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<h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Phosphoric acid, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, can undergo stepwise neutralization, forming amphiprotic species.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for the reaction of one mole of phosphoric acid with one mole of sodium hydroxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate <strong>two</strong> equations to show the amphiprotic nature of H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> if 25.00 cm<sup>3</sup> is completely neutralised by the addition of 28.40 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.5000 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> NaOH.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the reason that sodium hydroxide is considered a Brønsted–Lowry base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4 </sub>(aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4 </sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept net ionic equation.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + H<sup>+</sup> (aq) → H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (aq) ✔</p>
<p>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) → HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept reactions of H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> with any acidic, basic or amphiprotic species, such as H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>3</sub> or H<sub>2</sub>O. </em></p>
<p><em>Accept H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) → HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq) + H<sup>+</sup> (aq) for <strong>M2</strong>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«NaOH <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>28</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>40</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mn>1000</mn></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5000</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>01420</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi></math>»</p>
<p>«<math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>01420</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo></math>» 0.004733 «mol» ✔</p>
<p>«<math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>004733</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi></mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mrow><mn>25</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mn>1000</mn></mfrac></mstyle></mfrac><mo>=</mo></math>» 0.1893 «mol dm<sup>−3</sup>» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«OH<sup>−</sup> is a» proton acceptor ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are many oxides of silver with the formula Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>. All of them decompose into their elements when heated strongly.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After heating 3.760 g of a silver oxide 3.275 g of silver remained. Determine the empirical formula of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the final mass of solid obtained by heating 3.760 g of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> may be greater than 3.275 g giving one design improvement for your proposed suggestion. Ignore any possible errors in the weighing procedure.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Naturally occurring silver is composed of two stable isotopes, <sup>107</sup>Ag and <sup>109</sup>Ag.</p>
<p>The relative atomic mass of silver is 107.87. Show that isotope <sup>107</sup>Ag is more abundant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some oxides of period 3, such as Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, react with water. A spatula measure of each oxide was added to a separate 100 cm<sup>3</sup> flask containing distilled water and a few drops of bromothymol blue indicator.</p>
<p>The indicator is listed in section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Deduce the colour of the resulting solution and the chemical formula of the product formed after reaction with water for each oxide.</p>
<p><img 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jsH0+8YF2xb3g/P4mKwbanCDZBgjDkL35GPie9K/gCj9wePu3yqTm2o0aASHvpBfbdHFKG68U0ccHnQe8MFq04vZrNjNvRzijEklcAUzFvyZOD+sBVY/fL7wYUnfd738fLaddhkq8Liwmexr+MqjDnfxmNF4sf6TTz70zdwUn6+qVgHbTte2uIGsACr8rM1p6HHf6wRt0+e4h8COdyGD+SnQYg0bNgqz6waDOA45Dz49xB3k6HlZfy06YS/E+q7gLafbcYW+cLA95E/K3wQNFJqvgsOrJBnqhWjrq0bOQWPoqTkB/ivjz6kGr4ZYrq3T8Y0+QLe+zj4gX8tOZ/3CLZu/ddI2Yq6Pf46iBoNd+pBwDgDDz72oH8m47NWNJ30LzTt87biZy81wSvu/1r1nzFrjPocfwNNTuU8/QCNu5r9Q5xBr/+AydMmi0v0OHzwd7ggOnGiDW7d2Xe1WYS98xt4SP6deQ97mn4T+E0SV4lW+J8uMxwLPsddvmDmh/lDnBZhqfrQc/4UjovtpnvwQPH38ajl6/js3V/hYN+jeMKOSusN6jkOWrMD1PtT83Ov1N1+RHrTWi01xDVLT1XK4MyVkJlAqiARPw7l2IiRJmZH6p8H1yRP6wvaM6DkGUZzpLLG44HZllFmSyGOWZmRZlr1O1aSes/bpYqwmZ8WKS9PzJhUzWJSzpvgrK9odR5lFiWUWZnieK1ZUFrxRotvjlRhPyv552VGC6dOV2OWluZsN5P07bxv+2dkBWe8/kVqb1ysmj0XZVZmXHUQyUBjZqwWTQpsS/12GwU5bJZjlLDR2lD3UcmaZ1KdV6rZh+qZx5rnqSpssH1GmE347TwpT27vyv8d0X5niqTa1vNy2+ptb5SKgrMgIWnOypSLrtG2xPZ4yxfJKOisntWutJH++QnOpB6wRXhbjP77aJGqWy9FqfDU3qXVbtP/itnNf8OO74kV4I+BC4in9d8YqsKJm/efQ3P7EbxpFYtPKi/x1IZf4ICrBb+sCNwsDyPGW9aFh5VvKHaiuXKe/6Z6JYp+7/Efa8x8BBuad6NafuaXuM1F3LC8E88tEPc3DfY1GZbKvWhv/efAwrkinsCTKdr3otIi/pIfyEuJr7Evn+LwsJurlXCDSFe5j61avtYnz3qrbnwdrz23MOTelXHIeXidahacuNNHazJH/HUwEAmGTVMB5Wkub1pRFvxhEMNnrWhvXgfL+MB/icbpKHnFjpbg78cclFl/jX9v3RRyw7vWU2Qa0fpaHRb0u1gtztPV2Ouyq9qqmAluhd3VhA3KBIOch/GSvGCu8DfhbvRCfYNFzFqJt3wxIxpMgHgtwuPW+n1scv0LXl/7XXky0p5Df8BgHqQXnlJqbDGIvqaSVbHYnuqrsjm138VCf7NzUXU6D1ZXc4wnBKR2UYcr92l5HgwXDuOhQJIKsN0macUwWxSIIqDVbhN7xcznhdtRH1g1WKzsG1hNWb6vR8n5MK7iLVY3vkV0ykTcTlTlTlA9fFako34IrAGG0IfhKqsjB1dVVq/gHmP18KEci5C85ddgl7sDx+RV4iOsBq3w8Z0CFKAABShAgdQVUI/Oao11qvcP7XPk+1JMFXbpvHzzyiBWUleNx4v8+/8FVvFWxtGD2/tWbNYe0xbHq+6lCR6v3CegGhtXxxn8rFo9fAjHaubNtEgqe8K/EnXk+w6GVkPK0SN7Hiip8J0CFBhOAbbb4dRkXBRIjIBWu03YFTNfhwN1VWJVcfVKyv4Vl722jXjV+Tkw3Kt4ixWSg1NuxVBmd+DhzVdx6tA/w+btW/VY6j0Le4VYXPME3jnzuWoqdaRO91BWD492rJI3cW/PC2j1XIMkXYPn9fvxyV6xEjVfFKAABShAAQqkq0CCOmY38dmJY/5VyvutpDwfG494IEkubC6YisSt4j0OMyv2QZLOYm/+52hx7Iet9ocolR/BAXx16Yp/TZtotT6U1cOjHatevXnZY8gziUVG1SvRR8sU91GAAhSgAAUokMoCqpXmRrIYV+E50x4zgcSt4u1Dz8k9WF2wXH5GYmjG4lrdeCirh0c7Nrh6swX3z5iqWp26byX60PzyOwUoQAEKUIAC6SGQoCtm42DO8j9rCxcvozu4knJ/xISt4h0cMvUvn2A/4IKntzv40OT+uUrwt+DqzR58eFY9pNq3En2Cc8TkKEABClCAAhRIkECCOmZjcOeceYFVyvtWUkbPCdjK58JgMKPYdhIYwirsA/Lq8aD9uFga/evIeqAIix614M7PPoD9YOyregNKZzCB1as373kDTu91AOqV6AcTKY+hAAUoQAEKUCAVBBLUMQOMM0uw0bpAPD8GmwrvQobBAMOEuVix+wSQtxI1D2fBaJyJJRurkCcemrF7Of5mQgYMhlthLnwBTrFwpvXHWDXQRTODV6BUy2WMy8YDD/tv9LeVzpDzkmEuxzv4a3kx0rjuMRux2h2HnOLHUSEWP3S+gELzrX6DpR/ir54QeeaLAhSgAAUoQIF0FUhYxwyYDMv61+Cyq1dcFqsp2+HaW4sC+Sb3EVjF25iFh196pm+V57szgOt3Y9GGRjSpVx9vOoD9r/8vzBedwj1vw9UVYbw1AWeCMXMRXnH+OrhCtKmsAS3ObfjR305NQOpMggIUoAAFKECB0RJI/5X/R0t20On2wF2/ELlVTsC0GvbfNaAkcyzQcwz1CxehynkbyuxHsKtkKI/yiZ45rZWIox/BvRSgwGgLsN2Odg0wfQoMXECr3bJjNnDHET7Chx73K1iYux5OrZTUnTWt/cOwTetEGYZoGQUFKDCCAmy3I4jLqCkwQgJa7TaBQ5kjVKq0i1b7YbfBh1M7N/qvoKVduVkgClCAAhSgAAV4xYznQJiAVg8+LBA3UIACSSXAdptU1cHMUCAuAa12yytmcdExEAUoQAEKUIACFBh5geAVM9Fr44sCFKAABShAAQpQIHECkiT1Syz4SCaxQ+uSWr/Q/KILAZ4HuqhmFjLNBNhu06xCWRxdCGhdFONQpi6qnoWkAAUoQAEKUCAVBNgxS4VaYh4pQAEKUIACFNCFADtmuqhmFpICFKAABShAgVQQYMcsFWqJeaQABShAAQpQQBcC7JjpoppZSApQgAIUoAAFUkGAHbNUqCXmkQIUoAAFKEABXQiwY6aLamYhKUABClCAAhRIBQF2zFKhlphHClCAAhSgAAV0IcCOmS6qmYWkAAUoQAEKUCAVBNgxS4VaYh4pQAEKUIACFNCFADtmuqhmFpICFKAABShAgVQQYMcsFWqJeaQABShAAQpQQBcC7JjpoppZSApQgAIUoAAFUkGAHbNUqCXmkQIUoAAFKEABXQiwY6aLamYhKUABClCAAhRIBYE06Jj50NVWB7PBjPz6Y+gJU1f2L4Gt42rY3sFt8KGnwwmHrQb5BgMM8j8z8mtew1tuL3yDi5RHUYACFKAABSigc4E06JgpNeiFs+pF7HBfVjaM0Pt1eNtewsJZa/FWZwF2dvdCkiRIvW7UP3AFjoUWFNYdhpe9sxHyZ7QUoAAFKECB9BVIo46ZBXl5J1FV+Uu4e0aqV+RDj3s7nijcjyz7r/DLymLMHB8gNJpgKVmP7c1VwKb1ePbAOV45S992w5JRgAIUoAAFRkQgjTpmWXii7nlUtFtRucOlMaSp9rsOr9uB+vK5gWFIAwz5NbC1dcQ4rhPH9v0jnEVPoWbRdITjGTHesgzPVd8K25qdcHaNVAdRXRZ+pgAFKEABClAgXQTC+xYpXLKM6Y/ixW0laI86pBm46rXwLWSsbkGvGIaUrsHz3G3YU7g++lBo1x9waI8bpvtnYFpEuSnILS6CyduCQ67OFNZk1ilAAQpQgAIUSLRAxO5FojMyPOmNReaiKmyrOBdlSNN/1at9WTlWzDMFrnqNhSnvMSwrOonDH12MOATpu3gWH3pNmDvLjPExM+zBh2c/jxhXzMMZgAIUoAAFKEAB3QmMSbsSG6dj0Ys/QcW31qByx3fQXJkbUsSpKNjsggdd6Gh7C29f7gXwZxzd+jy2OIGix0KC8ysFKEABClCAAhRIkECaXTHzqxkzH4kypOlDz8ldKDdPwqzCn+PoZXEf2H9E8T840FgEHG/3RLzPzDhtBu43eaOG6as3M+6fMVXjPrS+EPxEAQpQgAIUoAAF1ALpd8VMLp0ypPkISittuG+tuCoWePk6sG9dLQ4/bMf510qQqXRNu9pQc9wL3K8E1HifeC+Kl1mw5cOzuOgDJirH9gvaCdehFnhNRSjOndJvD79QgAIUoAAFKECBaAKaXYtoB6TMPmVIs70BL2x9ry/bPR60HwfmfucbMKlK7+u+jM+Doa7De2w7ys2BxWPz6+Do6AIwBfOWPIm8lpexWXM5DDGxYA9e2nINFdtWIk+75xZMhR8oQAEKUIACFKCAWkDVNVFvTo/PypDm/3P+Fl6lSPJVLzNa9rwBp/e6vNXnfR+v1D0PmxLIdwb/57m3Mbf5C0jSF3At+APWNLrQBbEcxmrsbf0BzpQ+gv9WfwgdypppPi/cjgasXmgFahuwQXM5DSUTfKcABShAAQpQgALhAmndMQOUIc05qpJPRd7//Dma5v0WheZb5XXM7nr6A9xd/nPYqy3+cMbZqDj0L6i0TAYwEfd8817cFoxhLEwFz6PV04SSKW1YOSHDvxZahgWVRyehpNmN1o3z+12NCx7KDyqBq+iwLYHBkIuatr5rlaoA8kdfhw3FBgPMNW0Q1yw1X76TsBWbYTDXoS3i2nFMT9jRUyAM3/kyrHFpntzJtjG+djScLjxnh/ecpefweo5ECzVI4nlCgZd45qPqq7JZ1+8+72E8u/wgcm1bUJI5VhcWPA90Uc0sZJoJsN2mWYWyOLoQ0Gq3aXrz//DUp79TZkfOK/rplA2PHGOhAAUoQAEKUGAwAuyYaap1ocPxM6x9KxMvNb2KeSZ9XCnTpOBGClCAAhSgAAUSJsChTC1qsXTG7EJsUSYDiDBldnh2lcCkFT7NtmldWk2zIrI4FEg7AbbbtKtSFkgHAlrtlh0zHVT8QIuodaIMNA6GpwAFEivAdptYb6ZGgeEQ0Gq3aT4rczjYGAcFKEABClCAAhRIjAA7ZolxZioUoAAFKEABClAgpgA7ZjGJGIACFKAABShAAQokRoAds8Q4MxUKUIACFKAABSgQU4Ads5hEDEABClCAAhSgAAUSI8COWWKcmQoFKEABClCAAhSIKcCOWUwiBqAABShAAQpQgAKJEWDHLDHOTIUCFKAABShAAQrEFGDHLCYRA1CAAhSgAAUoQIHECLBjlhhnpkIBClCAAhSgAAViCgQfySQeC8AXBShAAQpQgAIUoEDiBCRJ6pfYGOWb2KH1zCZlP9/1I8DzQD91zZKmjwDbbfrUJUuiHwGti2IcytRP/bOkFKAABShAAQokuQA7ZkleQcweBShAAQpQgAL6EWDHTD91zZJSgAIUoAAFKJDkAuyYJXkFMXsUoAAFKEABCuhHgB0z/dQ1S0oBClCAAhSgQJILsGOW5BXE7FGAAhSgAAUooB8Bdsz0U9csKQUoQAEKUIACSS7AjlmSVxCzRwEKUIACFKCAfgTYMdNPXbOkFKAABShAAQokuQA7ZkleQcweBShAAQpQgAL6EWDHTD91zZJSgAIUoAAFKJDkAuyYJXkFMXsUoAAFKEABCuhHgB0z/dQ1S0oBClCAAhSgQJILsGOW5BXE7FGAAhSgAAUooB+BNOiYfY62mlwYDAaNf3NRXu+A23s9zhrtQkebA7aaYlVcxaix/WoAccSZFINRgAIUoAAFKECBEIE06JgFSmSqReuVXkiS1Pev+5/w0PHnkfvEdrh7fCFFD/nqu4C2usWYtfQtdH53K7oD8fR6NuKBzjex0LwQdW0XECOWkEj5lQIUoAAFKEABCsQvkD4dM60yj5+D5c88hSKnFXX7OqJ0qi7D3bAShU33wP6711A5fybGB+IzmiwoqXwFzdZbsGnpJhy4EO/VN60McRsFKEABCpdVlhUAAATRSURBVFCAAhSILJDeHbNgub043u5BT/B7yIeu32Nfw+9RtGENFmWODdkpvk6G5YfrUY3tWPPqe+jSCMFNFKAABShAAQpQYKgCOumYWbCs+F5M1NTyocv1NvZ4zbh/xlREBJl4L4qXWeDd8zZcXRzQ1KTkRgpQgAIUoAAFhiQQsR8ypFiT5GCf93288tOX0ZL3JJbMmxIhV9dx8ewpeJGFWXcpA5gRgorN3lM4e5HDmVGEuIsCFKAABShAgUEKpE/HzLsJhZMyVLMpDcgwv4iLD22Ca+9qWManT1EHWdc8jAIUoAAFKECBJBcYk+T5iz97YlbmyQ0omDjQDthYTJuRAxNa0H6+B5g5LnqaphzMmKZ1H1r0w7iXAhSgAAUoQAEKxBIYaC8mVnwpuN+IibnfxTKTBx+e/TzyzM2uP+DQHjdMy76L3AF3/lKQhVmmAAUoQAEKUCDhArrsmPkuOLDCnI96d2Ce5sRvYsn6b6Ll2W0RlsO4DPcvGrAFq7HtRw/2TSKQ1z77Lyh3fCpXnM97GHX55sBwajFqHCcjzwRNeFUzQQpQgAIUoAAFkl1Afx2znmNoWLoGNq+6aibDsn4nWpf/CaXf+u+oP9wR7FD5vG446tdhYdUN1L5eG1xOw+c9hl21FSjcdDwQ0U189oEdTVnbcL63F92uv8exnb+FhxM41dD8TAEKUIACFKBAFAF9dcx85+BYV4/Op1/FpuwQFWMmCjY2w9O8GFPeXosJgUc8ZZjrcHTKYjR7mrGxIFO1nEYGvr5kK45aZwciugrPmfOYv+BbyDQaMf6e+zDv+DGc+OxmSEL86he4ig7bEhgMuahp+zwiiq/DhmKDAeaatsjrx/lOwlZshsFch7aIS5kwPYFMT4EwfOfLsMYVsRUk04742tFwuvCcHd5zlp7D6zkSrdMgiWcYBV7ieZOqr8rmNHm/DHf9arw6pRbby65hx+xK4I1mVFriWCIjokAP3PWP49Wsf8Cukq+pPt8N3HSjfvZryPrNNpSYUmuORXqfBxErkzsokNICbLcpXX3MvE4FtNptavUYhlJx3ja8WrUXu7EXu1cEIsqtRJYn9TpOQ2HgsRSgAAUoQAEKJK+AfoYyTSXYpTzg/IYL1uw8WF31w3g1axzMWXfh8NE/oQs+9Hz0Lg5mz8OcO/XT903e05w5owAFKEABCqSGgH46ZiNeH2Nw5wNFeHhPISYZMjAh14aslYXIofCIyzMBClCAAhSgQLoI6Oges3SpspEvh9aY98inyhQoQIGhCLDdDkWPx1JgdAS02i2v54xOXTBVClCAAhSgAAUoECbAjlkYCTdQgAIUoAAFKECB0RFgx2x03JkqBShAAQpQgAIUCBNgxyyMhBsoQAEKUIACFKDA6AiwYzY67kyVAhSgAAUoQAEKhAmwYxZGwg0UoAAFKEABClBgdATYMRsdd6ZKAQpQgAIUoAAFwgTYMQsj4QYKUIACFKAABSgwOgLsmI2OO1OlAAUoQAEKUIACYQLsmIWRcAMFKEABClCAAhQYHYHgI5nEYwH4ogAFKEABClCAAhRInIAkSf0SG6N8C92hbOc7BShAAQpQgAIUoEBiBDiUmRhnpkIBClCAAhSgAAViCrBjFpOIAShAAQpQgAIUoEBiBP4/3BowSlI4tfcAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electrical conductivity of molten Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the model of electron configuration deduced from the hydrogen line emission spectrum (Bohr’s model).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>n(Ag) = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{3.275{\text{ g}}}}{{107.87{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mol}}}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.275</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>107.87</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mol</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 0.03036 «mol»</p>
<p><em><strong>AND</strong></em></p>
<p>n(O) = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{3.760{\text{ g}} - 3.275{\text{ g}}}}{{16.00{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} = \frac{{0.485}}{{16.00}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.760</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3.275</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>16.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.485</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>16.00</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 0.03031 «mol»</p>
<p>«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.03036}}{{0.03031}} \approx 1">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.03036</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.03031</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>≈</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</math></span> / ratio of Ag to O approximately 1 : 1, so»</p>
<p>AgO</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other valid methods for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for correct empirical formula if method not shown.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>temperature too low<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>heating time too short<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>oxide not decomposed completely</p>
<p>heat sample to constant mass «for three or more trials»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “not heated strongly enough”.</em></p>
<p><em>If M1 as per markscheme, M2 can only be awarded for constant mass technique.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "soot deposition" (M1) and any suitable way to reduce it (for M2).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "absorbs moisture from atmosphere" (M1) and "cool in dessicator" (M2).</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for reference to impurity <strong>AND</strong> design improvement.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A<sub>r</sub> closer to 107/less than 108 «so more <sup>107</sup>Ag»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>A<sub>r</sub> less than the average of (107 + 109) «so more <sup>107</sup>Ag»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept calculations that gives greater than 50% <sup>107</sup>Ag.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not accept name for the products.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “Na<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>–</sup>” for NaOH.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore coefficients in front of formula.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«molten» Na<sub>2</sub>O has mobile ions/charged particles <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>conducts electricity</p>
<p>«molten» P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> does not have mobile ions/charged particles <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>does not conduct electricity/is poor conductor of electricity</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award marks without concept of mobile charges being present.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if type of bonding or electrical conductivity correctly identified in each compound.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept answers based on electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if reference made to solution.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrons in discrete/specific/certain/different shells/energy levels</p>
<p>energy levels converge/get closer together at higher energies<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>energy levels converge with distance from the nucleus</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept appropriate diagram for M1, M2 or both.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not give marks for answers that refer to the lines in the spectrum.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Soluble acids and bases ionize in water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Sodium hypochlorite ionizes in water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">OCl<sup>–</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> OH<sup>–</sup>(aq) + HOCl(aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A solution containing 0.510 g of an unknown monoprotic acid, HA, was titrated with 0.100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> NaOH(aq). 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> was required to reach the equivalence point.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the amphiprotic species.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify one conjugate acid-base pair in the reaction.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH(aq) used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the molar mass of the acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate [H<sup>+</sup>] in the NaOH solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>water/H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
<p><em>Accept “hydroxide ion/OH<sup>–</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«0.100 mol<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>–3</sup> x 0.0250 dm<sup>3</sup>» = 0.00250 «mol»</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>M</em> = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.510{\text{ g}}}}{{0.00250{\text{ mol}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.510</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.00250</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> mol</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 204 «g<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup>»</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«1.00 x 10<sup>–14</sup> = [H<sup>+</sup>] x 0.100»</p>
<p>1.00 x 10<sup>–13</sup> «mol<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>–3</sup>»</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Two hydrides of nitrogen are ammonia and hydrazine, N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>. One derivative of ammonia is methanamine whose molecular structure is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-22_om_18.03.06.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/04"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Hydrazine is used to remove oxygen from water used to generate steam or hot water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(aq) + O<sub>2</sub>(aq) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
<p>The concentration of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water is 8.0 × 10<sup>−3</sup> g<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>−3</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia reacts reversibly with water.</p>
<p>NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>−</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>Explain the effect of adding H<sup>+</sup>(aq) ions on the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. Deduce an equation for the reaction of hydrazine with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, using an ionic equation, what is observed when magnesium powder is added to a solution of ammonium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine has been used as a rocket fuel. The propulsion reaction occurs in several stages but the overall reaction is:</p>
<p>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>Suggest why this fuel is suitable for use at high altitudes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change of reaction, Δ<em>H</em>, in kJ, when 1.00 mol of gaseous hydrazine decomposes to its elements. Use bond enthalpy values in section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(g) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The standard enthalpy of formation of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) is +50.6 kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>. Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, Δ<em>H</em><sub>vap</sub>, of hydrazine in kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(l) → N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(g)</p>
<p>(If you did not get an answer to (f), use −85 kJ but this is not the correct answer.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, showing your working, the mass of hydrazine needed to remove all the dissolved oxygen from 1000 dm<sup>3</sup> of the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the volume, in dm<sup>3</sup>, of nitrogen formed under SATP conditions. (The volume of 1 mol of gas = 24.8 dm<sup>3</sup> at SATP.)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>107<sup>°</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept 100° to < 109.5°.</em></p>
<p><em>Literature value = 105.8°</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>removes/reacts with OH<sup>−</sup></p>
<p>moves to the right/products «to replace OH<sup>−</sup> ions»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionic equation for M1.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub><sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2OH<sup>–</sup>(aq).</em></p>
<p><em>Equilibrium sign must be present.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>bubbles<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>gas<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>magnesium disappears</p>
<p>2NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>(aq) + Mg(s) → Mg<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2NH<sub>3</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “hydrogen” without reference to observed changes.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "smell of ammonia".</em></p>
<p><em>Accept 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + Mg(s) → Mg<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)</em></p>
<p><em>Equation must be ionic.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>no oxygen required</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>bonds broken:</em><br>E(N–N) + 4E(N–H)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>158 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 4 x 391 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 1722 «kJ»</p>
<p><em>bonds formed:</em><br>E(N≡N) + 2E(H–H)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>945 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 2 x 436 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 1817 «kJ»</p>
<p>«ΔH = bonds broken – bonds formed = 1722 – 1817 =» –95 «kJ»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [3] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2 max] for +95 «kJ».</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Δ<em>H</em><sub>vap</sub>= −50.6 kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup> − (−95 kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>)</p>
<p>«Δ<em>H</em><sub>vap</sub> =» +44 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [1 max] for −44 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>».</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2] for:</em><br><em>ΔH<sub>vap</sub> − = 50.6 kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1 </sup>−<sup> </sup>(−85 kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>) + = 34 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>».</em></p>
<p><em>A</em><em>ward [1 max] for −34 «kJ<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>−1</sup>».</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>total mass of oxygen «= 8.0 x 10<sup>–3</sup> g<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>–3</sup> x 1000 dm<sup>3</sup>» = 8.0 «g»</p>
<p>n(O<sub>2</sub>) «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" = \frac{{8.0{\text{ g}}}}{{32.00{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} = ">
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>8.0</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>32.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 0.25 «mol»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>n(N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) = n(O<sub>2</sub>)<br>«mass of hydrazine = 0.25 mol x 32.06 g<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup> =» 8.0 «g»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [3] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«n(N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) = n(O<sub>2</sub>) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" = \frac{{8.0{\text{ g}}}}{{32.00{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} = ">
