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<h2>HL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p>An electric field acts in the space between two charged parallel plates. One plate is at zero potential and the other is at potential +<em>V</em>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>The distance <em>x</em> is measured from point P in the direction perpendicular to the plate.</p>
<p>What is the dependence of the electric field strength <em>E</em> on <em>x</em> and what is the dependence of the electric potential <em>V</em> on <em>x</em>?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Two point charges are at rest as shown.</p>
<p>At which position is the electric field strength greatest?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A charged sphere in a gravitational field is initially stationary between two parallel metal plates. There is a potential difference <em>V</em> between the plates.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Three changes can be made:</p>
<p style="padding-left:60px;">I. Increase the separation of the metal plates<br>II. Increase <em>V</em><br>III. Apply a magnetic field into the plane of the paper</p>
<p>What changes made separately will cause the charged sphere to accelerate?</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Option C was a very successful distractor, selected by the majority of candidates. Most candidates missed that change III ("Apply a magnetic field into the plane of the paper") can never be correct if the charge is stationary.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which is a correct unit for gravitational potential?</p>
<p>A. m<sup>2 </sup>s<sup>−2</sup></p>
<p>B. J kg</p>
<p>C. m s<sup>−2</sup></p>
<p>D. N m<sup>−1 </sup>kg<sup>−1</sup></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Two point charges <em>Q</em><sub>1</sub> and <em>Q</em><sub>2</sub> are one metre apart. The graph shows the variation of electric potential <em>V</em> with distance <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="x">
<mi>x</mi>
</math></span> from <em>Q</em><sub>1</sub>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>What is <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{Q_1}}}{{{Q_2}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mn>1</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>?</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{{16}}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{{4}}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>C. 4</p>
<p>D. 16</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A moon of mass <em>M </em>orbits a planet of mass 100<em>M</em>. The radius of the planet is <em>R </em>and the distance between the centres of the planet and moon is 22<em>R</em>.</p>
<p> <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-13_om_18.53.09.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/28"></p>
<p>What is the distance from the centre of the planet at which the total gravitational potential has a maximum value?</p>
<p>A. 2<em>R</em></p>
<p>B. 11<em>R</em></p>
<p>C. 20<em>R</em></p>
<p>D. 2<em>R </em>and 20<em>R</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">An electron is fixed in position in a uniform electric field. What is the position for which the electrical potential energy of the electron is greatest?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The force acting between two point charges is <em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>F</mi></math></em> when the separation of the charges is <em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math></em>. What is the force between the charges when the separation is increased to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi></math>?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>F</mi><mn>3</mn></mfrac></math></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>F</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></math></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>F</mi><mn>9</mn></mfrac></math></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>F</mi><mrow><mn>9</mn><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></math></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A negative charge Q is to be moved within an electric field E, to equidistant points from its position, as shown.</p>
