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<h2>HL Paper 3</h2><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) have many uses.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A molecule which acts as a chiral nematic thermotropic liquid-crystal is given.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img 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Wx6VcBJu4PJXrlfHOXHG/ebfbzJ53G/2X/+WC1KNyYfMSZ7VGnvHdj2LmV1hBN2+8leZtBQlaySpH3fyX0RVGXDSdPmeWki911Q1VZWSbjv0ofJR8yxV9XPtlcu54QgYaH+qobZJ2FJhYy3oN6+y7C/zJwEbEHxZpvYpYmMt7Alx3KyMz+v6cLkI+Zs5zm4LMp8BJmk0AB5kPcbegEZb2m7VoUh4y2s4iiHGIL2a9rIeAtK3mTlCJ9dSg8mHwkgZ9ynrXcge6E4OAUd4OWBLO0T//JF6aHLeEtbb17GEOIuKN7wPfPctA9T5bMdegFOdk6nYdk/OMXcihUrVPZAqNubN2/WX9Oivb1dnT59Wrfx3ocPH67bhVy4cMFrKfXoo496LYLp06d7LaWyCazXKkzG2/r169WNGzd0Ow1aW1u9llJbt24NjLeLFy96rcH7l5R67LHHvJZS3d3dXquwp59+WmU7Frq9ffv2VMVbmjH5SAAcAF966SXdPnDggOrq6tJt1/X09Ki1a9fqdlNTk5o2bZpu+5En1UceecRrEYwcOTJ3gP/ggw/0Vz+IN5x4AYnfwYMHddt1iLeNGzfq9sqVK1V9fb1u+/noo4+8llJf/OIXvRYBYgj7EE6dOqW/+sFz8fkGxBs6HC650/e+OtC1R33rq+PUXXfd5W3j1Fe/tUd1vdujrnnPi6dbqq9rtfc7z1evvv9/3uN+rqn3X/2qfv4XXn0/+9MBvAoIJYCcz5CG8WU5+RFzEcKY8XeOHRcmx+FtmHjDFjRu7wo5f8Nmsq2MTxpKTv62OV5F/bzH3u3LmR+91pip896T31bXuDvzo8u/9X5oqEI/U+ltwO8zlzv/cuB7c17LdH962/teIZ9mulvm6Oc+1NKd/Wl/rHwkSHNzs/7qYu8g34kTJ1RLS4tu79q1S40fP163g7S1temvM2bM0F9psIcffthr9ffyw5h4Azkc4aIjR47k4iebpKlJkybpdpCjR4/qr6bXToN97nOf81pKZZMJr+XPVEpg586dXiuh7vxMvbtpufryN99UfapebWh/W3Vf/i3O6v3b7cuqu7NFNWYzk74316gvL/179f61O94Px9jRFvVia3d5qjU6BaHEcK53UAB6SVGrPHKiICetFSavq2A7cVnGm6tLbxFfiDPzPm2rPOb5vEJnYTLewiadGm5Mdv5tprfzhf6Kx5zNmR8EVDVuXz6S+as5ddn3W5eZ0/KjzKfe45LZH9XcBuRVPvT29UxL96+87+dj5cNZZu4HJL534ANzDDC3BfB+gyb9Gb/85S+9llIjRozwWuRHzlcIIuNtw4YNXsstHR0duUnN2cRVz48JIytHjLfCRo8e7bWUunbNrq8sJzuj8pnIyae/Pq52rvl71ae+rlpe/YZ6su6z3jeGGlb3p+qlv16u6rLPPvrafnXq10OrH9nzdNW3gpZuVi3PTck2/kM1vfjPJVdqmHwkDA6M2Z6WbuPDieEJl1y9elXPeAdMkGxoaNDtKB588EGvRZLNUEI+xBtOyICEEMMTLkG8LVu2TLdx0sPKi6geeOABr0WSTOJsk4/8yfXJm+x8U/X8W6tq7lOqbsM31fOP/5H3uJ9h6t45a9Xb+zvV/rfXqjn3xviU/JkvqSVb/kY9V5dtl2H4hclHAi1evDj5vQMf+/bty/VC5ZyDMJcuXfJaVG44IZt427Rpk1PxZhJd2LFjh1WVLd+YMWO8Fvk5f/681wqHDgc6HoC/DxLE5Limei+iqlinvjR5nLKqiQ2rU48/m33Pj9fF/oQ87PPz1ZbdL/RXapq2qNbQ1S/+7sr41lgozlDxmDVrlm5jotb999+v20lnJpliEl+U5APLjxctWqTbuP5CMb38NMASOIi6f2W8oVIwduxY3U6yW7du6YQDou4PDLtMnjxZtxlv/oqNt3PnzuWu1bN8+fLYJnhIkmbOnOn9X9adn6g3nn5SrTgyWbV0v61efLz0ITmzD6tpIC3AUts1atyif1SqsVNd3tug6u78r+paNV8teiObUM55TXW//Q31+AiTNmGp7QI1vemoeqilW/3kxcfVZ7zvDIHkg5IJSwNnz56tJ/e4si1YsCCzcOHCzE9/+lPvXdqRV0l0dWJkOZh9hImkUS1dujTzta99LfcaLmzPPPOMjrdjx45579KOnEzJePOHOMM+KibeXnjhhdjH25DJ7b/vzrQ8hO8tzrRfvOE9WJpC/26ltwFiwmljZ+ay9+jt3s7Mc3V4bv5EWfsJp6x8JBh6X6gUuFL1AFY+KqsclY/nn39e3XfffbqdZLLygerhnj17dNsGKx92Ulf5uPW+evXh6arpf+a4W/nQj/9O/azrm+qJRd7E2u5/zb5XzG9h5YMSqtj72Mh7l7An6s/soyjLkeVSVHy1WfqcFKZnji3K0k5WPuyYfRS18iGX2ifqAne3L2Ta67F0dk6mpbvQwtmkKVz50G5fynQ+N6X/e7mLj3GpLSXU0qVLc5Mbo9zHhitcKgcrDswk4LD7nSSNXEpc7H1sPvnkE69FfqZMwRJNO6hiyqX2NkufY2PYaPXgtHHZxkX1nx/0KrvFqHfUtZ4PVE8SLjImDftjtbCE1S9MPihWcKCRS+2KuY8NV74UZnNV03xYaWCGs1BiDrvfSdLIpetIsIpZ2vmLX/zCa5EkV6nYXgslf6l9MUufa2ukmj6vXq8G+e8TH6o+q3ziqjrVvkJNvucPwu+HEjNDV7/8yvtOOCYfFDvF3OWymAsapc3169e9llITJ070WsHkUtQoY/ZJIpeuI9GyWdop53gw3gor5