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>8.0</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>32.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 0.25 «mol»</p>
<p>«volume of nitrogen = 0.25 mol x 24.8 dm<sup>3</sup><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup>» = 6.2 «dm<sup>3</sup>»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [1] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Many reactions are in a state of equilibrium.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The equations for two acid-base reactions are given below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq) + OH<sup>–</sup> (aq)<br>HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The following reaction was allowed to reach equilibrium at 761 K.</p>
<p>H<sub>2</sub> (g) + I<sub>2</sub> (g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> 2HI (g) Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup> < 0</p>
<p>Outline the effect, if any, of each of the following changes on the position of equilibrium, giving a reason in each case.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify two different amphiprotic species in the above reactions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by the term conjugate base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the conjugate base of the hydroxide ion, OH<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student working in the laboratory classified HNO<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> and HClO<sub>4</sub> as acids based on their pH. He hypothesized that “all acids contain oxygen and hydrogen”.</p>
<p>Evaluate his hypothesis.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if both effects are correct.</em></p>
<p><em>Reason for increasing volume:</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “concentration of all reagents reduced by an equal amount so cancels out in K<sub>c</sub> expression”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “affects both forward and backward rates equally”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> AND H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>species that has one less proton/H<sup>+</sup> ion «than its conjugate acid»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>species that forms its conjugate acid by accepting a proton</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>species that is formed when an acid donates a proton</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “differs by one proton/H<sup>+</sup> from conjugate acid”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>oxide ion/O<sup>2–</sup></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>insufficient data to make generalization</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>need to consider a «much» larger number of acids</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>hypothesis will continue to be tested with new acids to see if it can stand the test of time</p>
<p>«hypothesis is false as» other acids/HCl/HBr/HCN/transition metal ion/BF<sub>3</sub> do not contain oxygen</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>other acids/HCl/HBr/HCN/transition metal ion/BF<sub>3</sub> falsify hypothesis</p>
<p>correct inductive reasoning «based on limited sample»</p>
<p>«hypothesis not valid as» it contradicts current/accepted theories/Brønsted-Lowry/Lewis theory</p>
<p><em><strong>[Max 2 Marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Sulfur trioxide is produced from sulfur dioxide.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2SO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + O<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2SO<sub>3 </sub>(g) Δ<em>H</em> = −196 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen can be carried out at different temperatures.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Nitric acid, HNO<sub>3</sub>, is another strong Brønsted–Lowry acid. Its conjugate base is the nitrate ion, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, giving a reason, the effect of a catalyst on a reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>On the axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for the reacting species at two temperatures T<sub>1</sub> <strong>and</strong> T<sub>2</sub>, where T<sub>2</sub> > T<sub>1</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the effect of increasing temperature on the yield of SO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the product formed from the reaction of SO<sub>3</sub> with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the meaning of a strong Brønsted–Lowry acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis structure of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electron domain geometry of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>increases rate <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>lower <em>E</em><sub>a</sub> ✔</p>
<p>provides alternative pathway «with lower <em>E</em><sub>a</sub>»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>more/larger fraction of molecules have the «lower» <em>E</em><sub>a</sub> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept description of how catalyst lowers E<sub>a</sub> for M2 (e.g. “reactants adsorb on surface «of catalyst»”, “reactant bonds weaken «when adsorbed»”, “helps favorable orientation of molecules”).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>both axes correctly labelled ✔</p>
<p>peak of T<sub>2</sub> curve lower <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>to the right of T<sub>1</sub> curve ✔</p>
<p>lines begin at origin <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>correct shape of curves <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>T<sub>2</sub> must finish above T<sub>1</sub> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “probability «density» / number of particles / N / fraction” on y-axis.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “kinetic E/KE/E<sub>k</sub>” but not just “Energy/E” on x-axis.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>decrease <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>equilibrium shifts left / favours reverse reaction ✔</p>
<p>«forward reaction is» exothermic / ΔH is negative ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>sulfuric acid/H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “disulfuric acid/H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>fully ionizes/dissociates ✔</p>
<p>proton/H<sup>+</sup> «donor » ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept the delocalised structure.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any combination of dots, crosses and lines.</em></p>
<p><em>Coordinate/dative bond may be represented by an arrow.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>three electron domains repel</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>three electron domains as far away as possible ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>trigonal planar</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>«all» angles are 120° ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A generally well-answered question. Most candidates explained the effect of a catalyst on a reaction correctly. A small proportion of candidates thought the catalyst increased the frequency of collisions. Some candidates focussed on the effect of the catalyst on an equilibrium since the equation above the question was that of a reversible reaction. These candidates usually still managed to gain at least the first marking point by stating that both forward and reverse reaction rates were increased due to the lower activation energy. Most candidates mentioned the alternative pathway for the second mark, and some gave a good discussion about the increase in the number of molecules or collisions with E≥E<sub>a</sub>. A few candidates lost one of the marks for not explicitly stating the effect of a catalyst (that it increases the rate of the reaction).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The average mark scored for the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves sketch was 1.5 out of 3 marks and the question had a strong correlation with the candidates who did well overall. The majority of candidates were familiar with the shapes of the curves. The most commonly lost mark was missing or incorrect labels on the axes. Sometimes candidates added the labels but did not specify “kinetic” energy for the x-axis. As for the curves, some candidates reversed the labels T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub>, some made the two curves meet at high energy or even cross, and some did not have the correct relationship between the peaks of T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Another question that showed a strong correlation with the candidates who did well overall. The average mark was 1 out of 2 marks. Many candidates explained the effect of an increase in temperature on the yield of SO<sub>3</sub> correctly and thoroughly. One of the common mistakes was to miss the fact that it was an equilibrium and reason that yield would not change due to an increase in the rate of reaction. Unfortunately, a number of candidates also deduced that yield would increase due to the increase in rate. Other candidates recognized that it was an exothermic reaction but deduced the equilibrium would shift to the right giving a higher yield of SO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A very well answered question. 70% of the candidates stated H2SO4 as the product from the reaction of SO<sub>3</sub> with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>While a straightforward question, many candidates only answered part of the question - either focussing on the “strong” or on the “Brønsted-Lowry acid”. The average mark on this question was 1.2 out of 2 marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only 20% of the candidates scored the mark for the Lewis structure of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>. Mistakes included: missing charge, missing lone pairs, 3 single bonds, 2 double bonds.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority of candidates deduced the correct electron domain geometry scoring the first mark including cases of ECF. Only a small number of candidates satisfied the requirements of the markscheme for the explanation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as ethanedioic acid, can be determined<br>by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Distinguish between a weak acid and a strong acid.</p>
<p>Weak acid:</p>
<p>Strong acid:</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why it is more convenient to express acidity using the pH scale instead of using the concentration of hydrogen ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>•2H<sub>2</sub>O, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> samples of this solution were titrated against a 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator.</p>
<p>(COOH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → (COONa)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>The mean value of the titre was 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH in 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid in each 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> sample.</p>
<p>(iii) Determine the percentage purity of the hydrated ethanedioic acid sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion is shown below.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Weak acid:</em> partially dissociated/ionized «in solution/water»<br><em><strong>AND<br></strong>Strong acid:</em> «assumed to be almost» completely/100% dissociated/ionized «in solution/water»</p>
<p><em>Accept answers relating to pH, conductivity, reactivity if solutions of equal concentrations stated.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«log scale» reduces a wide range of numbers to a small range<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>simple/easy to use<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>converts exponential expressions into linear scale/simple numbers</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “easy for calculations”</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p>«n(NaOH) = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\left( {\frac{{14.0}}{{1000}}} \right)">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>14.0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span> dm<sup>-3</sup> x 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> =» 1.40 x 10<sup>-3</sup> «mol»</p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p>«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2} \times 1.40 \times {10^{ - 3}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>1.40</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="7.00 \times {10^{ - 4}}">
<mn>7.00</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> «mol»</p>
<p> </p>
<p>iii<br><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1:</strong></em><br>«mass of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in each titration = 7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> mol × 126.08 g mol<sup>-1</sup> =» 0.0883 / 8.83 × 10<sup>-2</sup> «g»</p>
<p>mass of sample in each titration = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{25}}{{1000}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>25</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>×5.00g=»0.125«g»</p>
<p>«% purity = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.0883{\rm{g}}}}{{0.125{\rm{g}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0883</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.125</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></em><br>«mol of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in 1 dm<sup>3</sup> solution = 7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> × <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1000}}{{25}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>25</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 2.80×10<sup>-2</sup> «mol» <br>«mass of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in sample = 2.80 × 10<sup>-2</sup> mol × 126.08 g mol<sup>-1</sup> =» 3.53 «g»<br>«% purity = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{3.53{\rm{g}}}}{{5.00{\rm{g}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.53</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>5.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 3:</strong></em><br>mol of hydrated ethanedioic acid (assuming sample to be pure) = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5.00{\rm{g}}}}{{126.08{\rm{gmo}}{{\rm{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>126.08</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> = 0.03966 «mol»<br>actual amount of hydrated ethanedioic acid = «7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> × <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1000}}{{25}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>25</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 2.80 × 10<sup>-2</sup> «mol»</p>
<p>«% purity = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{2.80 \times {{10}^{ - 2}}}}{{0.03966}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2.80</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.03966</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em>Award suitable part marks for alternative methods.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[3]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for 50.4 % if anhydrous ethanedioic acid assumed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrons delocalized «across the O–C–O system»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>resonance occurs<br><em>Accept delocalized π-bond(s).</em></p>
<p>122 «pm» < C–O < 143 «pm»</p>
<p><em>Accept any answer in the range 123 «pm» to 142 «pm». Accept “bond intermediate between single and double bond” or “bond order 1.5”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine undergoes many reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></math> of manganese(IV) oxide was added to </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>200</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math> <span class="fontstyle0">of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>HCl</mi></math>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine gas reacts with water to produce hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>⇌</mo><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> </span><span class="fontstyle0">is a common chlorofluorocarbon, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the full electron configuration of the chlorine atom.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The mass spectrum of chlorine is shown.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0"><em> NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection © 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of </em><em>the United States of America. All rights reserved.</em><br> </span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"> Outline the reason for the two peaks at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>35</mn></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>37</mn></math>.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain the presence and relative abundance of the peak at </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>74</mn></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of manganese(IV) oxide added.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the limiting reactant, showing your calculations.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the excess amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of the other reactant.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the volume of chlorine, in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math><span class="fontstyle0">, produced if the reaction is conducted at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Use section 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the oxidation state of manganese in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">and </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="699" height="180"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce, referring to oxidation states, whether </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">is an oxidizing or reducing agent.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Hypochlorous acid is considered a weak acid. Outline what is meant by the term weak acid.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the formula of the conjugate base of hypochlorous acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the concentration of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math><span class="fontstyle0"> in a </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi>aq</mi></mfenced></math><span class="fontstyle0"> solution with a </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>pH</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>61</mn></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the type of reaction occurring when ethane reacts with chlorine to produce chloroethane.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict, giving a reason, whether ethane or chloroethane is more reactive.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Write the equation for the reaction of chloroethane with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the nucleophile for the reaction in d(iii).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Ethoxyethane (diethyl ether) can be used as a solvent for this conversion. Draw the structural formula of ethoxyethane</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the number of signals and their chemical shifts in the </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>1</mn></mmultiscripts><mo> </mo><mi>NMR</mi></math> <span class="fontstyle0">spectrum of ethoxyethane. Use section 27 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the percentage by mass of chlorine in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Comment on how international cooperation has contributed to the lowering of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math> emissions responsible for ozone depletion.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>2</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>2</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mn>6</mn></msup><mn>3</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>3</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mn>5</mn></msup></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept condensed electron configuration.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>Cl</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>more «electron–electron» repulsion ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><msup><mi>l</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo></msup></math> <strong>AND</strong> has an extra electron.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>Cl</mi></math> has a greater nuclear charge/number of protons/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Z</mi><mi>eff</mi></msub></math> «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✔</p>
<p>same number of shells<br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>same «outer» energy level<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>similar shielding ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«two major» isotopes «of atomic mass <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>35</mn></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>37</mn></math>» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«diatomic» molecule composed of «two» chlorine-37 atoms ✔</p>