<p>Which path requires the most work done?</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>The most common answer was A, suggesting that students missed the prompt that Q is a negative charge.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the unit of <em>Gε</em><sub>0</sub>, where <em>G </em>is the gravitational constant and <em>ε</em><sub>0</sub> is the permittivity of free space? </p>
<p>A. C kg<sup>–1<br></sup></p>
<p>B. C<sup>2 </sup>kg<sup>–2</sup> </p>
<p>C. C kg </p>
<p>D. C<sup>2 </sup>kg<sup>2</sup></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A satellite of mass 1500 kg is in the Earth’s gravitational field. It moves from a point where the gravitational potential is –30 MJ kg<sup>–1</sup> to a point where the gravitational potential is –20 MJ kg<sup>–1</sup>. What is the direction of movement of the satellite and the change in its gravitational potential energy?</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The graph shows the variation of the gravitational potential <em>V</em> with distance <em>r</em> from the centre of a uniform spherical planet. The radius of the planet is <em>R</em>. The shaded area is <em>S</em>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>What is the work done by the gravitational force as a point mass <em>m</em> is moved from the surface of the planet to a distance 6<em>R</em> from the centre?</p>
<p>A. <em>m</em> (<em>V</em>2 – <em>V</em>1 )</p>
<p>B. <em>m</em> (<em>V</em>1 – <em>V</em>2 )</p>
<p>C. <em>mS</em></p>
<p>D. <em>S</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Two parallel metal plates are connected to a dc power supply. An electric field forms in the space between the plates as shown.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>What is the shape of the equipotentials surfaces that result from this arrangement?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A positive charge <em>Q</em> is deposited on the surface of a small sphere. The dotted lines represent equipotentials.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<p>A small positive point charge is moved from point P closer to the sphere along three different paths X, Y and Z. The work done along each path is W<sub>X</sub>, W<sub>Y</sub> and W<sub>Z</sub>. What is a correct comparison of W<sub>X</sub>, W<sub>Y</sub> and W<sub>Z</sub>?</p>
<p>A. W<sub>Z</sub> > W<sub>Y</sub> > W<sub>X</sub></p>
<p>B. W<sub>X</sub> > W<sub>Y</sub> = W<sub>Z</sub></p>
<p>C. W<sub>X</sub> = W<sub>Y</sub> = W<sub>Z</sub></p>
<p>D. W<sub>Z</sub> = W<sub>Y</sub> > W<sub>X</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>P and S are two points on a gravitational equipotential surface around a planet. Q and R are two points on a different gravitational equipotential surface at a greater distance from the planet.</p>
<p><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" 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" width="340" height="332"></p>
<p>The greatest work done by the gravitational force is when moving a mass from</p>
<p>A. P to S.</p>
<p>B. Q to R.</p>
<p>C. R to P.</p>
<p>D. S to R.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Four uniform planets have masses and radii as shown. Which planet has the smallest escape speed?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The diagram shows 5 gravitational equipotential lines. The gravitational potential on each line is indicated. A point mass <em>m </em>is placed on the middle line and is then released. Values given in MJ kg<sup>–1</sup>.</p>
<p> <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-13_om_11.00.49.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/31_01"></p>
<p>Which is correct about the direction of motion and the acceleration of the point mass?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-13_om_11.01.52.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/31_02"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A charge of −3 C is moved from A to B and then back to A. The electric potential at A is +10 V and the electric potential at B is −20 V. What is the work done in moving the charge from A to B and the total work done?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A satellite orbiting a planet moves from orbit X to orbit Y.</p>
<p> <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-13_om_18.58.58.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/31_01"></p>
