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<h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The equations show steps in the formation and decomposition of ozone in the stratosphere, some of which absorb ultraviolet light.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>Step 1 O<sub>2</sub> → 2O•</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Step 2 O• + O<sub>2</sub> → O<sub>3</sub></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Step 3 O<sub>3</sub> → O• + O<sub>2</sub></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Step 4 O• + O<sub>3</sub> → 2O<sub>2</sub></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw the Lewis structures of oxygen, O<sub>2</sub>, and ozone, O<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why both bonds in the ozone molecule are the same length and predict the bond length in the ozone molecule. Refer to section 10 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Reason: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Length:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Distinguish ultraviolet light from visible light in terms of wavelength and energy.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Discuss how the different bond strengths between the oxygen atoms in O<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> in the ozone layer affect radiation reaching the Earth’s surface.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em>NOTES: Coordinate bond may be represented by an arrow.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept delocalized structure for ozone.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">resonance «structures»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>delocalization of «the double/pi bond» electrons ✔<br>121 «pm» < length < 148 «pm» ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept any length between these two values.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«UV» shorter wavelength <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>higher energy «than visible» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«bond» in O<sub>2</sub> stronger than in O<sub>3</sub> ✔</p>
<p><br>ozone absorbs lower frequency/energy «radiation than oxygen»<br><strong>OR</strong><br>ozone absorbs longer wavelength «radiation than oxygen» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>NOTE: Accept ozone «layer» absorbs a range of frequencies.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Bromine can form the bromate(V) ion, BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of a bromine atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the orbital diagram of the <strong>valence shell</strong> of a bromine atom (ground state) on the energy axis provided. Use boxes to represent orbitals and arrows to represent electrons.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure for BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> that obeys the octet rule.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, using the VSEPR theory, the geometry of the BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> ion and the O−Br−O bond angles.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromate(V) ions act as oxidizing agents in acidic conditions to form bromide ions.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equation for this reduction reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromate(V) ions oxidize iron(II) ions, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, to iron(III) ions, Fe<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation for this redox reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>10</sup> 4p<sup>5</sup></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>[Ar] 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>10</sup> 4p<sup>5</sup> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept 3d before 4s.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em>Accept double-headed arrows.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em>Accept dots, crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Geometry:</em><br>trigonal/pyramidal ✔</p>
<p><em>Reason:</em><br>three bonds <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>one lone pair<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>four electron domains ✔</p>
<p><em>O−Br−O angle:</em><br>107° ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “charge centres” for “electron domains”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept answers in the range 104–109°.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + 6e<sup>−</sup> + 6H<sup>+</sup> (aq) → Br<sup>−</sup> (aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>correct reactants and products ✔</p>
<p>balanced equation ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept reversible arrows.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + 6Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) + 6H<sup>+</sup> (aq) → Br<sup>−</sup> (aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l) + 6Fe<sup>3+</sup> (aq) ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium is a transition metal.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> atom.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{22}^{48}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>22</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span><sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, TiCl<sub>4</sub>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction</p>
<p>between «a lattice of» metal/positive ions/cations <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«a sea of» delocalized electrons</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept mobile electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “metal atoms/nuclei”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{(46 \times 7.98) + (47 \times 7.32) + (48 \times 73.99) + (49 \times 5.46) + (50 \times 5.25)}}{{100}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>46</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>7.98</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>47</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>7.32</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>48</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>73.99</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>49</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>5.46</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>50</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>5.25</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>= 47.93</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Answer must have two decimal places with a value from 47.90 to 48.00.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [0] for 47.87 (data booklet value).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Protons:</em> 22 <em><strong>AND</strong> Neutrons:</em> 26 <em><strong>AND</strong> Electrons:</em> 22</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p> </p>