sJ/cql92F2s42mYunf6XPUXdUr1vfGGeuts+FLUOz3/rr7d/H62tVi9/Gd/MmSOBOZ8VHuz91n1+YVNanfu4mP/oH74ye/6vxWCyQfFDg44mKAGOBDZ3MdGlmZPnjzptUiSVzW9++67vZY/M6EZbO93kkSINzPxFGzvY2MSlijXsEgTWYG0GRZFvEW5i3Vs3TtLrdPVAJyM/0692xdwMr52Xv3Lth0Kl+6re+7P1bwv/GH/40kyaPjlb1VT83/1Px7Gm/tBFDtyMiDvals63tU2mIkfbDaTSGV80lBy8rjNJOWon/dYk5MxVX1mQ/vbmW55j5fblzPdnS2ZRr1cNbsF3APG7JNqbgMCJpwOIu5n421hE075qaHYwgHIBDIOTGHkwS4NJ8uoTDKBk2wYed2UKCtjkkyuYLFJYOU+cvUmj6WI0hnASiOzL/E5dsKnFzKdG+pz78tvC7ulfm3ZJh9ZgxIurnahBMNt9LMHIt1G+T/sPjbmugBw4cIFr0WAeQxmBcHUqVP1Vz+YY2PmemBoIXmT/oqDYSUML4HNfWzkvJkPP/zQaxEghtra2nR7xowZ+qsfPBcrjQDxhpvLOWHEw6rh2wfVpxd/qDo7+m+fP6BOzdnwT6rzBxdVz94X1IyAm88lhhx+seElIUSxJK8xgR5UUPlW3lbfmd5TmcjroIRdz0JWkJJ7W/PiyBhC3AXFG75nnoshLRogKxlht9NPY5WNWPmgmMNkQNu7XGLSaTZB0e0333xTf6V+3d3dXkupxx57zGsN1dvbm5v0h6t+Drp6YwoghrInQN3GZGfcbt8PYhP7CDZu3FjUNUJcdezYMa+l1PTp073WUPlLuYu5izUllJeEEMUaqh4IV/RGg+Zz7N27N9eLinKFVJfJ3nxYD11O+kvrlTtltQ1bULxFqSilhawIhc0vkpOg+XlNF1Y+KBHM1U7RG8W1APw8+eSTXkup73//+14r3WTVY/bs2V5rKMypMUtrMdcmrfcryV96K691kk/26s2cmrQ7c+aM1+q/hoofLK1FxQiySW9yl9ZScbwkhCj2bHvlZpY9tqBea1rIqpHfHAY8bltdSgsZb0G9ctl756oX+yXats8jN7HyQYkh78NheuiF4C6Yxve+9z2vlU6oZpgeeWNjo+7VF4K5NOZ5ibufRoWY+RwQdJ+hZ555xmsptX//fq+VTqhmmDhC9cwvjrCSyDwPl7dnvKWQl4QQJYKc0xE0xm7G7IN6+2lg07vE42Z/4flp3l/55MqfoJUY7MX3s6lOIr74+SQmH5QotgcuuXwvrctu5XLHoImmctiAkyYHk4lZULzZ7muXYWjK7AMkIX5kQhe2DJfcxeSDEkeuMPDrjeIkIXujaRuLz3//fr1xeVXPoBNGmtkmsnJ/p3GlkM37l1ctxvMpvZh8UCLZnFhlbzRtJ1bbE6acnJvGE6YN20RW9vzDlpi6RsZbUOXHZliG0oHJByWS7LHbHuzSUuKVvcugoQJZQUrr0JQt2yEFGW9+VTnX5MebX2dA7sO0Dk3RACYflFg2vSh5YMTm12t1RX4v3S/hwvNs5jLQABlvfnNj5BwRbK737hE3snoWFG821UpKDyYflFg4gJmDWdD4sezh43kun2jl5NGg3qVcNZSWHnqpZCIbFEdyuM/1xE5OHg2qCMlhGcYbAZMPSjR5UAsaVpEn5aCDZJLJfRF0crRN2mgoebINOonK56Ey4GICIuMtKMmS1SBW2chg8kGJhgOZzYENj8vysGtzHPJ720HDS3L4IOjKnTRUfrz5DR/kx5trcxxkvGELijeZiPkNV1H6MPmgxJMHQgwn+MEB0pw4sLmSgOSfCIIO8LYTJ8mf7PEHxZBMVMKemyRR4k1ODE/bCiAKxuSDnCB7mUGT2VxLQKKcCADDLOa5Qb1VCib3Y9Ck0vx4QwXErzqXBFHjTX4uXZ98S9Ew+SAnyB5WWI8+/4SA5yfxhCAnjWILOxHIHntQhYjCRbmmR3684flJjDcZP9jC4k0mKq4NO1HpmHyQM+Sk0rC5DIVOCEmpBODEJd8rtrATgRwCwNck977jQs6dCdv/+fGGdpriLagaSenE5IOcIWfV26ziwMFfls/xs0ErZuIAFZ783znsRABy0l/c32NSIN7k3yEsocPz5TAEtqAVM3FQbLxxKTeFYfJBTpGlYZuDHk4YsgeLDf8ft54afs/8YRacFGx6z3JIyiYpI3tRT7KFqghxrLqVEm8yKcPPhCVllE5MPsgpONCZnppNb9SQSYvZ8FgcDpzoaeK9yN8NJzDb300mV5z0V174G8i/jW3SiupT/t8U1SnX4s2mSkLpxOSDnIMDnjn4RVnNgl5dflkcB+FaJSF4HyaRkr9PlGtzyH2BkwKVn7yCLk7StpCo5FfdTLzVovJWjniLMvGb0o3JBzlJHtSjlrQL9UqxIZGpdOUAJx2Uuwv9+3g8ShJUbK+copMn7agxUuikjw3xFuXEXwzEBJKdcsQblLIfKF2YfJCTSu2B4aDrd1DGARYH5nKdGJAc4d/Kr7qYDSehYhIHvKZ5Dfy+VDky3hAfUQXFGx4ziUjUZKCQasQbXoMoyF34TzZYiJyze/dutXbtWt3O9i7VzJkzdTuKGzduqPfee0+9/vrr6sCBA96jg2UP4mrq1Klq3LhxasqUKfqx0aNHq5EjR+o24HWyB33dvnTpkvr5z3+uzp8/r1paWvRj+bInHLVmzRo1f/78Qa9j6+rVq2rUqFG6jdc6duyYGj58uP5/qoxXXnlFbdy4UbcPHz6s6uvrdTsKxMmZM2d0XCQp3vDvzZ49W50+fZrxRnZ0CkLkIPTe0GtEmKM3WmqvET1G9OgKlcjLseF3xZwBlOFLJVdUlOP1KBziTf4tyxFvqFhVKt6wlSve8Lkwr4kKCFEYVj7IaV1dXWrRokW6nT0oqoaGBt0uVW9vr/rwww9Vd3e3OnXqlG8vNQh6iHPmzFFf+cpXdA920qRJ3ndK09PToyZPnqzb6CXv2bNHt6nyZLxlEwfV2Nio26WKc7zhd5swYYJuZxMltX//ft0mCsLkg5y3cOFCfbDGwffQoUNFlZVt4KQPKG/7mThxorr77rv1wbpSZWnzfuHixYtlO8lQODn8AFeuXHE+3jZs2JAbzjl79qyaNm2abhMFYfJBzjt37px69NFHdXvXrl16bNtVR