<p>What is the change in the kinetic energy and the change in the gravitational potential energy as a result?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-13_om_19.00.39.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/31_02"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>An electron of mass <em>m</em><sub><em>e </em></sub>orbits an alpha particle of mass <em>m</em><sub><em>α </em></sub>in a circular orbit of radius <em>r</em>. Which expression gives the speed of the electron?</p>
<p>A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\sqrt {\frac{{2k{e^2}}}{{{m_e}r}}} ">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</math></span></p>
<p>B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\sqrt {\frac{{2k{e^2}}}{{{m_a}r}}} ">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</math></span></p>
<p>C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\sqrt {\frac{{4k{e^2}}}{{{m_e}r}}} ">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</math></span></p>
<p>D. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\sqrt {\frac{{4k{e^2}}}{{{m_a}r}}} ">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</math></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The diagram shows the electric field and the electric equipotential surfaces between two charged parallel plates. The potential difference between the plates is 200 V.</p>
<p> <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-13_om_18.54.51.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/29_01"></p>
<p>What is the work done, in nJ, by the electric field in moving a negative charge of magnitude 1 nC from the position shown to X and to Y?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-13_om_18.56.05.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/29_02"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>An object of mass <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi></math> is launched from the surface of the Earth. The Earth has a mass <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi></math> and radius <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>r</mi></math>. The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the Earth is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>g</mi></math>. What is the escape speed of the object from the surface of the Earth?</p>
<p>A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msqrt><mi>g</mi><mi>r</mi></msqrt></math></p>
<p>B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msqrt><mn>2</mn><mi>g</mi><mi>r</mi></msqrt></math></p>
<p>C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msqrt><mn>2</mn><mi>M</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>r</mi></msqrt></math></p>
<p>D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msqrt><mn>2</mn><mi>m</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>r</mi></msqrt></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Options B and C were selected by a roughly equal number of candidates. Again, this is a situation where unit analysis is beneficial; options C and D would not produce units associated with speed (mass is already incorporated in the constant 'g').</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The escape speed for the Earth is <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="v">
<mi>v</mi>
</math></span><sub>esc</sub>. Planet X has half the density of the Earth and twice the radius. What is the escape speed for planet X?</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{v_{{\text{esc}}}}}}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>esc</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{v_{{\text{esc}}}}}}{{\sqrt 2 }}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>esc</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="v">
<mi>v</mi>
</math></span><sub>esc</sub></p>
<p>D. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\sqrt 2 }">
<mrow>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</math></span> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="v">
<mi>v</mi>
</math></span><sub>esc</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The gravitational potential at point P due to Earth is <em>V</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>What is the definition of the gravitational potential at P?</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A. Work done per unit mass to move a point mass from infinity to P</p>
<p>B. Work done per unit mass to move a point mass from P to infinity</p>
<p>C. Work done to move a point mass from infinity to P</p>