<p>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>2</sup></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>titanium atoms/ions distort the regular arrangement of atoms/ions<br><strong>OR</strong><br>titanium atoms/ions are a different size to aluminium «atoms/ions» </p>
<p>prevent layers sliding over each other</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept diagram showing different sizes of atoms/ions.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ionic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«electrostatic» attraction between oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«simple» molecular structure<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak«er» intermolecular bonds<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>weak«er» bonds between molecules</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of weak bonds such as London/dispersion and van der Waals.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “covalent”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>TiCl<sub>4</sub>(l) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → TiO<sub>2</sub>(s) + 4HCl(aq)</p>
<p>correct products</p>
<p>correct balancing</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionic equation.</em></p>
<p><em>Award M2 if products are HCl and a compound of Ti and O.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HCl causes breathing/respiratory problems<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is an irritant<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is toxic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl has acidic vapour<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HCl is corrosive</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “TiO<sub>2</sub> causes breathing problems/is an irritant”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “harmful” for both HCl and TiO<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “smoke is asphyxiant”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Fast moving helium nuclei (<sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup>) were fired at a thin piece of gold foil with most passing undeflected but a few deviating largely from their path. The diagram illustrates this historic experiment.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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davX1/VCMgOdiH2g7mLhHjIjh0pEhMz2jYfxghFA3igVqgth7eMyoYGDRpIr17P2MaO2B4pX768fPhhvNO7D1URirVr1yqBNpKskb7DKfbENCj4hHgIEristh+eFxBW1OSjzCzQoo9EtJiYV9X2AhoD2cmODRuGKTvCnkjURP4GtnVGjx6txN8IsBjav3+/5bc4iL2h4BPiAQjnY88WvdftAjxFtNrNyMjIbiijt+D1F1hgYF8acwYg9rimkydP2MqOSM7EXj3sqB9DmJcsWWJIhQFshDwBLCAIMRMKPiEecPToUSWedqNx48ayZ88edR+iP3bsWGnWrInyuM0GIe/nnntO2U6fM7B3714JD2+uPcI+hIeHy8GDB7Wj6xgRfsewoGrVqtlqEUTsCQWfEA/Ahz3E027UqVNH0tLStCNRSWeY6AeRQTKa0fvQANEQePVIQMP+N+rJdWE8deqULe1Yt25dVRtvNLBVbOxUiYqK0s4QYh4UfEI8ID09XcqWLasdGQs+9M0Ks5cqVUqSk7/RjrKApw1BhhhDlEeNGqX2kAsK3gOeF5UMAHvdOUfcQjSrVKmiHRkLXt8sOxYtWlTtsRvN7Nmz1eAj1twTf0DBJ8QDMHe+TJky2pFxIOkLAokwO0LuEH8jwX7zwYMHtKMbgRijBKxjx45qD7lVq5ZKsNEFz9PkPkQIsD2Aa0dDIrBr1251nFtjIoinkeBasWiBDXU7Gp2ciBK8LVsKvihyBbbDaGC9dz8hZsM6fEI8AIISGRlpaO01Wre+8EKkdpRFVNQQw1v2VqwYomam5we8423btikvfMGCeRISEupcjNSXP/74M3uxc+nSJfn99yvOBdB52bjxa2na9BGJiIhQWfee7EFDjFEtYLYdUT6J1zIST+3oKbi+tm3bMjOf+A16+IQEiJSUHdq966SkpGj3rMlf/nLj/96CSgejG9asX5+k3bsOEgWtDLZQzp49S7EnfoWCT0iACAtrqN27Djrj+ROEviE+SOBDSP748ePSo0cP1U1w06bNMnPme2qfGYl3uMXGTlPnFiz4SHm7GA+MmvT3338/e0sgr20JRASMThSsXbu2du86JUqU0O5ZD9gcPQlYhkf8DQWfkACB8jTUd+tUqVJVevfurR2ZD0LhqMtfsWKF6sqHQTYIMyM072m5Gbx1eKkQetTZA+Qk5Cb8KD8zmq5duwbUjt6CCgn87FmGR/wN9/AJ8QDs4cPzNeNDWvd4Q0JCDKnrdgWiCwF23XvGXj2mviGkDA/d6BA7XnPx4sWyaNHHqu7fNVPfjFwIHTPtCJsNGzZMNdspCPrPA6WRzMwn/oYePiEegNpxd41XjADih5vRIgUg6q4Ng+DVI5MdyWIQLzOEF9n5iBR88MF/ZNas2Urk9ax5hN9TU1PVfaMx045nzpwxJDqB7REkFFLsSSCg4BPiAajBN6PxitlAXDHwBSDMPm7cOOVd+iNZDOKLDnt4fXTcg5dcvnw51dPAbmCx5y5XwBtYhkcCDQWfEA+oVavWTQ1s7ADEFdsQEHvMcEfdvT+9S3jb8PZ79eqlkgJLlrxXiZ7dwGIP3fYKAkYUcxoeCSQUfEI8AGHqcuXKq6Y0dgFhdEx527x5kxL7QM7ER0Rh0qTJMnz4MClR4h7TOuKZAeyIvgQ1atTQzngPy/CIFbjldSfafUJIHly5ckV+/PFHadSokXbG2qCJTnp6hly9ei2gYq+D0P7ly5fVNsOdd96pxs3aAdgRi71HH31UO+MdWDBERj7vXPBMUnP1CQkU9PAJ8ZD27durzHM9Ac3qLFgwX42iHTNmjGXCyAjvP/zww/L22/+2jR3nz58vLVq00I68h2V4xCpQ8AnxEIT18cGND3Crg5G4//3vKpkyZYrlMsKxAEHU4ZNPPtHOWBck2qWlparWwb6AMrzo6MGchkcsAevwCfECCAAmzCH5zcrJV126dJHbb79NFi8uWN24WSxfvlyGDn1Ztm3bnuuQHSuAkkKUZPq6947hSFhwWbkRECk80MMnxAtQagYvPyEhQTtjPTZu3CApKdtUG1yr0qlTJ7WnjwiEVUGiHUbiomeBL+hleOgESIgVoIdPiJdYuVsa9sUbN35Y/va3LqqbnpX55ptvpFevnpKU9LXcf//92llrADui7XBc3Ds+770jX6Fr16du6DRISCChh0+IlyAE/eGH8arVqtUSz95++201ux8jaK1O8+bNpVmzR+Qf/xhuOTuiQVH79h18Fnu9DI9iT6wEBZ8QH8AHOSbbQRiswtKlS2X9+vUycOAgS++Lu/Lyy0Pl5MmTTk86TjsTeBYsWCDnzp2T6Oho7Yx3YPGCaXiYU0CIlaDgE+IjEAQIA7rYBRp4lLGxU+XBBx+UiIjHtLPWB9nvt956q+oIaBU7zp49q0CljHoZnhlzCggpCNzDJ6QAwJtD+LxevXpqzzYQQKTgUWI8LQbjYJa9lSsIcoJMdixUMKY3kHZEhASLJtjR19wMPb9j167dtomykMIDPXxCCgCEFV3s0LoWQuXvvWh4xbrYX7p0Sc2Ft5PYg7CwhvL9999n29F1up4/wGvBjgUVe4BpeBMnTqbYE0tCwSekgOiiD+8Umd3+6LePXvRYYEAgExOXKpFCy1pcg92oVKmyHDp0KNuOKNeDHfX59mYCOyJCY8RgIZbhEcuDkD4hxBh27drlaNmyhWPy5MmOs2fPameNw+nFOxITEx2hofep/12ZP3/+TeeMAu8lIyNDOzIevB9XkpOTTbcj7OXOjr4yaNAgx5dffqEdEWI96OETYiAo44KnWLx4cbWXi1CxEZPhsDeMPWZ4vhjV6m6mfVpamtSpU0c7Mg68B7yX1q0jpHv37n6ZdIdkvpx2hA0KiqsdYS/stRsxwY5leMQOUPAJMRiEphFuh5gAzIHH8dq1X3ollhAnCAmS2iB6x48flw8++I9MnDjRbw1/8PqTJl0vL9uyZZPMmDFDOzIO5B7kDOHntGOXLp0Nt6MRe+0swyN2gVn6hPgBCA729pOSkpRo9u79rNx9991yzz33aI/IAol38BSTk79Rx2j+gqQ2lHnll4yHZLfIyEhDy8HgDWP4S06OHMnU7hmDJ9cOYd25c6eyI6YWAtgFo3bLlCmjjnXc2RET7zCSNz87egtshKgLFhCEWBnOwyfED9x1112q3vyPP/6Qa9euyZo1/1Ud8U6dOqUS1vRbRkaGfPnlF1KsWDHp1OlJJfYPPFDbI0903bp1StBKlSqlnSk4mZlH5fPPP9eOsoA33rFjR+3IGD799FNp1qxZntd+2223ZdvxjjvuUIIOO164cMEjO9atW09tERgJogd/+1snmTdvvuELCUKMhh4+ISYCz37jxo0yY8Y7EhU1JFvA8wvJI2R9+PDhbG+2du06qi97Xp6+GR4+vGp0E1ywYJ46rlKlaoFL19xRsWJInlED2BF1+riOgtqxT58+hnn6nIZH7AQFnxATgEBNm5Y1rW7AgP4eheTzQhc8hKiHDRuuJrjlfD60hIVHa0QSWk70/fWQkBBTPNncBN/VjkOHDi2wUOe0Y0FsBZvYYVQyIToUfEIMBCFejHzFWFUIFLLNjQQiEx8fr54fSWKu3jz2ki9evGg7bxPvafTo0bJkyfXZ/fDMkRxoph1R849tgZx29BQkEHIaHrETzNInxCDgPSKTvHbt2jJ37lzDRQpAmJAchqgBvEt49TooyUtOTtaO7MPhw4cEg4h0YEdUNjRu3NhUO6LUz50dPQHXyDI8Yjfo4RNiABAP7BGj3MvIPfS8QDQBnjGAtwpq1qxuu176sF316tWUeAbCjogmjB8/XkqWLCljx47N13bIa0Advz+vkRAjoIdPSAGBSOktbv0pAMjc11v66vPvkUGP0jU7AYFHAp5uR+yJ+9OOSLqDHUuUKKHsCEF3BQsr13OchkfsCj18QgqALlIQjEB61fp1dOrUUfbs+V5GjhypfcXaIHsee+gRERGWsqPrdSA3AiDBD+KP5j2chkfsCD18QnwEQoBGOoEWKYAEssqVK8vatetUCSCEyQ6sXr1aqlW73xJiD2BHhPbj4uK0MzfCaXjEzlDwCfEBZHljnGpsbGzARUonOjpahZ47duwkGzZs0M5aFyxKsDhBn4IxY8ZYxo7Yx09JScn27HXwM+c0PGJnGNInxEv0pK1JkyabkkFeEJCA1qxZEwkJCZUVK1Za2hNFohz27z/6aKEaOmQldDtiSNGZM2dUVj6iECjDa9gwTBYvXqyu/euvrb+wIkSHHj4hXpKQkKCStqwm9gAJaHFx7ypvGeFnqwJvefHij+Xpp5+2nNgD3Y7oBVC0aFH59ttvVfveffv2qz18zEFAciEhdoKCT4gXIAw9atSrMmLECO2M9UByGfahP/10iUqKsxqIkPzzn/+U22+/XV588SXtrPVAN0M0/kHVw8aNG5xef1YnQCTsobmRVbYgCPEUhvQJ8QJkcQMkd1kZhKDHjXtDTY2zWutX2HDlyhXSr19/U9oAGwns+O9//1ueeOIJ6dGjB5P1iK2hh0+Ih8AzxWx4fPBbHWw33H13cWnRoqXb2vJAgVn2H320QHbv/k5atmypnbUusCOm9LVp04ZiT2wPBZ8QD8HAFUxqs8sHP9rGYq8Z4X0riH5W1GGcDB48RGJiRtvGjr169XIuVNZqR4TYFwo+IR6SkPCZ02NuoR1ZH2STo+xNzzcIpOhD7GNiXlWjdb/++mtLJjzmBiIRyMgnxO5Q8AnxAAjlypXL1XhWuwAPGq12jx49qpraoDEPRB8lZ/4Eg2l0sUcuAexoxcz83IAdMUcflQWE2JlbXnei3SeE5EJaWprccsut0q5dO+2MPfjzzz8lMzNTTaNr3ry5/PLLLzJ69CgJDQ2RqlXv1x5lDqhowAIDC45Zs2ZLuXLlJCMjQ9mxdevW2qPsAez266+/Sq1atbQzhNgPeviEeMDBgwfV2Fu7UaVKFbVY0UE5Gaa8QYBHjRplirePaAi61KFePTw8XGXl6/v1sCPG3tqNqlWrytatW7UjQuwJBZ8QD0hPT5fy5ctpR/ahdOnSKtnQFUx5w5x5CC/mzkOQjQhXw6OH0KMLIcQRXeqwwHAF57EIsRtlypSRc+fOaUeE2BMKPiEegHBupUqVtSPjwP52xYoh6gaP2+ikOnSMO3jwgHZ0HeylowYeNfoVKlSQfv36Svfu3dX1eCP+EHkk5L355pvKo8fCCBGEiRMnqtd2BzrXGY3ZdsQiCbkHhNgZNt4hxAMgIpGRkYbOQIdQ9uzZXTvKAuVqRjf1gQgeOZLVJS4v0JUP14QJgFu2bHIuCJ6SO++8U0qVKqUWPDo4/vHH/bJnzx4pUqSItG/fQcLCGqp2w/k1+DHDjqjtf+GFSO0oi0DakRCrQg+fkACBKXE5gdgGCoT/4e1Xq1ZNHR848KPqH7937w/qGFy+fFm2bv1Wzp8/L4cPH5Jy5cpL8eLFpUyZstoj8mbBgnkSEhKiHRnD+vU32wyJgoSQG6HgExIg3IW8dbH1Fwh9w0NGOB/7+cePH1edBNPT96lpe3PmzJH4+DkqRI8byvsWL17iFO6PlLc7YcIEtUh4//331d498gEQ5s+Npk0fyfPrvuAumbJEiRLaPUKIDgWfkACBueoQQJ0qVaqqcLe/gNBDpOEhjx49Wo16RRgcNfKe9t5HaB65ABD6xMSs+fHYy89N+LGgQX9/I2nfvr2ynQ7u50wWJIRQ8AnxGKOFCqKKbPlFi5bIhx/GK8E0cm8buEteQykehB2dA/UEOyMa4aD0Ds+LaXKgS5fOKmvfbPC6SD50tWNuCYO+Apu5LioIsSNsvEOIB1y4cEE1XzG68QoGs4SGhqomOJ561d5w6NAhuXbNkd3oBl79k092lCFDolXLXSTgGQ3eR6NGjVSjH2TPIxFQH0KDLQMzGtiYbceTJ0/K2bM/265hECGu0MMnxAPKli2rSs7sBhLrIIQAYXY03EF9vD/G0iJagT1/vP5zzz2nvGT0MrCjHVNTU23ZeIkQVyj4hHhApUqVZNWqldqRfUhJ2aHC9RD73bt3qy0Eo8PdeQFvG2F+TJxDUmDJkvc6rylF+6p9QMMgdNsjxM5Q8AnxAIgkStD8PXimoGCRsnnzJiX28LbNCHd7AiIKkyZNluHDh0lm5lFb2RF5ECgnZB99UlCwpRbI333u4RPiIVeuXFF74vXq1dPOWBs00klK+krQWiuQYq+D0D722r///nspWvQu20we3LZtm1P0L0u3bt20M4T4xu7de+Tvf39KTp8+o/4e9e02f8FOe4R4CFbmCEsjIzzQ4ukJ/fv3lx07tsuyZSv8GsbPj3/+85/Ohch6p5Bu185YG3QH7Nixo61m+BNrgmhRzZrXK3FQlovtrrZt2/rlM4UhfUI8BKKJ9rE7d+7UzliXY8eOydq1X8h77/3/lhJ78L//+7+qRn/evHnaGeuCuQIYPmSXaASxNhB1tH3WQQvr6OjBahGAPBsjhljlRdB7+Oh/TQghhNiBuLh3TauiYUifEC9BiBejZf1R2uYL27dvl6ee6uz0HrbKX//6V+2s9WjatKk89thjqvGPFYG3hSmCdtnCIfYAnvykSRO0oyzQ1Klnz6dVW2s0kjILCj4hXoK9/GbNmqh6dquFy7FHGBER4by+phIbO007a02Qsdy/fz9JTt5suYUJ7IjeAUOHDuXePTEMbGWh9bQO9vAHDOjv0aRJI+AePiFeApFH2G38+PFKGKzE7Nmz5dixTBk79jXtjHVp0+Zx54dfQ3npJWPH2BoBhgah7z/FnhjJhg0b1P9RUUNk+fKVsmTJEvV34K8IEgWfEB9AOL9kyZJKGKwCWtjOnTtHBg4cZGpY0EheeeUVNcoWYU6rgMjDokUfOxdNY7UzhBgDOnZi1sTIkSMNmV/hLQzpE+Ij8O6HDx+u6vLRTS6QQOxjYl51fojUl549e9rKM23RorngY+iZZ3pbxo4LF35sue0aQgoKPXxCfARhuDFjxihvMJAeKkSqZ8/uEhf3jixd+pntSsg6duwkgwcPsYQdKfYkmKHgE1IAIAwYx4rWtW+++abf9/QxfhYitW5dkhQtWlQ6dOhku4zysLCGcvjwYSW0SUlJSvT9bUdM9aPYk2CHgk9IAcF+OVrXYuyrPhXObJDti/LAhQsXKpHCZDpMdLNL219XKlWqrFoWQ2gx3Ad7+tgq8acdk5OTKfYk6KHgE2IA8KpRT44SG7TfhcdolpeKpLIuXTqrca2u0+8uXrwoFSpUUPeNBuJrVhcwLFZWrlyu7ut2RKtRlD6aaUdER3Q7YsFGsSfBDgWfEANBiQ1C/BDIdu3aKlGBF1lQIHrYY+7evbskJHwmH3zwH+ndu/cN4fu0tDSpU6eOdmQcCLFDfFu3jpBWrVr6xfNGFQSymfGedDsaIfyudsTIW3d2JCRYCfppefBK8IGb161UqVLaowkpOBCP5s2bqxv29nv37iW///6HFClSREqXLq0mxnkKJt4lJibKq6+OlMuXL8uzzz6rMtnd/c6uW7dOJewZ+fsMcRw6NFo7Evnll3Ny5crvTvFvrZ0xhoyMfVKzZs0brh12xOvAjt98843zvff2yY4QeSwcXO0IGz7zzDP82yeFiqAvy8P+XF6cO3cuO5xIfAPdotCkhLgHAnPq1EnJzMyUAwd+dIpMaSlTpozcfvvt6uvIAahYsZJz8XlWHf/551XlRe/Z853UrfuQEsIHH3ww39r6jz9eKI8+GuFzWL9KlSo31QbDs8Zwj5wcOZKp3TMG/J1GRkaq8H5uYHG+Y0eKrF+fpObTI0GxcuXKUrx4cfV1iDcWCbAz+OOPP+SHH35Qf994LLYJWrZsaZseBYQYDevwSYGBOF26dEk7Iu5AQl9q6vfOW5qkpGyXffsynOJWQwnUyZMnnSL/p5QoUUI9FosC3K9Z8wGpUaOGWkx5IlIFFXwkAOK10HBGD3EjX+CFFyLVfR2Ip9Hlc/C4kaiXl+ADXfRTUnbIxo0bZPfu76RevYfkrrvuUnYE5cqVk99++0197a9/vc8p8q3kiScelwceqM19elKooeATYiIIia9YsUJ5pGiniRI0T4QHwrZ3714V0kd9erly5fPtue2Jl5wXCH1DdOEJuw4GwvPi+gGGfJiRzY6plnlFDYyyY+3adaRr16f81rucECtBwSfEBCBQ06ZlDa/BABbsrRdEYCBYixcvVrPZhw3LEuWcz4eM9mLFihVoip/+Ojkn2OlRnJCQEFOEMjfBN9qO+sJBt6NVJx4SYgYUfEIMBMI4Y8YM2b9/vymT1pCEGh8fr55/woQJN3jz2G9HaR6yzn0Fgrhx40bV69tf4D2hLM51mwB2xHCis2fP+t2OhAQtEHxCSMFJTk52tGzZwpGYmOhwesPaWXP48ssv1GvNnz9fO+NwZGRkOAYNGqQd+Ua3bt3U8/gTvJfJkydrR1nHoaH3KTuajTs7EhKs0MMnxADgnWKPGHXd/vIWsT89evRodR8eMqhZs7qkp+/zKeyNLYFly5apkZ3+BLarXr2a6mGg29GfXe90O2L6oWvCIiHBBhvvEFJAIFKot0fDHX+GhvWWvmini2Q7gAz6nTt3qvuegmQ9zAFAe9n3339fO+s/IPBIwNPtuHr1Gr9m0+t2RGUE7GhEgx9CrAgFn5ACoIsUBCMQ9d3wRlHSpot+p04d1R68p8C71RcLgXgPSBJEBQIiC7odA+Fh4zWRt6DbkaJPghEKPiE+giQ5THcLlEi5AtFHE5q1a9fJjBnvKCHPDyTGoZc8RA5iF4j3sHr1aqlW7f6Air0rsCNC+3FxcdoZQozDk79LM+EePiE+gCzvfv36WmrCml5H/5e/iDzySHie2frIxscM/UWLlhieAe8p+PBDn/w77rjDeR2LLWfHnP0ICCkoekSwT58+Afm7o+AT4iUQBAjVpEmTAyaWuQGvvXv3bnL16lVZteq/bkP0iEzExk71a4KhO1B298kni2XevAU3tfQNNLAjBgZt3vytZRYixP7AUcAQKoAmVv37D5D27dv7bSst6IfnEGI0aExTvnx5efrpp7Uz1gF95dFTHol7aOeLwTM6WKh88MEHyrufPj1ObQEECnzwvfbaGOnRo6d069ZdO2sdYEd8IGNxZPSgIFJ4wd8mBkWhtTYGUa1bt1bef/89NRQKLaHNHuYU9B4+OngRQgghVgeDyFAialbEiyF9QrwAe3AAyV1WBl78uHFvqHa4M2e+Jy+99KL07Pm0Ja4bNly5coX069ff8nvksCNa+/q7NwEJXnKbQOmPED8FnxAPQZJZ/fr1ZNeu3QEpwfOW7t27q97633yzQWbNmq0m6QUaTN/DLuKRI4d9bhDkb2BHtt8lRoHfpy1bNmlHWb0zkMRX0DkRnsCyPEI8BGNZManNDmIPHnywjvODZbO0ahUhixcvCXhteVbUYZy88EJfiYkZbQuxB7169XIuVNZqR4T4Dv4GdLHH38C6dUkq4oXkX3/8PVDwCfGQhITPpEWLFtqRtcGHCBL3Ll68oLrogUA2lMEHXUzMq6qMcdu2bZarbsiLli1byqRJE7QjQnwHjabi4t5VUUJsr/k7asSQPiEeAKEsSJ96f4HrdO2ch/uDBg2SGjVqqGYyhw4dkjFjxvi11AyLD70/PmyHbZG8Zt9bEXw4w5YM6xM7Qw+fEA/IyMiQ3r2ftbTYo3b8ueeeU53zILK4VjSP2bNnj7qPbnrh4eHSq9fTai/dbHA9EEo0GsGcASwy9u7dq+xoN2C31NRU7YgQe0LBJ8QDDh48KLVr19aOrAdChRDyAQP635CJX6VKFUlLS9OORHXfQ8MdJPGNGjVK1cMbDaIMyERG4xosOLD40PMeTp06JY0bN1b37UTVqlVl69at2hEh9sQ7wb92RJYOai39lh7VThjLtRPr5LV2NVXt/AP93pdtJ37XvkJIYElPT1cf+lYE3np09BCJi3tHjZh1pXTp0pKc/I12lAXC0nPnzlXCi/bARgk/qhgg9OhCCHFEl7qcZXc4j0WI3ShTpoycO3dOOyLEnngh+Oclfd5EiVl1Wjt2cmKp9HOKc/3YHfKnduo6F2VHbFupWH+q7Lj5i244IxvemSanBn0ph458Lx/VSZJxqw/KNe2rhAQSdK3Dh77RYAY9Fri4QXi9TaqD94zMd+yPu2vWgTD6wYMHtKPrIMQPMcYoWgg/mn2gXAjX4434Q+Sx4EBiIPbmjx8/riIIEydOzDVPoGjRoto94yioHfMDi6SVK5drR4TYEw8F/5pc3DFHXl5UVgb0qaSdM5rS8uiE5fJ+54rOi7pT7i7pslf65w6JrT9Ylp7waOVAiC1A5vqoUa9qRxCteTJnzhztKG8gaPr+eEHmx+vCj8YyEH2A/yGceH407MGiwvX2xhtvqAS2Vq1aqml7KSk7VPUCEhrxPf5ObMOCw1c7ElKY8Ejwr51Ikrdez5Ce0wdJq9K3amfN49qJZJn/TS0Z3q6Kl3sOhNgHd3PrMW43P5AMB8FFcp6RI2VDQ0OlfPlyEhYW5vT6myiPFnvuX32VdMMtIyPduVhJVpGD8PDmUrNmTalUqZJH1wExNnpBsH79zTY7etScbUdC7IwHevqnnNqSKHN2LZXXHm8snWO3yRfR/SR2x0Xt615w7YTsmD9a2mmht4oP9JXYdfvkhme6mCrzXv+vVH3lJXm0/O9Z2wJVn5TYn5dKdOPKXmwREGJt3Hnl1apV0+65B+F2JOchGQ7etBFinxVpGKVC8vDWw8IaquE6KJ379NME1bTH9bZgwUeyZcu3yqPv0aOHXLx4UYYNG6a2BLCHn1c4Hb3CsWAxEnfJlCVKlNDuEUJ0vKzDx758H5lZJU4+6ByatYffeLBsH7bMeWsoN/r+eGxX6Ty3rSzdPlwa3vqL8zhSOs+6V0bMmyCDG90rp756S55/dplUjvtUZnYOkUvpH8nQHsnSfLHzfM3i2vM4QUj/4Q+lyupp0rm8dxEGLCwICSQQOQg5hAmJf3oLTQgjyuj0zlvopZ3XfH29eY23Y3nxN+Cu7h3Phz7xYOjQoQVu7YnFyGeffSarVq10LgCy5snnfD4sLCIjIw318pFHgK0FPVchPzv6Sm52JMQ2QPA954IjZWpnR9/EI1mHxxMdfUPvc4TmdXvobUfKHw7H1Yx4R6fQGo5O8XsdV7O+28lpR9KocEdorbGOpHNpjvhONW743oempjic3+pw/JHimPpQlCPxuDoixO/ExMQ4du3apR15R2ZmpiMjI8ORmJionge/25MnT3YkJyc7Ll26pP7/8ssvHGfPntW+42ZmzpzpaNmyhXoub8Dz4/VcwevgOrp166Ze22j058f15rQZzsMWRuOpHX0Fdsf7IcTOeCn4OdAEP1uYbwCLgyc0wf/D+dAo5wfPE46pKRe0r4PczhNiLSDWuBmBLk4Q3PxEF4+FSA4aNMgnIYO44vt18FoQrvnz56vnNhOIPV4Lixv9tfC6RtnRn+S0IyF2xE85cX/KhV9Qw5oqsZ1rZe3fq1tlaRy9NOshhFiYsmXLqlp8I0CYGyF5ZMYjlI6wOkLdCE27oifnYT8ayXm+DO05fPiQSsYDKF3DlgDK5tCAx4j9/7xAmSAqCFDSiPeBLQwkBRplR3+CLntWbrxEiCf4SfBvlbvvKen8v5W8sW6/2ge78bZGhjUslvVQQiwIstCxN200EH40wYGYYB8aSW8AYo/kPLR0RUtcX8UZSXgQXpTTOb17tbftz7I5XDdq8lFRgIY8JUve67ymFO2r9gENg6zaeIkQT/Gb4Jet87DUl+3yWfJhl2Y6l2XfnGecnv4zMmffZe0cIdYDCWDlypU3PMMcQBThcUOM16xZI3//e1fVlhbJeThfEGbMeEc2b96k6vURJTA6kc1TUFHQs+fTqkHP8ePHTLGjWSAygXLCWrVqaWcIsSd+K3Mvcv9j8kL7ErLrzbfk3W0nnKL/u5zYNsf5AbBdag8bKn+vfqf2SEKsyZNPPulRnbyvQIzh0f/4448SEhIqBw4cyLPELT+Qhd+wYZgsW7bM0Hp9X4HoR0REyO23364WNnYBY4Y7dOjk05YKIVbCb4IvRSpK55nLZOmo8rKq68NSuWJVadx1pZQbtUDmvNxIGNAnVgdiNXv2rAKJcG7gOeH9Iuy+bt16WbFipRp6g7I9X/vcL1gwX3bsSFGRg0CLvQ5Ev0KFChIb+7Z2xvqsWLFC+vTpox0RYl84D58QL0ByXceOHb2qg88PJOuhnW3JkiVl7NixN4izXnvfvn0HiY6O9li4jx07Ji1aNFcDdTp06KCdtQZY3Dz4YB35179el2eftfaoXCy2MGAIyYdWWTQR4iv+8/AJCQLQNAZZ9UZ5+djLRrIektqQ3JZTVLCwgNgAJL15OsceC5OHH37YcmIP8B5HjnzV+X4nmBItMZL4+HjVRIhiT4wAybNYxAfq956CT4gXIMMdXfOM2IPGH76enIdQd25kCeTIG+bY5yzhc2X79u2yfv1ap6BO0s5YjwEDBsg995RUk/6synfffadGC6NjICFGgIqZnj27q8U7xD+vv2NTUNX4hBCPQdc1dK/ztuudK2g+g6Y03nadQwMbNK/B67trYIOvN2nSxDF06MvaGeuCrniVK1d0/PTTT9oZ6wA7mtWJkBRu8HePv1/9hoZOvnbx9Bbu4RPiA6iXh5fvbfY7QnkY3YoyuTFjxvhcJoetgPHjx6v7aGqj19bHxcXJzJkzZNOmzbbIKu/SpYvccksRNaTHSiCBEiCyQoiRoAGW6zhnHczc6NWrl9sZFEYR9ILP4TmEEELsAAY/IXG3TZvHtTPGQg+fEB+Bt67Ppc9rDx7AI0fnPDSfye+x3oJ9QFzHxo0bpHXrNvL8888bWkVgJrBhzZrVJSyskTzxxBOG28Zb9KoIM6btEQKQg4NGTq707v2s4dU/boHgE0J8A3u92JPDNLvc0AfWYM/aDPTn/+KLL9Se4L/+9a/sYTV2AMN1Pv/883ztaDa6HQuSm0FIXuj5P/oNv+/+/H1jlj4hBQB7bSibw5489n1zlttgrx8eI+rhzQjT6c8Pj7Ry5crSrl17KVeunFclfIEmLKyhioDgPeRmR7PRBwvRsydmgq6X2Kv/8MN4SU/fpyJa/vx9o+ATUkAg+kjeA66d8VB2s3DhQiUiKMcxEoTxERpE4qAuUpiM16BBA/Uh4mkJnxWoVKmyEnq8B9gR0/VgRywCzEa3IzocUuyJ2aA9N6ZkYvFvVmJenmiePiHEABC2b9483PHYYxGO/v37mRJa10v6UJ7n+vw4di3Vw9dwjNChuxI+q4DrxDW6ol93zvdoFLpt3NmRkGCFHj4hBvLAA7WldOnSagws5r7DAzfCw0aIGwll3bt3V6Na3c20R+/9KlWqaEdZkYfOnTvL5s3fquuA5+9LX36Eu1Htghuew2jP252ng+vetWu3ek/YnsDWhVF2xFYHIgi52ZGQYOWW151o9wkhBQCd2dB3fcSIEfLqqzHSvHlzFaru3buX/P77H1KkSBG56667PBYXiBMEz+mJOp9vpFy+fFkJ7jPPPCOlSpXSHnWddevWSePGjW/6WvHixVUG8J133uG8tn/Ibbfdpur28X9+YJHx4osDtSP0ls+QK1d+l9atW2tnjGHz5i0qQxnXqgM74XWMtuPVq9fkH//4h1o8ubMjIcEKy/IIMQB4jWgTiza5EC5XIDho0ZqSskMwnx5JO2FhYVKzZk05fvy49qgsIEAHDx6UQ4cOycqVy9VYVjTiaNmyZb6NdLAXjV7/ehMed8BLnjJliuzfv18N7MkvtwCedXT0YO3oOkeOZGr3jMHTa8f0v/Xrk1RZk7d27Nr1KTUumGNuSaDAZ0Ego0kUfEIKCJLzFi36OM+kL/yhZ2RkyJ49e5xec7KsWLFcna9X7yHlrcJzvf3225ye7iZ1vmXLVk5vvYkagINEPE8+JDwRTR1EI6Kjh+Q7hQ8LmRdeiNSOsoDQIvHISBC5cO0YmBt52fG2225X93PaMTy8uVrYeGpHQswCFShISu3Ro4fhibyeQMEnxEcgPhApkFuLXeyZr1271un5T8j21uvUqSMhISF5ig++D1n3elTAk8Yc3gg+wPWjzS8WK7l199LfI7xkneXLVxr+YYX8AJQp5WYTX+yIa8/MzJTU1FS1X4+oQFTUEGnRooVtGhOR4AK/x61bR6j7/milmxMKPiE+oPeyR5c9dLbL+QeLP2yMVkUoH+NVPQnJ5waEa+fOnWosLxg6dKhbwUKkoUKFCirhzRtwrQjvYwog8g/cXSciAqdPnzItJA7Bd7dNYLQd8TwoVwS52ZEQM0HuyJYtWREonZiY0apkz+yy0KAXfPbSJ4QQYgcQyTM13A/BJ4R4ht5+Ff/nBCMu8TW0ijW7rluvU8f/Ohi1i1GbBQFtPgcNGqRu3o7u9RXYEjbT0e043w/18bodzWp7TEhO9N85dzezW+1S8AnxEPwxQojc/UHijzi3hYBZ4Dowsx3XBWHEDR8aRogkBNBfoovr1wVXt6O/5oMDVzsSYjb4XXMVeRzj99/svzPAPXxC8gF7vyi5O3funEyYMOGmPWRPsvTNQk+qA0gcxH2nd25ISNDbEj5fadWqpbId+ownJSVJbGxswO3oryQqUrhAX4uePbur+6aH791AwSckD/TkPAymcVe+BrFHUxh3CwF/4bog6dSpoxw+fESVuRmFpyV8voDnhu0iIiKUHQMptq6ij58rIUaj/15B6APxeUHBJyQXIPaYYd+//wDnary3dvY6VpqdrotVtWr3y/Tp0/IscfMFPH9+JXy+gA/A06dPy7p1a9XUwUB71rodUX1h5KKJECtAwSfEDXrobdGiJW5Lt7AYaNasiepTH2ix14FYoUf8Pffc4/TG23tdnucJriV8UVFRBXrv2DKoX7+ehIZWlCVLPrGUHdG/38iFDSGWAIJPCLkOEtVyS84DSK7RE22sBq4ZiUDNmjU1LQkIz6tnGuN/X5k+fbqjadMmlrQjKhTwO3D27FntDCH2h9PyCNGAZ4fWl5iNnpi4NFePE5Pn4OFa0fvDNcfFvSvFihWThIQE7ayxIOzuOoUPjUTg+XsDHv+f/8yWZs0esaQd0a0QWzlIWiQkWGBInxAnCC8jVF2yZEkVys1tL1kPQ1splJ8TLFyQe5CZeVQWLlzkcatdX9EHB0Egu3bt6tE+/AsvvOD8vi/UCNxAJTvmhx7axwhds21ICgdIUq1Ro0bAclXo4ZNCD/bju3TprBK1Jk6cmOcf4+LFi1UbTKuKPcD1v/LKP6V48RJqEQPhMhN46IiIwI4QSHyo5QXm62NOAOxoVbEHsCOmH6K1LyFGgKFPNWtWV8mq+HvxN/TwSaFGz7R3N9Y2J7rHB3GzslDpINT+4IMPqtGx/iozcy3h69+//012gr3/+c9X5MiRw5b27l1BnwB6+cQI9AihjidDsYzkltedaPcJKVRg1vv48ePUh3n9+vW1s7nz9ddfydWr19QfqB247bbb5MqVK3LmzBk5evSoNGrUSPuKeZQvX1569uypptRB2ENDQ6Rq1fvV1/TKh9Gjx0qNGjXl8cftkQEPO+7du9cv9iPBDaJGGIW9bdtWdbx793fy6aefqM8ibCeWLVvW1HB/0Hv4HJ5DCCHELnz4YbxpiawM6ZNCBcLyaKySX3JeTvB92HszuqGN2aB5DFrtIlEoUK1j33jjf+WDD2Y7X3+EDBw40JZ2xPYIOgIyrE8KCrbXJk2aoB1dxx+tdpm0RwoNelKZJ8l5OUGIukOHTrYSKRAeHi4HDx5U1w2hx3v3JLHOCLBIGjVqlHz/faokJn4up06dkqee6iIdO9rPjphVnpqaqh0R4hv4m0C3Sp0qVaqq5FXks+Azyey++hR8UijA/jFK1eDV+9IyFR/2EE+7UbduXdm6NWu/ECKL9x4X945KrEPPASQRmQFK9bCwKFGihMydO1fCwsLUBxrq7jdv3qQy9fHhZxeqVq0q6enp2hEhvpGc/I1zAX5AmjZ9RHXxRDtp/E36K3mVgk+CHogPMvEhdL7ujeHDvnz5ctqRfShdurSaducKvAh80BQvXlxlDCPEaITwQ8CxsEL4OyHhM5UMOXLkyBu8+cuXL8ukSW96XMJnFcqUKSOHDh3SjgjxjYsXf5N165JkyZKslt3+jnRxD58ENRAzI0auIjQdGRlp+B4uRBKrftCwYZgpK30krh45kqkd3QiEHr0FEGasXbuOdO36lFfXgevPyMhQQo/nCA9vnmeZkasd8yvh8wZEDGbPnqW8J4RIn3/+ecM/TPOyIyF2gIJPghIIkZFJamYIPq4RXi5ESgerf6MXFZ4IFa5l586dsnHjRlm1aqU6B/FGueLZs2fVsc7dd9+tPHR4vCtXLle5DW3btpWWLVvmK9o57YjXRQtgiLWvw2r0cj9XJk6c7HbCYUGg4BO7w5A+CTogRpgahwQ1ePj+Dpt5CvrQu4o9CFRXN9ioQYMGzgVIO9Ui96GH6ju95nkyYsRw+eqrpBtub7/9b5kx4x05evSIREUNUVEBT8Qe4DlDQq6XyuJ1IcwI/8+aNVstCLztQIZFSk7S0tK0e4QQHQo+CSoQJkZy3oAB/S0/z9xdEljO/XZ/gEE2WBihXO79999Xg3eGDBmiSufg0S5evOSG286d36nzsbHTJCysoaSk7FCtiWFveNvw2nMDWcnu8gXg8WNfs3HjxmrsMBqReApyEQgh+UPBJ0EDkvOwJ4w2uVacwJaTFi1aaPeuExERod0zHwg9POp+/fpKhQoVVGkQhB+T8CDA+UVG8BjYGYl5SALs06ePrFixQm1T5CbY2Ca4dOmSdnQz+hQ+VBZ4OoUPtctYSLiCbQNCSA6wh0+I3Zk5c2aeM+wLSkxMjGPXrl3akXFg9j7myuOG1zB6hj2eD8/tCs5NnjxZ2Qvz7I1+TcySx3vp1q2buu8Kzuc8lxuYk49rhI3yu0bMrcd7wc2MGfZ4TlwLIXaGHj6xNQgfw0vdvXu38jLNmmJXu3Zt1cDGaLB/jfA4bt42A/IENAxCBy8deMzwwAHsBY/a6NeE54/3gm0VRA+QQa8TGhrqcQMbRA88ncKH/AG8F9wKku2fG0hcRHSCEDtDwSe2BUKATHyIiNntYu3aeAVjaGEfgP11CDC2PHLWx5uBLtjJyclqfx+Ls+rVq6npfZ4C8ca1+qNZUF5gkaLbkRC7QsEntgSeKpLzUA4GMTFbvCpVqpRdrmYnkFAHkcXePJoPLVz4sd9GcQIItt7SF4uzcuXKq74I3qI3C0IEBwmCyNfwJ1jsmd32lBCzoeAT2+HqqSKE6w/0rQJvS8YCDRYpJ06cVE1xIPZmbXnkBRZjWJRB9GfOnOn08I/55KXjeQpawucrKEOsVauWdkSIPeE8fGIr4KlOnz5NiVedOnW0s/4BbWGPHTumhMsOYM973br1avZ2oMTeFcyTx1z+I0eOSKlSpX0W0FKlSkm3bt3kwoUL8ve/P6Uy9BGBwdx6M8gqNbysXpMQO0MPn9gC1+Q87AsHQrzatGkjy5Yt046sD+raf/75jPKIAy32Omh5izr/KVP+rZ3xHdcSPjRa8qSEzxdQaojmQoTYHQo+sTwI/2L/F5PXsB9sRha2J+jtYOHxWR3YbP78uTJyZEz2dVsBhOXffnuqStzDgqSgYCHjWhGACFBejX+8BXbErANm6JNggIJPLA32aJGkhdG0/sgsz4+hQ4fKtGnTtCPrMmbMaKfQ11DNa6wGRPrll4fKa6+N1c4UHL0i4Pz58/mW8HnD7NmzZdiw4QH/vSPECDg8h1gWeNIYioK50f7MLM8PJKAhxGvVbn579uyRJ5/sKJ98kiAPP/ywdtZ61K37oNMzHyBDhkRrZ4wBYj9hwgSpVq2ajBgxwueIELYIEDVAdQAFnwQDFHxiSfRxp1ZINsuJLgTwKAO1vZAXHTp0kGLF7lJ9760MSusGDhwo27ZtN9yOCOsXZAofvh95AdgqsOrCjhBvoeATS4EP2ri4ODV6FV6aFQUVYEGChjLYM7YSuK433nhdVq78r6X27nOjefNwpydeXebMmaOdMRYszpD3AcaMGePx4hE/V1QUID+AkGCBe/jEMujJeb/++mtAk/M8oWvXrup/Kwk+tkCmT4+VFi1a2kLswfjx42Xv3r2m2RF2wHOjQZM+hS+/pD7YEX0LsB1ASDBBwSeWQE/OQ427GT3ljQbXhwgEhMHfXd/cAfsh3yEiorU8/fTT2lnr06RJUzl2LFMWLvzI1OoHlPBhGmB+JXx63gi2kqy84CTEJxDSJySQJCcnq0lk+N9uYDqfPnUuUGCKn24/TMYzY1qcmWCC3ueff+633wF9Ch8mLLpO4dPtZ8ffQ0I8gR4+CSgIsaLHO5rDWCkT31OwJwxvMDZ2akDC+/BIO3XqoNoMlylTRpo2fcR2nmnjxo1VhAJ2xO+C2XZEEh4y711L+BClwWtbrSKEECNh0h4JCNhHRaIWOud5k0xlVfB+kH8A/PF+9ORG9MrXKxkgWvv27Vdlg3YC4fX4+Hi1lYM8jtGjR6vz/kjaRIg/Kuol+fPPP2XBgo/83q6ZEH9CD5/4HV0ckQWN5Dy7iz3Anj48UzQI8jQ5zFfg1bvOtNftd/Hib1KhQgV1306EhIQ4xXaeug+B1+2InA7Y0