<p>chlorine-37 is the least abundant «isotope»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>low probability of two <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi>Cl</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>37</mn></mmultiscripts></math> «isotopes» occurring in a molecule ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>86</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>94</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0307</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mi>HCl</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2000</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>»</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>400</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo></math>✔</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>400</mn></mrow><mn>4</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>100</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi></math> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> is the limiting reactant ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept other valid methods of determining the limiting reactant in M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0307</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>123</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math></p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>400</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>–</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>123</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>277</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0307</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>22</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>697</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept methods employing <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>p</mi><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi></math></em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>:</mo><mo> </mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>:</mo><mo> </mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>oxidizing agent <em><strong>AND</strong></em> oxidation state of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>Mn</mi></math> changes from <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn></math> to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></math>/decreases ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>partially dissociates/ionizes «in water» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>ClO</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mo>[</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo>]</mo><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>61</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«free radical» substitution/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></msub></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept electrophilic or nucleophilic substitution.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>chloroethane <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mo>–</mo><mi>Cl</mi></math> bond is weaker/<math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>324</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math> than <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mo>–</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi></math> bond/<math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>414</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>chloroethane <strong><em>AND</em> </strong>contains a polar bond ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “chloroethane <strong>AND</strong> polar”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>Cl</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>OH</mi><mo>-</mo></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>OH</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>Cl</mi><mo>-</mo></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>Cl</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>NaOH</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>OH</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>NaCl</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept use of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>C</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">5</mn></msub><mi>C</mi><mi>l</mi></math> and <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>C</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">5</mn></msub><mi>O</mi><mi>H</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msub><mi>C</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">6</mn></msub><mi>O</mi></math> in the equation.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>hydroxide «ion»/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>OH</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>N</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>H</mi></math>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"> / <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>OCH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo mathvariant="italic">(</mo><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">3</mn></msub><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><msub><mo mathvariant="italic">)</mo><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><mi>O</mi></math>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn></math> «signals» ✔</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>–</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>ppm</mi><mo>»</mo></math> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>–</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>ppm</mi><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo></math>✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept any values in the ranges.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for two incorrect chemical shifts.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi>M</mi><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>)</mo><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>120</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>91</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>35</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>45</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>120</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>91</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>58</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>64</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mo>%</mo><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any of:</em></p>
<p>research «collaboration» for alternative technologies «to replace <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>s»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>technologies «developed»/data could be shared<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>political pressure/Montreal Protocol/governments passing legislations ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “collaboration”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept any reference to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>C</mi><mi>F</mi><mi>C</mi></math> as greenhouse gas or product of fossil fuel combustion.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept reference to specific measures, such as agreement on banning use/manufacture of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>C</mi><mi>F</mi><mi>C</mi></math>s.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates wrote the electron configuration of chlorine correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only half of the candidates deduced that the chloride ion has a larger radius than the chlorine atom with a valid reason. Many candidates struggled with this question and decided that the extra electron in the chloride ion caused a greater attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only about a third of the candidates identified the extra proton in the chlorine nucleus as the cause of the smaller atomic radius when compared to the sulfur atom, and only the stronger candidates also compared the shielding or the number of shells in the two atoms. Many candidates had a poor understanding of factors affecting atomic radius and could not explain the difference.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About 60% of the candidates recognized that the peaks at m/z 35 and 37 in the mass spectrum of chlorine are due to its isotopes. A few students wrote 'isomers' instead of 'isotopes'.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the lowest scoring question on the paper, that was also left blank by 10% of the candidates. About 20% of the candidates identified the peak at m/z = 74 to be due to a molecule made up of two 37Cl atoms. And only very few candidates commented that the low abundance of the peak was due to the low abundance of the 37Cl isotope. A common incorrect answer was that chlorine has an isotope of mass number 74.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to determine the number of moles of MnO<sub>2</sub> using the mass.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was pleasing that the majority of the candidates were able to determine the limiting reactant by using the stoichiometric ratio.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates were able to determine the amount of excess reactant. Some candidates who determined the limiting reactant in the previous part correctly, forgot to use the stoichiometric ratio in this part, and ended up with incorrect answers.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>60% of the candidates determined the volume of chlorine produced correctly. Some candidates made mistakes in the units when using PV = nRT and had a power of 10 error.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority of candidates were able to determine the oxidation states of Mn in the two compounds correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Less than half of the candidates were awarded the mark. Some did identify MnO2 as the oxidizing agent but did not give the explanation in terms of oxidation state as required in the question. Other candidates did not have an understanding of oxidizing and reducing agents. </p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A very well answered question - 80% of candidates understood what is meant by the term weak acid. Incorrect answers included 'acids that have high pH'.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates deduced the formula of the conjugate base of hypochlorous acid. Incorrect answers included H<sub>2</sub>O and HCl.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A well answered question. It was pleasing to see that 70% of the candidates were able to calculate [H<sup>+</sup>] from the given pH.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>More than half of the candidates identified the type of reaction between ethane and chlorine as a substitution reaction. A few candidates lost the marks for writing 'electrophilic substitution' or 'nucleophilic substitutions'.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a challenging question that was answered correctly by only 30% of the candidates. A variety of incorrect answers were seen such as 'chlorine is a halogen and hence it is reactive', and 'ethane is more reactive because it is an alkane'. For students who answered correctly, the polarity was the most frequently given reason.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates wrote the correct equation for the hydrolysis of chloroethane. Incorrect answers often included carbon dioxide and water as the products.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a highly discriminating question. Only 30% of the candidates were able to identify the hydroxide ion as the nucleophile in the hydrolysis of chloroethane. Incorrect answers included NaOH where the ion was not specified. 14% of the candidates left this question blank.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates were able to give the structural formula of ethoxyethane. Incorrect answers included methoxymethane, ketones and esters.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Nearly half of the candidates were able to identify the number of signals obtained in the 1H NMR spectrum of ethoxyethane, obtaining the first mark of this question. Many candidates were awarded the mark as 'error carried forward' from an incorrect structure of ethoxyethane. The second mark for this question required candidates to look up values of chemical shift from the data booklet. Nearly a third of the candidates were able to match the chemical environments of the hydrogen atoms in ethoxyethane to those listed in the data booklet successfully. </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the highest scoring question in the paper. The majority of candidates were able to calculate the percentage by mass of chlorine in CCl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>. Mistakes included incorrect rounding and arithmetic errors.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This nature of science question was well answered by half of the candidates. Some teachers commented that the wording was rather vague. Incorrect answers were mainly assuming that CFCs were related to the combustion of fuels and greenhouse gas emissions.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Limescale, CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s), can be removed from water kettles by using vinegar, a dilute solution of ethanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>COOH(aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving a reason, a difference between the reactions of the same concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid with samples of calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Dissolved carbon dioxide causes unpolluted rain to have a pH of approximately 5, but other dissolved gases can result in a much lower pH. State one environmental effect of acid rain.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>slower rate with ethanoic acid</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>smaller temperature rise with ethanoic acid</p>
<p> </p>
<p>[H<sup>+</sup>] lower</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>ethanoic acid is partially dissociated</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>ethanoic acid is weak</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept experimental observations such </em><em>as “slower bubbling” or “feels less </em><em>warm”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>corrosion of materials/metals/carbonate materials</p>
<p>destruction of plant/aquatic life</p>
<p><strong>«</strong>indirect<strong>» </strong>effect on human health</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “lowering pH of </em><em>oceans/lakes/waterways”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia, NH<sub>3</sub>, is industrially important for the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives and plastics.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia is produced by the Haber–Bosch process which involves the equilibrium:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 3 H<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2 NH<sub>3 </sub>(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The effect of temperature on the position of equilibrium depends on the enthalpy change of the reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia is soluble in water and forms an alkaline solution:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>(aq) + HO<sup>– </sup>(aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electron configuration of a nitrogen atom.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ammonia molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the expression for the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this equation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an increase in pressure shifts the position of equilibrium towards the products and how this affects the value of the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how the use of a catalyst affects the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em>, for the Haber–Bosch process, in kJ. Use Section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup>, for the Haber–Bosch process, in kJ, using the following data.</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∆</mo><msubsup><mi>H</mi><mrow><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi></mrow><mo>⦵</mo></msubsup><mfenced><msub><mi>NH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>46</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the values obtained in (d)(i) and (d)(ii) differ.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the relationship between NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and NH<sub>3</sub> in terms of the Brønsted–Lowry theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the concentration, in mol dm<sup>–3</sup>, of the solution formed when 900.0 dm<sup>3</sup> of NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) at 300.0 K and 100.0 kPa, is dissolved in water to form 2.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in an ammonia solution with pH = 9.3. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" width="444" height="226"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept <strong>all</strong> 2p electrons pointing downwards.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept half arrows instead of full arrows.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept lines or dots or crosses for electrons, or a mixture of these</em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><mi>N</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>N</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mfenced><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mfenced><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>shifts to the side with fewer moles «of gas»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>shifts to right as there is a reduction in volume✔</p>
<p>«value of » <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> unchanged ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “K<sub>c</sub> only affected by changes in temperature”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>same/unaffected/unchanged ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>bonds broken</em>: N≡N + 3(H–H) / «1 mol×»945 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 3«mol»×436 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 945 «kJ» + 1308 «kJ» / 2253 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p><em>bonds formed</em>: 6(N–H) / 6«mol»×391 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 2346 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p>Δ<em>H</em> = «2253 kJ – 2346 kJ = » –93 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for (+)93 «kJ»</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>–92.4 «kJ» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«N-H» bond enthalpy is an average «and may not be the precise value in NH<sub>3</sub>» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept it relies on average values not specific to NH<sub>3</sub></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">conjugate</span> «acid and base» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>amount of ammonia <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>100</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>k</mi><mi>P</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>900</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>d</mi><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi>J</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>K</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><msup><mi>l</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>300</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>K</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mn>36</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p>concentration <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>n</mi><mi>V</mi></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>36</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>18</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>[OH<sup>−</sup>] <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></msub><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mfenced></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mfrac><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mo>×</mo><mo> </mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students realised that the three p-orbitals were all singly filled.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Even more candidates could draw the correct Lewis structure of ammonia, with omission of the lone pair being the most common error.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students could deduce the equilibrium constant expression from the equilibrium equation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students realised that increasing pressure shifts an equilibrium to the side with the most moles of gas (though the "of gas" was frequently omitted!) but probably less than half realised that, even though the equilibrium position changes, the value of the equilibrium constant remains constant.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was pleasing to see that about a third of students gaining full marks and an equal number only lost a single mark because they failed to locate the correct bond enthalpy for molecular nitrogen.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few students could determine the enthalpy change from enthalpy of formation data, with many being baffled by the absence of values for the elemental reactants and more than half who overcame this obstacle failed to note that 2 moles of ammonia are produced.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About half the candidates recognised the species as a conjugate acid-base pair, though some lost the mark by confusing the acid and base, even though this information was not asked for.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About 40% of candidates gained full marks for the calculation and a significant number of others gained the second mark to calculate the concentration as an ECF.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was very poorly answered with many candidates calculating the [H<sup>+</sup>] instead of [OH<sup>-</sup>].</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium reacts with sulfuric acid:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Mg(s) + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>(aq) → MgSO<sub>4</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>The graph shows the results of an experiment using excess magnesium ribbon and dilute sulfuric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-25_om_09.45.43.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/05.a.i"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the rate of the reaction decreases with time.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch, on the same graph, the expected results if the experiment were repeated using powdered magnesium, keeping its mass and all other variables unchanged.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide react according to the following equation:</p>
<p>NO<sub>2</sub>(g) + CO(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> NO(g) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) Δ<em>H</em> = –226 kJ</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Calculate the activation energy for the reverse reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction of NO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere to produce acid deposition.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>concentration of acid decreases<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>surface area of magnesium decreases</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “less frequency/chance/rate/probability/likelihood of collisions”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “less acid” or “less magnesium”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “concentrations of reagents decrease”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p>curve starting from origin with steeper gradient <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>reaching same maximum volume</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>E</em><sub>a(rev)</sub> = 226 + 132 =» 358 «kJ»</p>
<p><em>Do not accept –358.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2NO<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → HNO<sub>3</sub>(aq) + HNO<sub>2</sub>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2NO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 4HNO<sub>3</sub>(aq)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionised forms of the acids.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron (II) sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen sulfide, H<sub>2</sub>S.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>In aqueous solution, hydrogen sulfide acts as an acid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of hydrogen sulfide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the shape of the hydrogen sulfide molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of its conjugate base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Saturated aqueous hydrogen sulfide has a concentration of 0.10 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> and a pH of 4.0. Demonstrate whether it is a strong or weak acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration in saturated aqueous hydrogen sulfide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A gaseous sample of nitrogen, contaminated only with hydrogen sulfide, was reacted with excess sodium hydroxide solution at constant temperature. The volume of the gas changed from 550 cm<sup>3</sup> to 525 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>Determine the mole percentage of hydrogen sulfide in the sample, stating one assumption you made.</p>
<p><img 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" width="705" height="303"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="83" height="55"> <em><strong>OR <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="125" height="50">✔</strong></em></p>
<p><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electrons.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>bent/non-linear/angular/v-shaped✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HS<sup>−</sup> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>weak <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>strong acid of this concentration/[H<sup>+</sup>] = 0.1 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> would have pH = 1<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>[H<sup>+</sup>] = 10<sup>−4</sup> < 0.1 «therefore only fraction of acid dissociated» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>10<sup>−10</sup> «mol dm<sup>−3</sup>» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Mole percentage H<sub>2</sub>S:</em><br>volume of H<sub>2</sub>S = «550 − 525 = » 25 «cm<sup>3</sup>» ✔<br>mol % H<sub>2</sub>S = «<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mfrac><mrow><mn>25</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>550</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mn>100</mn></math> = » 4.5 «%» ✔</p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer of 4.5 «%»</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Assumption:</em><br>«both» gases behave as ideal gases ✔<br><br><em>Accept “volume of gas <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">α</mi></math> mol of gas”.</em><br><em>Accept “reaction goes to completion”.</em><br><em>Accept “nitrogen is insoluble/does not </em><em>react with NaOH/only H<sub>2</sub>S reacts with </em><em>NaOH”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Limestone can be converted into a variety of useful commercial products through the lime cycle. Limestone contains high percentages of calcium carbonate, CaCO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" 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" width="538" height="218"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The second step of the lime cycle produces calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to reform calcium carbonate.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Ca(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(aq) + CO<sub>2 </sub>(g) → CaCO<sub>3</sub> (s) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbonate is heated to produce calcium oxide, CaO.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">CaCO<sub>3 </sub>(s) → CaO (s) + CO<sub>2 </sub>(g)</p>
