmiVmaIk2MtfHgHpmaPWkRN2+0Wtr2a+LF5fYuGqnYKyeluvAdbZeKyFGXT7ulOXW0nKJn3jpn5+TVxlvdZgq70naBf+eK+H5p8C2ix98HvZSiEinxjyJ+muoN9dCFcGoXiiZ+RcS1kPq3SBZ6Zn3KNV2MHvTa5tERekajZ8r791r4n7Ca/VzM3g++20Vc+/4GYfKp12vgVZykIqr27c17q4g/YTX/pbI75Zy86j4mb3VbRcRNgPZ808dZjtF+VpZK9BKKHwS4UVeolc9NM31/LfGPIt5adl8p4qi7sanX0w/rhCrh5V8tyHpNsvq52ulSzMQh9DFm53YRr7sBZo7fGuCNGpKKqFFDbQ6mxfGIL4ofxvp37Y1NM69afLUYq0B0mxZxgVt7/lWPAbCe7Xaj5H4a4+9PAMpffdXQJoDt2ZL4RxFvLQ+vFXHlaGWL4dH2PbWUkhjLKJZtiOpS1lxGUTtHot8OWwxVwa7+hXu9RdAPcT//H/w9f9r01Exc+VjdinY8fmuQN2hIKqIGzbQ7VI2Iq22pfz96YvNUXrX4GiJ7JOLFUorIPz2OFn4FyRqL5LbYmaUnJKrdmNiUlhTbhbENaxL/KOJtZIA2eo+AVES9D663ARyuPss32HsbUK3jEv8o4rWw8QMicEBAKqJDL75qFYH9FsZhL6UoTCX+UcRbZR2N9RUBqYj6GlN//T7csB/KE8GnciHxjyJ+Cj1+TgROzIQIEBG4NgIU8WsjzPEHj4BURIMPngF2joDEv97NxFUw/CUG5AA5MDYO1J1JeifidYGwnQhcEwElGPwhAl0hIPGvV8yUAukKXNodBwLk3jjy7GqUEv8o4q5mjX45hYBURE45SmcGiYDEP4r4IFPOoJpGQCqipm1xPCJQRUDiH0W8ihbfEwELAlIRWbqziQg0ioDEP4p4o1BzsKEiIBXRUGNmXO4gIPGPIu5OnuiJwwhIReSw23RtIAhI/KOIDyTJDOO6CEhFdF3LHJ0I8H+nkANE4NUIUMRfDSEHeAUCEv84E38FsDx0PAhIRTQeFBhpVwhI/KOId5UV2u0VAlIR9SoQOttLBCT+UcR7mVI63TYCUhG17QvtjQ8BiX8U8fHxgRG/AAGpiF4wHA8hAhchIPGPIn4RlOw8VgSkIhorJoy7PQQk/gkifvj2DFe+v04KpD04u7b0jFX6Hp7xzfNHHuVfgGt+0exRj3LDpf3LR4/iHblXpPkkV4ovBA9TrM5ixhl8PmucYXeS+Fcv4tsFkukEN8ENfEe+SVoKZNgpNKO7AulPFqZpf5yvyb0i741z5Qp8HiBFJf7Vivh2mWDqvcOv6X9g6r3BbfoHth2DIwXSsWstmr8C6RsvzBbhaMkUuVcA3ThXrsDnljjRphmJfzUi/hWz6C284B7Z+n+RTH140wTLjlVcCqRNQLu1pUk/RRT/hEB/01Fwh3S53rl2VGhPWM1/QegX3wbjh/jwIYSvl2Ty/j6C6G+IAr/45qQponSBTbfBOmOd3CtScZIrx8sp29W/cB++KXj1BuGHnxH6ernvDD47w4LuHJH4Zxfx9QyR72OaLLDFE76kP8L33iFZfu8uCn5ZbYG9Jr0HP3zAYrMFNp+QqCLRJ9qSiG+xye4ReG8QJp+wgSno75GunoG8vwfPv0WyUCeCNRbJrRM575RwhnGpiIxuw395kisVEd/MEQf+nqsHQa+KuMDn4aN6MkKJfxYR32I9uysXcEnUT9q7WgcpkKsZdW5gLeLmSVW3maKsi6S4qtICn8ejb1qb/fVJuwi4dCJwDoTWHSL3TF5IXDFF3KIlAHZLtZqfmrsCn1vPtnsGJf5ZRNxW9La29gOVAmnfm64satIXApy7UWkzBfg5QzzxMIkzPO9d1sVlirguqqKTOcb+uPG+IPcEXpS4Yor4BlkcwJvEyA7kA/JJoeZbhbu5GVvbeLmnIpf4dyTi2y8pbvXaqV5v3f99i2j2tTM0pUA6c6p1wzaCV9rMoqKIN5Ihcq+A0eSWRrbURhHXsDT5V+JfRcT1ZbZ5aVO4kp89PXS5Z1wKpEnA3B6rIti5s5W2UlHZrqJ0njkTPzfX5F6BVIlbtjZTxPUVX1lP7MspwpXluUkacD+Jf2URz/eG+zVCXYhBh3vGpUAGnL9KaBXBzj+ttJUKrXpjc4vN4qHYqUIRr4Bb+5bcK6ApccvWZoo4gMqNzf1NeI/LKbVks3wg8a8k4rszZP2SSfnzIlnV9S6LA001SYE0ZcP9cSqCnTtcaTsqNHNHigcv+AlxND089XnUH8WOFV1o7qNybQ/JvQLhk1ypiLi6kVnaYqi3xmpuVbhr4/O1k9uD8SX+lUTc9VikQFz33S3/iuWUDq+q3MLjtDfk3mmMzu1Rngyee9S4+0n8o4gPnhvFMljwM2arJzUvwmaZIgomCOI5H+Y5M/9SEZ05xAi76TXxKe5mX3ZPfG8WSNVVoHqQUD3jwJ+zEJD4RxE/C8J+d9qu5njIl0+KJza9KaKHOVasobMTKxXR2YOMseN2hewhOjxZ7Kkng39Dlk8oxgjIy2KW+EcRfxmmPGpkCEhFNDIoGG4HCEj8o4h3kBCa7B8CUhH1Lxp63DcEJP5RxPuWTfrbCQJSEXXiEI2OCgGJfxTxUVGBwb4UAamIXjomjyMC5yIg8Y8ifi6K7DdqBKQiGjUwDL4VBCT+UcRbSQGN9B0BqYj6Hhv9dx8BiX8UcffzRw8dQEAqIgfcowsDR0DiH0V84MlneM0gIBVRMxY4ChGoR0DiH0W8Hjd+QgT2CEhFtO/EF0TgSghI/KOIXwl0DjssBKQiGlakjMZFBCT+UcRdzBh9cg4BqYicc5YODQ4BiX+9E3EVDH+JATlADoyNA3Vnpt6JeF0gbCcC10RACQZ/iEBXCEj86xUzpUC6Apd2x4EAuTeOPLsapcQ/irirWaNfTiEgFZFTjtKZQSIg8Y8iPsiUM6imEZCKqGlbHI8IVBGQ+EcRr6LF90TAgoBURJbubCICjSIg8Y8i3ijUHGyoCEhFNNSYGZc7CEj8o4i7kyd64jACUhE57DZdGwgCEv8o4gNJMsO4LgJSEV3XMkcnAsifjanDgSJehwzbiYCBAEXcAIMvW0dA4h9FvPV00GAfEZCKqI/x0Od+ISDxjyLer1zS244QkIqoI5dodkQISPyjiI+ICAz15QhIRfTyUXkkETgPAYl/FPHzMGSvkSMgFdHIoWH4LSAg8Y8i3kICaKL/CEhF1P/oGIHrCEj8OxLx5yzGxPLvXv0wRpqtsO0wWimQDt1q2fQzVul7eN57pKtnu+1VitCbIEw/2z+vtl7av3r8CN6Te5YkkzcWUK7TJPGvRsQDxNnm4M32C2Z3U3j+j0i/PB3aW34lBdKyKx2aO0PEL/WOxXgSMXLPAhF5YwHlOk0S/84TcQDbZYLpJbO7K8QiBXIFc44OSRHvIjHkngV1irgFlOs0Sfy7UMTfIpp9vY6XZ4wqBXLG4QPpokV8iij+CYFe+grukC7XuxiPiusJq/kvCP3i22D8EB8+hPD1kkze30cQ/Q1R4BffnDRFlC5gXI8NBL+XhUHuWXCr8my7QvYQHTjph4jTDCu1BrtdIJn68KMZdizdYj27g++9Q7L8vhv8qI/F5kibJP6dJ+L5csoPCO4edwnpCEgpkI5c6sCsFnEPfviAxWYLbD4hCd/AmyZYqoIpFdcWm+wegfcGYfIJG5iCXqyr5/09eP4tkoUqsTUWyW25wDqI1CWT5J4lGyWefUMW/wDPD3E/V/fONM98BPEcG3zFLHp74Kh+b1zd7672u50oWqJ0okniX42I27+/by8aHYUlBdKRSx2Y1SJuzGCg20xR1jc2q8WjXP6OZfLucHM0L0Yf02RxuHFdKtAOwnTMJLlnSYjJkfUMkV/hkOaZf4fZ+rk8837OEE8mCIK3xey8mJnnfbvcPmGJ04EmiX81Il65sYk1luldfpl0uBxqPzIpkPa96cpiRbBzNyptZnHlxeJhEmc47GXRl7I20S/iMsfoKlSH7JJ7lmQYHNntaqvqhuZZMeEwhP5Z3WPz7/Dx8QMmuXD/mc/Uu9QXS4TONEn8O1PEVSzFjG4SIzuoQatBSoG06kinxiqCnftSaTOKCxTxRrJF7llgNHhmF3HNS33VuNMQP/on5sm73Qw8F/YA8WNqmclbbI60SeLf5SKu1107AFMKpAN3OjKpC8PcJ15pM4prf/It5c22nKKXX4qwSmN0FKpDZsk9SzJMjhiz7MNiSMGz/RKJfn+D4GZSLN8pYb/BTXDDezAWiHWTxL8zRfwJq9nP+c2x2/SPw7qpttDSXymQllxwwExFsHOPKm1mcaF6Y3OLzeKh2KnC5ZRzE0ruWZAq8ezUjc3d8bubl+qem56da+56xk1Pi62RN0n8qxFxy43NIEIyWxpbzj4jDSfwWlxekQIZT4416c+diStk9E6BIq/BT4ijaeXGJmfiEofIPQs6JRFX2wiFLYb68GIb4X4n1f4ZlOpNUX0A/yoEJP4dibjLkEmBuOy3e77py1q1a+Bw8euen+54RO65k4sxeiLxjyI+eEYUN6SDnzFbqX+ZsMVmmSIKJsX+3cED0EiAUhE1YoCDEAEBAYl/FHEBuKF8tF3N8ZAvn+hlsimih3mnD271DVupiPoWC/3tHwIS/yji/csnPe4AAamIOnCHJkeGgMQ/ivjIyMBwX4aAVEQvG5FHEYHzEZD4RxE/H0f2HDECUhGNGBaG3hICEv8o4i0lgWb6jYBURP2OjN73AQGJfxTxPmSQPnaOgFREnTtHBwaPgMQ/ivjg088Am0BAKqImxucYREBCQOIfRVxCjp8RgQIBqYgIEhG4NgIS/yji10af4w8CAamIBhEgg3AaAYl/FHGnU0fnXEFAKiJXfKQfw0VA4h9FfLh5Z2QNIiAVUYNmOBQRsCIg8Y8iboWMjUSgjIBUROWefEcEmkdA4l/vRFwFw19iQA6QA2PjQN2poXciXhcI24nANRFQgsEfItAVAhL/esVMKZCuwKXdcSBA7o0jz65GKfGPIu5q1uiXUwhIReSUo3RmkAhI/KOIDzLlDKppBKQiatoWxyMCVQQk/lHEq2jxPRGwICAVkaU7m4hAowhI/KOINwo1BxsqAlIRDTVmxuUOAhL/KOLu5ImeOIyAVEQOu03XBoKAxD+K+ECSzDCui4BURNe1zNGJAPJnY+pwoIjXIcN2ImAgQBE3wODL1hGQ+EcRbz0dNNhHBKQi6mM89LlfCEj8o4j3K5f0tiMEpCLqyCWaHRECEv8o4iMiAkN9OQJSEb18VB5JBM5DQOIfRfw8DNlr5AhIRTRyaBh+CwhI/KOIt5AAmug/AlIR9T86RuA6AhL/akR8i83yd/w9DuHv//XrG4Rximz11Fm8UiCdOdWp4Wes0vfwvPdIV8+dejJ04+RekeFVitCbIEw/16T8M9JwAi9MsarpUW4mh8t42N9J/LOI+Bab7B6Bp0T7I5abLQAl6h8Rh2/gBffI8ja7sWu2SoFc0667Y7MA2soNuVcgfVLEL80IOXwOYhL/jkV8M0ccTBDEc2wqo2+/pLj1fUyTBZS0t/0jBdK2L27YYwG0lQdyr0CaIt4W5Up2JP5VRHyL9ewOvvcOyfJ7aZDdmzWW2f8dibul41WapECuYtD5QY9FfLua4yGa7r/9yA9jpNkqP+lulwmm3ltEs69FZF8xi97CmyZYFmfl4z7Og9CKg+ReAXMu4j6C6G+IAr/g2RRRuih04Xg5Zbv6F+7VVXy+NPsG4YefEfp6SUZzeIoo/gmBXr4N7pAu163ktg9GJP5VRHyDLA7gTWJkDi6xSoH0IRHN+6gLoFgTz6+ifPjhL5irexfbFeb36r7GD4izb8B6hsi8ksrfq6/50mvq37FM3sHz7zBbd3Gt1TxCTY1I7hVI5iLuwfNvkSyUyK6xSG6NiV9FxPecfMBis8VB0Ksi7sEPd32w+YREib4xuWgqj30dR+IfRbyvWc39NkX8yX4VtV0gmfrwoxnWKM+8n7MYE/8Gwc1NMTvffb7r22tgGndeKqLGjbk8YDETLy2plpZYTBG3X9nvrvaqIm5e/Zu8dnA22UF+JP5VRLyYiXEm3kGaXmLSJPu3mqsoU7jNovqWz7r9KMVjHOxEPp+Zm8stL/FpmMdIRTTMiGuiKgl20afUZop4zZV9zrOqiOurQTWmyWuKuEJE4l9FxM0it62Jb5DdR4jTDKsOrralQGooN/Bmk+x1Il4Ulb401UL9+DuSqZqB/7mbwU8+4PGjdD9k4FCeCI/cKwAqCbatjSJ+gkov+ljiX0XEAQi7U3Zrql5xaf4iX151kBTIqwbu7cGmiJ+znKJ2ixbLK0GAG30DuxD2IJhwHbKGC+ReAcxFIm6fFNqXUzgTr6Fe3izx71jE1Z5wcZ/4z5h19MCPFIgEwHA/M0X8uTgBCzc2cyCKJTO1C0DPzlHMnrzuto+6niNyr8jQRSKuJ4WKk5WblvsHhioczs3Y2lxnyHX9k/hnEXHljHq4Z4bE2Krm5Q//VJ7YzBPqYRJnaGPlSgrkuhC6Ovox2aUthjqK3UzIFGwt7ObNJd2bfxUC5F7Bg0tFXKlJaYuh3krINfFLKkviX42IXzJ8e32lQNrzgpbGiAC511zW+SzC5VhK/KOIX44njxghAlIRjRCOM0PWa+JT3M2+7J7y3iyQqiv8Dv99x5nOO9VN4h9F3KlU0RlXEZCKyFWfnfBru0L2EB2exPTU056