<p>D. Work done to move a point mass from P to infinity</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A satellite in a circular orbit around the Earth needs to reduce its orbital radius.</p>
<p>What is the work done by the satellite rocket engine and the change in kinetic energy resulting from this shift in orbital height?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>This question was generally well answered, however a significant number of students (incorrectly) selected response A suggesting a lack of clarity around the work done as a result of changes in orbital height.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">An electron enters a uniform electric field of strength <em>E</em> with a velocity <em>v</em>. The direction of <em>v</em> is not parallel to <em>E</em>. What is the path of the electron after entering the field?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. Circular<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. Parabolic<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. Parallel to <em>E</em><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. Parallel to <em>v</em></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The gravitational potential is <em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>V</mi></math></em> at a distance <em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi></math></em> above the surface of a spherical planet of radius <em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi></math></em> and uniform density. What is the gravitational potential a distance <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mi>R</mi></math> above the surface of the planet?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>V</mi><mn>4</mn></mfrac></math></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>V</mi></mrow><mn>9</mn></mfrac></math></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>V</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>V</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></mfrac></math></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The escape speed from a planet of radius <em>R</em> is <em>v</em><sub>esc</sub>. A satellite orbits the planet at a distance <em>R</em> from the surface of the planet. What is the orbital speed of the satellite?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2}{v_{{\text{esc}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>esc</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2}{v_{{\text{esc}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>esc</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\sqrt 2 {v_{{\text{esc}}}}">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>esc</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">D. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="2{v_{{\text{esc}}}}">
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>esc</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>This had a very low discrimination index with the majority of candidates choosing B, followed by C. Response A, the correct answer, was third in popularity. The candidates missed that the satellite orbits at a distance of R from the surface of a planet of radius R so the total distance to be considered was 2R.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A spacecraft moves towards the Earth under the influence of the gravitational field of the Earth.</p>
<p>The three quantities that depend on the distance <em>r</em> of the spacecraft from the centre of the Earth are the</p>
<p>I. gravitational potential energy of the spacecraft<br>II gravitational field strength acting on the spacecraft<br>III. gravitational force acting on the spacecraft.</p>
<p>Which of the quantities are proportional to <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{{{r^2}}}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>?</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A particle with charge −2.5 × 10<sup>−6</sup> C moves from point X to point Y due to a uniform electrostatic field. The diagram shows some equipotential lines of the field.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>What is correct about the motion of the particle from X to Y and the magnitude of the work done by the field on the particle?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Four identical, positive, point charges of magnitude <em>Q </em>are placed at the vertices of a square of side 2<em>d</em>. What is the electric potential produced at the centre of the square by the four charges?</p>