<p>Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced at STP when 555 g of calcium carbonate decomposes. Use sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Thermodynamic data for the decomposition of calcium carbonate is given.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" 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" width="205" height="119"></p>
<p>Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, <em>ΔH</em>, in kJ, for the decomposition of calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The potential energy profile for a reaction is shown. Sketch a dotted line labelled “Catalysed” to indicate the effect of a catalyst.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="454" height="317"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why a catalyst has such an effect.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for the reaction of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) with hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the volume, in dm<sup>3</sup>, of 0.015 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> calcium hydroxide solution needed to neutralize 35.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.025 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> HCl (aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Saturated calcium hydroxide solution is used to test for carbon dioxide. Calculate the pH of a 2.33 × 10<sup>−2 </sup>mol dm<sup>−3</sup> solution of calcium hydroxide, a strong base.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the mass, in g, of CaCO<sub>3 </sub>(s) produced by reacting 2.41 dm<sup>3</sup> of 2.33 × 10<sup>−2</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) with 0.750 dm<sup>3</sup> of CO<sub>2</sub> (g) at STP.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>2.85 g of CaCO<sub>3</sub> was collected in the experiment in e(i). Calculate the percentage yield of CaCO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p>(If you did not obtain an answer to e(i), use 4.00 g, but this is not the correct value.)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how <strong>one</strong> calcium compound in the lime cycle can reduce a problem caused by acid deposition.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>n</em><sub>CaCO3</sub> = <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>555</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>11</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>09</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac></math>=» 5.55 «mol» ✓</p>
<p>«<em>V</em> = 5.55 mol × 22.7 dm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> =» 126 «dm<sup>3</sup>» ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept method using pV = nRT to obtain the volume with p as either 100 kPa (126 dm<sup>3</sup>) or 101.3 kPa (125 dm<sup>3</sup>).</em></p>
<p><em>Do not penalize use of 22.4 dm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup> to obtain the volume (124 dm<sup>3</sup>).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>ΔH</em> =» (−635 «kJ» – 393.5 «kJ») – (−1207 «kJ») ✓</p>
<p>«<em>ΔH</em> = + » 179 «kJ» ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [1 max]</strong> for −179 kJ.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore an extra step to determine total enthalpy change in kJ: 179 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> x 5.55 mol = 993 kJ.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for an answer in the range 990 - 993« kJ».</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p>lower activation energy curve between same reactant and product levels ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Accept curve with or without an intermediate.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept a horizontal straight line below current line with the activation energy with catalyst/E<sub>cat</sub> clearly labelled.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>provides an alternative «reaction» pathway/mechanism ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “lower activation energy” only.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) + CaCl<sub>2</sub> (aq) ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>n</em><sub>HCl</sub> = 0.0350 dm<sup>3</sup> × 0.025 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> =» 0.00088 «mol»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><em>n</em><sub>Ca(OH)2</sub> = <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math> <em>n</em><sub>HCl</sub>/0.00044 «mol» ✓</p>
<p>«<em>V</em> = <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00088</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi></mstyle><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>015</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac></math> =» 0.029 «dm<sup>3</sup>» ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for 0.058 «dm<sup>3</sup>».</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>Alternative 1:</strong></em></p>
<p>[OH<sup>−</sup>] = « 2 × 2.33 × 10<sup>−2</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> =» 0.0466 «mol dm<sup>−3</sup>» ✓</p>
<p>«[H<sup>+</sup>] = <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0466</mn></mrow></mfrac></math> = 2.15 × 10<sup>−13</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup>»<br>pH = « −log(2.15 × 10<sup>−13</sup>) =» 12.668 ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Alternative 2:</strong></em></p>
<p>[OH<sup>−</sup>] =« 2 × 2.33 × 10<sup>−2</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> =» 0.0466 «mol dm<sup>−3</sup>» ✓</p>
<p>«pOH = −log (0.0466) = 1.332»</p>
<p>pH = «14.000 – pOH = 14.000 – 1.332 =» 12.668 ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for pH =12.367.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>n</em><sub>Ca(OH)2</sub> = 2.41 dm<sup>3</sup> × 2.33 × 10<sup>−2 </sup>mol dm<sup>−3</sup> =» 0.0562 «mol» <em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>«<em>n</em><sub>CO2</sub> =<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>750</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>22</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac></math>=» 0.0330 «mol» ✓</p>
<p>«CO<sub>2</sub> is the limiting reactant»</p>
<p>«<em>m</em><sub>CaCO3</sub> = 0.0330 mol × 100.09 g mol<sup>−1</sup> =» 3.30 «g» ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Only award ECF for M2 if limiting reagent is used.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept answers in the range 3.30 - 3.35 «g».</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>85</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>30</mn></mrow></mfrac></math> × 100 =» 86.4 «%» ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Accept answers in the range 86.1-86.4 «%».</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “71.3 %” for using the incorrect given value of 4.00 g.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«add» Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>/CaCO<sub>3</sub>/CaO <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>to «acidic» water/river/lake/soil<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«use» Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>/CaCO<sub>3</sub>/CaO in scrubbers «to prevent release of acidic pollution» ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Accept any correct name for any of the calcium compounds listed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Graphing is an important tool in the study of rates of chemical reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Excess hydrochloric acid is added to lumps of calcium carbonate. The graph shows the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced over time.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve for a chemical reaction showing the activation energies with and without a catalyst.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a curve on the graph to show the volume of gas produced over time if the same mass of crushed calcium carbonate is used instead of lumps. All other conditions remain constant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the effect on the rate of reaction if ethanoic acid of the same concentration is used in place of hydrochloric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why pH is more widely used than [H<sup>+</sup>] for measuring relative acidity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>/HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> is not a conjugate acid-base pair.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_08.59.39.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/02.a/M"></p>
<p>both axes correctly labelled</p>
<p>correct shape of curve starting at origin</p>
<p><em>E</em><sub>a(catalyst)</sub> < <em>E</em><sub>a(without catalyst)</sub> on x-axis</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>M1:</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “speed” for x-axis label.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “number of particles”, “N”, </em><em>“frequency” or “probability </em><strong><em>«</em></strong><em>density</em><strong><em>»</em></strong><em>” for </em><em>y-axis label.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “potential energy” for </em><em>x-axis label.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>M2:</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept a curve that touches the </em><em>x-axis at high energy.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>award M2 if two curves are </em><em>drawn.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>M3:</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore any shading under the curve.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_09.03.30.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/02.b.i/M"></p>
<p>curve starting from origin with steeper gradient <strong><em>AND </em></strong>reaching same maximum volume</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>rate decreases</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>slower reaction</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>«</strong>ethanoic acid<strong>» </strong>partially dissociated/ionized <strong>«</strong>in solution/water<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>lower [H<sup>+</sup>]</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “weak acid” or “higher pH</em><em>”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>pH<strong>» </strong>converts <strong>«</strong>wide range of [H<sup>+</sup>]<strong>» </strong>into simple <strong>«</strong>log<strong>» </strong>scale/numbers</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>pH<strong>» </strong>avoids need for exponential/scientific notation</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>pH<strong>» </strong>converts small numbers into values <strong>«</strong>typically<strong>» </strong>between 0/1 and 14</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>pH<strong>» </strong>allows easy comparison of values of [H<sup>+</sup>]</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “uses values between 0/1 and </em><em>14”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “easier to use”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “easier for calculations”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>species<strong>» </strong>do not differ by a <strong>«</strong>single<strong>» </strong>proton/H<sup>+</sup></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>conjugate base of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> is H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup> <strong>«</strong>not HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>conjugate acid of HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup> is H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup> <strong>«</strong>not H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “hydrogen/H” for </em><em>“H</em><sup><em>+</em></sup><em>/proton”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A molecule of citric acid, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, is shown.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; display: block;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="215" height="123"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The equation for the first dissociation of citric acid in water is</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq)</span></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify a conjugate acid–base pair in the equation.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The value of the equilibrium constant for the first dissociation at 298 K is 5.01 × 10<sup>−4</sup>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State, giving a reason, the strength of citric acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The dissociation of citric acid is an endothermic process. State the effect on the hydrogen ion concentration, [H<sup>+</sup>], and on the equilibrium constant, of increasing the temperature.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAigAAABkCAYAAACsCMu7AAASqUlEQVR4Ae2dv4sr1xXH9W+ofu3r3h+QrbZxk8ZNii1ek8KdCYLtDClSLGxlCBgED0Mg8BAEQsAsCEMIhIXtTFi2CcY8FIwLsyzGPBZxwpV07lzduWc0Ws3v+RjWK43unB+fe+53zvzQvonwHwQgAAEIQAACEOgYgUnH4iEcCEAAAhCAAAQgIDQoFAEEIAABCEAAAp0jQIPSuSkhIAhAAAIQgAAEaFCoAQhAAAIQgAAEOkcg16BMJhPhBwbUADVADVAD1AA10FQNpLqjZIOSGsg2CEAAAkUEnJDxHwQgAIFjCVjakVMUa+CxDhkPAQiMiwDaMa75JlsIVEXA0g4alKoIYwcCIydgiczIsZA+BCBwgIClHTQoB8DxMQQgUI6AJTLl9mYUBCAwVgKWdtCgjLUiyBsCFROwRKZiN5iDAAQGRsDSDhqUgU006UCgLQKWyLQVD34hAIF+ELC0gwalH/NHlBDoPAFLZDofOAFCAAKtErC0gwal1WnBOQSGQ8ASmeFkSCYQgEAdBCztoEGpgzY2WyDwgywuXsmrqzt5bsE7LmXzBx7hAAEIQOBYAjQoxxJjfM8I0KC0PWGWyLQdF/4hAIFuE7C0gysoLczb+mEu5wX/pMB0tpTHXVzr1b/k+uL17p8f+FTmD4+yuv1SLqa7P8F8PpeHdQtJVOryJ1nO3mT/xML0UpaPv8jD/FOZTKZyPr+XvRQflzJz+W9yf5bV4vfZvhuuv5E//vkPMvWMHbdfK40YY3kClsjkR1awZX0v8/NpNO/BnyXf1NCuatYrub2+2NXDtp6ec+uK+ig/K2t5XF5ueW7WYPxeRHSNTnTt6Rp/I7PlT+VdbUbqvgktONISw7tJwNIOGpQW5qt8g/Lr7iCtwvupzG//vj0468G3qgZlvZK7xbVcvouagUb4qADt8jyqQdEAwysogWBuOKlI6lh+10HAEpk6fMkRDcr+enMHuW/lJmyI/UH01Eg/yupuIVeXfxnASUMRi2B90aAUgarhsxprrMVjgKUdNCg1lNAhk14wDzYXeuAOzjr0zCQ8Qzzk8ODn2gi1dYaSyFMKYlIGe/zCBkUTVrs0KEqkzt+WyNTi0zcoh+Y2O5hmVya1LoJ1VUGQ5dd1Bc46ZSJjvL2qmQquHuYpT0PeVl+NFehtA0At7aBBaQB+7KJUkXkB1qsnqd/aUKzl6eEbufK3gs5l9u5WVuF9Edcdv5vJmV55OZvJu7uVrH0jENgvan6eHmQ5T9nZZanNw3Qmi9t/ZDGdXcriQW9cxURS4lWwYNTHXoMS23Tv1e6hg1hqX7YdS8ASmWPtlBrv10fR3GoNBbWt9R/+1jp6epCbq+xW0Nnsa7lbfQzCcWevX8vsTG8tZevMr2lvt6j5eZSH5TxpZ+tM6/aNzBb/DGI6l9niXp6CiPZfltCBvRzPZfb+r3K1uVWm8Qa+/a0Y5ZjpzSm3eD6f/03ezc63t+e8DrlM1PdrufjTF9vb2Bst+nF3CzjvP2s6RfwcbOZTY57I9PO5fKO3+KYXcn27kvXTvSx2MUwvruXG1CYXlz3vGf8Dc6qadUAX16vbjI2rpemFXC3uNlru88vV2KM83Fxnt/0nE9nPSbla9ZSxcmt481N0DMiSruyVpR00KJUhLm8oX2ihgO6Ewgtw+Fn8ertgnz8s5K0+k6IFNpnK2dXtTsx+lrurTxL36z+Rq7v/RbeR3KJwz4CE3c0ut6dbufLiHMbyWt4uvt8+J6IL0ccRjNMDQQ5VsIByohjsH9s07akDtVt0ENOx/D6VgCUyp9pN7n9gfWwPXAnhjWvIvXd19Py9LN7qs15BzZ1dy92TWwtrebq7zhp8b2e7zh5zz5XpAT+O3lqLE5m+XciHzbLTug3i8P7sWl4f1IEiuxqvjtH3Ln7lmG8QtldMEldQvA5ovGo3lZPToZ+DBiUYU0GD4g+6ynD6W7n4XTTXppYUz/u2WSwxp55HkJvGo77Nmt7q63Oyxn406lKf0XPzV8Tezc/P5Y8BcTlX9N7SDhqUigAfY6ZUg7IxqIUViIUWum8iVDyCJuHpO5m7qyk6xu/zmSw+uDPCj/Jh8dnmIbd9IVcBSmWTidD04ku53ZxZfpTV8outaMe+Jq/lYv7dpkHKhFPFKrafyNOLYmJBxws7Nuffq13Lrx/IiwoIWCJTgem8CVPMt/WSnVkHdesfPte6yNaVrsmsSXiU+/lbmU50jO6TrTNf17vaVxv2bY7g4VE9k3etz+pGLjeNf+zLnQm/k3vXIK21gbLW6GEd8PFN38r83l3NXMvT/bvdmXfsW9879GpbfWdMj29QpnJ2ebO9urv+IMvL7ZWU7Xwp46xZWz89yS/+AJv3n82zfQVlcvaFLJ1eBSdYOs8ZE+OkzPu2590/EFw0p6rBRbqoY1RL81UfXSVKDHCzqo2qtxNwNespnuO07bq2WtpBg1IX8QK7flFo52yO1cIKxCIu4kKhdvv96J+4DxfzvssyxZmIxRnx/ndNgMYXPniY2rYXQMp2QUxqrzQ/GpQ93DW9sUSmFndx3ZlOsoNpVv9xvWmtpZvhzX5ac1708w4Pr+tULM6O+tcDsMan792Y1LYgBs8jlcO+Duw1UH4/1Rj1o+9T8WV5HN+ghHbjpiLlO5V75j+b09iWMp2IH5PLNWwYjQbl4LynY8nNqdop1MX4Ssy5zObvZbF88Lf1zBpzt94XC1ksvspuHfpaVa5F9aS8wjFBfdX80tIOGpSawafMm0WWG6yFFSxqLXQtPr/oDguTX6g5P2WKMxGLs+P9Rw2KxufGaMzh4tyLIWW7ICa1R4OyR7HtN5bI1BJXXHemk9QBJK43rbXUGtod4LTmwrqOfB5e16lYnBH1rweHOD43RrfpmNh50deunX5kJyrlGpTQT+w7y6PtBiXLJY5JmXasQQnrR2tqTxfdc0TfymLxXub6nE5wuz5fY3oLaipns6+2zYza9b50/oLjSK6elFc471GN1fjW0g4alBqhW6bzRWaNTBSWWXzZLZWcNb9PcGlX76dvDvJlijMTgOQtHr1X730FZyS6bW8hhlEm8syJdjBe7dGgBFDaf2mJTC2RVdqghLW9u6WSC1prNFhn/pbBtjkvta61dpO3A+JnMYoOKHGAifjiId636kBwi9bfysq0QJ9hy25B6cEr43V8gxLetrJu8YR5uyQ0N/UfXC1R3QluF21j0jxObFC8b3ve/QlY0Zx69sfoYpDnrtnI15iy0VtQwZzSoMQrgPdlCPgi02cp4t9FhZUodH/PMbaji1fiS4d6pqiCGAiOs+H9R9l4Qdb99fe5XC4/7D8kG9rQmGlQIqDDettOg6I1GP/Wg1xW29kVRBV1HeOuBOozHrGdbI0UPSS7eVjS17mzEdjem2ZrLQbPZviDYmhDY84O0ntmw2cPjtaBMN6Ml5vP/R/1HYzZnCTE71NXTTX+2KZ7r7dgdUyYt8tSt6v/0H7C3t5J16kNil6hiP2U+RJCMKdaG0W6qGMS3LVZ9M3QZozj9J/9P3K523529irQceUXctVtyjSYQ2cjjDMutBreW9rBFZQaYB8yWXWDsnnYbe9rxu5yX/QVycTXjOfBvU3RB2tdcfrGJpFJ6a8ZH3OmoIslXEB6BqQLKIhFFzJXUAIo7b+0RKaWyPwVlPjAoe+1ljLhLWxQXJB7X8F160C/iq8ZJL5uOl/Kw+ZbPm6MPljrYtDGRvcNfx/4Sqo/IGsObl9dI4n14E3HXzNO6ECYo/sK6zfvo68Zu04n/Mu7r+Xi+kaWX4V/1TljevwVlDfy+fx99tex9xhrjmHeVu4f9/6itruq++/ll9u/0F1pg+L8H5p3N+bAnKpmhQd+3eYbNDd/y+DWjquj7Kvs22lO1FjwlWn3teTr2//K/eavcGsNprjqtqCeyh4DtoFU+n9LO2hQKsWMsZcR0MUSC9PLrGV7qV09Q8s+4VX1BCyRqd4TFisj4Bu9qtdeZRFiaAQELO2gQRnB5Hc/RW0kdme/4VnGi4IPzvA2lzxpUF6E8cidLJE50gzDmyRAg9IkbXwZBCztoEExgLG5SQI0KE3SrsuXJTJ1+cNuBQRoUCqAiIlTCVjaQYNyKln2hwAENgQskQEPBCAAgSIClnbQoBRR4zMIQKA0AUtkShtgIAQgMEoClnbQoIyyHEgaAtUTsESmek9YhAAEhkTA0g4alCHNMrlAoEUClsi0GBKuIQCBHhCwtIMGpQeTR4gQ6AMBS2T6EDsxQgAC7RGwtIMGpb05wTMEBkXAEplBJUkyEIBA5QQs7Ug2KG4wPzCgBqgBaoAaoAaogSZqINX1JBuU1EC2QQACECgi4ESM/yAAAQgcS8DSjpyiWAOPdch4CEBgXATQjnHNN9lCoCoClnbQoFRFGDsQGDkBS2RGjoX0IQCBAwQs7aBBOQCOjyEAgXIELJEptzejIACBsRKwtIMGZawVQd4QqJiAJTIVu8EcBCAwMAKWdtCgDGyiSQcCbRGwRKatePALAQj0g4ClHTQo/Zg/ooRA5wlYItP5wAkQAhBolYClHTQorU4LziEwHAKWyAwnQzKBAATqIGBpBw1KHbSxCYERErBEZoQoSBkCEDiCgKUdNChHQGQoBCBgE7BExt6DTyAAAQjI5i/XpzjQoKSosA0CEDiaAA3K0cjYAQIQEBoUigACEKiZAA1KzYAxD4GBErC0gysoA51w0oJA0wQskWk6DvxBAAL9ImBpBw1Kv+aRaCHQWQKWyHQ2YAKDAAQ6QcDSDhqUTkwPQUCg/wQskel/ZmQAAQjUScDSDhqUOqljGwIjImCJzIgQkCoEIPACApZ20KC8ACa7QAACeQKWyORHsgUCEIBARsDSDhqUjBGvIACBEwhYInOCSXaFAARGQMDSDhqUEUw+KUKgCQKWyDThGx8QgEB/CVjaQYPS3zklcgh0ioAlMp0KkmAgAIHOEbC0gwalc1NFQBDoJwFLZPqZDVFDAAJNEbC0gwalqRnADwQGTsASmYGnTXoQgMCJBCztoEE5ESy7QwACWwKWyMAHAhCAQBEBSztoUIqo8RkEIFCagCUypQ0wEAIQGCUBSztoUEZZDiQNgeoJWCJTvScsQgACQyJgaQcNypBmmVwg0CIBS2RaDAnXEIBADwhY2kGD0oPJI0QI9IGAJTJ9iJ0YIQCB9ghY2kGD0t6c4BkCgyJgicygkiQZCECgcgKWdpzQoDzLavF7mUzO5OruyQj4B1lcvJLJqyu5e04NKWFjtZCLyUReXd1J0oQc8iEiJ9sYU5xN5FrCx8F5LWGjiXnvRJwN1XhqCQfbLJEJhuxedmTuDtZHR+IcU40dnJO+6D21k1/39hZLO05oUGxnfAIBCIyPgCUy4yNBxhCAwDEELO2gQTmGImMhAAGTgCUy5g58AAEIQEBELO2gQaE8IACBSghYIlOJcYxAAAKDJWBpBw3KYKecxCDQLAFLZJqNAm8QgEDfCFjaQYPSt5kkXgh0lIAlMh0Nl7AgAIGOELC0gwalIxNEGBDoOwFLZPqeF/FDAAL1ErC0gwalXu5Yh8BoCFgiMxoAJAoBCLyIgKUdNCgvwslOEIBATMASmXgc7yEAAQiEBCztoEEJKfEaAhB4MQFLZF5skB0hAIFRELC0gwZlFNNPkhCon4AlMvV7xgMEINBnApZ20KD0eVaJHQIdImCJTIdCJBQIQKCDBCztoEHp4GQREgT6SMASmT7mQswQgEBzBCztoEFpbg7wBIFBE7BEZtBJkxwEIHAyAUs7aFBORosBCEDAEbBEBjoQgAAEighY2kGDUkSNzyAAgdIELJEpbYCBEIDAKAlY2kGDMspyIGkIVE/AEpnqPWERAhAYEgFLO2hQhjTL5AKBFglYItNiSLiGAAR6QMDSDhqUHkweIUKgDwQskelD7MQIAQi0R8DSDhqU9uYEzxAYFAFLZAaVJMlAAAKVE7C0gwalctQYhMA4CVgiM04aZA0BCJQlYGkHDUpZgoyDAAQKCVgiU7gTH0IAAqMnYGkHDcroSwMAEKiGgCUy1VjHCgQgMFQClnbQoAx1xskLAg0TsESm4TBwBwEI9IyApR00KD2bSMKFQFcJWCLT1XiJCwIQ6AYBSztoULoxP0QBgd4TsESm94mRAAQgUCsBSztoUGrFjnEIjIeAJTLjIUCmEIDASwhY2kGD8hKa7AMBCOQIWCKTG8gGCEAAAgEBSztoUAJIvIQABF5OwBKZl1tkTwhAYAwELO1INihuMD8woAaoAWqAGqAGqIEmaiDViOUalNQgtkEAAhCAAAQgAIEmCdCgNEkbXxCAAAQgAAEIlCJAg1IKE4MgAAEIQAACEGiSAA1Kk7TxBQEIQAACEIBAKQI0KKUwMQgCEIAABCAAgSYJ/B+rvZWFSf+twwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline <strong>one </strong>laboratory methods of distinguishing between solutions of citric acid and hydrochloric acid of equal concentration, stating the expected observations.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>7</sub> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>−</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>H<sub>2</sub>O <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">weak acid <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>partially dissociated<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak acid <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>equilibrium lies to left<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak acid <em><strong>AND</strong> K</em><sub>c</sub>/<em>K</em><sub>a</sub><1 ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any one of:</em><br>«electrical» conductivity <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>HCl greater ✔<br>pH <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>citric acid higher ✔<br>titrate with strong base <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>pH at equivalence higher for citric acid ✔<br>add reactive metal/carbonate/hydrogen carbonate <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>stronger effervescence/faster reaction with HCl ✔<br>titration <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>volume of alkali for complete neutralisation greater for citric acid ✔<br>titrate with strong base <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>more than one equivalence point for complete neutralisation of citric acid ✔<br></span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">titrate with strong base <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>buffer zone with citric acid ✔<br></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept “add universal indicator </span></em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>AND</strong></span> <em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">HCl more red/pink” for M2. </span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept any acid reaction </span></em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>AND</strong></span> <em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">HCl greater rise in temperature. </span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept specific examples throughout. </span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Do <strong>not</strong> accept “smell” or “taste”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Benzoic acid, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH, is another derivative of benzene.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw the structure of the conjugate base of benzoic acid showing <strong>all</strong> the atoms and <strong>all</strong> the bonds.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The pH of an aqueous solution of benzoic acid at 298 K is 2.95. Determine the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution, using section 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Formulate the equation for the complete combustion of benzoic acid in oxygen using only integer coefficients.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest how benzoic acid, <em>M<sub>r</sub></em> = 122.13, forms an apparent dimer, <em>M<sub>r</sub></em> = 244.26, when dissolved in a non-polar solvent such as hexane.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"> <strong>[<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">✔</span>]</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Note:</strong> <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept Kekulé structures.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Negative sign must be shown in correct position- on the O or delocalised over the carboxylate.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1:</strong></em><br>[H<sup>+</sup>] «= 10<sup>−2.95</sup>» = 1.122 × 10<sup>−3</sup> «mol dm<sup>−3</sup>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«[OH<sup>−</sup>] = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1.00 \times {{10}^{ - 14}}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^2}{\text{ d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 6}}}}{{1.22 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}{\text{ mol d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1.00</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>14</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1.22</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> mol d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 8.91 × 10<sup>−12</sup> «mol dm<sup>−3</sup>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></em><br>pOH = «14 − 2.95 =» 11.05 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«[OH<sup>−</sup>] = 10<sup>−11.05</sup> =» 8.91 × 10<sup>−12</sup> «moldm<sup>−3</sup>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept other methods.