Sxgx1deGSF/+1tn1QvgpZdetEQ+BiFmQQ+f+BWEbjHWtmfPp23niXoK3uOMGTNk//79qo4bbVmNSEKEQKGvO54XXnDOca2YNdCjRw/Dx7hCdLFlcfDgAend+1lV1250UmXFiiFy5EimdpSF7vnj/aLDYYMGDQyzo94t0dWOvpbwEWIXKPjEb+CDFvukvjRCsSO6YKEXOxY42Bv2VoyxeMD8eH1oD4Qvtz1mCH5kZKShJXl4D61bR2hHWURFDVFtjo0ELYBjY2Pdiqy+0PGXHbHAiY4eLHFx76pyPqMXN4QECgo+8QsIlY4bN875IfqO4R6o1cG+9KpVq1SjnpUrlysvuXbt2mpqXM4948OHD6nQPPaWIXDlypWXiIgI5wKpTb5Cbobg6+KXk5zeeEHx5NpdRXvLlk152jE1NVX974sdAX5mU6ZMUdEF5BIYaVNCAgUFn5gO9mTxQZ2bB1dYgGBB9Ldv3y5paamye7f7AS+Y716jRk1p1aqV1K1b1+MFkhmCj4XaCy9EakdZoBLAiEl3rnhz7brwp6SkyI4dKWqrwR2udmzSpIlPdtEXqogsYLQvvX1iZyj4xDRcM9exN1oYPyx1714PJcPLhICjhC43AYKgnTlzRg3BwQIBiwMITn7eqRmCj58hGtXAo9Yxo3QNe/jp6fty/R3R7Yje+Lq37o0dYf+TJ094ZMecuFZEFMYIFQkeKPjEFPBhO2zYMPXBHKzJeXkBgVq8eLFMmjRBYmJGy5NPPulzdAPPtWHDBpU4hwTA3EQdkZTq1asZnh8BwUNYHFsNjRo1MiVK4y5pD+D3CAmQ+v59Qe2oLxrysmNuGDWFj5CAAcEnxEj0zm/oaFbYQOe2+fPnq45t6L7n2snNCNAFDrZFd7qcHfXwenhtu4Fuhd26ddOOstDtiPdqtB3xXHjO3OyYF67XVRh/v4m9YR0+MRTseUZHD1Gd3wrbWFF4owh/p6Wlqb7t6N9u9DYGQumovUeyGurUkcGuU6VKFfXaduPw4cPKa9ZBZYBuR4wgNtqOeC48Z252zAt8b+/evVVnyISEz1T0Cj93QmyBJvyEFBj0JofnA4+tsAHPG169P72+jIwMZW/YHcBTxTXYDVy/PosgEHbUI1K+REdw3WZFcwgxGnr4pMBgjxcJY2iT69r5rbCg9xfYvPlbv0Y1sP8MDxh2x/499pQ7dOik9prtBDLukRuAWf6BsCOS8GBHJEjCjt7g6RQ+QqzALa870e4T4jUIZ6JbWY0aNVQzFqND2FZHF3u9n72/gb1bt24t8+bNU62KERr/8ccflYDaAfz+rFmzRkqVKiUzZrxrGTt6Yz/9e0uWvEdGjPiHnDp1SsLCwuS2227THkGINaCHT3wG3gza5KIbGfYyKfaBAXZH2SM8fZSeYUY/oi52AOVy2EdHBYKV7Ihog7cgKoEIF8CsA0/zAgjxFyzLIz6hix2S85BIVtiAZ4rFjpXqslF2hgQ0NJxBqBk3K4PrrV+/nrq/bl2SVyVyZmLEz5YlfMSK0MMnuQIv0d30MOxz6p5tYRR7MH78eBk2bLilmrBAVJA9vnfvDzJlyr8t7+XDi65evYZTWN+1jNgDRBkg9qg2waLEF/B7MXfu3OwqADOn/hHiKRR8kivYW501a7Z2dGNyHpKcAhl+DST6h7cVPWgI5+DBQ+TWW29VPz+rAiGdMuUtpzDWt6QdIdho9DN79vXff2/BFgFK+LAwxs+CJXwk0DCkT9wCccc+JPqUI2saH15IzqtcubLT84kudPv1Orpd4ElbySt1BdfYuvVjkpl5VP3srLgwQ8vlpKR1smLFKssuHI3+Wetjhvv3HyBdu3YttH9DJHDQwydugUeiDyXZuHGjCkuGh4cXykx8V2AXeH5WFXuAn88bb7whzZo9orYeIFxWAsL33Xe7JDKyr6WjRLAjtm0w4tgIEMlAZAwNhVjCRwIBPXxyE67evc6UKVPVzPLCjG6XQGeTe4J+rRgbW6lSZcPn1/sKktkGD46Sq1evOr37lZZPZjPrZ64nvbZv36FQR8yIf6GHT27C1bvXGTFiuNq/L8xeyc6dO6V27TqWF3sAAUHouFatB+TQoUNeN5QxA+xfIxGuW7fu8uijEbbIXNftqE87NAq9RTLAgoIlfMQfUPDJDcCjwT6jOxYsmKf28Qur6GNro0+fPtqR9Wnfvr0kJHyqastRmx9I0ddL3VDG+cMPP0jHjh21r1gfTHyE/YwGiwlEXpAjMG3aNLWg9rUqgBBPoOCTG5gzZ85N3j3atX74YbxKAFuyZIml96/NZMaMd6RBgwbakfWBB43Z8ZmZmcqbRHXFm2++qRZ1/gTea7NmTZTYw34rVy63lR0R0YEdzcqwx98TS/iIP6Dgk2zgXWB+O4iKGuL0apaoPuHwDNFFzA6hbLNAVAMLH7vttWJ+fGpqqrpuePq//vqrShjzR3kYFhZ6zwY01kEYOyMjQ3r3ftZ2doSXv23bNu3IeGAPlvARs6Hgk2zOnj0ry5evlPT0fSrUiA9odgjLAqKJKgW7UbVqVTXYBUBUJk6cKL169VIeNxrfmOXtw6vHwgJ96RFd0KNCBw8eVJ6s3UBdfnp6unZkHlhUY5GEdtXYAjHzZ0QKHxR8kg0+lPHBZjfvyx8cP35cypcvpx3Zh0qVKsn+/fu1oyxQHobIDcrDkDCGELJRooIsfOxFY0966NChaoHh+vsE0cQixG6UKVNGJT/6C5bwETOg4BPiAfBUUd5mNPCEUe6Imy8DW/IDHuOWLTdngCNyAzFGwhhEuGbN6sqzhGB7K/4IPePa8R7QPx4Jecj1cNd2GVsKEE+jQQto3Y5m7IGHhISo3AN/ov+MsHDq169vrvkXeO8M/xNPYB0+IR4ArzUyMtLQhEWIa6dOHbSjLCZOnKz2co2kYsUQOXIkUztyD/I3duxIkYSEz5SwIV+hXr16UqFCBSlbtuwNIo3tDYCtguTkb1RCG/a427Rpk699/GVH9Oc3umWvJ3Y0Cwh9XFycrFq18qaBVVgIWKX0klgbCj4hHmCGUOEDWk+S1Gna9BHlHRuJt0KFefrffPON0/Pfq+6fO3dOfv/9d+2rIiVL3iv33FNC9cFv2LChmh3v6TYQrgU5IkZuG0HwUEHhChID4R0bSSAFXwehfZTGuk7hQ4IfFmlmLHJIcMGQPiEB4u6779buXQcf5IEAXjIWIK1atZSYmBi5dOmSNG7cRMaPn+AU05kye/YH2be33npLnnnmGSldurR8/PHHajsAooPQcn7bARjda3StefHixbV7wQ8WnDlL+PSthujowQztkzyhh0+IB5jh4ePDGZnYrn0PUCVh9MjdvDxT5BAgwQ4gex/eurfllxB5dCFcsWKFCvFj1kCPHj3cVngEqx0DAd73yy9Hy9at32pnsiJEWBAw8Za4gx4+IQECwopMbIRicUOtutEilZvHjdAwEtz0bHpsIyAc7EuvBYgL9pQRQsf7AfXr1zM0+z8vcM2oXzfTjlbrgAe7IlHSVewBEjQTEhK0I0JuhB4+IR6AD9dixYrZbo8Uwo6GO3pCF4QC3RTRKnbs2LGqoZIZwPucMWOGKgmMjY3NXkjgOqpXr2ba65oF7IipeUbnBfgCtl8wkyBnR0xXsOgxMopCggN6+IR4AGrw/dF4xWgOHz4klStnlRNChDGHXm+GY6boQuAhjgMG9FdNfvThMMj637fvxr4AdgB2DA0N1Y4CC64D5ZSIZsTEjFYJijlBGZ8/oivEXtDDJ8QDIJbDhg0zPIPebHSP+oEHaqt9bkx+M7rsLz/0PXa8dpMmTVSWud3siEqAsLCGlo5MYNsB3TJRNolGUXaMpBBzoeAT4iHIYLfDLHxXcM1Tp8Y6PfthN9Vv+xNd9JHQh+0E7PXbqW0z7Gi3ayYkJwzpE+IhECszB6gYDfZ6S5S4J+BiD/TEOoh9zZq1VJMfuwA7orkQxZ7YHQo+IR4CwVy4cKF2ZH2+/vpruXr1qgqlB1LsdXTR37Vrp8TGZpUC2oHVq1erXARC7A4FnxAP0Uu99AQ0K4P93ClT3nJ60zX9vmefFxD9adOmy969P8iePXu0s9YFdkQXv4YNw7QzhNgXCj4hXoCadb1RjZV59913pUSJEjJmzBjtjHVAtKFlS3T0e1U7Y10WL16sMuEZzifBAAWfEC/QQ+NW9vLhlX7wwSx5441xlhWqt9+eKj/88IOls/WRaIhZB+gaSEgwwCx9QrxEb3yCWnYrtjB9/vnn5eDBg2oP38ogUvL+++/Jzp27LGlHzAdo27YtB9KQoIEePiFegr389u07yLhx47Qz1gHtbPfs2S2vv/66dsa6DBw4UIoUKSLjx4/XzlgHfaY+xZ4EExR8QnwgOjpajY3VhcEKoP3rW2+9KXfccYeaT2914NWPGPGKrFu3Tk3aswqI4MTGTrVk/gMhBYGCT4gPQKwgCBAGK+znY78Z7VSfeKKtvPRSlHbW+iBkXqTIX1S0xCp2xHZNXNw7tmqwRIgnUPAJ8RG9rhzZ5oEUK72LHZrrpKWl2cK714ENQ0JCZcKEiZayo9HT9gixAhR8QgqAq+gHIryP8LMuUrVq1ZKTJ0/YzjN98skn5cyZMwG1IxYauh2t0KSIEDOg4BNSQHTRX7NmjYwaNcpvU8owslcPP0Ok9u7dK+HhzbWv2oe6devK1q1bs+2IboYYVuMPO+pz5bHQ0O1ISLBCwSfEACBWmDuPZjft2rU1NTSN5Lzu3btLcnKyGuiih59PnToljRs3VvftBMa9Jid/o+7DjnPnzlX3/WHH5557Tm2DuNqRkGCFdfiEGAyEBCNgATrzGeU14nnj4+OVOI4dO/am0admjXBFI59Vq1apPe4WLVqY4gVXrBgiR45kakdZYLtiwoQJUqpUKenTp4/f7EhIsELBJ8Qk4J3qbXixT41kOm/31yG2mCyXkPCZ0xNNlWHDhqvMdneNarCdEBkZKdWrV9fOFBy8fpcuneXgwQPaGZG4uHcNr0+H4O/atdttZ0BXO/bq1UsaNWpkqh0JCVYo+ISYDDzKtWvXqtGwGLMaFhamhtpUqVJFihYtqj3qOqmpqXL8+HFJSkqSLVs2SVTUEI88azMEHwl00dGDtaMsqlSpKl9/vUE7MgZPrh0eP8TfbDsSEqxQ8AnxIwiL//BDmly8+JtKVHNH7dq1pXz5clKpUmWvxDvYBd8V3Y4nTpxUe/Du8NWOhAQrFHxCggQzBB/Ridatb6zrnzhxsuEjd1u1aqkS5ziVjhDzYJY+IUHE6dOntXvGgMXD8uUrnQL/rLpB7Lt27ap91TiQI0CxJ8Rc6OETEiToDWvsNvAFCXX169e7KUufEGIs9PAJCRLKli0r6enp2pF9OHv2rIoeEELMhYJPSJBQqVIlSUlJ0Y7sA7LpkWBHCDEXCj4hQQJq09FLHxnsdgItidFelxBiLhR8QoKInj2fVuVqdgH79ytXLpcaNWpoZwghZkHBJySIQFOZWbNma0fWB93v0BCHHe8IMR8KPiFBhD4ABvXzdgCLk3bt2mlHhBAzoeATEmSg3zyGw1gdfRIep9QR4h8o+IQEGRgKg0lw6D1vVTCHHgNxME2QEOIfKPiEBBnYD580abIaLQthtSLIzK9WrRoH2RDiRyj4hAQhEFII6pw5c7Qz1gH5BRjIExUVpZ0hhPgDCj4hQcrYsWPVKFl9r9wKIOLQr19f+fDDeK9n2hNCCgZ76RMSxOjT7tatSwr4iFiI/fDhw6VevXry4osvamcJIf6CHj4hQQxEftGiJcqrDmQHPl3sS5YsSbEnJEBQ8AkJcrCfjyS+Xr2eDkh431Xssc1ACAkMFHxCCgEQ/bi4dyQm5lVZsGCBdtZ8sKXQrl1bFcafOHEiO+oREkC4h09IIQJh/fHjx6v7Y8aMMS1xDl59QkKCzJ49S0UXWH5HSOChh09IIQIC/95776nmPAjx4z4G2BgJtg3g1aelpUli4lKKPSEWgR4+IYUUCP3ixYudHvgENcAGPe19bXOL51q1apXy6MPDm0tkZGTAqwIIITdCwSekkAOx3rBhgyxcuFDN02/fvoOEhTWUSpUqS0hIiNt9d+zNnz59Wg4cOCDLli1T34fRvG3atKHQE2JRKPiEkGwg/hhZu2/ffjl69KgsWDBP+8qNNG2a1cmvcePGUqdOHYo8ITaAgk8IIYQUApi0RwghhBQCKPiEEEJIIYCCTwghhBQCKPiEEEJIIYCCTwghhBQCKPiEEEJIIYCCTwghhBQCKPiEEEJI0CPy/wDUBybkJfDrVwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Figure from PPLATO / FLAP (Flexible Learning Approach To Physics), http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/pplato2/h-flap/</em><br><em>phys8_1.html#top 1996 The Open University and The University of Reading.</em></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest what can be concluded about the gold atom from this experiment.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Subsequent experiments showed electrons existing in energy levels occupying various orbital shapes.</p>
<p>Sketch diagrams of 1s, 2s and 2p.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of copper.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Most <sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup> passing straight through:</em></p>