/dfqP9JzA5UInJP5RxC8Ek93HiYBURONEhFG3iYDEP4p4m5mgrd4iIBVRb4Oi471BQOIfRbw3aaSjXSIgFVGXftH2OBCQ+EcRHwcHGOUrEZCK6JVD83AicBIBiX8U8ZPwsQMR4D5xcqBbBCji3eJP6wNAQCqiAYTHEBxHQOIfZ+KOJ4/uuYGAVERueEgvhoyAxD+K+JAzz9gaQ0AqosaMcCAiUIOAxD+KeA1obCYCJgJSEZn9+JoIXAMBiX8U8WsgzjEHh4BURIMLlgE5h4DEP4q4c+miQy4iIBWRi/7Sp2EhIPGvdyKuguEvMSAHyIGxcaDutNQ7Ea8LhO1E4JoIKMHgDxHoCgGJf71iphRIV+DS7jgQIPfGkWdXo5T4RxF3NWv0yykEpCJyylE6M0gEJP5RxAeZcgbVNAJSETVti+MRgSoCEv8o4lW0+J4IWBCQisjSnU1EoFEEJP5RxBuFmoMNFQGpiIYaM+NyBwGJfxRxd/JETxxGQCoih92mawNBQOIfRXwgSWYY10VAKqLrWuboRED+V8gUcTKECJyBAEX8DJDY5WoISPyjiF8Ndg48JASkIhpSnIzFTQQk/lHE3cwZvXIMAamIHHOV7gwQAYl/FPEBJpwhNY+AVETNW+OIRKCMgMQ/ingZK74jAlYEpCKyHsBGItAgAhL/KOINAs2hhouAVETDjZqRuYKAxL8jEX/OYkxs/+41iJDMlth0GJUUSIdudWj6Gav0PTzvPdLVc4d+DN80uWfJ8SpF6E0Qpp8tH7KpSQQk/tWIeIA4M+V6jeXjPULfRxDPOxNyKZAmAevPWBTxtnJF7lmQpohbQLlOk8S/M0VcOfaEL+mP8L13SJbfr+PpiVGlQE4cOtCPKeJtJZbcsyBNEbeAcp0miX8XiDiA9QyR72OaLLC9jq/iqFIg4oGD/fBYxLerOR6i6f7bj/wwRpqt8nxtlwmm3ltEs68FIl8xi97CmyZYFgk97jNY8C4KjNyzwFUV8e0K2UOEQC/H+iHiNMNKcWu7QDL14UczrPOhtljP7sqTwqM+FpsjbZL4d5mIdwyyFMg4c1sR8c0cceDDD3/BfPUEbFeY34fwvR8QZ9+OT8L5SVl9zZdeU/+OZfIOnn+H2bqL07S7WST3LLkpifg3ZPEP8PwQ93M1aXjCav6LsQRbnTAU7401dU4gLBgXTRL/LhNxfEYaTuCFKVb19q72iRTI1Yw6PbAp4k/HMxvle+nEWy6k/Ca2f4Pg5qaYne8+P8yWnA6+VefIPQvcpohbr9LNScFzmZ/PGeLJBEHwtpidFzNzTiAsQF/4v1N2u1OqNzaLcUuCYLV11UYWUhVeU8TVTCiAN4mRlTaqmMJtXsJ+y2fdfpTiMQ52hZQXorncUrU33vfkniX3hojbdcPk2/fSleCzWtrz7/Dx8QMmuXD/mS/tcQJhwRlNirj1bGs3eo1WFlIV1XNEvLh60uveWqgff0cyVTPwP3czpMkHPH6srFFWzY34PblnSf5JEdf81Jsh9JXePzFP3hkThwDxY9rp/TZLdE41Sfy7YDmFu1OcymrujC4StaZ9znKKsbwSBLjRO40KYQ+CSekmp3vxdueRVETdedWxZUPE7ZsezOUUdY9Fv1dLeJNig4QS9hvcBDflm5wdh+aaeYl/Z4q43if+BmHyifvEncmwKeLPwKkbm7nfRSGpHQR6dq7vdXjd7TxyBtIaR6Qiqjlk+M2miOPUjc0dHLubl+pmup6daw6bfBw+dJdGKPGvRsQVyJVf2xObeRI9TOIMpWXYSz08s78UyJlDDKybLgC9u0RtSKnfYqiD3xWSKdha2HVh6Z78qxEg9zQSxt+SiKurPGGLoT6suK92mEAAx3zUnflXIyDx70jE9UEu/pUCcdFf+jQcBMi94eSyj5FI/KOI9zGj9Ll1BKQiat0ZGhwdAhL/KOKjowMDfgkCUhG9ZDweQwQuQUDiH0X8EiTZd7QISEU0WlAYeGsISPyjiLeWBhrqMwJSEfU5LvreDwQk/lHE+5FDetkxAlIRdewazY8AAYl/FPEREIAhvh4BqYhePzpHIAIyAhL/KOIydvyUCOQISEVEiIjAtRGQ+EcRvzb6HH8QCEhFNIgAGYTTCEj8o4g7nTo65woCUhG54iP9GC4CEv8o4sPNOyNrEAGpiBo0w6GIgBUBiX8UcStkbCQCZQSkIir35Dsi0DwCEv8o4s3jzREHiIBURAMMlyE5hoDEP4q4Y8miO24iIBWRmx7TqyEhIPGvdyKuguEvMSAHyIGxcaDupNQrEa8Lgu1EgAgQgbEiQBEfa+YZNxEgAoNAgCI+iDQyCCJABMaKAEV8rJln3ESACAwCgX8DkXUZstxVavQAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The