<p> <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-13_om_10.58.10.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/30"></p>
<p>A. 0</p>
<p>B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{4kQ}}{d}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{\sqrt 2 kQ}}{d}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>D. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{2\sqrt 2 kQ}}{d}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A satellite orbits planet <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>X</mtext></math> with a speed <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>v</mi><mtext>X</mtext></msub></math> at a distance <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>r</mtext></math> from the centre of planet <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>X</mtext></math>. Another satellite orbits planet <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>Y</mtext></math> at a speed of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>v</mi><mtext>y</mtext></msub></math> at a distance <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>r</mtext></math> from the centre of planet <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>Y</mtext></math>. The mass of planet <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>X</mtext></math> is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi></math> and the mass of planet <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>Y</mtext></math> is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>4</mn><mi>M</mi></math>. What is the ratio of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><msub><mi>v</mi><mtext>X</mtext></msub><msub><mi>v</mi><mtext>y</mtext></msub></mfrac></math>?<br><br>A. 0.25</p>
<p>B. 0.5</p>
<p>C. 2.0</p>
<p>D. 4.0</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>An object of mass <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi></math> released from rest near the surface of a planet has an initial acceleration <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>z</mi></math>. What is the gravitational field strength near the surface of the planet?</p>
<p>A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>z</mi></math></p>
<p>B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>z</mi><mi>m</mi></mfrac></math></p>
<p>C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mi>z</mi></math></p>
<p>D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mi>m</mi><mi>z</mi></mfrac></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The mass of the Earth is <em>M</em><sub>E</sub> and the mass of the Moon is <em>M</em><sub>M</sub>. Their respective radii are <em>R</em><sub>E</sub> and <em>R</em><sub>M</sub>.</p>
<p>Which is the ratio <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{escape speed from the Earth}}}}{{{\text{escape speed from the Moon}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>escape speed from the Earth</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>escape speed from the Moon</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>?</p>
<p>A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\sqrt {\frac{{{M_{\text{M}}}{R_{\text{M}}}}}{{{M_{\text{E}}}{R_{\text{E}}}}}} ">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>M</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>M</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>E</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>E</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</math></span></p>
<p>B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\sqrt {\frac{{{M_{\text{E}}}{R_{\text{E}}}}}{{{M_{\text{M}}}{R_{\text{M}}}}}} ">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>E</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>E</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>M</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>M</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</math></span></p>
<p>C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\sqrt {\frac{{{M_{\text{E}}}{R_{\text{M}}}}}{{{M_{\text{M}}}{R_{\text{E}}}}}} ">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>E</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>M</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>M</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>E</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</math></span></p>