<p>most of the atom is empty space<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>the space between nuclei is much larger than <sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup> particles<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>nucleus/centre is «very» small «compared to the size of the atom» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Very few <sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup> deviating largely from their path:</em></p>
<p>nucleus/centre is positive «and repels <sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup> particles»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>nucleus/centre is «more» dense/heavy «than <sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup> particles and deflects them»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>nucleus/centre is «very» small «compared to the size of the atom» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept the same reason for both <strong>M1</strong> and <strong>M2</strong>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “most of the atom is an electron cloud” for <strong>M1</strong>.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept only “nucleus repels <sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup> particles” for <strong>M2</strong>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="372" height="174"></p>
<p>1s <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>2s as spheres ✔</p>
<p>one or more 2p orbital(s) as figure(s) of 8 shape(s) of any orientation (p<sub>x</sub>, p<sub>y</sub> p<sub>z</sub>) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>10</sup></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>[Ar] 4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>10</sup> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept configuration with 3d before 4s.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Electrons are arranged in energy levels around the nucleus of an atom.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The diagram represents possible electron energy levels in a hydrogen atom.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the first ionization energy of calcium is greater than that of potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>All models have limitations. Suggest <strong>two</strong> limitations to this model of the electron energy levels.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw an arrow, labelled <strong>X</strong>, to represent the electron transition for the ionization of a hydrogen atom in the ground state.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw an arrow, labelled <strong>Z</strong>, to represent the lowest energy electron transition in the visible spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>increasing number of protons/nuclear charge/Z<sub>eff</sub> ✔</p>
<p><br>«atomic» radius/size decreases<br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>same number of energy levels<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>similar shielding «by inner electrons» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>does not represent sub-levels/orbitals ✔</p>
<p>only applies to atoms with one electron/hydrogen ✔</p>
<p>does not explain why only certain energy levels are allowed ✔</p>
<p>the atom is considered to be isolated ✔</p>
<p>does not take into account the interactions between atoms/molecules/external fields ✔</p>
<p>does not consider the number of electrons the energy level can fit ✔</p>
<p>does not consider probability of finding electron at different positions/<em>OWTTE</em> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “does not represent distance «from nucleus»”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAMQAAADZCAYAAAB/7p8uAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAABEWSURBVHhe7d0JbFTVHgbwPyAFgbLXgihLpWxaq0YULCIKBBRwQSAsgmlUArIpLgVEAi5ExRWDSYECouCCIESSgqS4RRCLWAUKghtLoYC1LIUCFu6b7/RM/U+ZaefWznPevO+XNJ17ZhgTe797lnvuOVUcDyEio6r9TUQeDASRwkAQKQwEkcJONUU0nN6nT5+Wiy++2Bx/9913kpWVJe3bt5ebbrrJlGkMBIWVU6dOyW+//SZxcXGyYcMGueaaa6RRo0b23WK7d++Wv/76yx79rWrVqtKmTRvzG/744w9ZsGCB1K9fX86dOyfNmzeXqVOnyscffyy5ubmyY8cOSU5ONp/1YiAobPz5558yZswYycvLM0HYtWuX/PLLL7JlyxapXr26+QxO18WLF0tBQYE51qKioswJftFFF5njRYsWydChQ035tm3b5LbbbpOFCxdKnz59St4fPHiw1KxZ0xwbCARRuJg3b57Tq1cv5/z5805hYaFTt25dZ8+ePfbdYvn5+Y4nNBf8eAJl/p0XvssrMzPTueSSS5yzZ8/aEsdZvny5c+zYMXtUzKeGGDlypH1FgZw8eVJq165tj6giBg0aJD169LBHvtLS0iQjI0OWLl1qmjnNmjUzTSc0oQCn66uvvirHjx83x1qNGjXkiSeeKKlNvvzyS9N8SkxMlAEDBkhSUpJcd9110rdvX9Pk8gRGRo8eLVWqVDGfB59AfP/99/YV+XPo0CEZOHCgtGzZ0lTb5B5Ot8svv1xiYmJsia/yAuEWmlw7d+4034NmGF7/9NNPJjRdunQRTw1kP2khEBScUaNG4eJhft555x1bSpXFEwDn2WefNU0mzxXcNI2io6OdTZs2+TSFQomd6iDt27fPDNWhyQR16tQxVx9Pu9Qc0z+HEaatW7eKp50vbdu2FU/7Xg4ePCj16tWThISEktGjUGIggnTHHXdIenq6PSrWs2dP+fTTT+0RhbsDBw6Y4Vb0IwLhneogoF1bOgywbt06effdd+0RhavDhw+b4diVK1de2GcohTVEOUo3lUpD0yk7O9t0FCn8YCAENfncuXOlU6dOtjQwBqIcXbt2lc2bN9sjkTNnzpjfGOLzuv76680QH/1zOTk58uuvv5qL0CeffCI333yztG7d2r5bPEr12WefSWFhoS35G27IYTi3WrVqtkTMqGB8fLzMnDnTlpTNJxDDhg2zrygQ9BkwZHfrrbfaEnIL5xn6ZKXl5+fLhAkT5Pfffzd3lTH1YvXq1WaY1HsBwum6du1av4HA3+X2228vCQQGPdq1ayeTJk0yNQWCNmfOHNNhD8QnELzKlQ83cnBj7uWXX7Yl5AZON1zxcV/An/nz55sQoL2Pm2cYxcP9Mdz78cIcpEBzmTp06FAyGvXee+/JI488YqaAYKQK85jw3Zjgp2sRjU0mlzp37mz+565Zs8aWUGUK5k41BjL89elQQ9x///0lc5kwsQ8XLvTxADUNAoOh3IDD5QgEBc/TMTM3jig0PDWEM2TIEPO6qKjIiY2NdTxNH3Ps1saNG53GjRs7nn6fOc7NzXXq16/veMJkjv3hsCuFlfPnz5taADDHyPu6Im644QYzj2nVqlXm+KuvvpJRo0ZJrVq1zLE/DASFDTzI07RpU9MxxlRwPBcxbdo0Mx28IsFAXwJ9ETSvVqxYYfp+zz33nH3XP/YhXGIfIrKxhiBSGAgihYEgUhgIIoWBoIiHqSCYrYyf8p4KZSAoomEQdfz48fL444+bn+3bt9t3/OOwq0scdv3fgsmYuL9x55132pKyMRAuMRChg0dHMbUbT7ZdddVV5hmG/v37mxt1XjhdMWM10KobqA28q27grnf37t3NmkwIBG7K4cZfWXwCgbuDVLZevXqZp66WLVtmS8gtTJ3wWRzMOnHihEyfPl2++OILGTdunJm6genge/fulejoaPup4od+MPGvNNyZjo2NLVlWBqf2nj17TCBefPFF2b9/v2RmZkrjxo3N+/74BAKppLJhTj2mDrdo0cKWkBs43aZMmRLw2Rs927WoqEiaNGliTuJWrVqZ9/Hv33///YCzXfG93tmuGmofrMeEGiMlJcWWXohNJpfYZAqtYNZl+vHHH80JXhouVJjMF2h1DjyBh78bmlyBcJSJ/udcffXV5rHd0j/XXnutTxjwuC9W2QBc9/FcxPDhw81xIAwEhQ2sy4SV9TC7FStloO2PvgYWO0YH2S0EAKv13X333aYv0rt373IXGmCTySU2mULHe9KjU+ztNKM/gL4EmkN6DdZg4dlrNK/wNwsGawgKG2ju4AcnPoLg7Rzjd0XCANgoJdgwAANBpDAQRAoDQaQwEEQKA0GkMBBECgNBpDAQRAoDQaQwEEQKA0GkMBBECgNB/xcwqXvJkiXlTiNnIOj/AjZPefjhh/0+i60xEBTxsNccNoQP9GipxgeEXOIDQqGDRz7xPDWWoUlISDDL0Nxzzz1mcQAvnK6zZ88OuAzNo48+WrIMDeDhoscee0wmTpxoHj3FRo76/dJ8ArFo0SL7igLB2j546AT/k6librzxRrPtbmkFBQUyY8YMszYTNkvEFX3MmDEXLEODk9pf0wcPEcXExPg8TITwdOvWzSw9g/+mq0A89dRT9hUF8vbbb5sr0eDBg20JuYUrPmpaf0ovQ4OFxb799lufZWjQOQ60DM2IESNKnrRDMwnbaKHvgMUGsB0v1h4LtAMpsMnkEptMoRXMMjRYn9Xftrw40a+88sqSvgJW68PpjXIsZ4nvxSqAqampAVfwYyBcYiBCK5hABAtNLazkAWgqIQybNm0y+2RHRUWZ8tI4ykRhBU0hXM0BgcCKGd5jt5o3by7t2rUzPwgU+hbx8fEBwwAMBIUNjDJh3SR0qPPz880G61hDFyfyP23INGrUyKzcV1b/AdhkcolNpsjGGoJIYSCIFAaCSGEgiBQGgkhhIIgUBoJIYSCIFAaCSGEgiBQGgkhhIIgUBoJIYSCIFAaCSGEgiBQGgkhhIIgUBoJIYSCIFAaCSGEgiBQGgkhhICiipaenS1JSkiQmJsqHH35oSwNjIChi7d+/36z6vW7dOrNvxEMPPSQnTpyw7/rHQFDY8S51j+Us/e0Jh8UmA/1oTZo0keTkZKlVq5YMGDBAGjRoUObeEMClLF3iUpahg70bUlJSzMYpV1xxhWniYNcf7/qugNN12rRpcvToUXOs1axZU2bOnOn3pP/ggw9MMPr162dLAkAgKHidOnVyevXqZY+osqWmpjqei47jqR2cvLw8x3MSOzk5OfZd9zw1jLN8+XLHU1s4HTt2dDxBsu/451NDYA19Khv2GMD2TsF00Mi/2rVrm23J/ClvfwicrpMmTTLNqdLwnbNmzfK73L0nXNKlSxcZP368jB492pZeyCcQ2OgukqCaRfMG1Ss6WJdddpl9p+KwoyWWVG/ZsqUtIbdwQg8bNswe+arMDVNKw/51CM2TTz5pS/xAICh4bDKF1vz5850hQ4aY10VFRU5sbKzjuQiZY7c8gXLOnDljjxznwQcfdLZv326P/OMoE4WNwsJC2bFjhxw6dEiOHDkiO3fuNOVZWVkXjCAFY+3atdKmTRuZPHmy2T22T58+0qFDB/uufxxlcomjTKGDJhI2U/RumoghVzRPsRspRpD0drvBQrCwLZenpinZnbQsrCEobODkx4mPTjF+8BpDqGj3VyQMgH2r0Q8JJgzAQBApDASRwkAQKQwEkcJAECkMBJHCQBApDASRwkAQKQwEkcJAECkMBJHCQBApDASRwkAQKQwEkcJAECkMBJHCQBApDASRwkAQKQxEJdu4caO0bdvWLK7rhWVURo4cafYpwDIrFL4YiEqGNYB+/vlnGTt2rFlCE8terVq1SubNm2dWt67ocir038FAVLKuXbtK3759zcLRWJ/08OHDMmHCBLMuEFaPC3Z9IPp3MBCVDDXAa6+9Jg0bNpS5c+fK008/LTk5OdK/f3+599577acoXDEQIdCqVSt55pln5IcffpAFCxaYVcdnz55t36VwxkCEAGoJ7EWAZRixXmnHjh1NjUHhj4EIAaxejT3NsLHKpZdeKitXrpQ333zTvkvhjIGoZBhWnThxohlpwq6X6E9gNWs0obZu3Wo/ReGKgahkK1asMKNLderUMVs3oaYYNGiQHDt2TMaNG8f7EGGOgahkuCGHGgG7YbZo0cK8Ri2B119//bWpOSh8ccMUl8rbMAX7oWEXnOHDh5ds/of/xZs3bzZNpvvuu8/vpoAUHhgIl7iDUGRjk4lIYSCIFAaCSGEgKOLl5uaajfuDwUBQxMJ4Ee79YAYy9qceOHCgnD592r7rHwNBEWvLli1mmHvXrl3m/s/u3bslNTXVvusfh11d4rBr6Bw/ftycsPgdFxcnc+bMMVf1lJQU+4niq/6UKVMkPz/flvwN+1q/9NJLAe/zPPDAA3LLLbfIiBEjbMmFGAiXGIjQwaO2b7zxhixZssQ8YYgTu1OnTrJ3715p1KiR/VTFYMpMz549ZfXq1WZaTSA+gcBjj5EGu+OfPHnSTMOOjY2VwsJC87qiPvroI6lRo4b069fPlpBbmN/VrVs3e+QrLS1N1q9fb0KBvxNmC+M5ddQYgNMVTx7i8dzSUENMnz7dTLsvDbON0Y/o3r27LfHPJxDLly+3ryILHuPElOyEhARbUnGormvVqiVTp061JeRWYmKitG7d2h75QiAyMjLMBEkEolmzZmY6jDcQgOfWA0EYSj+3/vnnn8uBAwdk6NChtiQwNplcYpMptIIJhBuZmZmybds2SU5ONsfZ2dkSHx/vtxYBjjJR2EAA9u3bJ0eOHJEzZ86YjjOauwcPHjRNJbfQ9MKCD3i2HX0RPLk4Y8aMgGEA1hAusYYIHfTvMESKznXz5s2loKDALN2DJirWusJUejcw1IrnUDQ8346+ZCAMhEsMRGRjk4lIYSCIFAaCSGEgiBQGgkhhIIgUBoJIYSCIFAaCSGEgiBQGgkhhIIgUBoJIYSCIFAaCSGEgiBQGgkhhIIgUBoJIYSCIFAaCSGEgiBQGgkhhIIgUBoJIYSCIFAaCSGEgiBQGgkhhIIgUBoJIYSCIFAaCSGEgiBQGgkhhIIgUBoJIYSCIFAaCSGEgiBQGgkhhIIgUBoJIYSCIFAaCSGEgiBQGgkhhIIgUBoJIYSCIFAaCSGEgiBQGgkhhIIgUBoJIYSCIFAaCSGEgKOIdPHhQ3nrrLXEcx5YExkBQRDty5IgsXLhQXnjhBVtSNgaCIlpMTIzcdddd9qh8VTzVSPn1CJXo3Lmz1KtXT9asWWNLqLIUFBTI4sWLJT8/X+Lj400zZ8CAATJ27Fj7CTHNnmnTpsnRo0dtyd9q1qwpzz//vERFRdmSYtnZ2dK7d2/Zs2ePVKlSxZb65xOI8+fP21cUSFJSktStW1fS09NtCbmFk9LfiXn27Fl55ZVXZNmyZfL666+bE7tHjx6yd+9eadiwof1UcSgC8fe9FQ5EmzZt7CsKBG3SatWq+fyByJ2pU6fKiBEj7JGvtLQ0Wb9+vSxZskTOnTsnTZs2lW+++Ubi4uLM+zhdZ82aJceOHTPHWo0aNWTy5MlSvXp1W1KswoFAQolCDRcU/PiDQGRkZMjSpUtNIJo1ayYbNmwoCQScOHHCb2sGJ3t0dPQFJ32FA0H0bwsmEG65CQRHmShs4Nqcm5trOtVFRUWmk33q1CnJy8sL6h6CP/h3hw8fNt+FmqW872ENQWEDJ39WVpZpurdv396MJOXk5EiDBg0kMTFRqlZ1f/0uLCyUbdu2mTDExsaa7y3re1hDECmsIYgU1hBECgNBpDAQRAoDQaQwEEQlRP4Dk5n+RL79FyUAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<p>upward arrow X <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>starting at n = 1 extending to n = ∞ ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>downward or upward arrow between n = 3 and n = 2 ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was surprising that this question that appears regularly in IB chemistry papers was not better answered. Many candidates only obtained one of the two marks for identifying one factor (often the larger nuclear charge of calcium or that the number of shells was the same for Ca and K). However, a few candidates did write thorough answers reflecting a good understanding of the factors affecting ionization energy. This question had a strong correlation between candidates who scored well and those who had a high score overall. Some candidates did not score any marks by focusing on trends in the Periodic Table without offering an explanation, or by discussing the number of electrons in Ca and K instead of the number of protons.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only 30% of the candidates drew the correct arrow on the diagram representing the ionization of hydrogen. A few candidates missed the mark by having the arrow pointing downwards. The most common incorrect answer was a transition between n=1 and n=2.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, FeS.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron (II) sulfide, FeS, is ionically bonded.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to form iron (III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving <strong>two</strong> of its chemical properties.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in this type of solid.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why chemists find it convenient to classify bonding into ionic, covalent and metallic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the change in the oxidation state of sulfur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal harder.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mobile/delocalized «sea of» electrons</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>forms acidic oxides «rather than basic oxides» ✔</p>
<p>forms covalent/bonds compounds «with other non-metals» ✔</p>
<p>forms anions «rather than cations» ✔</p>
<p>behaves as an oxidizing agent «rather than a reducing agent» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for 2 correct non-chemical properties such as non-conductor, high ionisation energy, high electronegativity, low electron affinity if no marks for chemical properties are awarded.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction ✔</p>
<p>between oppositely charged ions/between Fe<sup>2+</sup> and S<sup>2−</sup> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “[Ne] 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup>”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«valence» electrons further from nucleus/extra electron shell/ electrons in third/3s/3p level «not second/2s/2p»✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept 2,8 (for O<sup>2–</sup>) and 2,8,8 (for S<sup>2–</sup>)</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>allows them to explain the properties of different compounds/substances<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>enables them to generalise about substances<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>enables them to make predictions ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept other valid answers.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>4FeS(s) + 7O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 4SO<sub>2</sub>(g) ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept any correct ratio.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>+6<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>−2 to +4 ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept “6/VI”.</em><br><em>Accept “−II, 4//IV”.</em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept 2− to 4+.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>sulfur dioxide/SO<sub>2</sub> causes acid rain ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept sulfur dioxide/SO<sub>2</sub>/dust causes respiratory problems</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “causes respiratory problems” or “causes acid rain”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>disrupts the regular arrangement «of iron atoms/ions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>carbon different size «to iron atoms/ions» ✔</p>