fraction of the internal energy that is due to molecular vibration varies in the different states of matter. What gives the order from highest fraction to lowest fraction of internal energy due to molecular vibration?</p>
<p>A. liquid > gas > solid</p>
<p>B. solid > liquid > gas</p>
<p>C. solid > gas > liquid</p>
<p>D. gas > liquid > solid</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Q and R are two rigid containers of volume 3<em>V </em>and <em>V </em>respectively containing molecules of the same ideal gas initially at the same temperature. The gas pressures in Q and R are <em>p </em>and 3<em>p </em>respectively. The containers are connected through a valve of negligible volume that is initially closed.</p>
<p> <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-13_om_18.30.51.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/09"></p>
<p>The valve is opened in such a way that the temperature of the gases does not change. What is the change of pressure in Q?</p>
<p>A. +<em>p</em></p>
<p>B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{ + p}}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{ - p}}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>D. –<em>p</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">A liquid of mass <em>m</em> and specific heat capacity <em>c</em> cools. The rate of change of the temperature of the liquid is <em>k</em>. What is the rate at which thermal energy is transferred from the liquid?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{mc}{k}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
</mfrac>
</math></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{k}{mc}">
<mfrac>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{kmc}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">D. <em>kmc</em></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Cylinder X has a volume <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="V">
<mi>V</mi>