<p>D. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\sqrt {\frac{{{M_{\text{M}}}{R_{\text{E}}}}}{{{M_{\text{E}}}{R_{\text{M}}}}}} ">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>M</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>E</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>E</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>M</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</math></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A satellite at the surface of the Earth has a weight <em>W</em> and gravitational potential energy <em>E</em>p. The satellite is then placed in a circular orbit with a radius twice that of the Earth.</p>
<p>What is the weight of the satellite and the gravitational potential energy of the satellite when placed in orbit?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Two charged parallel plates have electric potentials of 10 V and 20 V.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>A particle with charge +2.0 μC is moved from the 10 V plate to the 20 V plate. What is the change in the electric potential energy of the particle?</p>
<p><br>A. −20 μJ</p>
<p>B. −10 μJ</p>
<p>C. 10 μJ</p>
<p>D. 20 μJ</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A positive point charge is placed above a metal plate at zero electric potential. Which diagram shows the pattern of electric field lines between the charge and the plate?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-13_om_18.57.24.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/30"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Satellite X is in orbit around the Earth. An identical satellite Y is in a higher orbit. What is correct for the total energy and the kinetic energy of the satellite Y compared with satellite X?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>We accept the comment from G2 forms that the wording of this question could be improved. The correct answer (B) considers the total and kinetic energies of satellite X the most popular answer.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The points X and Y are in a uniform electric field of strength <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi></math>. The distance OX is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math> and the distance OY is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>y</mi></math>.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAO0AAADLCAYAAACCuBSkAAAOw0lEQVR4Ae2dPW/cxhqF8z8u0huCeytxcJEmMOLWEBAXFwHiIi7jJu7iKu4s3BRxEamMC6uNAauOAfU38B+Q9QekX8CLs84oNM3lLsn5OMN9CCz2g+TMy3P48B0Oh9xPGiYUQIGqFPikqmgJFgVQoAHayneCt2/fNvv7t5rDw2eVbwnhb6sA0G6rlOlyFxfvmr29G82nn/6ruXPnq0YQM9WhwN27X698k3d9r8ePf+zdEKDtlaWuH6+urpoHD767Nv7Jk58a/cbkrcDNm3vNOjCHIgfaIXUqm3d6+nrVVNZRW03ms7OzyrZgd8J98+bP1UH2+fNfR2800I6WzHsFZVhl2tDcUgYm6/p59uLF7yuPBO/YCWjHKlbJ8sqyyraCV+e8JycvK4l8N8JUs1jN4ykT0E5RraJ11Kscsu7Bwb1GHVdM5RXY1An16tUfa4MsBm3YkXjv7zlEl7p1WUvc3zOmdkJp9WLQbtoo5sdRoNtMpnMqjq5zSpnTCaV6gXaO+sbrchnI15w5nVBA6+vrrMjU6RQGXHDpZ5aUSVZWJ5ROfy4vLyeVT6adJJvnSupkUmdTOB9maKOnT+qEun37s8nBAe1k6bxWFKAhuwpchjN6+dOORp1Q4cDa974JaKBtq1nhZ527asyxzBe0x8dHFW4FIY9RAGjHqGW4rDKqgNXIJ67BGhqUICSgTSAqRaJASgWANqW6Cy47XGt8+PD73q08Pz9fDdO7f/+b3vn8OF0BoJ2u3c6vGS5d9A25E6zqcBG8THEVANq4eu5caerp7PZ2hsEDU2472zkBJ2ww0E4QjVX+UUBZVh1h7Zu5BbGuRTKlUQBo0+i6U6WGZrLOc/WZZnFa+4E2rb47UbqG44VmsrIuzeK0tgNtWn13pvTQTKZZnN5yoE2v8U7UoGyrLPv06c87sb0lNxJoS6q/oLqBNp+ZQJtP60XXBLT57AXafFpXV5NuRtDdQ7prSC+Nb1735AugzWcv0ObTuqqa2ncP6Vy1/ep7siPQ5rMXaPNpXVVNjx798AGobWj1mTuKytkJtOW0t6453FDfhTV856kY5ewD2nLaW9cc4Fz3DrTl7APactpb17wp0/KEjHL2AW057a1rViZdl2X1O+e05ewD2nLaW9c8tvfYemMWFhzQLszQ2Jujyzvffvuf5ssv/92oR5kMG1vh8eUB7XjNdm6N8IfV6wZW7JwghTcYaAsb4F69/qg6dErp3wrUbGYqqwDQltXfunYBKmAFrjqfNJSRSz3lLQPa8h7YRqB/lFfTWFPoMdY7/15Q1jKgLau/be06f1WWDR1PglWTMq3+0YCpnAJAW05765rVa6xmcZgCtPquXmSmcgoAbTntq6q5DW1VgS8wWKBdoKkpNgloU6g6rUygnabbzq0FtD6WA62PF9aRAK2PPUDr48XkSHKMVALayfZEXxFoo0uat0ABK6B0GSbl9VOgzevrUG1AO6ROJfM0UklQ6aXrqCmGGgKtz84AtD5ezIqkO0Y4dpMZaGfZE3VloI0qZ9nClGHbD2TT51hZF2jLetuuHWjbaizks7Ks7sgRaGHA/9xNA9q5CsZbH2jjaWlVkjJs+5ExOu8N44inBAq0U1RLsw7QptHVplT1KKtnOWTdvgeNbxMs0G6jUp5likGrnYAXGix1H0iJbzFoU24UZb9XIGbHFJnWZ68CWh8vokYS+xIQ0Ea1Z1ZhQDtLPr+V1dmUYrAF0Pp4DbQ+XsyORE/9Dw9hiz2sEWhn2xOtAKCNJmW5gro9xCn+sgNoy/nbrRlou4pU9l3NYQGl19xrsUObDrRD6uSdB7R59Y5em6DVcMX285yiV/L30xhTlEuZ4xUA2vGa7eQaZFof24HWxwvrSIDWxx6g9fHCOhKg9bEHaH28sI4EaH3sAVofL6wjAVofe4DWxwvrSIDWxx6g9fHCOhKg9bEHaH28sI4EaH3sAVofL6wjAVofe4DWxwvrSIDWxx6g9fHCOhKg9bEHaH28sI4EaH3sAVofL6wjAVofe4DWxwvrSIDWxx6g9fHCOhKg9bEHaH28sI4EaH3sAVofL6wjAVofe4DWxwvrSIDWxx6g9fHCOhKg9bEHaH28sI4EaH3sAVofL6wjAVofe4DWxwvrSIDWxx6g9fHCOhKg9bEHaH28sI4EaH3sAVofL6wjAVofe4DWxwvrSIDWxx6g9fHCOhKg9bEHaH28sI4EaH3sAVofL6wjAVofe4DWxwvrSIDWxx6g9fFiUiRXV1fN4eGzRn8snXIC2pTqjisbaMfpZbe0YBVQegneVBPQplJ2fLlAO14zuzVOTl42e3s3VuDu799qzs7OoscItNElnVwg0E6WzmtFNZMfPPjuOus+efJTo99iTUAbS8n55QDtfA2tSlCWVbYVZMq+p6evo8QHtFFkjFII0EaR0asQZVhlWoGmlzLw3KwLtD4eA62PF9EjUSfVnTtfXWfd4+OjyXUA7WTpoq9YDNqQBXh/nw3RYVk6RCe1VWAxaFsx8DGhAt2m8tTLQmTahCaNLBpoRwpW0+LqhAqdUnMvBQGtj/NA6+NFtEiUXWNf/gHaaPbMLghoZ0voVYA6m8JAC3VCxRreCLQ+PgOtjxezIrm4eNccHNy7vswz9dx1XRBAu06Z/L8DbX7No9coQAWVXgJXAMeegDa2otPLA9rp2lmsqRFQAkpN4jnXYTdtDNBuUijffKDNp3WSmtTpJHDnjnjaFBzQblIo33ygzad11TUBrY99QOvjhXUkQOtjD9D6eGEdCdD62AO0Pl5YRwK0PvYArY8X1pEArY89QOvjhXUkQOtjD9D6eGEdCdD62AO0Pl5YRwK0PvYArY8XVpHoCY/tEVYB2nAHkVWwOxYM0O6Y4dtursYvC9Rwl1CAVs+e0m1/TOUUyA5t+8Zs7Qi6OXvdEwN1VNfRPsUA+HKSe9esDBuem6wbEXQDgiZ5pd81xhk/ynqYFVrtEDK/76V57SnAHeNJgu1y+TysgHwQmOG5ybonVwdOeRY+D5fA3NQKZINWWTPcnN0HreZpCudM+r4uA6cWZdfLVybVwVIe/PLLf699C1l31/Upvf2joD0/P29u3txr7t//pjfuu3e/bm7f/qy5vLz8aH64hawP2PDb06c/f3CU/6gQfsiqgA6aAleeyqNwfhuCkM/yLPind+0bL178HhbhPYECo6BV/c+f/7oySe/tKfz+5s2f7Z+vP28D7RdffP7BDtDeGfjcf1qRS5ejo9+uvdQHHcAFsyD966//Xc8L+4FgZkqjwGhoFYYyqjKujNMkULXzDBkVeiOHdjItE57CoHc1lZnKKKCDrDoJ1z0JQ/vAuhaXMq18JuOm8W4StKGZLOPURNIRV583TdoB1kHbvowgeLXs3Md+boqH+R8roAOlOqHULG5fp20vGaBc16rSsgJ6m32iXS6ft1NgErQqOjSDBGw76w5Vqx2iD1z91pdVtdNo5+meSw3Vwbx5CsiLTT32jx//uPJ8qKawf4TW2NCyzBunwGRoVY2OpsqcMmjMpA4ONX/1ood4jHIeyz58+P3GLPrq1R+rfaN9vusRff1RTIY2NJEFLc2g+neEMVsAtGPUir/sZGgFqprFoRk0NtvG3xRKzKUAzeNcSvfXMwnaAGroHQzN5KGOif7q+bVGBULTd8hvOqLSOTsa2nB5R0fbMKkHWVmXZnJQZPnv8lpg9k1hHwkH9b5l+G26AqOgDZd31GPcncJlgKFrtd11+F6vAurTYHBFGf9GQasOCHU8rWsW0UwuY2LJWhnGmF/9UdDmD48aUQAFugoAbVcRvqOAuQJAa24Q4aFAVwGg7SrCdxQwVwBozQ0iPBToKgC0XUUq+66bKXQ3lMZxM+2GAkBbuc+6jVF3QulSnJ7hxB1RlRu6RfhAu4VI7osIXN1OJ3D1Cg9lc4+b+KYpALTTdLNcKzzTSeDyAAFLi6IEBbRRZPQpJDx5ImTdTTe0+0ROJNsqALTbKlXZcuEZT4JX57zd50pXtjmE21IAaFtiLPGjepVD1tWjZHT+y1S3AsWgDTsS72UfjYr+afRPeVgoBm3KjaLsfxToNpP1naluBYC2bv/WRq8OKS4DrZWn6hlAW7V9/cGHP9FS05dLP/0a1fwr0NbsXif28JD3cJ7K0MaOQAv5CrQLMVKAhuGM6iVmOONCjO3ZDKDtEaWmn3TuqjHHyq6Cdt1fedS0TcQ6rADQDutjP1cZVcCq04lrsPZ2RQkQaKPISCEokE8BoM2nNTWhQBQFgDaKjBSCAvkUANp8WlMTCkRRAGijyEghKJBPAaDNpzU1oUAUBYA2iowUggL5FADafFpTEwpEUQBoo8hIISiQTwGgzac1NaFAFAWANoqMFIIC+RQA2nxaUxMKRFEAaKPISCEokE8BoM2nNTWhQBQFgDaKjBSCAvkUANp8WlMTCkRRAGijyEghKJBPAaDNpzU1oUAUBYA2iowUggL5FADafFpTEwpEUQBoo8hIISiQTwGgzac1NaFAFAWANoqMFIIC+RQA2nxaUxMKRFEAaKPISCEokE8BoM2nNTWhQBQFgDaKjBSCAvkUANp8WlMTCkRRAGijyEghKJBPAaDNpzU1oUAUBYA2ioxlCzk7OysbALVnVQBos8odvzIBq/+n1R9L8+/v8fV1LBFoHV0ZGdPBwb0VuIL38PBZo3+HZ1quAkC7EG9PT183e3s3VvDu799qaDIvxNiezQDaHlFq/UkZ9tGjH66zrj6TdWt1c33cQLtem2rnKMsq26q5rOyrLMy0HAWAdjlefrAlyrA6vxW4eum89+Li3QfL8KVOBYC2Tt+2jlo9yupZDln35OTl1uuyoKcCxaANGYD395kQHZalQ0rci0GbcqMo+70CdEwtc08A2mX6uup84hLQMs0F2oX5qs4mBlsszNTO5gBtR5Cavx4fH10PsGBYY81ODscOtMP6VDFXPcQhu6pJLHiZlqsA0FburZrDoeeZa7GVm7ll+EC7pVCuiwlaDVdk1JOrQ/HjAtr4mlIiCiRVAGiTykvhKBBfAaCNryklokBSBf4PW1bfmRnPAzcAAAAASUVORK5CYII="> </p>
<p>What is the magnitude of the change in electric potential between X and Y?</p>
<p>A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mi>x</mi></math></p>
<p>B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mi>y</mi></math></p>
<p>C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo> </mo><mo>+</mo><mo> </mo><mi>y</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
<p>D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><msqrt><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo> </mo><mo>+</mo><mo> </mo><msup><mi>y</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></msqrt></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A satellite of mass <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi></math> orbits a planet of mass <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi></math> in a circular orbit of radius <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>r</mi></math>. What is the work that must be done on the satellite to increase its orbital radius to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mi>r</mi></math>?</p>
<p><br>A. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><mi>r</mi></mfrac></math></p>
<p>B. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></p>
<p>C. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></p>