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH(s) + 15O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 14CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">correct products <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">correct balancing <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«intermolecular» hydrogen bonding <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept diagram showing hydrogen bonding.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most failed to score a mark for the conjugate base of benzoic acid as either they didn’t show all bonds and atoms in the ring and/or they did not put the minus sign in the correct place. Some didn't read the question carefully so gave the structure of the acid form.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students could correctly calculate the hydroxide concentration, but some weaker students calculated hydrogen ion concentration only.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students earned at least one mark for writing the correct products of the combustion of benzoic acid but the balancing appeared to be difficult for some.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few students answered this question correctly, thinking benzoic would bond with the hexane even though it was a non-polar solvent. It was very rare for a student to realize there was intermolecular hydrogen bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>When heated in air, magnesium ribbon reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction in (a)(i) was carried out in a crucible with a lid and the following data was recorded:</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible and lid = 47.372 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon before heating = 53.726 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and product after heating = 56.941 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>When magnesium is burnt in air, some of it reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitride according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">3 Mg (s) + N<sub>2 </sub>(g) → Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The presence of magnesium nitride can be demonstrated by adding water to the product. It is hydrolysed to form magnesium hydroxide and ammonia.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Most nitride ions are <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the block of the periodic table in which magnesium is located.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify a metal, in the same period as magnesium, that does <strong>not</strong> form a basic oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount of magnesium, in mol, that was used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the percentage uncertainty of the mass of product after heating.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Assume the reaction in (a)(i) is the only one occurring and it goes to completion, but some product has been lost from the crucible. Deduce the percentage yield of magnesium oxide in the crucible.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Evaluate whether this, rather than the loss of product, could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an explanation, other than product being lost from the crucible or reacting with nitrogen, that could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate coefficients that balance the equation for the following reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">__ Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s) + __ H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → __ Mg(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(s) + __ NH<sub>3 </sub>(aq)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> and in NH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving reasons, whether the reaction of magnesium nitride with water is an acid–base reaction, a redox reaction, neither or both.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of subatomic particles in this ion.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some nitride ions are <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>. State the term that describes the relationship between <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup> and <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons why atoms are no longer regarded as the indivisible units of matter.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the types of bonding in magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide, and how the valence electrons produce these types of bonding.</p>
<p><img 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j7c9v5T72lRfLf9S6P+O1f7cp+c1st+bf5xfP+npZ9QO1ov7IRyPyD3yb3tp4aY95Wy82Z3uo/Khu25Z1FJGSzoJc/paqDqLISn3RoSNedcFfM6nQDlCpVq1sU963p+4FFxbt3DuzZErZ4cC2+7PKbWDM0P5OAYNfmyuLV+csnJX9oVbFv89qXGkovw/eKoiYeWjONaFYNGfSouvvTUGDJ+RlxXXxf1y78TV47bJ/995apGnRV3PLw0FtZ/qXAxVqjkLv18jBuafwuabeen/jZOL2lxEbE+NmzqpTXEmItiSf25cVj+OlVDj4zzC6/bqYXwxtfjDyWHoGXd/bGovVVfYZdNvCZuvWpyjBqUv+lBo+LYmf8Qcw6uiTPnLyxs79J44Ftn5TcmhQ/op++Pb7RXbjVxwTX/ULK/94yhNZ+OS685r+SD6Z649+n+7K7M21PrBfRDt0yN0W1ls115OSx84E+7IW676m+jpu2cysrx7IVx9/xPdJz7lUxe1+dzKrto/XYsLG0FNea8WPDFT5dsy+iYdNWNsXBiT3XnzlDeAq45Xln/72UtBPrSZT9Xtk+S76d5dTzSWHKeb3k27r215OJ15ty49LOHt9etVUMPj6lfnBsXlFxAfmP5s73fEMFO9/t4evk9nQKUqUu+Gle2l9fsOuD4mFW/uNP1T/MD98TD7S27B8UHRn4wXy7oFIw2x/pnnir8t0zzK/HL37TdhJQFrNXj4ria9+QP+lGqrrpkdpxZeinysw2xqf173P6+Btgzhh07qaQOK9zc3L6q7MuqX8YT9z6TPygo31dVo2PatxpiceF67brCjd+QqbPjonHD8u3LjuUn4qwzDi0+avV6NG74bS/jwpboj7ptl1/LFfR3Hd3vnwFl5215WS6On/4PsaC90Ufh/uTW++Pp9vOycLO+fHHc2X5iDo0J9TfGlZNH51/Wtp73M7LjULiJn1coTwuXNMQd00fnZWn7VU+8NOafdUDXL4W7nF8DeW3zWrz82Mv5csGoo+ITH207zzPZ/dWFcfHUsYVy9qVC+fpq3LXqso4QeLtk5eSGuH7GkSV17+S48rZrYkL7my283W5apHcoHMt/+p/x2dGJr586lcuCrCHL7WX3jcedH9ffu6AkbCyvh16LR5feXnLvWF6+09vdb8qHMSneC18Wk0a1vf/sPZ0TF18yLkZPnVc4VjfE4oe/EtNG5V+a77bXa6n92npP3rFby+vvHa0XdrTc9/dnZEped/VS/jqfN7tTXVOw5cn45pcfzx9kyvdbtt/L85xyA1FnkbEHezLogJh2y71dZ8NOysYkObfC8Tt3jk7dMtqVX4wXzv3vPxPrizVt+XAEj8eC488oDia8on2yhNYxXJ9ePDtOnjw5Ptl+IvdVVpkdE5MmnxGzFq+IBeUBbNWfxpA//5P8QSWq46AzJsQhZcFS1Yix8del34T/1+bY0txWQ5WHxcNj0hlHx7DyN5TdfKz4biyYPqWwvcd0XIyXd/fd++g4ZmzHd4mtCu9z7FFxfPs29DBuGXQr7y51eWpspq7dzk+felT7hV6HwTF6yhmdwsSu33aW2p5z6s34zauvlGxLNpneyVFTHvhW/UV8vPDa3X/o7ySDj4izLjkqf1B+sZQp297qCTF9woge6rT0Pun6fkrP8/KA9kNx/F+P6XqjOGhMHDPhQ/mD1LbCLtClJfbJ8Zlj2sK2EoXyevLU0jJf2rK7bLzO0mC05d/ihdW/bF2uLlxfXP6J1uVOLR4712nVUz4eNf1+Qd/NuV09ON5beinSqb7bBdcAvQw/Ut5lP7mvCjd94wrXayfPvjWebm9x1maPePeQ7Q2m+6NuG4hruf6uo3fBZ0DZeTtkwlExtrwsx5AY+9dHd7R46/QlX9mNdqeu8x2qRk2Pex+4OqYVytOkcaMSgWdf7R1H/M1hXY9V0e50bbNP7H/0/vlywXNXxsQT58bShvtKJurZJ8ZdvSJumV3Ylsmf6Ahdtlvh/X7yoC77uGrY0XF6aZ1Q/mVtF4fH3xyRqMO7lMtsv5wax3TZ7kIdNvoT8bfd1UMtv4tfvlDaWv24OPfMQ3vf7v7y2zXxeKc6MXUvvFeMmn57fP/qvyscq5NiXHuwujtfr6XKQ1XhI2pI4c6+w5u/29JxzuxwvbCj5X4A7pO7q7u6nDel47HvTnVNoRT+5tV4sWNjIsZ/Nj5dU77fuuY5nQ1EnUWma11LZ8Vvba6O72dN329cGPPam/J3Y0fGCe2T6thv5H9PX9gMHhmHfazkrH19Q/zqtdbvqar2Ozamd2oR1jqY8JzphZM/6/LXr2O6tkQ2O96KhmyGu/NjTg/jeHT1J/HnQ/609wLb/Hr8R3sF9UZs2rA+X858MEZ+ILnH0sovGF6/IU4fWdZFMtFNsvmFV+M3/X78efvJWrLPjlNmfbvz4OLlk6/01O28y414T8NhbM85tTX+bf2v8uXM/nHUAamW6VUx+COHxhH5o/5THuKU3WSUtdpKX2SX+lD89dgPJPZJ1/fT3LQ5vxArD5TXxE1TDupaT+x7UJy+aE3+bwo6tcSDXWPb+mfigfbCWrjw77YldteW3aXd8zuP11kSrG7991i/Lv8Doz4SRxz1V/n5+Xo8+fT61humTp+tPVzL7FTbUd/tkmuAnoYf6dplv6LhDTLF2X8bYsWS+fG5WfflT/ZVf9RtA3At1+91dP9/BpTfbG9edEp8pMvrl8/yXTJR27bfxoaflRTSUSPiA11Clv4wNPYfXh4K5Hara5vCtcSEUzu3nMwmfJk1I2qz+S4K+7Y4E3fDTpw1fO+PxkEjUu93SHzksIPz5cwf4jebe+iZt/eI+OA+qUETynsB9DDee5d6qOTLrtI6PXNwTez/vtTfK9/u/rFt04boaEvb18+P3fl67T0x5N29Tzfdce25E+qFHS33A3Gf3G3dVV7+muLljfm73q3qmvKhjQrXYUePiffljzopz3M6GYA6i6Jd8cn59pCFqCdNiWlXr4jW8TWyLunzkmO8dO7e1l8qPGHLVQ2Pk+Zd2n3XitIxXSfOjWU7GKK2NDXG/Q3fiHkTDyicyPvFIcdPizmzupl9v0c9XIBVrLIPpnYt/xmvbyz5VKpUefN83tlKxgXr8pN9KVM/o6S7VHYK3hyLVpaMe/faxni59HuGPx8S7+72xN8rBr/3T/PlTE/DYWzPOfVG/EfTH/LlTA/nVPWQeH939cxO1DnE6fyNdudWW5UEDyNjxLBuLqj2GR77l17DtHfv3RZ/eH17uiD9Pl7/Q3cXZJBSOnZaNz/l4xJ2sq1QnWwouYnq5TqivFVmaZf2qg/Fx05u6w7eMWRGaTg7ZNzY2O+/7xsH5qdn2w1T5/Oypxv6nWk76rtdcg1QFYOP+duY016HlbR0Ke+yf/DZcdYx3Qyj1NIUjfdlX0xPar1ZzcbTnjW7m9n3K9UfddsAXMv1ex3d/58BLX94PUq/tqxMc/zq9f9MX8P3eB2xi+xW1zaFM3HYCTH3n7rvJluciXtWNmv4oXHi3G/veCDx0RExLFmM9yhcbozoaCnY16E22m2OX71UOot8T+dNeQvHkr/ZvDl+U1oNdnucCq8xZO9u91//6Ou98G58vdZtCN69nVEv7FC5H4j75O2pu3aruqalcEq93h6A91yG94o/G/rufLmrXV5nUdTX4kdRW5f0v4sFD7wQXQZZ7/OA/LtW1bBPxZdX3F5BK9pvxfyp1yZm9qtENpvvF+KQI06JWbMW5DPRVZeMP3N/LBzf7R0evDNkX8pMnhn/8pWzSj78mrpOWkL3OoU4hYuF9u5VZa22KhpX8fexWaAJFdgz3r/vfu31VuvwQG/Ehud/loezw2PiocNjj9KWE8UWHG92bnVRwQRub3tldVhbl9nOIXN3rYRbYuvaZXHugUfG6ReWfDHdPm7lD+KB+pNanwN6sGcMm3xlfHfJFb1MfpT1Erospu9oL8P/s1lDC3YDu7jcsxM5dgNBeJrQsm5JnFzS3Hzs3NU9jM2RBakfj09/8vD88fZqieYtm6PymHJ7v4nMZNs8rrUVbXE4gsIF9vWdW7+1a34obvnOc2WTsPTmzdjUcEWc1j6bb9tski+VjD/zZ8Xf7FoVTErVk71nxF3rEy19yn+emR01ffvykHe0RBf30hZe5S0ee7zgfiO2/O4/8+VMDy0pt8uQ+OABpV8U9XBOlbdW6DfddN3v0mW/knEVe2hdUP7NdbetRsbEBctfSNcNnX56m3UVdrbyFk3/VahOummZlmneEr/7r3w506nMl3Xrf/1n8cKGX5WMq9jWtbp0XK7n4umf/1tJV9Kehg3YDfXbNUBZHRa/ivX/9lpZl/10C92WTd+LS06e1z6DcPusvyXjVnbfbqWvdpe6bQev5fr9ffT/fhoy87vx8+Rrdv7pdhb8ThOj9ac+9OYY0GubNoNj1LjpseCBl+IXT3436vOJ2JK3Rw/cEXc929GOv8+6bX1X3kNg76gZ8b70ccx0ey1Sfr3W05fD5fegJX+z21435cpb1G2n8s+dHu3IvXDm7XW9tv31wk4q97viPnl76q7dqq7pS8vy8t5+KbuwzqJIeJpQ9f6ObmaZ5mU3xjcaeypsW2PThn/LlytQNnBwq75/6Gxe/XxsSJ38W9bH00+U3OX31BWgOBxB4QJ7yuy45eVChZaFqZ0myGqOtd98LH7Rp4rqt/HU/T/ueC/VE+Jvp/9VYmDm/rZXDBsxMl/OlIx/Uok9hschJ5aMe5I8brCjWmLrpl9Fpxpk+N4dXUr2eF+M+GjJp37ZhCKddJkMpruxqbbXHvHuvUtbb/4yfvz8vyXCl5bY8vNn4sn8UX/rPJZza9f9/+hzl/1M5e9nyAHDo7UDbXWMPPTwkguV/4zfbdmRG3voP3sMGxE1+XL2+d79ZAiJyUbKx+XqNDbYy/H4/72649qjfTy/vWLE2I/mNwqvxYv/+nQ81zahVOEMOnDf9+6+F6K78BqgfPiRB575STxXOsFPsoXutvjtT1fFQ+3HqFDPTT21fdbfHbe71G07eC3X7++j//fTHiMPjYkdf6DzpDGVKL+OKJkLYcDsVtc2XVUNrYlP5hOxPf/qhvjFk3fF/E499hpj2Y//dfuDu+IXTqn3uzl+/vRz+XJme4e6KD9vSsdTLlc+oU7JePZVfxp7Dy8pfBVvd2+6OU96+eK982dY4a++tLHwyVKpt9f12g7XCwl9KvcDcZ+8PefNblbXVL177/hgvpypOM/pRb/XWRQJT1PKBwsuFLabpkyLeUt+UDZeRDYB0upYOndanL6oY/jqLpOolH/wpAaebtkU//uHT+UPKvTcffH9Lt8gvBmbVq0oueEpfFSceGiMbDvvi+NiNcSK5XVx7v5TY+m6ssojC1PPnFIyK952KB+YPqFl09Pxwz5UCNtnj3jfATUlrTlej1W3r4x1XSqozdFYd2acOPcbsaLTLHWD4gMjS6q35nti0fJ13Vx4wPbYEutWfzOuvexrncalqz5o33h/e+1cNqNi4QL4rmWPR1OXgrgl1i7/TuewY6e36ipvIdUcL3znoXi2dIKrTMuv40eF53f0Iq5iZbPhN7+wLp55oWR25p7GCuyk8H6+/LWuQ5V0eT95l+TiclUM+sCI2K+4nNkYd9bdn6hnYDfwvjFxVHtIV/DcvfGtRzd1/VzbuibuXVZa5lMtH0snGXk9nrz73vhpvkLpdUfHDV7h/Lrqkrim7UuNiobSGEi78BqgalThhufU9jps8w9uj9vbr5GGxoSzj03U5eUTKSVsz7Vlu92lbtvRa7n+fh+7YD8N+u8xclTHedu8bHHcW3793qPy64hHYsmDryTO+6eifuIphfud5YV9+GisK/9s36l2p2ub7PYom6OhIe6tOyfGTlrS5fhVDT08Pj1lXEmLsR31eCy8/sEu3WhbNj0Wd5WGN9WHxyEjS+rsipWfN9n12j3xaJdxD7OhPx6Mb3cKjEq+rCkfViQ7Tve/0KVHYpft7qL8y/fSiYvaFO5hn/xxz1+8l3+GrbwnftjlXCi8p8Yb48SJ2ezjhXve1evy7X2bXa/tcL2wo+V+IO6TKyx/nc6b3auu6fxlaUGFeU65XV9nkdnJxeHtYp84ZtrZJR84mWxW+vPj9CNGt3fnb50A6ewukx9VTzw1ji9tIVD13vjQQaU37oUPzGuXxNP5B1hL01Ox7PILY84DpQN7V6Ixbpp6cdQ/0vahsCXWNVwT58xqKLnhqYm/m3JI3uLqtVh9+Rlx+oWzY85FN8Sq5mw7bo1V7ReYBS1N8fRXvhrfKMk1O4WvXRRumH74dOuHf8vvo+m3hffUJSy+J6778vfyi7A3o6nx23HF5y4raS3Rf6pGfTJmTi0Jwp+7LmZdXjJochYm3/EvMW/Rk7F22YKYU5yl7u/zUHmvGDWlNs5sfyuFC4/5l8QVdzzVUeFuXRsr5k7KZ7RriPt3cIIt3oZWzo6jS4YB6fxzcEycfmU+JnCb8laShXJ46sy4oH08m+ZYu3RGfK60HG9dF6vq5pQMlVEw5ryYd+qonV7Jd27lWbDm+pg+65b2+qx4TmxXfdaLJ34c/7sYar4Zv236fdl5VtaF+Lllcd2tj+UP+njx09wQ8y7/eke9mO3bRQtiXun7GXNqnHxYx01Ar/VMsW6+Ik7c/5yoX164kL+vMXHRBrtA1ag45YrzSnqXPB/Lpn+h5HMt+1L44aifVRsLVraV+eoYPXNmnDKqvOVj5xvR5jVr8rFM944jDhvZUYeV3eC1qWwojQr0WDfsiF15DVBWh61bE2vbKvPqCXH6sX+RqMvLw4iNcee1N8aKvO7a/mvLDrtL3bZj13L9/z76fT+VhevZfcSCGVeXTOqanbeFz66Jfx3n1hVu/rvMsNx7WS6Wly9dHTetaSzc78wp7MNpMfEz3+w+WNrh8243urbZsjquODabo2F2XLxoZTQ/9/W4btHDncLjlqafxFe/cld0RBylX6Jun+YHro357X+nte694fJrS+6PCnXvOZ+Mw7aznqwaNTnmzSxpp7lmcdSefVVJuSmUy0dujotKhv7I7hsvuGJyjGr/k+WzeheO06IZcdENP8nLTmvZ6/2+rvM42cUy+OV/iZufyreleA5fVXYPm9DruZDdZ/6v1kYJxdnHC/e80yfHZ5esLf5+19dpifvknWVH64UdLvcDcZ+cl7+60vOmvPyVnze7131UVI2I48/uaPDRlufc2HYuFMtgeZ5TZoDqLCLe9ceCfLmL7OY+G5vinSkbt/PS+ERvlXi56smxcOW1MWlYabeplkIZvzKOnv7NPr1WNnbJk+3jkmyLpoaL4uhZ9xUfVSa74VkS35l9eLSN1NKyqSEuGD+78uAy9X4KJ+y8I86OO7u8RjYT8Pfilsn7xLoltTFx/uP585UYHmcu+W4sGNcWMm+NxrrT4/RFa/LH2bg0d3Udc2ZbY9Qffkrc1B72nhQLn7w+Jg3tqBpamh6Jq86eEcs6BVTdKd9nfS0HhYuO5bcVtvOd+T3PO7vOyDU1xLlHzI5V+cO+qp5YFw/ePDmGdfq0LlwcNN4cZ0y5vsKZk1PlcGedU4VtWfvtsovtCoyvi8cWT47SEbh69lqsnntK1C5LtGRIvlZ3//6omPfw4pjWJfjJlO+TSqTP8b7VrV3r5nci9UXvtjXWxRFTbsgvfts+Y/+i+Cip/PxNnitZC73PlfWY6cGYi+Kuu8+PmkGJW4iWtbH05CmxoH2IjEz5OZc6z8o/8/uikrphZ9V3u/IaIP2+qqfeHo9dPS457Eg2Rv8px19ZMjZq7zq/Xu/7acfqtp11HArbsUPXcv1fR/f7fmrZGCvOP6PyMLzLeftmNK2+Lj43ffF2XkdUct79OlbUfirmrGw7kF2PY2e7y7VN3+/50tdqPejy9yuQqnvLrzF7u7bKWhOfNj1u2s7zplU2CfClnYOlXiU+r7q9f+xBNo7mU2VjZLZsitVXfiFql3ZuvNStsv3Y79drvd4nF/ZJeXlIvc+CztcABeXHe4fqhZ1R7vv5M3J77qmS1yy7031UwdaXYmmnL6krsYvrrHegSu5L7L5u5TOY3XZReiKllDFnxcIVV5YFp5mqGHzM5+OGaT3Mbl89PmbeWRfnVdxd/qS4bvlXY2q3s6sVKvtpN8RtMztX9q0z7df1MitbLtumpZfGSeXvp8uwBm3aJp/IvuH5nzFvfA8xSbav7l5Y8m1V6ziFJW1gd5qqocfF5bff0MO+alPYZ1OvifpzPlqyz/JyUH9WSUud7oyNM+v/KWq366YJslPu0vjGFSckPtiqYlDN+fGdhys4d7Nz6+HbK78w6bPCtow+Pa4q1A3d141D49j5NxTqgB0Z/6O0S3CZ5GDv3fz7Ps3mPSbOq/9qzOy27ur+HK+8bk3VM7ArDYma2bfHA71+rmVltS4e6HITUqJLl86C6v3iQ+8vvW4oH2cu0zah1Pboa92wI3blNcB74rApp5b9nZ7Ha64aNSW+NP8T6X1RlG3T0lhY0tKqefmPonFL5Ttpd6nbduxarv/fR7/vp6pCWbhuSeFY9nAv0Sa7DrhhWtl5u2cMHXdx3LakdjvLcn+cd7vLtU1fzvPCEez2Wq0P9q6NhXf2cB2VPIbbYdDhMevu5RWUm+yYL+8mJBwco8+6Ir5xUXoimqLqT8S82+bFsfnDpMEfi/O/0lP5yyYY/mosPH9M/rgbVcNi3BVfjcU93Ve3SezHfj9Xe71P3ol2qF7YGeV+V35G7h3HXv/tno/7mNpYfPvnE+fN7nQfVTDogPjs1df3cL+R7e95cUvh8z1tAOosiuzCHg2OUcddGLf89KFYXL8w5qUqpurxccH1dbFwyUPx7ANXxqRR3VziZhX9lXfEA0u+HBeUnijF9b8ad626OS48vG9NqauGjY/5dzcUtm1ep4qgevyMuG5JQ3znyuMSkzQVKo9Rk2PB9x+Ju25Mv6fi+oWL7Qd++vXCNg1NFJJ9YtxV3ymbWCpbrzamj81n0S9UCtNuubfwNzpvW4z5TMzLXvvuK2LSRw/oPFZLHy/o+yK76J5ffM9f6rz/M/kxrF/+SNx39eQY1aXCLZSDQgV1XzaL3fUzul7oFN9T4Rg+eXcsmDy6bx+wULw4mxcLb/xuPHTLeT1M9tHzuVs8bwuv8dj3e6iHdprCTdjh58XXVhXOifml9UDhwnfmlwrn0r3xtemH7uA4O1UxeNxl8dDyazrXIdn5evbYxAzShX9/2Cfj7zpdFPV9vKI9hh8dF2Z1V33puZ69ry/H4ofv6OEcLz0+iXomu2icv7CHegZ2pZLPtbJriI7zuJKyWj4OcsHHDo2PdOpmWjg3P3JoHJE/KurTlxrl+lo37KhddQ1QqEMOmRCnl46FVjZESFeDY/T0RYV9cXPZZ0JW39TlddZfxv6dxqVbHY80/j5/UIndp27bsWu5/n4fu2A/DRodk66+Ox5b/tXEjMod1xLdXwdkAepl3Zbl1uv/7spyf513pfttIK9teqoTM631Yna/98Tinq7VKlUdH8yvoxaWHstiOc7vk3bW+y0pNws7XbMVFP9eBfVX1dA4bMbNXeuatvVXLYppB/RUV2Wy8vc/4zsPLy0rvyXXjjOOjg9WcjNcvK/u7lzIj1W35aa/z9UK7pN3ph2qF3ZGud+F98lVH8zzlLpEOczOm/8Z494S91HZKXVk6/1GWVbSth0P3XJW7D/kv+XPpuzqOouMbvvATqPOYEB16ULcU5f9TIVdcOgX6gsA3hEq7KYNwMDQbR+Ad4iW2PLot2NhydiL1VNr4+Rug1MAAADonfAUgLe4bLbN78V1195TMnB6z2MFAgAAQCWEpwC8JWUzTZ+874gYue9+ccjxs+PO0tlkex0rEAAAAHonPAXgLanq3UPiz/PlTrJZX+t3wiy1AAAAvOO5swTgrWmf4bH/3vlyUTZD6s2ts76O1mEfAACAHWe2fWCnUWcAlVJfAAAAA81s+wAAAAAA20l4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEh41x8L8uVORu47Il8CAAAAAHh7Wv/qhnypq27D00wWoPa0MkApdQZQKfUFAAAw0Cq5L9FtHwAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAbylbo7HuhBi574jCz4xY0bQtf75y2xrr4rDi+jVxbsOv82cr91Zfv/ACUX9otn7hp7YhmvKnK/ZWX3+Hy9BAr7/jZUAZVAadA84B54Ay+M4ug/SF8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQ8K4/FuTLXWTNf9e/uiF/BNAzdQZQKfUFAAAw0Cq5L9HyFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAICEXRyeboumhhkxct8R7T9j566OLflve/dGrFsytWT9E6K+cWv+O3bM1misO6F1v9Y2RFP+LAAAAAC8Uw14y9Pm5T+Kxi0t+aNetPwynrj3mfwBAAAAAED/Gfhu+82r45HG3+cPetbyyk+i4bnm/BEAAAAAQP8ZwPB0eIwes3fh/xtjxcoXK+i6/0a88vjKeCGqY78xIwv/ZecaFDWzfxDrX90Q6xdPjqH5swAAAADwTjWA4en+ceoZE4ohaEVd99u77B9aWO+Y2LP1WQAAAACAfjGA4el/i/cceVxMKqanvXfdb+uyXz21Nk4ZOyh/FgAAAACgfwzsmKd/dlAcN2V4YaG3rvub49n774sXYnhMGn9gDM6f7dHWdbG64TtRX3tkyez82c+kmLekIVav63mggJamxrh/ydw4sX29A+LEud+I+xubomVbY9Qf2vr8YXWNsS1fJwpLTQ0zWv/9oXXRuK2lsBmPxorE66xYvS625mulvRlNjQ/GvXXnxNj2dUfE2Nq6uPe+xmjqqaFuS1M03tf1vRfXbXg01m1NrdzdbPsl72nfGbGiqePddvbrWFFb0/P6xX3Sum9XdHpfR8a5dQ3R2PRmvk6231bH0rmT8t9nP9lxW93NtgMAAADAzjfAE0a9J2rGj+u96/6WZ+PeWxsjqsfFcTXvyZ/szpvR9NTX4ty/nBC1s74YN63siPFaPR93zp8dtcd/Nuav3hRd/2Jh/dXXxElHnBKz5n8r1ubPFrYw1i5bELOmnBzn3f7T+F3+bPea41c/+uc44/hpMSfxOnOmT44z6p5KB6gtm2L1FafF0VO+EBcvWllYo0Pzyhvi4gtPiaNPvCJWpALgrS/F0nNPjtMv7Prei+vOmhYT//L8WLq291Fmd75sn7Tu2zmd3ldTrFo0O04/+7pY3fRarF1yfnzs+LNjwbLn899nsuN2dkw87eZoFKACAAAAsAsMcHhaFYNrPt5L1/2W2NL4o1jRHFE95eNRM7jnTW7Z9IO4atq1saq5OkZPvSIWP/xc6yRI2c+//iTuWvCZGF38l8/Hsr//ejzaKbBtia1r74rL/35xMeysHj8jFi7/SfyiuP7aeGz5NXHmmC2x6ppr487XW9fo1uuLY845i+NX4y+KW9q34ZV49uG6wmsU33CsXfSlWNy4ufXft9scjYsujNqlWXA4Ns6cf3s88OIr+frZNtTFBeOHRqz5ZsyZdEWs2NTWWjNTWPfWy2NBFppWj48Lbnsonm177+3bX/jbzQ/GgkuWx7pdnUEW98m3Izodl+figfqzWo/Jmm/HdXMvjovmPxtHzKyLu55c2/pvCsftf100vnWSsDVfiwX3rEuE3gAAAACwcw1weFow+MBeuu7/PhpXro7mirrsvxaPfqUuHsqaNI45LxZ88awYN6pkjaqhUfPZuVE//6jWx+WBbcuv45H6m2NVcf2LYkn9zJhUMzTfSXvG0Jq/jStvvyGmFsPP3lVPrIsHb7kwjm3fhqoYNGpyXHnbNTGh+BI/jx8//5uSILAltjbeEfMWNRaWa+KC5UtjwfRxMWpQ22HKtmFyzLrlO7Fw4tDC9jfEvK880bHPtv1rPPrNbN3qOOiSf4gZx42KjtFhs3U/HRdfemprCPncynjilTeKv9mVqideE7deNb3kuAyOUZMvjIunZmWgOdau/GnEzBvi+tmTo2ZoPi1Y4bgddsG8WJC958K/eeGxNfHb1t8AAAAAQL8Z+PA09oljpp0dBxWWkl33t7wYjyzfGBV12W/7t1l4eMaEOKQ9dCy1V4wY+9EYUlz+Q/xmc0eA2PLKqljyQNbVfXiceemZUZNYv2rox+OitgCyR8Nj0hlHx7DEJlQNHRN/NSp7heZ4Zf2/l3Td/308vfye1lavUy+Mv6tp3couqobHSRd9vvt91uV121TF4HFXxvPFFp/LYtqovfLnd5Xu9smg+MDID+bLh8bpnzyoJPTNVb0nPvjhvVuXf7YhNnU39CoAAAAA7CS7QXha2Ij9jozJB1dH1677feuyH4PHxYKXs2Dwpbh3+uhu31zVu/eOtqiuw7b47UuN8UK22GNQWxWDP3JoHJE/6t7BcdhHugs//zSG/PmfFBebmzZH+9if2zbGs9/Pwt/eW9lWvX/fOLCYvz4Vz67PX2GP4XHIiVkLzsLTy86PM7OJqbqdIGogdLdP9oh3D8n3d/V+8aH35y1OAQAAAGAA7RbhaVR9KD528qGFhfKu+33pst+94sz5DQ2xIvtZMjdOOv7K1pC0kzdi04b1rYujRsQHkq1Wc/sMj/3zRpDdqt47/qy6j7v3tY3xcnEs1Y1x5/TDS2aaT/yMPTvuLGamTfHyxrZxU/eJYy64PB9WIJ+YKpsg6sD9YuT+50T98oa4v7Fp4MYLrWSf/MmQGNzX/QYAAAAA/WA3San2iv2OGt+1G3pfuuy3a4mt6x6Ne+vOibF50PjhbOb8WbNjTvbTaeb7bvz5kHj3ju6ZAQoBq4YeF/PvbojF18+IY0vHFmheGTddNDtmTTkyPpwFqY+sS8/0358EowAAAAC8hew2SVbXrvt97LJf9GY0rf7nOOP4aXHxopUd3eGLs9YvjIX1dbFwyUPR+PAVxaC2WwM+puaYuGD5C/ls9L39NMYtk/8iXy83aFSMmzI7bnl5Q/ziye9Gff3CmDd1bP7LgixI/dxZcUnDxoFrhQoAAAAAu7ndpxlgl677fe+y37LpB3HV3y+OtVEdo6deE3c9uTYPGFfEgulTYtLkyTFp3Kio/sPr8at8nQ57xbARI1sX/2tzbGnuIVZs716/k1UPifcXW4uWdsXfMVVDa+KTk6fEtKtXFPbDc/HAkivizGK3/qZ46B9vi0e7TDa1nVr+Mzb/n//KHwAAAADAW99u1Ie6rOv+r5/rY5f9bfHbn66Kh7LmptWnxsWXfDpqhqYmHnojNjz/s+gaTe4R7zugprVFapeJq0q1xJafPxNP5o92qsEHxnFTsgmfXo9Vt6+MdT3kmi3rlsTJxWEJpsbSdW8Un9vWWBeHlT3X2eAYNe6suPjSU6OY0Ta/Hv/RU0jcF1v/Pdav62jrCwAAAABvdbvVAJQdXfcfim/OX9zHLvuVaWl6PL71nWfyR51V7XdsTJ84tLC0Me689s5oTM1Sv/Vn8Y1r7ykZEmBnek/UjB/XGmw+9/W47psvpcclbdkY913/9dZJrw4eHx/bb6/i03uMPDQmFld+Ju66/4VuxjR9M37z6iut27/3iPjgPnsUn+3eHrHP8BHROkf+U/HDJzcluvpvjsbbbswnsAIAAACAt4fdKjzt6LrfFI+ufLJPXfY7txz9Zsy46JZ4uunN4m+Ktq6L1cvr4rxja2PZmraU7/Vo3PDbaB/etGp4nDTv0piQBZBrro/ps26OVeva5v5/M5oavx3zTpseN7Wvv7NVxeBjPh83TMvGJ22KVfNr46K6hmhsfx/ZZFirY+nlF8acB5oKj2vigismx6i2ozj4Y/GFf5oc1YU9t3bRjLJ1C7J9sOTqmDX/8cKD6jho5glxSG/ZacEeHz46n8E/6+q/IG4omWyqpakxVtRdHNMXvRajx+ydPwv0VUfL8Zo4t+HX+bN9sK0x6g9tnSRvZG1D4Wzto4Fev1CrNNad0Lr+vjNiRVNfB55+q68PfbHj5W1H65y3+vo7XGepcwe8zlQGlcF39vo7XgadA84BZfCdXgbpi90rPC3pul908Nlx1jH75A96VzVqSnxp/ieKLTebV14bnz5idGtByn4OnBC1F90Qqz70mZh/9+K4LGvhWvDm77Z0akVaNeyEuPwrtTG6sNy88vo49/iD89cYHUdPuSzuXDM4jr3s0jizmBPuHTUj3hcV5I+VqxoW4y7+ciwsTvDUFKsWzY7T29/HfnHI8WfHgmXPR1SPj5l33xwzalrbhLbaM4Z96uKO8LXTuvk+mP+t1jFhp90QXz1rdGUFYNBHo/aa84r7pHWyqQlxSP6aHz7ilJiz6Lcxqf5f4uIJWatdAAAAAHh72M3C08IGtXXdz1pGnnxk7NenLRwco6cvioeW39x5dvksLJw6Lxbe+N147PtXx9TD/0f8zdkTWkPWbHzVTpMm7RlDx10W92Wz1M//TGtgWJS9xhWx+OEfxi1n/2W8N3+2XwwaHZOuvjseW/7VuG7m+OJ2tqseHxdc/9W4a9XNceHhQ7sewCx8vbKbdWNsnDl/YdQvfyTuu/K4GFrxvq2KQTUXJvbJ0Dh25pcL++SOWDB5TIUthAEAAADgreFdfyzIl7vIWhZms9VTZsvqmHfE2XFn895xbP334pbJf5H/At7Z1BlApdQXAADAQKvkvmS3a3k6kDrGzDgh6hvT0y1lWn7zarxY7Ou/fxx1QOXDCgAAAAAAbx3C0xJ7DBsRNcWlX8bDP14T6ZnuN8Wjy+5tnel+zF/FQf99z+LTAAAAAMDbi/C01NCj42+nDi8stM1W/3Cs29o2HmrbTPdfiNqlzxceD40Jn58UhwyyCwEAAADg7ciYp+W2vhRLZ9XGgpVN+RMpY+PM+i/HpZNHx6D8GcAYhkDl1BcAAMBAM+bp9hh0QExb/MN4YEld2Yz9BW0z3T95dywQnAIAAADA25qWp8BOo84AKqW+AAAABpqWpwAAAAAA20l4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAvKVsjca6E2LkviMKPzNiRdO2/PnKbWusi8OK69fEuQ2/zp+t3Ft9/cILRP2h2fqFn9qGaMqfrthbff0dLkMDvf6OlwFlUBl0DjgHnAPK4Du7DNIXwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAwrv+WJAvd5E1/13/6ob8EUDP1BlApdQXAADAQKvkvkTLUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAECC8BQAAAAAIOFdfyzIlzsZue+IfAkAAAAA4O1p/asb8qWuug1PM1mA2tPKAKXUGUCl1BcAAMBAq+S+RLd9AAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgC8pWyNxroTYuS+Iwo/M2JF07b8+cpta6yLw4rr18S5Db/On63cW339wgtE/aHZ+oWf2oZoyp+u2Ft9/R0uQwO9/o6XAWVQGXQOOAecA8rgO7sM0hfCUwAAAACABOEpAAAAAEDCu/5YkC93kTX/Xf/qhvwRQM/UGUCl1BcAAMBAq+S+RMtTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABJ2i/C0pakx7m/4RsybeECM3HdEx8/+50T98oa4v7EpWvJ/CwAAAACwKwxseLp1bayYOyk+fMQpMWvWgrhzTXP+i1zzyrjpotkxa8qRcUjtjbFq3Zb8FwAAAAAA/WvAwtOWpkdi/mlTYs6y5/Nneta88vo49/jPxvzVm7RCBQAAAAD63YCEp1lwetXZM2JZe0vToXHszC9F/fKfxC9e3RDr859fPPndqL9+Rhxbnf+zeD6WTb8wbmjcnD8GAAAAAOgfAxCevhaP3nRVe3BaPf7S+F9P/jhumX1GfLJmaKcNqhpaE5+cMjtu+emDsXDq2PzZxrjpsjuicav2pwAAAABA/9nl4WnLuvtj0bKNrQ/GXBRL6s+Nw4bu2fq4O4NGx6SrboyFE4e2Pl7ztVhwzzrd9wEAAACAfrOLw9M34pXHV8YLxeWauOCaz0bNoAo3oWp4nDTv0phQ7MLfHC/c+5N4pZietsTWxhvjxOIM/QfEiXVPxdbs6XItG2PFF47MZ/GfHSs2vVl4bm0snZTP8D9pSazrIY1tWbckTi7+jamxdN0b+bO5lqZovO8bMW9i/lrZz8S5sfS+xmhq2RqNdSe0PndoXTRuy9fp5M1oanww7q07J8a2rV/4GVtbF/cWXyP/Z+WaGuLc4r89IeobC+9667pY3ZDYjoZHY52WugAAAADQJ7s2PG35ZTxx7zOtywefFCceMqR1uUJVw46O06cMb33w3Mp44pUsxKyKQTWfjQUzawrLzbF20ZdicZcxUd+MTd+ri3kPNBWWh8aEf5odJw3bs7DqqDh59qlRzGPbXy+lJPQ9eHx8bL+9is9mihNfnXhcnH7hgrizfQzXgjXfigUXnhITzr09nvvd/5M/mdCyKVZfcVocPeULcfGilYV30KF55Q1xceE1jj7xilixbkv+bNq2jQ/F/NMmR+2sxHbMmhYTT7vZUAcAAAAA0Ae7Njzd+u+xfl0+1ulB+8b7+/zX3xM148e1hp3xq1j/b21tTIdEzTlfjAvGZL8pHxO1JbauvSvm/2NDMZisnnhpzP3U8PyNV8Xgmo/HpOILPhMNj/8yPRRAe+hbHQedfGTs17bdW1+KO+bObR2/tXp8XFD/3XjsX9smuyr8zaljo3nl9XHNsvX5CuU2R+OiC6N26fOF5bFx5vzb44EXX8knzFobjy2viwvGD41Y882YM+mK1taySWvia7PmxLJffiwuuO2heLZt0q0XS8aKXfO1mHfrz9KtcgEAAACALnZteNq8OX6TN4rc872D8xC0L6qievCQaB0h9Q/xm80lLUUHfTRqrzkvRmfLpUHh1p/F4ln/HKuyvzumNm644oQYVvquBx8YxxVbs5YOBVCqJbY++1Dc9Vz2AofG5KM+lO+0N2PTysWxcGXWmrUmLlh2XcyaXBND89euGnp4TL3qq7F4WttEV+Wy4QbuiHmLGgvLhfWXL40F08fFqPZhDPaMoTWTY9Yt32kd67W5IeZ95Ynotv1p9eTCttwcs44bFYPypzqPFdsca1e/FP+u8SkAAAAAVGSXhqfbNm2ILCqM2DtqRrwv9igu980ew0ZE1kG/q6z7/ufj1vrJUd3efb/w9279UtxU7MaejbF6fozrMjlVSWvWZNf938fTy++JtdliaZf9lg3x8O0PtbZmnXph/F1NYgiCqmExbs7sODOZEne8brfrZ7KxXi/6fBxUWGxe/qNo3JJOP6unTIqPZ0MRlKt6X+z/V/u1Lq/bEP+m6z4AAAAAVGSXhqdV7947Plhc+q/4P5v/M91FvhcdAWzKnjHsU7NjQbGlZWPcNOXYOL3YsrM6Rs/8YtQmA8rSrvulQwHktrwYjyzfWFgYGhPOPrajy/5v18Tjxdaow2PS+ANjcOuzXQ0eGYd9bO/8QYltG+PZ72ev28v6BVXv3zcOzLav+al4dn32N8vtHUccNrKb19gj3j3kPa2Lza/HfzQLTwEAAACgErs4PB0Sf15cao5X1v/7doy/2RLNWzZH68if7473D+mYuKldp1n5c2POiwXnfLSjO3u59q77G2PFyhdLusa3xJbGH8WKYvPSCXH6sX/RvsM6QtwPxsgPdPvKBUPigwdkYW6Z1zbGy69nCxvjzumHd8yOn/oZe3bcWcxMm+LljeWTYWW62RcAAAAAwHbbpeFpvG9MHHVwa6rZ/MKr8Zs+N4L8fTSuXF3sKt9TaFk1tCb+5q/bAsvqGD3hiPhw+1iiKfvEMdPOTnSN7/h71VM+HjWDU6/xnhjy7u0ZgGBn+tN472DhKQAAAADsTLs2PK36UHzs5ENbl5+7Pb756Guty5Vq70JfUDr+aCdvxqbv1cW8B7KJnDJt45+mWmx2qNrvyJicBbvNq+ORxt+3Ptn+93rqWr8+NmwqHye1L8bEBctfyGfY7+2nMW6Z/Bf5egAAAABAf9q14WnsFfsdNb7YwrPYXf3ar8fqptZO+L1q2RSrF9bl3der46CTj+wYf7REy6YfxNX/2NDaWnR8bZw3Ph//9LI7orGnyZLag922rvulXfbHxXE1+bihuY6Jq/4zfrelp/B0c/zqpbYgt0T1kHh/sRFud13xAQAAAICBtIvD08IfHDU55s3M58tfszhqz76u9wB169pYcfkXonbp862Px5wX804d1XXjWzbGfQuujYeywHNMbdxw9cVx0VX5+Kdrvhbzbv1ZD+OsdgS7zcsWx73rNuVd9qtj9DmfjMPKu+y3D0FQPk5qmS3r4+knioObdtY+zurrser2lbGuh1y3Zd2SOLk4/unUWLpuR1q5AgAAAACV2uXhaTaBUs05X4wLxrSOfVoMUI84LeYtaYjV6zpHkC1NjXH/8ro49y8/EXOW5cFp1MQF13w2arqMYbo5GhfNjjnF7vrZvzk/xg3dM6qGnRBz/2lyVBe778+ISxo2djvLf3vX/Xg5Hn/hxfjlC9mwAofG6Z88qOtkU1Uj4vizJxReNwtbb4xvJIcFKGzTbTfmrWXLvSdqxo8rrh/PfT2u++ZL6WA3C4Sv/3q8kC13O1QBAAAAALCzDUB4WjDo8Jhx+w0xtS1Ajefjzvmzo/b4gzvNMv/hI06JWRfdEKvaw8exMXXJjTGjZkj+uE1LbG28I+Ytyua/r47RM78Yte3/Zs8Y9qnZsWBi1n2/KR76x7q4b1M3LV3bu+6/Hk/e99348brCH+42sCx93ca4aerFUf/IuvYAtKXpqVg2d1qcXtymlKoYfMzn44ZpYwvLTbFqfm1cVNcQje2tcAvvad3qWHr5hR2B8BWTY9TAHDGgn21rrIvDinVfTZzb8Ov82T7Y1hj1h+b1Z21DoVbpo4Fev1B7Ntad0Lr+vjNiRdO2/PlKvdXXh77Y8fK2o3XOW339Ha6z1LkDXmcqg8rgO3v9HS+DzgHngDL4Ti+D9MWARXFVQ4+L+Xc3xC0zx7e2vuxF9fiL4paH74j544Z13eitP4vFl30t1mbLY86LBed8tHNL0arhcdK8vPt+c0PMW/CD2JRsfrpXjJpSG2cW/l3zj1bGo83dj61alL3uFVe3hsDNK+Omz02IQ4onbxb8nh7zlz1f3O7Lpo5s/fcfHRHDSifmrxoW4y7+ciycmgeoi2bH6UeMbi38++4Xhxx/dizIWtxWj4+Zd9+cCI0BAAAAgP4ysO0YB42KY2ffGs8++d2or/9SXFCc3KlE9fi44Pq6qF/+k3h28YVx7KjUfPebo/HWL8VNa7Lmqd116c9yyrbu+xHND1wbV3+vm+777WORZg6NyUd9qMedVAyBv/9I3HXjvDizvSVtwZjPxLwlD8UTi8+Og9/73/InEwaNjklX3x2PLf9qXFceJBff/1fjrlU3x4WHDx3ggwUAAAAA7yzv+mNBvtxF1gJy/asb8kfvFG/EuiW1MXH+41E9sS4evHlyDNuh1PK1WD33lKhdtjFifF08tnhylEXE8LbxzqwzgO2hvgAAAAZaJfclGjOWa/llPHHvM4WF4THpjKO7D05Lxpc4rK4xuh0hpOV3+cRT1XHQ0WPifa3PAgAAAAC7OeFpJy2x9dmH4q7nmiPGnBonH/ae/PmEPd4XIz66d3Fx80OPx/NbU4MAvBlNj97T+nrxkfjrse+3wwEAAADgLUKW1y6b3f57cW1x4qmhMeHzk+KQxNipHYbFx6ee1DpG6ZrrY/qsm2PVui3F3xRtXRerl1wVn5u+uDiRVfXEz8bph5jwCQAAAADeKox52tQQ5x4xO1blDzOVj3W6JdYuuTROm/9gZG1L06pj9NRrov6Ln4pRPYax8NZnDEOgUuoLAABgoBnztBL7DI/9W3vfF4yNM+ffHt+97lMVThI1OEZPvzmeeHhpLJz/mRidP9tqaBw780tRv/yRuO/qyYJTAAAAAHiL0fIU2GnUGUCl1BcAAMBA0/IUAAAAAGA7CU8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAwFvK1misOyFG7jui8DMjVjRty5+v3LbGujisuH5NnNvw6/zZyr3V1y+8QNQfmq1f+KltiKb86Yq91dff4TI00OvveBlQBpVB54BzwDmgDL6zyyB9ITwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJLzrjwX5chdZ89/1r27IHwH0TJ0BVEp9AQAADLRK7ku0PAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkvOuPBflyJyP3HZEvAQAAAAC8Pa1/dUO+1FW34WkmC1B7WhmglDoDqJT6AgAAGGiV3Jfotg8AAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAgLeUrdFYd0KM3HdE4WdGrGjalj9fuW2NdXFYcf2aOLfh1/mzlXurr194gag/NFu/8FPbEE350xV7q6+/w2VooNff8TKgDCqDzgHngHNAGXxnl0H6QngKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASHjXHwvy5S6y5r/rX92QPwLomToDqJT6AgAAGGiV3JdoeQoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBBeAoAAAAAkCA8BQAAAABIEJ4CAAAAACQITwEAAAAAEoSnAAAAAAAJwlMAAAAAgAThKQAAAABAgvAUAAAAACBhF4en26KpYUaM3HdE+8/YuatjS/7b3r0R65ZMLVn/hKhv3Jr/jh2zNRrrTmjdr7UN0ZQ/y47Y0X1aer7MiBVN2/LnAQAAANgVBrzlafPyH0Xjlpb8US9afhlP3PtM/gAAAAAAoP8MfLf95tXxSOPv8wc9a3nlJ9HwXHP+CAAAAACg/wxgeDo8Ro/Zu/D/jbFi5YsVdN1/I155fGW8ENWx35iRhf+ycw2Kmtk/iPWvboj1iyfH0PxZdoR9CgAAAPBWNoDh6f5x6hkTiiFoRV3327vsH1pY75jYs/VZAAAAAIB+MYDh6X+L9xx5XEwqpqe9d91v67JfPbU2Thk7KH8WAAAAAKB/DOyYp392UBw3ZXhhobeu+5vj2fvvixdieEwaf2AMzp/t0dZ1sbrhO1Ffe2Q+W3nbz6SYt6QhVq/reaCAlqbGuH/J3Dixfb0D4sS534j7G5uiZVtj1B/a+vxhdY3RMQd6yezoh9ZF47aWwmY8GisSr7Ni9brYmq+V9mY0NT4Y99adE2Pb1x0RY2vr4t77GqOpp4a6LU3ReF/X915ct+HRWLc1tXJ3M8NXOuP7r2NFbU3P6xf3Seu+XdHpfR0Z59Y1RGPTm/k62X5bHUvnTsp/n/1kx211N9teqfx4LK+Lc/dve9221+6mTGx9KuonHtD67ybeGI3Jv/9mbGqYnb+fI+PvGzYW/lKmktn2s+P8gx16r8WyWv6e9j8n6pc/WLJPAQAAAOirAZ4w6j1RM35c7133tzwb997aGFE9Lo6reU/+ZHfejKanvhbn/uWEqJ31xbhpZXlk9XzcOX921B7/2Zi/elMecpUqrL/6mjjpiFNi1vxvxdr82cIWxtplC2LWlJPjvNt/Gr/Ln+1ec/zqR/8cZxw/LeYkXmfO9MlxRt1T6QC1ZVOsvuK0OHrKF+LiRSsLa3RoXnlDXHzhKXH0iVfEimTY91IsPffkOP3Cru+9uO6saTHxL8+PpWt7H2V258v2Seu+ndPpfTXFqkWz4/Szr4vVTa/F2iXnx8eOPzsWLHs+/30mO25nx8TTbu4mwOzNlvx1C8fjohtiVad5x9rKxN/EuUte6nxMBn00aq85L0Zny2u+FvNu/VmXY9ay6Qdx9T82FN9P9cRLY+6nhld2YrUf5/O7ea/XxA83/CF/LqW1rH7qyEJZLX9PzSvjpou+EKcfcVrMa1ibLmcAAAAA9GiAw9OqGFzz8V667rfElsYfxYrmiOopH4+awT1vchZkXTXt2ljVXB2jp14Rix9+rnXCnuznX38Sdy34TGsQFs/Hsr//ejzaKbBtia1r74rL/35xMeysHj8jFi7/SfyiuP7aeGz5NXHmmC2x6ppr487XW9fo1uuLY845i+NX4y+KW9q34ZV49uG6wmsU33CsXfSlWNy4ufXft9scjYsujNqlWZg2Ns6cf3s88OIr+frZNtTFBeOHRqz5ZsyZdEWs2FTasrCw7q2Xx4IsNK0eHxfc9lA82/be27e/8LebH4wFlyyPdduTQe6I4j75dkSn4/JcPFB/Vh5Ofjuum3txXDT/2ThiZl3c9eTa1n9TOG7/66LxrZOErflaLLhnXSL07kkWnF4ap81/sLDXy8tFdkxuj3lTxxb+XVOsml8bF3UKUKtiUM1nY8HMmsJy4phtfSnuuPzaeKiYnE6OBfNOiGEVnVWlx3loHDvz6x3H+cWHYvH8QjktHOMFi1a3/vMuCmW18evxuemL4+d/7FrWf/Hkd2PhzGyfPR93zpoel7S3hgUAAACgUgMcnhYMPrCXrvu/j8aVq6O5oi77r8WjX6lrDbLGnBcLvnhWjBtVskbV0Kj57Nyon39U6+PywLbl1/FI/c2tLfjGXBRL6mfGpJqh+U7aM4bW/G1cefsNMbUYfvauemJdPHjLhXFs+zZUxaBRk+PK266JCcWX+Hn8+PnflIRaWSB2R8xb1FhYrokLli+NBdPHxahBbYcp24bJMeuW78TCiUML298Q877yRMc+2/av8eg3s3Wr46BL/iFmHDcqOkaHzdb9dFx86amtIeRzK+OJV94o/mZXqp54Tdx61fSS4zI4Rk2+MC6empWB5li78qcRM2+I62dPjpqh+bRgheN22AXzYkH2ngv/5oXH1sRvW39TkZZ1y+OLbcHptBvitk5/Pzsm42LaVV+NxdPaAtR/ju+uK903Q6LmnC/GBcXj3hg3XXZH3vq1JKyOsTH1KxfHScMqm8qsZdPqWJy1ps6C0/mLY+HsCR3HedCoGDf98ri1fnLrsUrZ+rNYfNnXYm32nmbeHt+5uvQ9ZbusJibNvjkeLL5GUzz0j7eVfVEAAAAAQG8GPjyNfeKYaWfHQYWlZNf9LS/GI8s3RkVd9tv+bVTHQWdMiEPaQ8dSe8WIsR+NIcXlP8RvNneEZC2vrIolD2RB2PA489IzoyaxftXQj8dFbQFkj4bHpDOOTrZCrBo6Jv5qVPYKzfHK+n8vaeX4+3h6+T2trV6nXhh/V9O6lV1UDY+TLvp89/usy+u2qYrB466M54utE5fFtFF75c/vKt3tk0HxgZEfzJcPjdM/eVBJ6Jurek988MN7ty7/bENs6m7o1S7eiFceXxkvZIvVp8bFcz4eQ1PFompYjJszO84sHthnouHxX3ZuqTno8JjRFnoXu+8/FU3tQXcWYM6Nfxg3rMITqrBND92Tt1adEH87ZUy8u/UXJfaMYZ86L+YcnCppLbHl6fvjG2uy5tinxj/83Ue77q+ikteoYFI2AAAAADqrLOvpZ1X7HRmTkwFP37rsx+BxseDlLBh8Ke6dPrrbN1f17r2jLarrsC1++1JjHrL1FNRWxeCPHBpH5I+6d3Ac9pHuws8/jSF//ifFxeamzZFlaEXbNsaz38/C395b2Va9f984MMvVmp+KZ9fnr7DH8DjkxKwFZ+HpZefHmdnEVN1OEDUQutsne8S7h+T7u3q/+ND7K2u9WZGWX8YT9z5TXOy1DLW3gm6OF+79SbxSttuqhp0Qc/8pa8mZdd//dBw95frWsWyzVs7ndBdgprwWLz/2cnGpx22q+lB87ORD8welmmP9M08Vy03r+v9X69MpVe+NDx20T2FhYzzwzMaSyc0AAAAA6M1uEZ52hETlXff70mW/e8XZyBsaYkX2s2RunHT8la0haSdvxKYN61sXR42IDyRbreb2GR77540gu1W9d/xZdR9372sb4+XiWKob487ph5fMvp74GXt23FnMTJvi5Y1tY3DuE8dccHk+rEA+MVU2QdSB++WzrzfE/Y1NnVtU7kqV7JM/GRKD+7rfetLyn/H6xtZwec/3Du6lxfBeMfi9f9q6uPH1+EOXHZW15JydDx/QpiYuuOazyVbK3Sps0+b/81/FxZ63ac94/777JX6/OX71UutkYM3Lzo6PjkiUj/afw6N2WRbIF9Z6aWO8VlwCAAAAoBI7MaXaEXvFfkeN79oNvS9d9tu1xNZ1j8a9defE2DxA+nA2c/6s2TEn++k08303/nxIvHtH98zODgErVDX0uJh/d0Msvn5GHFuauhVnX58ds6YcGR/OgtRH1u36GdgHaJ+02jtqRrwv9sgfpe0Vw0aMzJe7UTU0Dv+bIzoCzTHj4pgP9zHWbw90e9umqqgePCR2YjtcAAAAAPpgNwlPCxvSpet+H7vsF70ZTav/Oc44flpcvGhlsVtzq2zW+oWxsL4uFi55KBofvqIY1HarT2Nq9ocxccHyF9pnTu/5pzFumfwX+Xq5bMKhKbPjlpdbZ12vr1+Yzyafy4LUz531DpuB/fVo3PDbXrqtl7Q+7kbLph/E1f/Y0FG2iuOf/qxvQXTVn8bew7P4tZJt6tmQmd+NNclykfhZPDlK28wCAAAA0LPdJjzt2nW/7132s2Drqr9f3DoD+dRr4q4n1+bB0YpYMH1KTJo8OSaNGxXVf3g9fpWv06Gk1eF/bY4tzT3Eiu3d63ey6iHx/mKTxtKu+Dsmm3X9k5OnxLSrVxT2w3PxwJIr4sxit/6dPAN7SVf03Up7UBnx5u+2lATqKW/Elt/9Z+vi8L27tj5u2Rj3Lbg2n+hpfJx3/vhCScvGP/1SLG7sw/FqH4e0t23aVihqG6LrK+8Vfza0dYqpYlf8PxYXAQAAANjJdp/wtLzr/q+f62OX/W3x25+uyoOtU+PiSz4dNUNTHZ7fiA3P/ywRSO0R7zugprVFao8zk7fElp8/E0/mj3aq9gmLXo9Vt6+MdT3kmi3rlsTJxWEJpsbSdW8Un9vWWBeHlT3X2eAYNe6suPjSU1u7nTe/Hv/RU0jcF1v/Pdav6zmaHBAlky51GhIipW2YiMLeOejkI2O/TmfHm7Hpe3Ux74FsrNGxMfUrV8ZFc+bl4582xk2X3RE/6zpIajcGxQdGtk5Z1vM2bY6fP/1cvlzqPVEzflzrMVx5T/xw3f+/+GxSy9pYOumAQpk4IE5esvYd1NIYAAAAYMftRuFpYWPau+4/FN+cv7iPXfYr09L0eHzrO62zr5er2u/YmF4MwzbGndfeGY2pWeq3/iy+ce09vbRg3F4lodhzX4/rvvlSujt41gLy+q+3Tnp18Pj42H57FZ/eY+ShMbG48jNx1/0vdNOV/M34zauvtG7/3iPig/v0PApoFirvM3xEtM6R/1T88MlNiQBuczTedmM+gdXupiOUj+Z74rqFP4qmVILYsilWL6zL38OhMfmoD5WcHC2xtfHrcc6srLt+dYyeOTf+YdywqKoaHifNuzQmZPt8zfVx9iUrYlNF6eReMWpKbZyZrZdt020/iz+0/qJE9jfvjOvyyZ46q4rBNR+PScVj/Xhc/+V7Ym2qrBYD36/FwueyN1X+ngAAAADoze6VpbS3EmyKR1c+GX2bZb+05eg3Y8ZFt8TTTW8Wf1O0dV2sXl4X5x1bG8vWtKV8ZWNOloVh02fdHKvWtc39/2Y0NX475p02PW5qX39nq4rBx3w+bpiWjU/aFKvm18ZFdQ3R2P4+ssmwVsfSyy+MOcUWkDVxwRWTY1TbURz8sfjCP02O1q7kM8rWLcj2wZKrY9b8xwsPquOgmSfEIb1lpwV7fPjofAb/rKv/grihZLKplqbGWFF3cUxf9FqMHrN3/uzupWrUlPjS/E+07pelM+Jzly+J1e3HtW2ffiFqlz5feDw0jp3/P+OUUa2BdNHWn8Xiy77WOtHYmPNiwTkfjUHFXxRee9gJMbe4zwvF7oEvx9Xfq3Ac2U7Hanp8eu63Oo5VS1M03nF5nDHl+u4nNyusf/5XamN0YbF55eVx2qxFsaKxqeNvF4/1VSWB78zO74ndTkfL8Zo4t+HX+bN9sK0x6g9tnSRvZG1D4Wzto7L1/72vw0F0Wv/evv/9Qq3SWHdCjCrugxmxoqmvowFn65/Y+ve3e/0TBnB96IsdL287Wue81dfvXGfteJ35llt/wOs8ZXjAy4Ay6BxwDjgHlMF3eBmkL3azhmglrQQzB58dZx3TOjZkJTpCsixQujY+fcTo1oKU/Rw4IWovuiFWfegzMf/uxXFZ1sK1oHzMySwMu7w9lLo+zj3+4Pw1RsfRUy6LO9cMjmMvuzTOLOaElczg3kdVw2LcxV+OhcUJnppi1aLZcXr7+9gvDjn+7Fiw7PnIxtyceffNMaOmtU1oqz1j2Kcu7ghfO62b74P532odE3baDfHVs0ZXVgAGfTRqrzmvuE9aJ5uaEIfkr/nhI06JOYt+G5Pq/yUunrC7Tkc0OEZPvzbubgtQl10Zte3HtWSfFoPTxXH99APaw9Fiq9pbv5QH5jVxwTWfjZpBpXst2+ezi93331XY5w/9Y13ct6kksO5WYb3JV5Zs09yOY/X/OzJOn1c4TmPOinkzx+X/vtyeMXTchVFff1Z85F3ZYbkh5kw5Mj6cH5eOY114TxctjttmHl7yngAAAACoxG4WnhY2qK3rfqTGnexNFpItioeW39x5dvksLJw6Lxbe+N147PtXx9TD/0f8zdkTCs9GYszJLJS6LO7LZqmf/5nWwLAoe40rYvHDP4xbzv7LeG/+bL8YNDomXX13PLb8q3HdzGxSohLV4+OC678ad626OS48fGjXA5iFr1d2s26MjTPnL4z65Y/EfVceF0Mr3rdVMajmwsQ+GRrHzvxyYZ/cEQsmj6mwhfBAycrGzfHEw0tjYaf3UNC2T5/8cdzSKTjNus7fEfMWNRaWs9abX4zaTmF1rq3F8p9mKWZDzFvwgwq773dsU+djlR2n2+OBuy+LvxnROjFU2uAYNfnK+N5PCsfl+hlxbKeDnR2bLxWO9b3xtRlH9uFYAwAAANDmXX8syJe7yFqwZbPVU2bL6ph3xNlxZ/PecWz99+KWyX+R/wLe2dQZQKXUFwAAwECr5L5Ee7QSHWNmnBD1jenpljItv3k1Xiz29d8/jjqg8mEFAAAAAIC3DuFpiT2GjYia4tIv4+Efr4n0TPeb4tFl97bOdD/mr+Kg/75n8WkAAAAA4O1FeFpq6NHxt1OHFxbaZqt/ONZtbRu8suus7BM+PykO6TR5EAAAAADwdmHM03JbX4qls2pjwcqm/ImUsXFm/Zfj0smjzWAOJYxhCFRKfQEAAAw0Y55uj0EHxLTFP4wHltSVzdhf0D4r+92xQHAKAAAAAG9rWp4CO406A6iU+gIAABhoWp4CAAAAAGwn4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAPCWsjUa606IkfuOKPzMiBVN2/LnK7etsS4OK65fE+c2/Dp/tnJv9fULLxD1h2brF35qG6Ipf7pib/X1d7gMDfT6O14GlEFl0DngHHAOKIPv7DJIXwhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnv+mNBvtxF1vx3/asb8kcAPVNnAJVSXwAAAAOtkvsSLU8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAIAE4SkAAAAAQILwFAAAAAAgQXgKAAAAAJAgPAUAAAAASBCeAgAAAAAkCE8BAAAAABKEpwAAAAAACcJTAAAAAICEd/2xIF/uZOS+I/IlAAAAAIC3p/WvbsiXuuo2PAUAAAAAeCfTbR8AAAAAIEF4CgAAAACQIDwFAAAAAEgQngIAAAAAJAhPAQAAAAAShKcAAAAAAAnCUwAAAACALiL+P2FvnW+CrA6eAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width="644" height="367"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2 Mg(s) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2 MgO(s) ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept equilibrium arrows. Ignore state symbols</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>s ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do not allow group 2</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>aluminium/Al ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>53</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>726</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>47</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>372</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>244</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>354</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>24</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo></math> «mol» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mass of product <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>«</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>56</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>941</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>47</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>372</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mtext>⟨⟨100 × </mtext><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>001</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></mfrac><mtext>=0.0209⟩⟩ = 0.02 «%»</mtext></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer </em></p>
<p><em>Accept 0.021%</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><mo>×</mo><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>16</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>40</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>536</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>×</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>536</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mn>90</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>822</mn><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>91</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mo>%</mo><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award «0.2614 mol x 40.31 g mol<sup>–1</sup>»</em></p>
<p><em>Accept alternative methods to arrive at the correct answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept final answers in the range 91-92%</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>yes<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>«each Mg combines with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac bevelled="true"><mn>2</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></mstyle></math> N, so» mass increase would be 14x<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac bevelled="true"><mn>2</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></mstyle></math> which is less than expected increase of 16x<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>3 mol Mg would form 101g of Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> but would form 3 x MgO = 121 g of MgO<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>0.2614 mol forms 10.536 g of MgO, but would form 8.796 g of Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept Yes <strong>AND</strong> “the mass of N/N<sub>2</sub> that combines with each g/mole of Mg is lower than that of O/O<sub>2</sub>”</em></p>
<p><em>Accept YES<strong> AND</strong> “molar mass of nitrogen less than of oxygen”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>incomplete reaction<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Mg was partially oxidised already<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>impurity present that evaporated/did not react ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “crucible weighed before fully cooled”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept answers relating to a higher atomic mass impurity consuming less O/O<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “non-stoichiometric compounds formed”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept "human error", "wrongly calibrated balance" or other non-chemical reasons.</em></p>
<p><em>If answer to (b)(iii) is >100%, accept appropriate reasons, such as product absorbed moisture before being weighed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«1» Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s) + <strong>6</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → <strong>3</strong> Mg(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(s) + <strong>2</strong> NH<sub>3 </sub>(aq)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub>: -3</em><br><strong><em>AND</em></strong><br><em>NH<sub>3</sub>: -3 ✔</em></p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept 3 or 3-</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Acid–base:</em><br>yes <strong>AND</strong> N<sup>3-</sup> accepts H<sup>+</sup>/donates electron pair«s»<br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>yes <strong>AND</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O loses H<sup>+</sup> «to form OH<sup>-</sup>»/accepts electron pair«s» ✔</p>
<p><em>Redox:</em><br>no <strong>AND</strong> no oxidation states change ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “yes <strong>AND</strong> proton transfer takes place”</em></p>
<p><em>Accept reference to the oxidation state of specific elements not changing.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “not redox as no electrons gained/lost”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for Acid–base: yes <strong>AND</strong> Redox: no without correct reasons, if no other mark has been awarded</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Protons</em>: 7 <em><strong>AND</strong> Neutrons</em>: 7 <em><strong>AND</strong> Electrons</em>: 10 ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">isotope</span>«s» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nitride <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>smaller nuclear charge/number of protons/atomic number ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em><br><br>subatomic particles «discovered»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>particles smaller/with masses less than atoms «discovered»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«existence of» isotopes «same number of protons, different number of neutrons» ✔</p>
<p><br>charged particles obtained from «neutral» atoms<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>atoms can gain or lose electrons «and become charged» ✔</p>
<p><br>atom «discovered» to have structure ✔</p>
<p><br>fission<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>atoms can be split ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept atoms can undergo fusion «to produce heavier atoms»</em></p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of particles.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for “atom shown to have a nucleus with electrons around it” as both M1 and M3.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for all bonding types correct.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for <strong>each</strong> correct description.</em></p>
<p><em>Apply ECF for M2 only once.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was not as well done as one might have expected with the most common errors being O instead of O<sub>2</sub> oxygen and MgO rather than MgO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students did not know what "block" meant, and often guessed group 2 etc.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students confused "period" and "group" and also many did not read metal, so aluminium was not chosen by the majority.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A number of students were not able to interpret the results and hence find the gain in mass and calculate the moles correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only a handful could work out the correct answer. Most had no real idea and quite a lot of blank responses. There also seems to be significant confusion between "percent uncertainty" and "percent error".</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was not well answered, but definitely better than the previous question with quite a few gaining some credit for correctly determining the theoretical yield.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This proved to be a very difficult question to answer in the quantitative manner required, with hardly any correct responses.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Quite a few students realised that incomplete reaction would lead to this, but only 30% of students gave a correct answer rather than a non-specific guess, such as "misread balance" or "impurities".</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was generally very well done with almost all candidates being able to determine the correct coefficients.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About 40% of students managed to correctly determine both the oxidation states, as -3, with errors being about equally divided between the two compounds.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Probably only about 10% could explain why this was an acid-base reaction. Rather more made valid deductions about redox, based on their answer to the previous question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates could answer the question about subatomic particles correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Identification of isotopes was answered correctly by most students.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In spite of being given the meaning of "isoelectronic", many candidates talked about the differing number of electrons and only about 30% could correctly analyse the situation in terms of nuclear charge.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The question was marked quite leniently so that the majority of candidates gained at least one of the marks by mentioning a subatomic particle. A significant number read "indivisible" as "invisible" however.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About a quarter of the students gained full marks and probably a similar number gained no marks. Metallic bonding was the type that seemed least easily recognised and least easily described. Another common error was to explain ionic bonding in terms of attraction of ions rather than describing electron transfer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Carbonated water is produced when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water under pressure.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The following equilibria are established.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="517" height="87"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Soda water has sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, dissolved in the carbonated water.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Distinguish between a weak and strong acid.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Weak acid: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Strong acid:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The hydrogencarbonate ion, produced in Equilibrium (2), can also act as an acid.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the formula of its conjugate base.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">When a bottle of carbonated water is opened, these equilibria are disturbed.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State, giving a reason, how a decrease in pressure affects the position of Equilibrium (1).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, referring to Equilibrium (2), how the added sodium hydrogencarbonate affects the pH.(Assume pressure and temperature remain constant.)</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">100.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of soda water contains 3.0 × 10<sup>−2</sup> g NaHCO<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the concentration of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> in mol dm<sup>−3</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the type of bonding in sodium hydrogencarbonate.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Between sodium and hydrogencarbonate:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate:</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Weak acid</em>: partially dissociated/ionized «in solution/water»<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br><em>Strong acid</em>: «assumed to be almost» completely/100 % dissociated/ionized «in solution/water» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">shifts to left/reactants <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>to increase amount/number of moles/molecules of gas/CO<sub>2</sub> (g) <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«additional HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>» shifts position of equilibrium to left <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">pH increases <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong></span></em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> <em> </em></strong><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award M2 without any justification in terms of equilibrium shift in M1.</em></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«molar mass of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> =» 84.01 «g mol<sup>–1</sup>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«concentration = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{3.0 \times {{10}^{ - 2}}{\text{ g}}}}{{84.01{\text{ g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} \times \frac{1}{{0.100{\text{ d}}{{\text{m}}^3}}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.0</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>84.01</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>×</mo>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>0.100</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 3.6 × 10<sup>–3</sup> «mol dm<sup>–3</sup>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Between sodium and hydrogencarbonate:</em><br>ionic <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate:</em><br>«polar» covalent <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was rather disappointing that less than 70 % of the candidates could distinguish between weak and strong acids. Many candidates referred to pH differences.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A poorly answered question, though it discriminated very well between high-scoring and low-scoring candidates. Less than 40 % of the candidates were able to deduce the formula of the conjugate base of HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>. Wrong answers included water, the hydroxide ion and carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a relatively challenging question. Only about a quarter of the candidates explained how a decrease in pressure affected the equilibrium. Some candidates stated there was no shift in the equilibrium as the number of moles is the same on both sides of the equation, not acknowledging that only gaseous substances need to be considered when deciding the direction of shift in equilibrium due to a change in pressure. Some candidates wrote that the equilibrium shifts right because the gas escapes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was one of the most challenging questions on the paper that required application of Le Chatelier’s Principle in an unfamiliar situation. Most candidates did not refer to equilibrium (2), as directed by the question, and hence could not gain any marks. Some candidates stated that NaHCO<sub>3</sub> was an acid and decreased pH. Some answers had contradictions that showed poor understanding of the pH concept.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very well answered. Most candidates calculated the molar concentration correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates identified the bonding between sodium and hydrogencarbonate as ionic. A much smaller proportion of candidates identified the bonding between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate as covalent. The most common mistake was “hydrogen bonding”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Sodium thiosulfate solution reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a precipitate of sulfur at room temperature.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → S (s) + SO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 2NaCl (aq) + X</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the formula and state symbol of X.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the experiment should be carried out in a fume hood or in a well-ventilated laboratory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The precipitate of sulfur makes the mixture cloudy, so a mark underneath the reaction mixture becomes invisible with time.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>10.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 2.00 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> hydrochloric acid was added to a 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> solution of sodium thiosulfate at temperature, T1. Students measured the time taken for the mark to be no longer visible to the naked eye. The experiment was repeated at different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>Show that the hydrochloric acid added to the flask in experiment 1 is in excess.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the best fit line of <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{{\rm{t}}}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> against concentration of sodium thiosulfate on the axes provided.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student decided to carry out another experiment using 0.075 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium thiosulfate under the same conditions. Determine the time taken for the mark to be no longer visible.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>An additional experiment was carried out at a higher temperature, T<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p>(i) On the same axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves at the two temperatures T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub>, where T<sub>2 </sub>> T<sub>1</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(ii) Explain why a higher temperature causes the rate of reaction to increase.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why the values of rates of reactions obtained at higher temperatures may be less accurate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O <em><strong>AND</strong></em> (l)<br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept H<sub>2</sub>O (aq).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>SO<sub>2</sub> (g) is an irritant/causes breathing problems<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>SO<sub>2</sub> (g) is poisonous/toxic</p>