44cUfPmzdPtbdu2qZdfflm3qXpOnDihZs2apdtNTU2qublZt12UpvdK5cXkg1JB9s5crQZUs9dNwVatWqXa2tp02+V4W7JkSa7Khgmu48eP122iMMO8r0ROW7dunddSvjP+k66joyOXeGB+CxOP2kEVwEDi66KDBw/mEg9UFJl4UBSsfFBqlGPpbVzlT/p76623uNSxxuTS23JOdo4DLuWmUrHyQamxYsUKfaCE9evX67KxK3bu3Om1+nvdPBHU3urVq3Pxtn37dqfirbW11WsptXXrVsYbRcbKB6WKnJC5bNkyNXbsWN1Osps3b+qyN3DSX7zIpbfLly9XY8aM0e2kM0OXXFpLxWLyQamDpah9fX36egmumDt3rnrnnXe4tDZmzKRM1+JtxowZ+v0w3qhYTD4odXB9BFQKXCoV37p1Sz3yyCN6lQXFC5Z6t7e3OxdvI0aMUFu2bPEeIYqGyQcRERFVFSecEhERUVUx+SAiIqKqYvJBREREVcXkg4iIiKqKyQcRERFVFZMPIiIiqiomH0RERFRVTD6IiIioqph8EBERUVUx+SAiIqKqYvJBREREVcXkg4iIiKqKyQcRERFVFZMPIiIiqiomH0RERFRFSv0/wSEMWyfruSUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" width="446" height="134"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Label with an asterisk, *, the chiral carbon atom.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain the effects of very low and high temperatures on the liquid-crystal behaviour of this molecule.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Low temperature:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">High temperature:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" width="441" height="131"> <strong>[<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">✔]</span></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Low temperature:</em><br>intermolecular forces prevent molecules moving <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>solid/«normal» crystal formation <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>High temperature:</em><br>«above a critical temperature» disrupts alignment of molecules <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>behaves as fluid/liquid <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note: </strong>Accept “weak intermolecular forces break AND behaves as fluid/liquid”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Identifying a chiral carbon atom was answered reasonably well.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Explaining effects of very low and very high temperatures on liquid-crystal behaviour proved difficult for most candidates. Responses lacked the required detail about intermolecular forces between molecules.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Vision is dependent on retinol (vitamin A) present in retina cells. Retinol is oxidized to the photosensitive chemical 11-<em>cis</em>-retinal and isomerizes to 11-<em>trans</em>-retinal on absorption of light.</p>
<p>Outline how the formation of 11-<em>trans</em>-retinal results in the generation of nerve signals to the brain.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>11-<em>trans</em> retinal no longer fits into the rhodopsin/protein<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>11-<em>trans</em> retinal is ejected from the rhodopsin/protein</p>
<p>leads to conformational change in rhodopsin/protein «to opsin generating signals»</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the structures of the main form of glycine in buffer solutions of pH 1.0 and 6.0.</p>