<p>D. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>8</mn><mi>r</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The diagram shows equipotential lines for an electric field. Which arrow represents the acceleration of an electron at point P?<br><br></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Two positive and two negative charges are located at the corners of a square as shown. Point X is the centre of the square. What is the value of the electric field <em>E</em> and the electric potential <em>V</em> at X due to the four charges?</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Candidates were unsure about this question with almost equal numbers choosing A and C. Electric potential is a scalar quantity so unaffected by the sign of the charge and can only be 0 in this arrangement removing the choice of C.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>An isolated hollow metal sphere of radius <em>R</em> carries a positive charge. Which graph shows the variation of potential <em>V</em> with distance <em>x</em> from the centre of the sphere?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p style="text-align:left;">The escape velocity for an object at the surface of the Earth is <em>v</em><sub>esc</sub>. The diameter of the Moon is 4 times smaller than that of the Earth and the mass of the Moon is 81 times smaller than that of the Earth. What is the escape velocity of the object on the Moon?</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{2}{81}">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>81</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span><em>v</em><sub>esc</sub></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">B. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{4}{81}">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>81</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span><em>v</em><sub>esc</sub></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">C. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{2}{9}">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>9</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span><em>v</em><sub>esc</sub></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">D. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{4}{9}">
<mfrac>
<mn>4</mn>
<mn>9</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span><em>v</em><sub>esc</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>This question was well answered by candidates.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A planet has radius <em>R</em>. The escape speed from the surface of the planet is <em>v</em>. At what distance from the surface of the planet is the orbital speed 0.5<em>v</em>?</p>
<p>A. 0.5<em>R</em></p>
<p>B.<em> R</em></p>
<p>C. 2<em>R</em></p>
<p>D. 4<em>R</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The graph shows the variation of electric field strength <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi></math> with distance <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>r</mi></math> from a point charge.</p>
<p><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="354" height="265"></p>
<p>The shaded area X is the area under the graph between two separations <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> from the charge.</p>
<p>What is X?</p>
<p>A. The electric field average between <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></p>
<p>B. The electric potential difference between <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></p>
<p>C. The work done in moving a charge from <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math> to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></p>
<p>D. The work done in moving a charge from <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>r</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math> </p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The graph shows the variation with distance <em>r</em> of the electric potential <em>V</em> from a charge <em>Q</em>.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>What is the electric field strength at distance s?</p>
<p>A. The area under the graph between s and infinity</p>
<p>B. The area under the graph between 0 and s</p>
<p>C. The gradient of the tangent at s</p>
<p>D. The negative of the gradient of the tangent at s</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br>