<p><em>Accept SO<sub>2</sub> (g) is acidic, but do not accept “causes acid rain”.<br>Accept SO<sub>2</sub> (g) is harmful.<br>Accept SO<sub>2</sub> (g) has a foul/pungent smell.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>n(HCl) = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{10.0}}{{1000}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>10.0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>dm<sup>3</sup> × 2.00 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> =» 0.0200 / 2.00 × 10<sup>-2</sup>«mol»<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>n(Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{50}}{{1000}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>50</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>dm<sup>3</sup> × 0.150 mol × dm<sup>-3</sup> =» 0.00750 / 7.50 × 10<sup>-3</sup> «mol»</p>
<p>0.0200 «mol» > 0.0150 «mol»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2.00 × 10<sup>-2</sup>«mol» > 2 × 7.50 × 10<sup>-3</sup> «mol»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 2.00 × 10<sup>-2</sup> «mol» > 7.50 × 10<sup>-3</sup> «mol»</p>
<p><em>Accept answers based on volume of solutions required for complete reaction.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for second marking point.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award M2 unless factor of 2 (or half) is used.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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Ra8/PLLOP/887tc155QWE5Lw1nHDFyc5S+OlgRIgARI4BsCpaWl3YIWFc6kSZOwYcOGgCsvWo2W5uZmpKamqtX47gAC3OPiACdxiCRAAiRAAl0JyGrL/fff3/Wi39lbb73ldwXQBi0UluuGxxEXKEBngZsoQGcBZHZBAiTgKQKyUvLjH/84pM2SLwJyaqKwnEoi8ncK0IVSlnFhHgXozHOqV8SYvGCnF2yUTwLtNOb7QITi5Ls11Ku8vLyzs0iF5Torhjmw2p9W9yfmx6PPUNh5qyjywJM1SIAESIAE4kxA9qVMmTIl5CjUzbkUlguJyXGZDFwc5zIOmARIgARIQAjIo8yZmZkBYYiQnDwSrQrL5efno6SkhGq4AWk56yIDF2f5i6MlARIgARL4hoCsusgG23vuuaeTiazCLFu2zKd+S2G5TiyuOmDg4ip30hgSIAES8BYBCV5kJUVRFNTU1OC5557z/d6QrMZMmzYNtbW1kNUWJvcQoI6Le3xJS0iABEjA8wQoLOf+KcDAxf0+poUkQAIk4AkC+/fvx6xZs9DQ0AAKy7nX5Qxc3OtbWkYCJEACniEgKy0PPfQQtmzZ4tv3QjVc97qeAnQW+JYCdBZAZhckQAKeJUBhOfNdTwG6UMoyJua1trYqeXl5nYJFaWlpSkVFRbcek5OTO8toxY3q6uq6ldVzgQJ0eihFVyYewkjsMzpfhatFruEIRZ/vZrZaYbnq6uroIUVZ02q2VvcnWOLRZyh3eOqpopycHDQ1NaGxsdG3A33mzJkoKCjAggULOsPV+vp6tLW1oaKiwldGdqqrr4yMjM5yPCABEiABEogvAX9huV69esV3QOzdEgKeCVyWLl0KCUrk10TT0tJ8cIuLi33H/oGLZGZnZ1viAHZCAiRAAiQQOQEKy0XOzC01PLM5Ny8vz7dyEs5xEtxIYKMGN+HKM58ESIAESMBaAiIsJxotlZWV1GixFr0tevPMiksg2nKbSG4dyS0jNUngkpycjDFjxkA21cpLvcWkluE7CZAACZBAfAhQWC4+3O3UqycDl7lz5/oCErlFJLeEZDVGTRLISKqqquqyt0WCF9n7wkQCJEACJGA9AXncWYKWoqIinxpuVlaW9YNgj7Yg4MnARfa5yIbb1tZWXzAiqytqUCLX6urqfKsuqodkRUYCGgl4mEiABEiABKwlIEGLCMstXrzYJyzHoMVa/nbrzfM6LrLqIreM5Cki7S0jf0elpKT49r1IUKNNcitJT5Lf0GAiARIgARKIjICo4Yqw3Icffoh7770XAwYMiKwBljaEgJ10XDyzOTeY52Q/iyR1xSVYObmultWWkZWbcEmCG6udLj8sxj7DeSa6fLKNjlu4WuQajlD0+U5lu2nTJt8PJo4ePdq3EVf+AxkqOdXOUDb558XLRv9xxPPcM7eK5s2b59vXIptvtUkNWOQpourqal8ZKatNcptIyvERaS0VHpMACZCAeQS0QUtZWRnCBS3mjYQt242AISsuBzc+ixvu+Tu+CGDdIaNm4Hc3jsXX6xoBClh0SW4DyW0hCUqWLFni61UCEv8NuhKcyDUpr66wSB0RnxPdFyYSIAESIAFzCYhGy5w5czB16lTfe2JiorkdsnVHETAkcOmRlo0Z41/FZc8MwW/umYxB2nWcvkPQ1wZIJAiRJ4XUJ4pkSHJNghFtQKKW0Ub3EsTIdSYSIAESIAFzCajCcuXl5SgsLDS3M7buSAKGBC7oeSRG5xfjjpr/w4ZDCnFRxhG2hCG3g9TVllADlKeO5MVEAiRAAiRgHQEKy1nH2sk9GRO4CIGeaZhW/hh29bTD+oqTXcKxkwAJkID3CFCjxXs+j9Zi7U2daNv4pl4CeialoH/7u3h+9SfoiLE1VicBEiABEnA/AQrLud/HRlto3IqLOrIvP8RL9UNwwcTjYWBUpLbOdxIgARIgAZcQUIXlGhoafMJyqampLrGMZphJwHgBupbluO5PQ/DIjRkwPioyE4V5bYuOCwXozOPLlkmABJxHgMJyzvKZ1bpgIekoRqfNy5SC++uUA0a36+D2APmFAWtTTU2NtR0qisI+zUPuBbZesFFmCO1UlObmZiUzM1OZMWOGsn37dsM+OF5g6wUbw00ILoqEDOuYSQIkQAIkYCQBf2E5arQYSdcbbRm/DaVnL/Tr1RP6fsHHG5BpJQmQAAmQACAaLbm5uT5hOVHDZdDCWRENAeMDlwEX4DdFo9Hjm9Eo+1rw7zX/wefykz7tn+KNsp/irL6DMOaye/Hcxp0I/0s/0ZjFOiRAAiRAAnYioArL5efno6SkhEGLnZzjsLEYH7hoAChttbjvB2dj9EWLUN+2D5v/dg+mzn4GrWNGo2/dfbhkygNY3XpQU4OHJEACJEACbiMgwnKyubOyspJquG5zbhzsMTFw2Yf//rUMt6w+Clffl4czD/8IKyueQxum4FeL/ooVT5Xg1A+exR9f+5SrLnFwPLskARIgASsIiLDctGnTIL9qLKstTCQQKwETA5dWbHx7PTD0UhRcfRaO2rwWf3ulBTjnHGQc3xt9hpyIM/Ff1DRtA9dcYnUj65MACZCAvQjI485Uw7WXT9wyGhOfKjqIr/Ye+IZTB9o2NuANJOHUyaMxtAfQ8eUOfIYk9DuMG3ndMploBwmQAAkIARGWe+ihh7BlyxYKy3FKGE7AeAG6ziHuwX8e+zFOuX4nbn5mDk74ezGuX3ws7n5zOYpHtuBv9/0c037TjtveeA53jj2ys5YbDyhA50av0iYSIIFABCgsF4iK86+5W4BOoxzTsXW18quJg+XBIQVIUoZf84zS+NUuZd3DkxVgsDLx9leUzQc6NDXceUgBOvP86hUxJi/Y6QUb5ZPgZju1wnIrVqww74MfpGU3s1VN9oKNqq3B3k28VQQkDBiPW5evxuR/vofPDxuKjO+eioGHArsmzMKzr6fj/O8NR/+eVHxxfixOC0iABLxOwF9Yrr6+3utIaL9JBEwNXIAE9Oyfju9MSu8y/KTTvo/pXa7whARIgARIwKkERKNlzpw5PmE5eaewnFM96Yxxmxy4OAMCR0kCJEACJBAdAVVYrry8nBot0SFkrQgJmPM4dPsufN6yHbvaqYsboT9YnARIgAQcQ4DCco5xlasGalDgsh8tbzyKOdfeiPKX/o6FPx2HAYOG4vRp92NVy35XAaMxJEACJEAC8Gm0UFiOMyEeBAwJXJTNK3DLrI048yfn4Iv7Z+HZMxdid8dneHl6E25c9A72xMMy9kkCJEACJGA4AdFoobCc4VjZYAQEDNFxaa9/ACPvH4zVf56CvU/MwaKhd6H03COx/637MPLRkfhHZS4GRjAotxWljovbPEp7SMCbBKjR4k2/i9Xu03H58i3l/pwLlNkL31a2+WRZDijb6iqVmy/IUa5/4RPF/UotwZ42//o6dVxC84kl1yuaBl6w0ws2ylx3qp179uxRZsyYoWRmZiqi1xIuOdXOcHb551ttp9X9ib3x6NOfs/bckFtFSDoLN1T+ClkpPdHDF5AmoAf64bRfPorfXDAYVGrxbpROy0mABJxPQDRaxo8f7zNk5cqVSE1Ndb5RtMCxBAx6HDoBPQdmIm8qgF3/xvNr++OiiVNxuWOxcOAkQAIkQAJCwF9YjhotnBfxJmDMiovWii8/xEv129ChvcZjEiABEiABxxEQjZbc3FyfsFxZWRmF5RznQXcO2KAVF3fCoVUkQAIk4FUCFJbzquftb7fxKy72t5kjJAESIAESCEGAwnIh4DAr7gS44hJ3F3AAJEACJGAfAtRosY8vOJLABIwPXHr2Qr9ePfkkUWDevEoCJEACtiQgwnILFy5EUVERamtrkZWVZctxclAkYIgAXXeMCtp3bcJ7axvwwf/+h+ZWVfY/CcecMBjHDT0Rp52ShqN6e+NOFQXous8QXiEBErAPAQrL2ccXdh2J+wTotMowBz5T1i4sVDKTIL+wGPSVlFmkLH53hyfE6ShAp50gxh7HQxiJfRrrQ7U1clVJGP8eim2kwnJ6RxeqT71tRFrOC316wcZwfjd4yeMAWlbOw49/8iR2XHA3/lz9JtZt+BibN2/+5vUxNqx7E9V/vhsX7HgC+Zfcir9+oq7GmB9ntrW1Yfr06ZAVEHmlp6djwYIF3TouKCjoLCPlpE5TU1O3crxAAiRAAk4mQGE5J3vPu2M3do9LRyNeKn8G/z31ZryxYC7G9vtaR1eLd+DA4zFidCYyj+vAe+MeRUX1zzH12pEwOILSdtl5nJOT4ztubGxEWloa5s2bBwlSJM2cOdP3PnfuXCxduhQVFRW+axKwSOAidaUeEwmQAAm4gQCF5dzgRW/aYGy80LEbrY0twJmnYFiAoOVbxD3Qd+gInIIWNLbutkSsToKR+vp6lJaW+oIWGUtxcbHvWLvqIuXy8vI6AxkJcCSokQCGqy7fepBHJEACziVAYTnn+o4jh8ELHT2OxcicU4EX/oq/vbvTt8ElIGRlJ977+4t4BaciZ+Sx3/y+UcCShl2UYERRFGRnZwdtUw1OJFjRJrWOBDVMJEACJOBkAqqwXH5+PkpKSqiG62RnenTsxt4qSjgWEwpvxNWvFuK6776Pv1/zA4w9eThOOPrwbx6P/go7NjXig9rn8ejStUDOg/jJuGPj9ui03CaSYEVuC0mSFRlJ/oFLcnKy77rskWEiARIgAacSEGG5adOmobKyEhK4MJGAEwkYG7igB5JOuQLlLw7AmY9W4OGH7sLfAlFJvxg3lL2IGVecj1NC3lIKVDn2a7KPRfa3SJLVFFmN0ZN4q0gPJZYhARKwIwEKy9nRKxxTNAQMDlxkCD2QNOIHKHrw+7j+rlZs27YFm1v3fjO2RKQMOgYDBqQgqWdCNOM1pI7sc5GXrKDIptsxY8agrq7OkLbZCAmQAAnYiYAIy8lKy4MPPkhhOTs5hmOJmoBJAnRRj8fyirIxV24Zye0iuSUkTxAtWbKkyyqMBDgpKSm+zbwS8GiTPC6tJ9XU1OgpxjIkQAIkYBgBCssZhpINAbCLCJ0JKy7O8q92/4q6Cdf/lpC6t0Utq7VQNvyGSxLcWO1wkexmn+E8E10+2UbHLVwtcg1HKLJ8WWmZNWsWtmzZgnvvvReXXHJJZA3EWJr+jBFgkOpe4RrEfN9lYwMXZRea12/A1gOhutTm9UDfISdhxFG9tBdNOZY9LbK3RW4JZWRkdPahBiWyIVd9+Qcu1dXVvvLaep0N8IAESIAEbEZAq9GycuVK/Oc//7HZCDkcEoiegLGBS0cj/nr1BMz+1y6dI0pH/rLVqMwdrLN89MVEi0VuC0kAI7eCJEmAIte0G3Rlo66UkSBF1W+RMnKurshEPwrWJAESIAFzCWiDlrKyMj7ubC5uth4HAsYGLj1GYebzLyLh1jmYtXgX8u6+FZedlBTCrEMx4IyUEPnGZcltnqqqKt+qi7ovRa6JCJ281CTHsgoj+15UVV0JWNRHptVyfCcBEiABuxEQjZY5c+Zg6tSpvvfExES7DZHjIYGYCRgbuOAQ9B48HoXlj2J/Sx5+/fY+/OqXV+KU3vo2sMZsTZgG5FaQutoSrKgEMxKkMFAJRojXSYAE7EhAFZYrLy9HYWGhHYfIMZGAIQSMlfz/ZkgJ/c7Cz+6bjVF/exC//XtzcAVdQ0xgIyRAAiTgbQLyuLNsxhdhOQYt3p4LXrDe4BUXFVkC+pxZgGcbJmBr7z44CMCkjtQO+U4CJEACniRAYTlPut3TRntex8UK78ueGuq4WEGafZCAdwiIRsuKFSt8wnLz58/HqFGjvGM8LY0LAaslNoIaqTCZTgCQ33e0NtXU1FjboaIo7NM85F5g6wUbZYYYYeeePXuUGTNmKJmZmUpzc3PYiWdEn2E78SvAPv2AGHTqFa6hcJmyxyVolMQMEiABEiCBmAiownINDQ0+Kf/U1NSY2mNlEnAaAQYuTvMYx0sCJOBZAqLRMn78eJ/9IizHoMWzU8HThnPPrKfdT+NJgAScQoDCck7xFGrrj/0AACAASURBVMdpNgGuuJhNmO2TAAmQQIwERKMlNzfXJyxHNdwYYbK64wkYu+JysAHlF81D87nnY9x3xmD06SMxOMnYLhxPnAaQAAmQQAQEKCwXASwW9QQBY1dcEpIx4ixg1a+vwUVjR+H4vifj3OvuwcLlr6Hho1bsC/9Dyp6ATiNJgARIQA8BCsvpocQyXiNg7HLIIcdj0h1P4/y5D+PD9xrwztu1WL20EjMqbgWQhPQJubj0kkmYcFYGRp+ajoFcjfHafKO9JOBZAq2trb5fp1+7di22bt2Ks846K+TmWgrLeXaq0PAwBCwQoGvHrub3IB/Wf7y2An994jnUy49HJ2Xg4msuw4zC63DRiFA/xBjGAgdkU4DOAU7iEEnARALr16+H7E354IMPuvRyyy23YPLkyV2uUViuCw6e2IiARwXoOpQDX25WNrz5d+Wph+cq+RMylfxln4TSmXFFHgXozHOjV8SYvGCnW20UgTj5Dgj2evnllzs/IJEKy3VWDHPgVrb+ZnvBTi/Y6O9X/3NjbxWFjQwT0DNpIEZ8R17fx+VFX2HfVxYPIewYWYAESIAEjCPw3HPPhWxM5PrPP/98UFguJCZmkkAnAWM353Y2q/Mg4TD07hXfIegcKYuRAAmQQFQEPvnkk5D1nn/+eVBYLiQiZpJAFwJc7uiCgyckQAIkYD0B0WgZPXq0bx9MYmKi9QNgjyTgIAJc7nCQszhUEiAB5xE49dRTQw56wIABFJYLSYiZJNCVAAOXrjx4RgIkQAKGEsjLy0NmZmbQNq+77jqUlJSAKy1BETGDBLoQYODSBQdPSIAESMBYAhKQiJDcjBkzujV85513Ql5MJEAC+gkwcNHPiiVJgARIICoC8ivOf/jDH9Dc3Iyrr77a10ZtbS1uu+22qNpjJRLwMoEoBegUtO9qxbYvv/qaXftutLbuRjsOQe8jUtAv2JNCB3ejdbuU80s9D8eRKf2QlHwU+vd2XyxFATo/f/OUBDxIgMJyHnS6y0x2kADdQWVv6/+UdauWKQsful2ZnX+BkpEUXEwpmMhS+Os9lQGZlyqzb3tQWbhstbLuk53KAX/VGYeei+1WJ6+IFNFO82aW1Wyt7k/IWdWnVlhu+fLl5jktSMtW2antnn1qaRh37BWuoYiFWN44gB0bV2HRbVfgnPTpuOelJmDwOFz2i9/hrxs/x5cHOuSvsTGvjr1oa/kI/3xyLqZlHQfl/WW4/ZIz8Z3pt2HRqo3Y0c5fZ3RZ4E5zSMAzBPyF5eQpIiYSIIHoCQTUcVF2fYhXHrsDN6wYgNk3/hLLi0fjeDN/EDGhN/ofe5zvdcLJGRg7KQ8/Kf4Cn6xbhecWzsYPllyC3/7qKnx3YK/oLWVNEiABErCYgAjLqRotK1euREpKCj766COLR8HuSMBdBLoFLsquf+OJWb/C2nNuxqqXzsbAeO056dkPx4+ZilkZObik9incc9UcvP/gfbjmlCOQ4C4f0BoSIAEXEtAGLfIDi3zc2YVOpklxIdD1VtG+/+Cpmytx4GePofza78YvaNGiSDgcg8fOxCOV0/DZPXdhSdMebS6PSYAESMB2BNasWeNbaZk6dSrVcG3nHQ7I6QQ0gcsXaPjDU9hRcBtmjjkG3ZZi4mppAnoOPBc3/3YS3n/gGby3j3te4uoOdk4CJBCUgAQt8vRFfn4+heWCUmIGCURPoDNwUbbW4Z+Df4rrR/e36a0YCV6yMfeGFPyzrjV6i1mTBEiABEwiIEJzErRUVlaisLDQpF7YLAl4m0CUOi7ehhap9dRxiZQYy5OA8whI0PLggw9i/vz5GDVqlPMM4IhJIAwBB+m4hHqaOnxePDRMwo/K2hLxYOCVZ/1pp3lz2Wq2Vvcn5IzoUzRaysvL5f61UltbG9YhRvQZthO/AuzTD4iBp1aztbo/QRWPPkO5KMBWlv1oXvVHPPvOjjCxlzZ7KHKuy8XopM47T9rM0Me7GvDsY2sx4IdX4tzB/o87d2BXw1Lc/+RWZN/+M4xN7hG6rTC59fX1mDt3LqqrqztLFhcXo7S0tPNcDuSRxba2ti7X5KSurg4ZGRndrvMCCZCANwloNVpEzl+k/ZlIgATMJRAgcAGUHQ1YcNMj+K/uvguw7PKp+gOX9l34fNuXOCDtb63HspuewMhRE3FSzz5+PR7A5jf/ijsf2okjr74WY5MP98vXf9rU1IScnBxf4NHa2ork5GQsXboUBQUFkICmqqrK15gcS9BSUVGBmTNn6u+AJUmABDxFQBu0yG0iBi2ecj+NjSOBAIFLLxyf+wBerz4Gl0+dh015v8fSu3NwdCjxlIREJB8ToKkghilf/BMPnDsV8z7Y9W2JycNw17dnXY+Gl+DU43t3vRbh2YIFCzoDEglaJMnPzUtAI6swErDIaoq8S8rOzva98x8SIAES8Ceg1WhRheX8y/CcBEjAHAJBoo1eGHjeL/D445sx+bLHUPnDbPx20iDDnjZKSBmH2Q+VYMvTH6Bj7ydYs3QD+l8wEacc2XU4hyQPwcmpx2LIxGkYF+NtIrkd5H9LSItUAhg1cElLS4O8mEiABEjAn4A2aKGwnD8dnpOA+QS6Rgpd+uuDtNxCzJ1yAX7y6z/j8rG/QEafUMsuXSqHOTkUAyf9H56YBKCtBg8cvgKD/+8O/HBEbKsqYToNmC0BiyR174qsuMiKzJgxY7qsvsitIwYzARHyIgl4hoBotMyZMwciLCfvVMP1jOtpqI0IhN5Ne+hJyH/8FdSVT8LRHR3mDDt5LG58ojRuQYvsc5FbRmpQogYysudF/RFJCWpkf0ygDbvmQGGrJEACdiNAYTm7eYTj8SqB0IELEtDzqOHIyDgVg5Nie6LHboAlCJk+fbovYJHVFDXJxl15ekjdByPXZZOuuhdGLcd3EiAB7xCgsJx3fE1L7U/AswJ0soIiwYisrKirLaHcJY9ISzkJarRJxOX0pJqaGj3FWIYESMBmBCgsZzOHcDhxI2A7AbqOrW8pK+q2Kx2hVF9skNexs0FZVb896pE0NjYq2dnZSlpamiLHelNycrKvnt7y2nIUoNPSMPY4HsJI7NNYH6qt2Y1rpMJyqh3h3u1mZ7jxRptPO6MlF7qeV7iGotB5qyjhqEFQXvwjVrXsj1s0F7bj9ma88uBqKEOPCFs0UAF5JDo9Pd23V0VWTvxXWkSYTlZQ5s2b16W6rMzIrSU+It0FC09IwLUEVI2WxYsXQ4TlsrKyXGsrDSMBpxHoDFyQkIpJ1wzBirv+iLptNgxe2jfh1bvuwutjp2NiSuT7bSRoEbE52Wgrt4e0e1hUp0lgIi9V80W9LoGM1BOVXSYSIAF3E1CDloaGBlBYzt2+pnXOJPBt4CIbcY+/CHf+/FDM/+ndWL5xJ+THN+KfFLRvq8Mfb7oRfxpSiJKJA6PSk5FgRJI87iz7VWRlRftSV1kkqJGnjLRlpJ5cZyIBEnA3AdFoGT9+vM9IEZajGq67/U3rnEnAT8elB5JOuQJlv3sZD//iR3hh4s9ww/RzcdrAPlEFC7EiUfZ9inf+vhj3l/4Lp939G8zPGYre+vbCduvaf1NttwKaC+HE6jRFeUgCJOASAhSWc4kjaYbrCfgFLmJvDySl/QAlz5yKNU/Pxy3j70WfS36IKRPH4PQTh2PI4AFI6hll9BAWZwf2tTWjaeNGrP/nS/jjI2+hz2WF+OXzs3FWnIKnsENmARIgAccToLCc411IAzxEIEDg8rX1Cb2PxznXluKFH7dg/T9qsOb1P6Pk1uX4W30SJuR9FyeeMBzDBnytdKvs+BBvNnyKA+iBI4Zn4PRBiQERdnxTrt0/95sfXdy/dxP+9UkqLr7mIkzOuhD3vn43RjFg8afFcxIgAQMJqMJy5eXlKCwsNLBlNkUCJGAGgaCBi9pZQu+BOO3c6b7X9Xc8gB2ftWDz5lbs2fM5Nm3bDdHTVb44BDu/6oev0BNHpA1D2tG91Opd3pUvD8EXvnLay4fg0MOPQP8+STjue1Nw8dmDTVzR0fbLYxIgAa8TeP3113HrrbeisrIS+fn5XsdB+0nAEQQ8K0BnpXdkEzAF6Kwkzr5IIDwBCsuFZ8QSJKAlYDsBulBiL8yLjQAF6GLjF6q2V8SYvGCnVTZqheXmz58fanqZkmeVndrBs08tDWOPrWZrdX9CKx59hvJS2FtF2miLxyRAAiTgZAJajRYRlvvoo4+cbA7HTgKeJKDRcfGk/TSaBEjAIwS0QQuF5TzidJrpSgIMXFzpVhpFAiSgJUBhOS0NHpOAswnwVpGz/cfRkwAJhCFAYbkwgJhNAg4jwBUXhzmMwyUBEtBPQDRacnNzMXXqVJSVlSExMbDGlP4WWZIESCDeBMxfcWnfhZamJmz+8kAAW3ug75CTMOKowLovASrwEgmQAAnoIkBhOV2YWIgEHEfAVB0XZde/8UTR1fjJk/8KAiYd+ctWozJ3cJB8d1ymjos7/EgrnENAFZa75ZZbMHnyZOcMnCMlARsT8ICOy5fKuocvUICBSmb+ncrjz/xFWbZsmd/rb8obTbtCPa7tijzquJjnxnjoC7BPc/xpFNfy8nL5YXultrY27ECN6jNsR5oC7FMDw+BDL7D1go3hpoWJt4ra0Fj/ATDwCtz1YAkmpfSwcRzJoZEACTidgDzuvHDhQhQVFaG2thZZWVlON4njJwESCEDAxMAlEf2P7Q/07IM+vbgHOAB7XiIBEjCIgFajRYTlUlNTDWqZzZAACdiNgIkRxZH4Xv5MXNz2CpZXNWGfLN4ykQAJkIDBBLRBC4XlDIbL5kjAhgRMXHHZj0/e/Q++OGY9HrpkGB7PuABTTzkSXSOlPhg1407cOHaADdFwSCRAAnYnoNVoWblyJVJSUuw+ZI6PBEggRgImBi4HsXfLBrzWuMs3xF31K/BUvf9oR6IgL9Bj0v7leE4CJEACXQlogxZqtHRlwzMScDMBEwOXwzF61ktQZrkZH20jARKIBwHRaJkzZ45PWE7eKSwXDy+wTxKIDwETA5dvDFK+wP9qX8bK6jV4+6M2dBySjCGnn4GzJ3wfk0YfDfMHEB+w7JUESMAcAhSWM4crWyUBpxAwVYAOymd449fX4oJfv4SvbxhpsZyBqxc/hUevPBm9tZddeEwBOhc6lSbFhQCF5eKCnZ2SgI+ABwTo2pXtr96qjESyknHdQuXNpu3K3g5FUQ58qWx+90Xl7ovTFST9WFm4YXc4rRnH51OAzjwXekWMyQt2hrMxEmE5vTMuXJ9624mkHPuMhFZkZb3A1gs2hvN614d8DI0q27Du5ZfwQXI+7vh1Pr5zQgp6JwDomYSBp/wAN905G9/btRrP1n6CDkP7ZWMkQAJuIiCPOz/yyCMUlnOTU2kLCcRAwMQtJnux47MdQEoqBqb4d5OAw44+DsPQgjWtu32Bi4kRVAx4WJUESCCeBLQaLRSWi6cn2DcJ2IeAifHCERgyKg1orMWa977ws7gdW+trUIXhGJs2APwxAD88PCUBEoA2aKGwHCcECZCASsB/KUS9bsB7X5x2yVX40b1XYHbe9fjytssx7qRj0Kd9Bz7+14sov/khtIy8FVdOOA5yB4mJBEiABFQCWo0WCsupVPhOAiQgBEwMXBJwaPql+O1z29Ax4zbcmv90F+JJE27CM7+/ERP544tduPCEBLxOQBu0UFjO67OB9pNAdwImBi7SWS8MHDcbT71zKW5/byOaPt2Brw45HANOGIaTTjwBR/U28U5Vd1t5hQRIwOYEKCxncwdxeCRgAwImBy5iYQJ6JqXi5LNTcbINDOYQSIAE7Elg/fr1+NnPfoby8nIUFhbac5AcFQmQQNwJGCtAd3Ajnr3hPqwcci1+d2Mmtj17B+75e0sII73xI4sUoAsxBZhFAgAoLMdpQAL2J+BOAbr2dcrDZyQpSQUvKFuVXcq6hycrIr4W/DVSKXjh03BaM4bl19XVKdnZ2V3GU1xc3K39mTNndimTl5enNDY2diun9wIF6PSSirycV8SY3GynKiw3f/78yCdAjDXczFWLhnZqaRh7bDVbq/sTWvHoM5SXjN1k0mM0Zr3zJb587EIMwDc/sqgoUIK+3sdjFw6yJMxsampCTk6Or6/W1lbfmJYsWYIFCxZ0XpfMuXPnYunSpaioqPCVaWxshLauJYNlJyTgAQL+wnKjRo3ygNU0kQRIIFYCxgYuXUbTjs8bXsHy52rxv32ygOGX9v0Pb/xpIZ6u3+5bkvHLNfxUApS2tjZfQJKcnOxrPy8vD8XFxaiurkZ9fb3vmgQtcn3mzJm+87S0NN+xBC/yYiIBEoidgKrRsnjxYoiwXFZWVuyNsgUSIAFPEDAxcNmHj6vuw7RLnsK/2g52g6lsexvzr5iB21d/hO653YrHfKG0tNS3giKBSKCkBiby7l8mOzvbV0WCGiYSIIHYCKhBS0NDAygsFxtL1iYBLxIwOHBpx9YXb0BKQgISEvpizE2vAajAtEGHQjaoal+HHH8ZnsVQjDqmHwweRER+VFdRMjIyOldd/AMXdYVGVmyYSIAEoicgGi3jx4/3NSDCcqmpqdE3xpokQAKeJGDw49A9cfSkQjw+dzee37wH299bjRX1SZiQdzaOT/QPT/pg4JiLcO0laXELXCRoUW8NSbCi3i4KNhPUICdYPq+TAAkEJ0BhueBsmEMCJKCfgMGBC4BDhyH3vj8gF7vRUHYpVmwYiut/VYyxQwZjYJL8KtFufFT/LvYMGoWTBvaJm9y/rJ5Mnz7dd1tINuIykQAJmEeAwnLmsWXLJOA1AsbquPjTU3bivaduwzU/+wcmPr8S8849Cjj4Lh6bMA7Xr/sObn9uAW47L9XM3x3wH1HnuTxhJCsoVVVVnXtaZPVFghl52kg26KpJgpyUlBTfRl7ZK6NNcvtLT6qpqdFTjGVIwHUEVGG5OXPmIDc313X20SAS8AoBd+q4dHnwul3Z/uqtykgkKcN/OE95qXHX17kdO5WmNyqVmycOVpD0Y2Xhht1dapl9InosouWSlpbWTZtF8kRzpbS0tMswgl3vUijECXVcQsCJMSse+gLsU7/Tli1b5vtMVVZWhq1ErmERRV2AbKNGF7ai1Wyt7k8AxKPPUOD9N54YGDi2Yd3LL+GD5CtR+rs5mJx2+NdtJ/TDCWOvxF0P3oTv7VqNZ2s/QYeBvYZqSh6JTk9P9z0WXVdX17nSotaRfS7y8t/LIo9LS5INvEwkQAL6CDzyyCOYNm0aamtrkZ+fr68SS5EACZBAGAImBi57seOzHUBKGoYcfajfMBJw2NHHYRha0Ni625LARYKWgoICX/Aht4fUJ4X8Bua7RSRl5SVJghg5lqBFfSzavw7PSYAEviXgLyxHjZZv2fCIBEggdgImBi5HYMioNKDxTazduNtvpAfR+u+3UIXhGJs2ALJl1+ykBiLy5JDsV9E+mi3H8+bN8w1BBOlEfE6CHLkuKzQS5Mi+FyYSIIHQBFSNFgrLhebEXBIggegJGP9UUedY+uK0iy/DlF//BDdd3R9f/uIyjB2egkOV3WipX4HH7n8ULSNvwJUTjrPkySK5NaQnSZAiTxnxSSM9tFiGBL4loAYtFJb7lgmPSIAEjCdgYuCSgENHXI5HV3yBOTNuw80/WtRl9EkTbsIzv78RE1OsWG/p0jVPSIAEDCag1WgRYTlZ1WQiARIgATMImBi4yHB7YeC4G/Dnf/8Qtze8j6ZPd+CrQw7HgBOG4aQTT8BRvU28U2UGLbZJAiTQjYA2aCkrK0NiYmK3MrxAAiRAAkYRMD9yaP8Cm5o+w96eR2DgkCEYMvgo9GnfgY/fXYOVf3oMi9763Chb2A4JkIDFBERYTrRZpk6dCgYtFsNndyTgUQKmCtApbW/it1dfi5v+9kEQvCNR8MKreOzCQUHy3XFZNvlSgM4dvqQV3xKgsNy3LHhEAl4g4AEBur3KhoV5CjBQycyfq9xZMFFJwmBlQsGtym0F5yvpSFYyi19SNh/oCKUz44o8CtCZ58Z4CCOxT0WJRFhOr/fJVS+pyMuRbeTM9Nawmq3V/QmHePQZir+Jt4pasfHt9UDydNx+/124tfganId2HHbW5bjj0WexrCwb7y9/BfXb2r0QqNJGEnANAQrLucaVNIQEHEnAxMDlIL7aewBIScXAlJ5IOHooThvcgvUbNmNXQn+cduFFOO+/f8Hj1R9DNMGZSIAE7E2AwnL29g9HRwJeIWDiU0WHY8CQo4EXNqGltR04agCGnjQQLRs+xXYF6NvzMPRGM+q27MRBIC4/tOgVJ9NOEoiVgFajpbm5GampqbE2yfokQAIkEBUBE1dc+mN0ziSMbFuCO4sX4M3tR+LkcScCry7H0y++gVf/+gJeQTrOGpxiiXJuVHRYiQRIANqgZfny5QxaOCdIgATiSsDEwOUQ9DvnOix64FzsePI1vN/WF2OuLcHtmfW49eLxyJn9JxyYWICi84+3RDk3rpTZOQk4lIBotIwfP943ehGW40qLQx3JYZOAiwiYeKsIQMIx+O4vn8Q7P9yC/cf2Qs+e2bht+Wp8/5/v4jMMwplZZ+L4JCrnumg+0RQXEdi2bRt+8YtfYPTo0dRocZFfaQoJOJ2AuYGLj05PJKUeh6RvSPXsn47vTEp3OjeOnwRcTUCE5UpKSnDllVdizpw5VMN1tbdpHAk4i4CpAnQ+FMoetLzzGl5a/QbeXr8Tw2bciTnHrsWC9YNw6cWjMaBngrOIRTFaCtBFAY1V4kaAwnJxQ8+OScDWBDwgQKcoSsc25c3785R0+J54VoB0JX/Z/5TtK3+pJGOwMvH2VyhAF0plJ4a8eAgGsc8YHBamqlVstcJyVvWpmm51f9Iv+1TpG/9OtsYz9dKcDUXPxM25B9G6+mFcc9NanHL/a/j49fvw9Q2iHkg5bzb+XJyO1Xfei0V1O20dYXJwJOAVAhSW84qnaScJOJuAiYFLG9a9/BI+SJ6Cn+ZnYdDhmu00PQcj59orcT4asHLdJp+Oi7MxcvQk4FwCFJZzru84chLwIgFNNGG0+Xux47Mdncq5aO7a/iF9++NYtGHNrv1Uzu2KhmckYBkBrUYLheUsw86OSIAEYiBg4opLXwwaMRjY8j4+3PyV3xAPovXfb6EKwzE2bQAF6Pzo8JQErCCgDVooLGcFcfZBAiRgBAETA5cjcPrUH+FiLMFtv3oSb37UioM4iL1tH6Hh5d9jTtGjaBl+IaZ9dyAF6IzwJNsggQgIUFguAlgsSgIkYCsCJt4qSkDvU67CY89txeVTCzDuya/t/mjGOCyVw+GX44HKYlww8FBbAeFgSMDtBCRoyc3NDSgst27dOvz+97/H448/7sMwY8YM/PznP8fpp5/udiy0jwRIwCEETNRx2Y+mPxWj5IMxmP2jU7Dvg39hfVMrvkISjjnxVJw99myM6O+NoIU6Lg75NHhgmKLRUlZWhnHjxmH69Ono1atXp9WqfkvnBc3B/PnzMWrUKM0VHpIACXiNgAd0XD5RluWnKxh6j/Lmvo5Qj2S7Pg+A5TZSQ8E85E5lW1tbq8hcLC8v7wZnz549SmZmpi9fyvi/JE/KmJmcyjVSJrQzUmL6y3uBrRdsDOdxE/e4HInTf3A+hn++Dm//6zPsk69CJhIggbgQkM238r+lyspKFBYWdhvDO++8g7Vr13a7rl6QPCnDRAIkQALxJmDiHpceOPSo43H6wD9i9neX4paMCzD1lCPRNVLqg1Ez7sSNYwfEmwP7JwHXEhBhuaKiItTW1iIrKyugnVu2bAl4XXtRTxlteR6TAAmQgBkETAxc2tH63utY+t9dvnHvql+Bp+r9TRiJgrwD/hd5TgIkYAABedx54cKFYYMW6SotLS1sj8ccc0zYMixAAiRAAmYTMDFwORyjZ70EZZbZJrB9EiABfwJajRY9wnInnngiMjMzg94ukrwzzzzTvxuekwAJkIDlBLreubG8e3ZIAiRgNAFt0KJXWC4xMRELFiwIOhTJkzJMJEACJBBvAiauuMTbNPZPAt4joNVoWblyJVJSUnRDEK0WWZ157rnnUF1dje3bt+P73/8+8vPzkZqaqrsdFiQBEiABMwkwcDGTLtsmAQsJaIMW0WqJZoVEAhR56khespnXNroNFnJkVyRAAvYmYKIAnb0Nt3J0FKCzkrY3+wolLOdNIrSaBEjAaAK2+Y9MOKGXiPI7Plc2vLVWafjkS8XuknNVVVU+ka26urpuJiYnJ3cT4BJBrkBlu1UOcEHqWp28IlJEOxUllLBcLPPOarZW9yds2GcsMyR0XbINzSfaXK9wDcXH2M25n7+J32VnIvfZDTiIfdj47Fxcdc1DqGk7aHTgF1N79fX1PrnzQI1IXltbGyoqKiTa6PLKyMgIVIXXSCBuBMIJy8VtYOyYBEiABEwiYOwel/avsHcXsKfxQ3zY0h8fv1eDxU+mYfwNLRi2r0cAE3ogMfko9O9tbPwUoKPOS3PnzoUEJ8XFxZBj/yR5krKzs/2zeE4CtiKgR1jOVgPmYEiABEjAAALGBi7HnIkp156BxY9dhpMeU0f3D/zk9KfUE7/3dOQvW43K3MF+1805nTdvnu9piaqqqqCPfkrgImJcegS5zBklWyWB0AQiEZYL3RJzSYAESMB5BIwNXA4ZiksefhovnvUS3v9yDza99gQeXnE08m+bilH9Aq2qHIbB6X0toyarKLLSEipJ4JKcnIwxY8b4VmakrNSTW0cMZkKRY54VBLQaLXqE5awYE/sgARIgASsJGBu4AEhIGokLCkbiAuxGw2G1ePj14cgr+iUuHBDoVpGVpgJ69qg0NTX5AhRZlZEARpLcUsrJyUFdXV3nNWtHzt5IANAGLXqF5ciNBEiABNxGwPDA5VtA30j+F32B/9Uux6OPrMHbH7Wh45BkDDn9DJw94fuYNPpomDiAb4cSwVFra2u30jNnzoTcZpIARlZemEjAagLbtm3D+x8RUQAAIABJREFU+PHjMXr0aEQqLGf1WNkfCZAACZhJwNy4QfkMb/z6Wlzw65fw9U8tak05A1cvfgqPXnkyemsv2/BYbhHJ6ou6cdeGQ+SQXExAhOVKSkp8YnDRCsu5GA9NIwES8BgBEwXoDqJ11R3IOu/3OPy6B/DIzVNx+tAU9D64Cy0bXseiktm4ddXZWFj/B1w7oo/l2NUVFLn9o+cWkkinSzm5haRNIi6nJ9XU1OgpxjIk0IUAheW64OAJCZBAHAm4U4Cui2LMNuXVmzMUJM9WXthyoEuOonQo+9eVKd/DQOX8he8rB/1yrTgtLS3tJkCnitJJnjY1Njb6yvpf15YJdUwBulB0YstzsxiTVljOzXaqM8ALNoqttFP1uPHvXmDrBRvDzYxAj/oYFM/txY7PdgApqRiY4n9HKgGHHX0chqEFja270WFQj7E2I08PyUt+CVdE6NQkqzOy2hLuiSS1PN9JIFYCFJaLlSDrkwAJuJWAiYHLERgyKg1orMWa977w49eOrfU1qMJwjE0bgPg/b/Tt8ORWUF5enu9XdeU2kHoryP8W0bc1eEQCxhIQYblp06b5fuRQfpmZiQRIgARI4FsC/ksh3+bEfNQXp11yFX507xWYnXc9vrztcow76Rj0ad+Bj//1IspvfggtI2/FlROOg75dIjEPqEsDsnoSbAWltLQU8mIiASsJUFjOStrsiwRIwKkETAxcEnBo+qX47XPb0DHjNtya/3QXRkkTbsIzv78RE1PstN7SZYg8IQHLCGg1WigsZxl2dkQCJOBAAiYGLkKjFwaOm42n3rkUt7+3EU2f7sBXhxyOAScMw0knnoCjLPyNIgf6hkP2CAFt0EJhOY84nWaSAAlETcDkwEXGlYCeSak4+exUnBz1MFmRBNxJQDRacnNzKSznTvfSKhIgARMImKjjYsJoHdqkbPCljotDnWfisEUNV4Tlhg0bhhtuuAG9evUysTc2TQIkQAKxEfCAjku4J7G9k08dF/N87VRNA9FoyczMVO655x5lz549YQE51c6whmkKeMFGMZd2apxu8KEX2HrBxnDTwoJbRbFFeKxNAm4jsGbNGp98f3l5OQoLC91mHu0hARIgAVMJmKjjYuq42TgJOJIAheUc6TYOmgRIwEYEzF9xUfag5Z3X8NLqN/D2+p0YNuNOzDl2LRasH4RLLx6NAT3joeJiIw9wKJ4hIMJyRUVFPmG5rKwsz9hNQ0mABEjASALmrrgon+Ot316NsWMuwE9umoeKxVVYv203djatwi3TLsYP76pGS7v8DBATCbiXgDzuzKDFvf6lZSRAAtYSMDFwOYjW1Q/jmpvW4pT7X8PHr9+HdJ9tPZBy3mz8uTgdq++8F4vqdlprMXsjAQsJqBotixcvhgjLcaXFQvjsigRIwJUETAxc2rDu5ZfwQfIU/DQ/C4MO19yV6jkYOddeifPRgJXrNuGgK9HSKK8TUIOWhoYGUFjO67OB9pMACRhFwMTAJdSvQwOH9O2PY9GGll37wZtFRrmT7diFgAjLjR8/3jeclStXIjU11S5D4zhIgARIwNEETBSg24G37rkE3y1NwzPvPYpp28owcsxjyFq2GpW5g9D68v/h1MnPYdKyaizKPT4uP7RolecoQGcVaXv0Q2E5e/iBoyABEjCWgAcE6DqUve9WKBcnJSnDr65Q3vjL/ylDMVTJe/wNZd3Kh5X84UkKhs9RXtj8VTitGcfnU4DOPBfaTYwpUmE5vWTsZqfecUdSzgs2Cg/aGcmsiKysF9h6wcZwXtdsPDE2MpPfKOp9ylV47LmtuHxqAcY9+XX7H80Yh6VyOPxyPFBZjAsGHmp0x2yPBOJCgMJyccHOTkmABDxGwMTARUj2wsDzSvD3jRfjzTfrsL6pFV8hCceceCrOHns2RvRn0OKx+eZac2Xz7bRp01BZWYn8/HzX2knDSIAESCDeBEwMXNrxecMqvPG/PjhjchYm5p6GiVpr9/0Pb/xpFTaNnIofZRzp6j0uWrN57D4C1Ghxn09pEQmQgH0JmPhU0T58XHUfpl3yFP7V1v2BZ2Xb25h/xQzcvvojPg5t3/nBkYUgQGG5EHCYRQIkQAImETB4xaUdW1+8ESMvehhtnQN+DdMGVXSedT0YiqnH9IOJ0VPX7nhGAgYR0Gq0iLAcH3c2CCybIQESIIEwBAwOXHri6EmFeHzubjy/eQ+2v7caK+qTMCHvbByf6B+e9MHAMRfh2kvSGLiEcRKz7UVg//79mDVrFigsZy+/cDQkQALeIGBw4ALg0GHIve8PyMVuNJRdihUbhuOXv38QFw7o4Q2itNLVBERYrrCwEKJnIMJyKSkprraXxpEACZCA3QiYKED3jantX6B5YyO27u3oaruyB9s2vIfN6Zfi2u8c1TXPZWcUoHOHQyks5w4/0goSIIHoCHhAgE5ROlr/odx/8UhR9A/yGqkUvPBpOK0Zx+dTgM48F1olxqQVlquurjbPoCAtW2Wntnur+7S6P7GVfWo9buwx2RrLU23NK1xVewO9+288iS4MC1hrH/771wdx0992IjN/Lu4smIgkDMaEgltxW8H5SEcyMosfxK8mDwxYmxdJwC4EVGE50WcpKSlBr1697DI0joMESIAEPEfAxMClFRvfXg8kT8ft99+FW4uvwXlox2FnXY47Hn0Wy8qy8f7yV1C/rd1z0GmwcwiIsJwsj4qwnOxtYSIBEiABEogvARMDl4P4au8BICUVA1N6IuHooThtcAvWb9iMXQn9cdqFF+G8//4Fj1d/zF+Hju8cYO9BCIiwnKjh1tbWUg03CCNeJgESIAGrCZgYuByOAUOOBlo3oaW1HUgcgKEnDUTLhk+xXXa89DwMvdGMd7fspACd1V5nfyEJUFguJB5mkgAJkEBcCRj/OHSnOf0xOmcSRt5VgTuLR+DI3+Th5HEnAqXL8fSLQ3D2/17AK0jH5MEp4IPSndB4EGcCFJaLswPYPQmQAAmEIWDiissh6HfOdVj0wLnY8eRreL+tL8ZcW4LbM+tx68XjkTP7TzgwsQBF5x/P3ykK4yRmW0NAG7TI3haq4VrDnb2QAAmQQCQEzNdxQTt2bdqC/ccOwpE9gfYdTaj757v4DINwZtaZOD7J/est1HGJZErGp6xWo+X6669Hv3794jMQ9koCJEACNiXgCR2XQM9fd17r2Kk0vfqksrBma+cltx5Qx8U8zxqhadDc3KxkZmYqM2bMUPbs2RN2sEb0GbYTvwJe6NMLNopbaaff5Dbw1AtsvWBjuClhwq2i/Wh5azFum34W+iYMwpjpt2HRW5vx7UPPHdjX/AYeu/4CnHbeXXh96764xJbV1dWQlZD6+vpu/RcUFPjyJF9e06dPR1NTU7dyvOB8AuvWrUNubi6mTp2KsrIyJCYmOt8oWkACJEACLiZgcOByEG1vluHynKtw99K12IUW1C+9Gz/J+TnmN3wBKDvxn2fn4vsnj8f1FY04qeBmXPfdoy3HK8GKBCOB0ty5c7F06VJUVFRAURQ0Njb6gpacnJxAxXnNwQREWO6MM87wPeoswnIMWhzsTA6dBEjAMwQMDly2YE3lIqzGNNz/RjP2dnyFtvVPIP/Q53DHwr/g+fsux9mX3Y/XBl6O+19ahVce+Sm+O9BaFVIJTORVXFwc0MkStOTl5WHmzJm+/LS0NN+xrLhw1SUgMkdefOWVVygs50jPcdAkQAJeJ2Bs4NLegg+qPwDOm4Jp56Sid8Kh6H/qhbjqpxloK/8Jpt7yb2QW/wXv/vMJ3Dh5JPr3TLCU/7x58yC3iJYsWRKwXzU4kWBFm7Kzs32nEtQwOZ+ACMtNmjSJwnLOdyUtIAES8CABYwMXFeARh6N3Z0zSG0cM6AtgKC4u+yv+dt80nJJ8qFrS0ncJQOrq6pCcnBywX3W/i3/gopZva2sLWI8XnUNAgpaioiJf0JKVleWcgXOkJEACJEACPgImCtD5E56IH089DUmdAY1/vvnnGRkZMXXCW0Ux4YtrZa1GS3NzMzVa4uoNdk4CJEAC0RMwZ8Ul4HgOw6EW3xoKOAxe9BwBbdBCYTnPuZ8GkwAJuIyAOSsue3dga0vLN6j24PMvvgKwGzu2foaWLgL/PZCYfBT697YwforBgf63kKQpeVxaT5If6rM6sU9AhOV+97vfoX///rjjjjvw0Ucf+V6x+oJsYyUYuD65BuZixFWyNYJi4DasZmt1f2K19OlOAboDdcr96b4fe5afUdTxSlfyl30STmvGlPzS0lLf+Orq6jrbb2xs9F2TPG0Kdl1bJtQxBehC0YktL5QYU6TCcnpHEqpPvW1EWs4LfXrBRvE77Yx09usv7wW2XrAxnMeNXXFJ6IvB378a+V90BA5Lu13tg1EDene7Gq8LsqIiL/+9LPIkkqRY98jEyy4v9ivCcvJIuwjLzZkzhxotXpwEtJkESMCVBIwNXHqMwA/Ln8APHYxKNFzksWkJUuQPnwQxCxYs8J2rj0U72DzXDH3jxo0QLZY333zT56PvfOc7GDFihM8+EZaTJc3y8nIUFha6xmYaQgIkQAIkABgbuLiAqAjTyWPPIvsvL0kSsIiSLpM9CKiPNKujefrpp32Hcg929+7dPo2WyspKnyKuWobvJEACJEAC7iDg2cBFApRA6rmi2SJBCgMVe05weSpIdFgCJXXjmAQw1GgJRIjXSIAESMD5BJzxOI/zOdMCgwgsXrw4ZEtye49BS0hEzCQBEiABRxNg4OJo93lv8M8//3xIo4844oiQ+cwkARIgARJwNgEGLs72H0dPAiRAAiRAAp4ikCDPS3vK4jgYKyJ1NTU1cejZfV0++uijUDfjBrLu7rvvxvjx4wNl8RoJkAAJkEAMBNR9hDE0YUzVcEIvzI+dAAXoYmeotiCicqNHjw4obpiZmans2bNHLWrau1cEoKy20+r+ZIKwT9M+JmRrElqvzNlQ+HiryJj4j61YRODzzz/39XTSSSd16fGmm27CypUrKTTXhQpPSIAESMB9BDz7OLT7XOl+i/yF5TZt2uS7BTdp0iSkpKS4HwAtJAESIAESoAAd54AzCIhKrgQoWmG51NRUDB48mEGLM1zIUZIACZCAIQR4q8gQjGzETAKilCtBiwjL5efnm9kV2yYBEiABErA5AQYuNneQ14enyvtTDdfrM4H2kwAJkMDXBLjHhTPBlgT27t2LWbNmoaGhAc3NzZDbQkwkQAIkQAIkQB0XC+YAdVwig7x//3489NBD+PDDD3HvvfdiwIABkTXA0iRAAiRAAoYToI5LqIe0XZZHHRf9DhWdlilTpigzZsxQtm/fHraiVzQNvGCnF2yUCU07w36soy7gBbZesDHcBOAeF8NjUjYYLQF5vDk3N9e3wlJWVsanhaIFyXokQAIk4GICDFxc7FwnmbZu3Tpf0DJ16lRI0JKYmOik4XOsJEACJEACFhFg4GIRaHYTnIAIy51xxhm+R51LSkoYtARHxRwSIAES8DwBPlXk+SkQXwCBhOXiOyL2TgIkQAIkYGcCXHGxs3dcPjYKy7ncwTSPBEiABEwgwMDFBKhsMjwBCsuFZ8QSJEACJEAC3QnwVlF3JrxiIgEKy5kIl02TAAmQgAcIUIDOAidTgO5ryBSWs2CysQsSIAESMIkABejCKcy4KJ8CdIoSqbCcXvd7RYzJC3Z6wUaZ17RT76c78nJeYOsFG8N5nntcTIpM2ey3BCgs9y0LHpEACZAACcRGgIFLbPxYOwwBCsuFAcRsEiABEiCBiAgwcIkIFwtHQoDCcpHQYlkSIAESIAE9BPhUkR5KLBMxAQrLRYyMFUiABEiABHQQ4IqLDkgsEhkBCstFxoulSYAESIAE9BNg4KKfFUvqIEBhOR2QWIQESIAESCBqArxVFDU6VtQSEGG5efPmYcuWLWhubkZqaqo2m8ckQAIkQAIkYAgBCtAZgjF0I24XoKOwXGj/M5cESIAE3ECAAnThFGbilF9VVaWIYJz/Kzk5OeoRuVmATisst2LFiqgZRVvRK2JMXrDTCzbKPKed0X7aw9fzAlsv2BjO09zj4hcG19fX+640NjZCUZTOV2trq19JnvoLy/Xr149QSIAESIAESMBUAgxc/PA2NTUhLS3N9/LL4qmGAIXlNDB4SAIkQAIkYBkBBi5+qKurq5Gdne13ladaAhSW09LgMQmQAAmQgJUEGLhoaLe1tUFWXOSVkpIC2VQrr4KCAk0pbx+KsJxs0KqsrERhYaG3YdB6EiABEiABywkwcNEgV/e3JCcnQ/a0qHtcJJDJycnRlPTmIYXlvOl3Wk0CJEACdiLAwEXjDblFJMHKkiVLNFeBvLw8yC2kBQsWdLnupRMKy3nJ27SVBEiABOxLgDouOnwjKzFjxoxBcXExSktLu9SQW0l6Uk1NjZ5ititDjRbbuYQDIgESIIG4EKCOS7gHtW2UX1dX59N1KS0tjWpUTtVx2bNnjzJjxgwlMzNTEb2WcMkr+gK0M9xMiC6fXKPjpqcW2eqhFF0Zq9la3Z9QiUefobzBW0WauFUk62UFRW4LaZO698VLTxuJRsuPfvQjH4aVK1dSwl87IXhMAiRAAiQQNwIMXDToZ86c6dNvkQBGTfKk0dKlSyF5GRkZ6mVXv/sLy8kTVkwkQAIkQAIkYAcCDFw0XpCniaqqqiDv6qPQ6enpPl2XiooKTUn3HlJYzr2+pWUkQAIk4AYC/HVoPy+Kaq7/U0V+RVx7KsJysvmqvLycGi2u9TINIwESIAFnE2Dg4mz/GTZ6EZabNGmST1guPz/fsHbZEAmQAAmQAAkYSYC3ioyk6dC2KCznUMdx2CRAAiTgQQIMXDzodK3JFJbT0uAxCZAACZCA3QlQgM4CD8lGX7sJ0FFYzgLHswsSIAEScBEBCtCFUpdxWZ7dBOgiFZbT6454iBSxT73eibyc1Wyt7k+IsM/I54XeGmSrl1Rk5bzCNRQV3ipyUTSsxxQKy+mhxDIkQAIkQAJ2JcDAxa6eMWFcFJYzASqbJAESIAESsJQAAxdLccevMwrLxY89eyYBEiABEjCOAAMX41jatiURljvjjDMg+iwlJSVITEy07Vg5MBIgARIgARIIRYACdKHouCCPwnIucCJNIAESIAES6CTAFZdOFO47oLCc+3xKi0iABEjA6wQYuLh0BixfvhxFRUWora1FVlaWS62kWSRAAiRAAl4jQAE6CzxupQAdheUscCi7IAESIAEPEqAAXSh1GZflWSVApxWWW758ueUUvSKMRDvNmVrkag5XaZVs3cPWK74M5THeKnJJ1OwvLDdgwACXWEYzSIAESIAESOBbAgxcvmXh2CMKyznWdRw4CZAACZBAhAQYuEQIzG7FKSxnN49wPCRAAiRAAmYSYOBiJl2T26awnMmA2TwJkAAJkIDtCFCAznYu0TcgCsvp48RSJEACJEAC7iLAFRcH+pPCcg50GodMAiRAAiRgCAHquBiCMXQjRuq4iLDcgw8+iPnz52PUqFGhO2YuCZAACZAACRhEgDouoR7SdlmeETouWo2W5ubmsIS88qw/7Qw7FaIuYDVbq/sTMOwz6ukRtiLZhkUUVQGvcA0Fh7eKDIpEzWxm7969mDVrFhoaGiArLqmpqWZ2x7ZJgARIgARIwLYEGLjY1jVfD8xfWI5Bi80dxuGRAAmQAAmYSoCBi6l4Y2ucwnKx8WNtEiABEiAB9xFg4GJTn1JYzqaO4bBIgARIgATiSoCBS1zxB+6cwnKBufAqCZAACZAACVCAzmZzgMJyNnMIh0MCJEACJGArAlxxsZE7KCxnI2dwKCRAAiRAArYkQAE6C9yiR4COwnIWOIJdkAAJkAAJRE2AAnSh1GVclhdKgC5SYTm9aLwiUkQ79c6IyMtZzdbq/oQI+4x8XuitQbZ6SUVWzitcQ1HhraKoY8/YK1JYLnaGbIEESIAESMCZBORvYDSJgUs01AyoQ2E5AyCyCRIgARIgAUcS2LhxI8aPHw/5WxhpYuASKTEDylNYzgCIbIIESIAESMCxBEaMGIH8/Hzk5uZGHLwwcLHY7RSWsxg4uyMBEiABErAlgcLCwqiCF+q4WOhOEZaTXdnl5eUQhzGRAAmQAAmQgJcJqH8LZeVF748IM3CxaMZQWM4i0OyGBEiABEjAUQQiDV4YuFjk3kmTJqG2thZZWVkW9chuSIAESIAESMAZBCIJXjwbuIgonNXJNuI9VhvO/kiABEiABEhAJ4GPP/4YqampQUt7NnBRFCUoFKMzJEiysj+jx2/n9sjWPO+QrTlsydUcrtIq2ZrD1gqu8pM3RUVFuu5M8Kkic/zMVkmABEiABEiABHQQiCRokeYYuOiAyiIkQAIkQAIkQALGE4g0aJERMHAx3g9skQRIgARIgARIIAyBaIIWaZK/Dh0GrBHZVtwfNGKcTmyDbM3zGtmaw5ZczeEqrZKtOWzN4CqS/yeeeKKuPS3+VjFw8SdiwrkZTjdhmI5skmzNcxvZmsOWXM3hKq2SrTlszeLa2tqKlJSUiAfNwCViZJFXMMvpkY/EfTXI1jyfkq05bMnVHK7SKtmaw9ZuXLnHxRw/s1USIAESIAESIAETCDBwMQEqmyQBEiABEiABEjCHAG8VmcO1S6t2W2brMjiekAAJkAAJkICDCHDFxUHO4lBJgARIgARIwOsEGLh4fQbQfhIgARIgARJwEAEGLg5yFodKAiRAAiRAAl4nwMDF6zOA9pMACZAACZCAgwgwcPFzVlNTE3Jycnx6ALKpVl5z5871K8VTowkUFBR0YT59+nSIL8IlPfXq6+u7+FT8K9e8kKKdz3rrBWKrx29uYD9v3jyfeJb6PSHzaunSpWFN01tPO7fT09OxYMGCsG27pYDWduGr9/tAtb+trQ3CTFj7J738/eu54Vzm55gxYzq/a4MxCmWrys+/THV1dWe76mdC3qMRmPNvu9u5wtSFQEZGhiKvuro63/UlS5YoycnJysyZM7uUi+QEQCTFPVe2uLjYx7iiosJne2Njo88HaWlpIVnoqSdtif+ys7M728rLy/Ndkzy3p2jns556VVVVisxt1W+tra0+zuI3OXZzku8FsV3moJpkjsm1UPNKbz1pS3ygcpQ2hWtpaananWvf9XyuQxkvzISd+MKfl3yPy/eBOmelHdVvMp/dnISL+l2ozivho/0Mh7Nfyksb8vJPaluh5r9/nWjP+RdVQ06AB3KiTPZwf0Q1zXQ7lDaZghMQtv6BoXyxCLdQHwI99dQvQW3vqp+1f3S0+W45Vu3UfkmLbeHms9568sdBGxBK2/7BjFtY+tsRiGEwbtq6euqpwY2/39Q/GuofHW27bjrW87kOZq8wk/oqQ2GmJuEm3yn+3zWSL3+I5T80bk7BvlMD8fbnIOzksy7fmep//PzLBJrb/mWMOuetIs0alCx1ScrIyNBc/fpclr+9cnuhi/EmnwhXeaWlpXXpKTs723cebOldb73S0lLI72F4MUU7n/XUUz8PeXl5XdCK3xRFwcyZM7tcd9uJMPL/npA5LC+VXyCb9dRTv2fUz4DajrQtt0BCta+Wdeq73s91IPuEm9zWX7JkSbfvEymfnJzsm5sVFRWBquu6NR2wokMuCh9hEOi7Ntj3rGqa3LqTuvJ9GizJvPSfs8HKxnqdgYuGoHxoJPk7VhwmSc33nfAfQwioX9LBmMsXdaAUbT1pT/0Quv2Pqzpfg7FV8/35qtdD1VPLyGdD9h+o97Rln4ea59+uW85lDomN/nzEPuERzP5o6/lzC9a+fzknnkf7uRZbxR91dXXdAspwHISn+MY/EA1Xz2n5wjbYnBX75RUsyXelBITBkjq3haXsaVG/D+S71ozEwCUCqm7+wogAg6VFo2UeqJ5sSpMPlfzPQD6IgT7ElhoX584CMdIzJKmn1pUvJvnCl1UWeckfbgleQn0J6unDyWVUNpHaoNZT56V6rraj/lFXz7347s9Ey0DmnspOez3csbqB1+3/kQnHIRTbcCsp6twUH8gKt/p9IG3K94HRiYGL0UTZnm0JyP/G5AMl7/KEhhkfKNsab/DA1MBEvtCKi4s7W5elZPmy8tITMJ3GG3Qgf0AlGJQ/qCpnWconU4MAa5oRxsJV5q3bV1w0Zht+KN8D8t3qvyojt5LlP4pGz10GLhG4MJpoPoLmWTQAgWiZh6onX1DqByrU/zICDMdVl0IxCmWo1FPr+n/Zy3X5X5f6P7BQ7bg1T2UTqX3aelVVVT6O6rK7fPGrfxSEr1eTllGsDCQYlD0xEnhrg+9Y23VqfSPZqgzU7wejv2cZuKiENXtb/CGr/+sxw7Ga7j15GGxiq8yDfUlHW0+FrLar9qNed9O7Ol8jnc966qllgvFS+QbLd/J1sU3s9+cqNsl8CsYmknpSVgIVdcldAhm1v2DtO5mpOvZYP9dqO+HeZaVF9mZJwBJqw2m4dpyUL2zVOaQdt8xZmW/yMisZ3TYDF42n1Pt4/v9blHMBr36oNFV4GCMB+RIO9EdAfXIiGHO99eR2kIgs+Sf1w+rmPwLRzmc99cQvws7/aQT5YhS2wfzm7wenngsj/+8JsV1eoWzXU0/mvmxuVD8DKiNpW5ir/lGvu+ld7+c6Wptlbsp3gqy0SMDilaBFeMm8FPtlHmmTzLNQc1ZbNtixBIKB5qz6GTF8zhr1XLVb2hFtCnmu3V+ALhbND+q4hJ4dwlYYqboVoochfpBXqKSnnqorotVzEI0H0W3QXgvVj5Pzop3PeuqpuhCq34STaDyE85uTeapjV3VCtJogonMh8yqUzoreesJQ2lPbEsbyveR2kTThq+dzrfoh2Lt8f8t3iv9nXLgGuh6sHTddl7kk81M7r4SP8JB5qTcF0nGRtmV+Sttqkmtyrv2MqHmxvstSJJOGgEx4gS3OVF+xgpd2mIITkAkujFXe8i4+kABGTVJGrmv/KOqpJ/XlQ6n1qbSh/WOr9uHGdz3zWf30UuOhAAAMxUlEQVRDof3y0lNPZav+MRD/yJea+MULSb705Q+BOm+Fg5ZhoDkrXMLVkzIy9/3nrLZtN/PV87kWFsJd5m6gFChwUeuo/vJ/F1+6Pcn3nvbzKjYHC+6CfY4DBS7CTeas5KlcA7VtFN8EaSjY8g+vkwAJkAAJkAAJkICdCHCPi528wbGQAAmQAAmQAAmEJMDAJSQeZpIACZAACZAACdiJAAMXO3mDYyEBEiABEiABEghJgIFLSDzMJAESIAESIAESsBMBBi528gbHQgIkQAIkQAIkEJIAA5eQeJhJAiRAAiRAAiRgJwIMXOzkDY6FBEiABEiABEggJAEGLiHxMJMESIAESIAESMBOBBi42MkbHAsJkAAJkAAJkEBIAgxcQuJhJgmQAAmQAAmQgJ0IMHCxkzc4FhIgARIgARIggZAEGLiExMNMEiABEiABEiABOxFg4GInb3AsJEACJEACJEACIQkwcAmJh5kkQAIkQAIkQAJ2IsDAxU7e4FhIQAh0fIBFkwYhISEBCQmDMGnRB+jwIpkvVqF4kDCQ1xgUr/rcixRoMwmQgB8BBi5+QHhKAiRAAs4l0IFdG5ejeKIEvoMwsXg5Nu7yZNjrXBdy5GEJMHAJi4gFSCA+BAbe/Cp2Kpvx8rUj4ckPar9zMW/zQex89f8wMD4ucF6vHRuxpOhefF70Jg4efBNFn/8W97zyqfPs4IhJIAQBT34fhuDBLBKwJwH1tsnEB1Ef6H/Qvnwjbyt9gY2rnsUDV4365laN3K6ZhOJFy7Fq4xf6Ge3aiFXL//DNCsA3t30mFmPR8/VoMXwhYB82Lro8LrfWOjYuwqSE6Vi0cZ8ONp9jVfEYJExahI3RMmivxwPD1NtomvcRL2L0ijoszB2CQ/Z8iR3tSTi2f6KOMbEICTiHAAMX5/iKIyUB4LX7ceNjddhlKouv8OnyEky44u/o8fNXcFBRoMjry3Jktz6PKybMwaIPwgcvHS1VKLloAq54fheyKz74ug1lPzY/cDZal1+NQef9GqtavjLQkl3YtKEv/r+9s4+J8r4D+IfDuG5FdM4s3OmiMwTOVVonjERlkxcF7UwkZ7WJFVFIJYtQpwNRRG0tOkCmxZfNbRG9Yky6ysXVbhRQio2u88YZ58smhDjW4B2bzrboGm16d8tz3MGB9ybcVODLP/e8/J7f7/v9/O6e58vv+/K8nDBl+K9QjYolv805L675UT7b8okdBV+ZKogcE0P2J7NJmxYeRMbSlRB48gTEcHnycyASCIEACaiZnfhdWgp2cMj0WYDXDKBZ1zn25RqIKdnMunh1rxEQFsX8DZspiaml+EgzPk2Xe0b2LM/k6NQD/OXIeuZHuR6eo1HH6sg/eJjd/JoVxe9zc6CrDv1V67pM3bV4EiKf6X9mxO2Pis2nzf6AjrxbrNj0PpYRR0AUHs4ExHAZzrMrug07AmHLN7Mv658U5B/x7DJy09hmMWGoyETjyMpxuXoa/QZr2jrbueTtSafSklVnxlyWjMsUcRvSuWmjy3iSPU0JlBS+yERPd5mwONZsXQVVu9jXFIxsIRtdzU1c080m0tN4uNwzpRjq9pLpylZKKkRvuklXa12vW0yTyV6jxS2TSwl4baSqMK0n0yupsCpgl1nfeYghs+I9LnY+6MXmcvNVnKCuZ76UwNpqTJbbtDb0yqvJPIjR1yqVIyPtFafLahRjxoXzjYhxPNs7mmwJgSFPwONPfMhrJQoIgeFKIDSS9B1vkNXix2XkWPHI4fehazBZu10KVnM+odVryPHjalJFppCT9S3qs5eyuuI4hsbWR3RN3aG5rh6LOpIpEaO9zISK8Lh5ZKhNVNdd9r1646WHvoeVMf+Nzp+bqH4f+xsns6XVit3awZlZl1gVNwntzjZ+VGrCbv+cv5eMYnf6Tk7eVNxYNu5dr2Zt4jrORmzDrLC0miiLOMuK6OVU+Fv5cszDy+y/tZimu1bs9vNsmdrGH96+2ld8LNQX/JbGqZtptduxmvXMMhYSp0li59V4SjsUV90VSjhEuq9VKlUUyypTOZv4dUJCQtHqJ3L8pwk+jMx+YsiuEBgCBMRwGQKTJCIKAXcCqomL2HFA58Nl5FzxaEklM3sWauevXKX+IasyZtLUcBWzL/eMajK6yhrqd8+koeAVlqREM0ZZtVGCag1NfldssN2m/ZIZYiKZFOb/FmO51E6nL3nclfe2rbiJasb7MJScF6pXsXVLOlGKXCo1cfNiUbOUki3ZxKsVIyucqIQ5xFj+zIUWxRl2B+OR/TQsfINd6+Z0s1SpiV//C45t7KSgyOAjwNY1D8t6x1T6121g68bYhzRRbyxki05LGIpo32devAZS17PFNW5YJAlzp2GpbabFU4C2o0cVYdpM9OZuY9WsX+vU66Hh5IAQGLIE/N9VhqxqIrgQGK4ERjMxvYADXl1GKsKTd2E2lxDf+REGgwGD4QRVhYuJzn43MChKPEu+HrPVTPPJGmre3c3KlnKylyQRHfVqQMG5gQ0UnFaKe+vaknnEhQf5lqYYRNVmYuZ8r8cA7JY4jEnRU+FKGx1ejQjnytNDBpzz2uCoLr0IgRFHIMi/8hHHTxQWAk+GgGqyb5fRvatUZb7AmOjl7L/wH+V/eMalldN8eKmfh20/dVRqYhfr0L2Uj95s5W5LDRuja8led8L7SoNqAlNmaAIeRz1jChGDuhPdp+2ckefSnvfvEnnIiOinb79dn/E+SltLG+2dXjKjXCtP/fr0vKsmJlrjWG3xfF6OCgEh4CIwqNuFqxP5FAJC4PET6OMyunDLTYD7tP5uB9kNc6npaOfDslfR6XTokifyecsNt3aeNpVaKMsI0RTR2NXff6MiLOpFsjMSoP4DzrV5q1kynri0VNS+HuoowbSnqbbEkhGIweFJVNcxWzvnDN8mLW6860jQPlURU5jhq/qdrzgelwEXNGmkIyEgBBQCYrjI90AIDFkCbi6j1w9h7NFDqWdyA2JmMt0Rt+E8Yfsvn912y2bpae++8QyRCQtItdRT13zH/UTf7dQFPtKOVYTHp7Mh8RzFZX/0nO58r5nfvHkUsop4LXFC374fcc/W9icMzyUG302kyBH+PGkZGq6c/1u/gnkuxr7ieJwG3EPuJOe1j6inNBcCQqCbgBgu8k0QAkOZgMtl9I8mmnpSmJ0PzPp3ONp0szut12bBWLmN3KrebBab5Tx7eyrjplFouO7IHlJFvUTl4ReoXvEzKgxuFW5tFkz67eRkf8HuXTqiVF9iMR50Sy0uwuCqqhsWz4bjelbdyOUHq/fS4DrOl1hMBirWZlNADsdKFjnTpbtoNRSR5Ejd7pXF/9TYuNfRDv83N8t44lfnMb92O0WV553GSxfXqwpZUR7h5OBNShXhiTkcWHiKFXnVXHfEwih67uHNcpO3i+S4EBACfgiI4eIHkJwWAk87gW6X0Vq39/koD8w8Th2dwccpkwhVjIFJm/joO5mcrNnobHefttpf8l7MYe7ardxtXoAx922MDvdQONqsX2E6tZTxF4rQhDpLyoemsu/WTLa2HCc/dhzYblC79TQxpz7Fbv+U5h9fJvdwb2E6lXo+u86YOKUL43SO1lkD5Wto8i8wXncU85ntJDtXhGytJ8jL7SKv4wHWjhxu575FveWrANAHmAYdQE+emyhZOhkcbKpkbucOJwstP2mZwzEXB88Xdh91ZmjpYxpJHhNKSIiWnAvTyNud7usqOScEhIAPAiF2pZa3/AkBIfD0EFCKiC1MpnjGMa77LPQWRJGVImgzT5N2sYTkAWXm2OhqLGZm3TwuDkpmZ92URS1kOmTB0a82pZ6MMx9Qljw4t1IQiUlXQkAIPCECsuLyhMDLsELgqSFgu0lj6SFul+eQOCCjBWyWM5SWfUH5a4MpdnYPU0UKY6Zt5pNlSUwLoAbMU8NQBBECQuCxERDD5bGhloGEwKMRsJSnMDYkmG989jC+YrQUr0cfuY1K5Y3CHpr4O6S8TLF4VQ2RlTvQTfRWKddfL8r5MGLzP8Ru/Zi8f73OpuPvUKgJZWzKz+VdO4HgkzZCYIQQGMh9aoSgETWFwHAmoLx/x0Dhwm38Nb2SI1nTB1BDpDugduGmVtKP7iNL6/3tRf5I2lqrSEur6q4No3qWcRO+ScTYwRhB/kaU80JACAxVAhLjMlRnTuQWAoMioLx0cAEpfbJbcqgxH0CnHhVYz0pcjDaF8p5sJmBlDWa9zi1QOLCuQMnUWU9ydhUWprNyzyFKXaXuA+1C2gkBITAiCIjhMiKmWZQUAkJACAgBITA8CIiraHjMo2ghBISAEBACQmBEEBDDZURMsygpBISAEBACQmB4EBDDZXjMo2ghBISAEBACQmBEEPgfi0nWthdiNQMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt></p>
<p>five points plotted correctly<br>best fit line drawn with ruler, going through the origin</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>22.5 × 10<sup>-3</sup> «s<sup>-1</sup>»</p>
<p>«Time = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{{22.5 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>22.5</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 44.4 «s»</p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Accept value based on candidate’s graph.</em><br><em>Award M2 as ECF from M1.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for methods involving taking</em> mean of appropriate pairs of <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{{\rm{t}}}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span><em> values.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[0]</strong> for taking mean of pairs of time values.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for answers between 42.4 and 46.4 «s».</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>correctly labelled axes<br>peak of T<sub>2</sub> curve lower <em><strong>AND</strong></em> to the right of T<sub>1</sub> curve</p>
<p><em>Accept “probability «density» / number of particles / N / fraction” on y-axis.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “kinetic E/KE/E<sub>K</sub>” but <strong>not</strong> just “Energy/E” on x-axis.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii)</p>
<p>greater proportion of molecules have <em>E </em>≥ <em>E</em><sub>a</sub> or <em>E </em>> <em>E</em><sub>a</sub><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>greater area under curve to the right of the <em>E</em><sub>a</sub></p>
<p>greater frequency of collisions «between molecules»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>more collisions per unit time/second</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p><em>Accept more molecules have energy greater than E<sub>a</sub>.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “particles have greater kinetic energy”.</em><br><em>Accept “rate/chance/probability/likelihood/” instead of “frequency”.</em><br><em>Accept suitably shaded/annotated diagram.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “more collisions”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>shorter reaction time so larger «%» error in timing/seeing when mark disappears</p>
<p><em>Accept cooling of reaction mixture during course of reaction.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Butanoic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH, is a weak acid and ethylamine, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>, is a weak base.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction of each substance with water.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why butanoic acid is a liquid at room temperature while ethylamine is a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of the salt formed when butanoic acid reacts with ethylamine.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Butanoic acid:</em><br>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COO<sup>−</sup> (aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq) ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Ethylamine:</em><br>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+ </sup>(aq) + OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em><br>butanoic acid forms more/stronger hydrogen bonds ✔<br>butanoic acid forms stronger London/dispersion forces ✔<br>butanoic acid forms stronger dipole–dipole interaction/force ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “butanoic acid forms dimers”</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “butanoic acid has larger M<sub>r</sub>/hydrocarbon chain/number of electrons” for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “butanoic acid has larger «permanent» dipole/more polar” for M3.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>+ CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COO<sup>−</sup><br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COO<sup>−</sup> CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COO<sup>−</sup> H<sub>3</sub>N<sup>+</sup>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>The charges are not necessary for the mark.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium is a transition metal.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> atom.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span><sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, TiCl<sub>4</sub>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction</p>
<p>between «a lattice of» metal/positive ions/cations <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«a sea of» delocalized electrons</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept mobile electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “metal atoms/nuclei”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{(46 \times 7.98) + (47 \times 7.32) + (48 \times 73.99) + (49 \times 5.46) + (50 \times 5.25)}}{{100}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>46</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>7.98</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>47</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>7.32</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>48</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>73.99</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>49</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>5.46</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>50</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>5.25</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>= 47.93</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Answer must have two decimal places with a value from 47.90 to 48.00.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [0] for 47.87 (data booklet value).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Protons:</em> 22 <em><strong>AND</strong> Neutrons:</em> 26 <em><strong>AND</strong> Electrons:</em> 22</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p> </p>
<p>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>2</sup></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>titanium atoms/ions distort the regular arrangement of atoms/ions<br><strong>OR</strong><br>titanium atoms/ions are a different size to aluminium «atoms/ions» </p>
<p>prevent layers sliding over each other</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept diagram showing different sizes of atoms/ions.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ionic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«electrostatic» attraction between oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«simple» molecular structure<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak«er» intermolecular bonds<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak«er» bonds between molecules</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of weak bonds such as London/dispersion and van der Waals.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “covalent”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub>(l) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → TiO<sub>2</sub>(s) + 4HCl(aq)</p>
<p>correct products</p>
<p>correct balancing</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionic equation.</em></p>
<p><em>Award M2 if products are HCl and a compound of Ti and O.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HCl causes breathing/respiratory problems<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is an irritant<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is toxic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl has acidic vapour<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is corrosive</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “TiO<sub>2</sub> causes breathing problems/is an irritant”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “harmful” for both HCl and TiO<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “smoke is asphyxiant”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, FeS.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron (II) sulfide, FeS, is ionically bonded.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to form iron (III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving <strong>two</strong> of its chemical properties.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in this type of solid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why chemists find it convenient to classify bonding into ionic, covalent and metallic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the change in the oxidation state of sulfur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mobile/delocalized «sea of» electrons</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>forms acidic oxides «rather than basic oxides» ✔</p>
<p>forms covalent/bonds compounds «with other non-metals» ✔</p>
<p>forms anions «rather than cations» ✔</p>
<p>behaves as an oxidizing agent «rather than a reducing agent» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for 2 correct non-chemical properties such as non-conductor, high ionisation energy, high electronegativity, low electron affinity if no marks for chemical properties are awarded.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction ✔</p>
<p>between oppositely charged ions/between Fe<sup>2+</sup> and S<sup>2−</sup> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “[Ne] 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup>”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«valence» electrons further from nucleus/extra electron shell/ electrons in third/3s/3p level «not second/2s/2p»✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept 2,8 (for O<sup>2–</sup>) and 2,8,8 (for S<sup>2–</sup>)</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>allows them to explain the properties of different compounds/substances<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>enables them to generalise about substances<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>enables them to make predictions ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept other valid answers.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>4FeS(s) + 7O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 4SO<sub>2</sub>(g) ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept any correct ratio.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>+6<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>−2 to +4 ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept “6/VI”.</em><br><em>Accept “−II, 4//IV”.</em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept 2− to 4+.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>sulfur dioxide/SO<sub>2</sub> causes acid rain ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept sulfur dioxide/SO<sub>2</sub>/dust causes respiratory problems</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “causes respiratory problems” or “causes acid rain”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>disrupts the regular arrangement «of iron atoms/ions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>carbon different size «to iron atoms/ions» ✔</p>
<p>prevents layers/atoms sliding over each other ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Both vinegar (a dilute aqueous solution of ethanoic acid) and bleach are used as cleaning agents.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Bleach reacts with ammonia, also used as a cleaning agent, to produce the poisonous compound chloramine, NH<sub>2</sub>Cl.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why ethanoic acid is classified as a weak acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A solution of bleach can be made by reacting chlorine gas with a sodium hydroxide solution.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Cl2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> NaOCl (aq) + NaCl (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest, with reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, why it is dangerous to mix vinegar and bleach together as cleaners.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloramine.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the molecular geometry of chloramine and estimate its H–N–H bond angle. </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Molecular geometry:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">H–N–H bond angle:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">partial dissociation «in aqueous solution» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">ethanoic acid/vinegar reacts with NaOH <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">moves equilibrium to left/reactant side <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">releases Cl<sub>2</sub> (g)/chlorine gas<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Cl<sub>2</sub> (g)/chlorine <span style="text-decoration: underline;">gas</span> is toxic <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept “ethanoic acid produces H<sup>+</sup> ions”.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “ethanoic acid/vinegar reacts with NaOCl”.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Do <strong>not</strong> accept “2CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + NaOCl + NaCl → 2CH<sub>3</sub>COONa + Cl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O” as it </span></em><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">does not refer to equilibrium.<br></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept suitable molecular or ionic equations for M1 and M3.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"> <strong>[<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">✔</span>]</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Note:</strong> <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept any combination of dots/crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Molecular geometry:</em><br>«trigonal» pyramidal <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>H–N–H bond angle:</em><br>107° <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Accept angles in the range of 100–109.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The definition of a weak acid was generally correct.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Explaining why it was dangerous to mix chlorine with vinegar was not well answered but most students gained at least one mark for stating that “chlorine gas will be produced”, but couldn’t link it to equilibrium ideas.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The Lewis structure of chloramine was correct for strong candidates, but many made the mistake of omitting electron pairs on N and Cl.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The molecular geometry and bond angles often did not correspond to each other with quite a few candidates stating trigonal planar and then 107 for the angle.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>