<p>The p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> of glycine is 2.34.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the pH of a buffer system with a concentration of 1.25 × 10<sup>−3</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> carbonic acid and 2.50 × 10<sup>−2</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> sodium hydrogen carbonate. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> (carbonic acid) = 6.36</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the wedge and dash (3-D) representations of alanine enantiomers.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>UV-Vis spectroscopy can be used to determine the unknown concentration of a substance in a solution.</p>
<p>Calculate the concentration of an unknown sample of pepsin with an absorbance of 0.725 using section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Cell length = 1.00 cm</p>
<p>Molar absorptivity (extinction coefficient) of the sample = 49650 dm<sup>3</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A different series of pepsin samples is used to develop a calibration curve.</p>
<p> <img 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"></p>
<p>Estimate the concentration of an unknown sample of pepsin with an absorbance of 0.30 from the graph.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_18.45.38.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/08.c/M"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Penalize charge on incorrect atom once </em><em>only.</em></p>
<p><em>Penalize missing hydrogens or incorrect </em><em>bond connectivities once only in Option </em><em>B.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept condensed structural formulas.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept skeletal structures.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong><em>ALTERNATIVE 1</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>pH = 6.36 + log <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\left( {\frac{{2.50 \times {{10}^{ - 2}}}}{{1.25 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}}} \right)">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2.50</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1.25</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span> =<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>7.66</p>
<p><strong><em>ALTERNATIVE 2</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub><em>a </em></sub>= 4.4 × 10<sup>–7</sup> = [H<sup>+</sup>] <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\left( {\frac{{2.50 \times {{10}^{ - 2}}}}{{1.25 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}}} \right)">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2.50</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1.25</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span>, [H<sup>+</sup>] = 2.2 × 10<sup>–8</sup> mol dm<sup>–3</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>pH =<strong>» </strong>7.66</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “</em><strong><em>«</em></strong><em>pH =</em><strong><em>» </em></strong><em>8”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em>Penalize missing hydrogens or incorrect bond connectivities once only in Option B.</em></p>