</math></span> and contains 3.0 mol of an ideal gas. Cylinder Y has a volume <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{V}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mi>V</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span> and contains 2.0 mol of the same gas.<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The gases in X and Y are at the same temperature <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="T">
<mi>T</mi>
</math></span><em>.</em> The containers are joined by a valve which is opened so that the temperatures do not change.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">What is the change in pressure in X?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" + \frac{1}{3}\left( {\frac{{RT}}{V}} \right)">
<mo>+</mo>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" - \frac{1}{3}\left( {\frac{{RT}}{V}} \right)">
<mo>−</mo>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" + \frac{2}{3}\left( {\frac{{RT}}{V}} \right)">
<mo>+</mo>
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">D. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" - \frac{2}{3}\left( {\frac{{RT}}{V}} \right)">
<mo>−</mo>
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Two containers X and Y are maintained at the same temperature. X has volume <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>4</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math> and Y has volume <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>6</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math>. They both hold an ideal gas. The pressure in X is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>100</mn><mo> </mo><mi>Pa</mi></math> and the pressure in Y is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>50</mn><mo> </mo><mi>Pa</mi></math>. The containers are then joined by a tube of negligible volume. What is the final pressure in the containers?</p>
<p>A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>70</mn><mo> </mo><mi>Pa</mi></math></p>
<p>B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>75</mn><mo> </mo><mi>Pa</mi></math></p>
<p>C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>80</mn><mo> </mo><mi>Pa</mi></math></p>
<p>D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>150</mn><mo> </mo><mi>Pa</mi></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br>