<p><em>Wedges <strong>AND</strong> dashes must be used.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.725}}{{49650{\text{ d}}{{\text{m}}^3}\;{\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 1}}\;{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}} \times 1.00\,{\text{cm}}}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.725</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>49650</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>c</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>1.00</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>cm</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span><strong>»</strong> 1.46 × 10<sup>−5</sup> «mol dm<sup>−3</sup>»</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>0.65 <strong>«</strong>μg cm<sup>–3</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em>Accept any value in the range 0.60–0.70 <strong>«</strong>μg cm<sup>–3</sup><strong>»</strong></em></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Taxol is an anticancer drug.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the feature of Taxol that is a major challenge in its synthesis. Use section 37 of the data booklet.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe how the challenge in (a) was resolved by pharmaceutical companies.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">numerous stereoisomers/chiral carbons/chiral centres/stereocentres/optical isomers ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept exact number of chiral carbons ie 11, but do <strong>not</strong> accept just “chiral”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">chiral auxiliaries/molecule binds to reactant blocking one reaction site «by steric hindrance»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>asymmetric synthesis / enantioselective catalysis «producing a specific enantiomer»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>biosynthesis / genetically modified bacteria/microorganisms ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept “use of a chiral auxiliary leading to «the synthesis of» the desired enantiomer”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A polarimeter can be used to determine the optical rotation of an optically active substance.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe what happens to plane-polarized light when it passes through a solution of an optically active compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A mixture of enantiomers shows optical rotation.</p>
<p>Suggest a conclusion you can draw from this data.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>plane of polarization is rotated</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award zero if answer refers to plane-polarized light being bent.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>not a racemic mixture<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>two enantiomers not equimolar<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>mixture contains optically active impurity<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>relative proportions of enantiomers in mixture can be determined</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>