<p>prevents layers/atoms sliding over each other ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium carbide, CaC<sub>2</sub>, is an ionic solid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the nature of ionic bonding.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds give a yellow flame. Outline the source of the colours and why they are different.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.</p>
<p>CaC<sub>2</sub>(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(g) + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p>Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction <strong><em>AND </em></strong>oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>[Ar]</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>promoted<strong>» </strong>electrons fall back to lower energy level</p>
<p>energy difference between levels is different</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “Na and Ca have different </em><em>nuclear charge” for M2.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>stronger metallic bonding</p>
<p>smaller ionic/atomic radius</p>
<p> </p>
<p>two electrons per atom are delocalized</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>greater ionic charge</p>
<p> </p>
<p>greater atomic mass</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept just “heavier” or “more </em><em>massive” without reference to atomic </em><em>mass</em><em>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>delocalized/mobile electrons <strong>«</strong>free to move<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pH > 7</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept any specific pH value or range </em><em>of values above 7 and below 14.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnetite, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, is another ore of iron that contains both Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron exists as several isotopes.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>In acidic solution, hydrogen peroxide, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, will oxidize Fe<sup>2+</sup>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) → Fe<sup>3+</sup> (aq) + e<sup>−</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the ratio of Fe<sup>2+</sup>:Fe<sup>3+</sup> in Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of spectroscopy that could be used to determine their relative abundances.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each species.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA+UAAAEsCAYAAACluxLfAAAgAElEQVR4Ae3djZHkyHG3cfnxhhxgnAMMWsCzgLRAtEC0gPRAtIBnAWmBaIHowXpwHuwbuWJp66qBnk40BvWBHyJm0QOgKjOfTPyBbPT2/NtXCwIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIdCHwb12sMooAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAl815YoAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAgU4ENOWdwDOLAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAgKZcDSCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCDQiYCmvBN4ZhFAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBDQlKsBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBDoR0JR3As8sAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAppyNYAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIBAJwKa8k7gmUUAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEBAU64GEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEOhEQFPeCTyzCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCGjKb1ID//7v/++rHwzUgBpQA2pADagBNaAG1IAaUAPX1MCrraam/FVSkx8XJ54FAQQQ6EGA/vSgziYCCAQB+qMOEECgF4GM/mjKe2XpYruZorjYNeYQQGBxAvRn8QQLD4GBCdCfgZPDNQQWJ5DRH0354sVQwssURRljjQACCJxBgP6cQdEcCCBwhAD9OULNGAQQOINARn805WcQn2COTFFMEA4XEUBgIgL0Z6JkcRWBxQjQn8USKhwEJiKQ0R9N+USJfcfVTFG8Y8dYBBBAoCVAf1oifkcAgasI0J+rSLODAAItgYz+aMpbeov+nimKRREICwEEOhGgP53AM4sAAr7oTQ0ggEA3Apn7H015tzRdazhTFNd6xhoCCKxOgP6snmHxITAuAfozbm54hsDqBDL6oylfvRr+FV+mKG6CRJgIIHARAfpzEWhmEEDggQD9eUBiAwIIXEQgoz+a8ouS0ttMpih6+8o+AgisRYD+rJVP0SAwEwH6M1O2+IrAWgQy+qMpXyv3u9FkimJ3EjsQQACBAwTozwFohiCAwCkE6M8pGE2CAAIHCGT0R1N+APCMQzJFMWN8fEYAgXEJ0J9xc8MzBFYnQH9Wz7D4EBiXQEZ/NOXj5vFUzzJFcaphkyGAwO0J0J/blwAACHQjQH+6oWcYgdsTyOiPpvwm5ZIpipsgESYCCFxEgP5cBJoZBBB4IEB/HpDYgAACFxHI6I+m/KKk9DaTKYrevrKPAAJrEaA/a+VTNAjMRID+zJQtviKwFoGM/mjK18r9bjSZotidxA4EEEDgAAH6cwCaIQggcAoB+nMKRpMggMABAhn90ZQfADzjkExRzBgfnxFAYFwC9Gfc3PAMgdUJ0J/VMyw+BMYlkNEfTfm4eTzVs0xRnGrYZAggcHsC9Of2JQAAAt0I0J9u6BlG4PYEMvqjKb9JuWSK4iZILgnzN7/59ddg/8rPn//8p6//+Md/X+JXxshf/vJfX+PHgsBRAvTnKLn9ca2m/P3vf9s/+OvXr60WPT24887Qwd///nedvWB+FQL055xM/vTTX1+6l2m1KX6PsfVSHxPaNOJCh0bMynw+ZfRHUz5ffg95nCmKQwYM2iTQ3gjXF6K913/8439uznX1xmjEf/jhV98uwpryq+mvZY/+nJ/PVj8+urFtteh8j96f8Z///J+vf/jDf/zfjf/7M5oBga/f6gmH9wncpSmnQ+/Xihm+E8jc/2jKv3Nb+lWmKJYGcXFw7Y1weyO993vvJjjeIa596+3PxWlj7mQC9OdkoF//t9Goz9F4/ew8bbXofI/enzGejtcxvT+jGRDQlJ9VA3dpyunQWRVjniCQuf/RlN+kZjJFcRMkl4TZ3gjXN5zPXscT6p9//vkSH7eMaMq3qNh2lAD9OUpuf9yWfjzTjVaL9mfut8fNcD/2K1umP+dkV1N+Dkez3ItARn805TepjUxR3ATJJWG+ciPcflSq3GxHY9xr0ZT3Ir+mXfpzfl6LTrTr+G6KreUVLdoad+U2TfmVtO9ji/6ck+u2KX/2yZyPLNa6Fdo00kKHRsrG/L5k9EdTPn++X4ogUxQvTeiglwhkboTbY+MCWJb6IhHHxVP0+v9exratL3qKhj8unPUFMF7H/1vfOv7Lly8Px7Zjt94syNopcbX2ykU+Yq9jDh+i2Yjj95bwK45p/S3x1jz35rD9cwhEDiznEtiq87Jt6zxp9eWZN3EetsfHuRXn+dbSnscxdmtpz+niZ+hR8X1rHeNiad8sjHM6dKx890WMjbm2PmUUMbX2w8/YvnV82Gvjok9bWR1/W9SF5X0Ccb7V52c5H47MXM+zpxcxb5zzrT78+ONvn/5Xndqf8Lm+Vyp2Q8/ae5nWTjm2rIsOxfy1loT/r96T9dah8D18CIYlrrIuelh0uebo9XECwffVRVP+KqnJj8sUxeShDuV+iFwRvI9y0B5bN5HtBWDrItNeYPYa1NqfmKe+IW1vQutjy+sz7JQktfbC5zrWYrOs4+Z7qzH46GJaxtcX1eKD9ecTCP6WcwmUmt5ax3ndLq2+tPvj9zi32uPa+bduxNvzOObYWtpzu9z8fXT+lvM2tKf2Z0vjyrHF/isxha688iYlfSpU51pHzVjeJ3B1U751ftfnf+hM0ZA2uriv2Wo86/HxOmyU5VUdiuNrLQs/PronG0GHwof6DcyWRf17e59XGFnnCQTXVxdN+aukJj8uUxSThzqU++0N7pZzIZRbgh7by1JfAGrhLK/bG9Gt+cqx7TouXGVpb67bY+P3WqyP2snYa31oY21vFNrj29+3morij/XnEIgcWM4lUNd16EyrEfV5GpY/0qI491+9YWvPoVY3wtbW0vpYbqhfvRlum/KaQXldxx0aWra/sm4b8zauV+agT1uZ77st8mZ5n0B7rW11IGOhPpe29OKjhryMj7H1g4XiwysNeZmjxPGqDoWNVsvKXGVd68AIOhQ+t9eA4uvWOq4FW1wLX+vXCQTfVxdN+aukJj8uUxSThzqU+xkRrIWxvUhtXQDKhaQNOG4s67nidf3UPfa3ftXvFsd87c3vlq0z7Ozd9Nb+bl0o64tF/cZAXEjqm/KIJXwPBrHeiqPl5/fzCQR/y7kE6nM8zuf2XKrfbAvL7TnfetNqTJx3ZYlzqh7f3rC1tuPYraW1EePqpd1f74vXrS4Fg4iznaeMa2/MY/5ybGhIqy0RV9kfc8TrmnN5TZ8K4TnWkTfL+wTaprycDx+tay0pXtRjWr1oz/PYX1/X2/O2va6Xa36xETpQP+Rox8d5Xy8f6VAc2x4Ttlo/ypwj6FD7xkDcN9VLaF34GXFFHDWv+jiv8wSiNl5dNOWvkpr8uExRTB7qUO7XN7LlAvHKun1i014A4ve9pb0A1BezMiYEOC5ExZf2Jru9KG5dbM6ws3XTW9/wFn9rX8Pn+oJRM47XdcNexlv3JRA5s5xLoJy7sY66j6W9Ga3Ppfo8afPRnodbN9HtMbUmtPuKP23ErY7FuHpp99f74nWrSxHHlr7Fse2bhnua2T6RexZX2KuZFv/oUyEx5rqt9zG9HN+rq5rytmludSJI1cfE+VcvrdZtjY9jYo4439t7ho90KGy1x+zpyyg61Oau1rmandfnE8joj6b8fP5DzpgpiiEDmNSp9uIQefjoZ0ss2wvA1jGBKC4u9fx7F4o4tr0Zrd8IaG9+W3tn2Wlv5sP39gIZvrbx1zfi9ZPyEnscHz7XMU1aQku4HXmxnEug1HqsSxMc506tOfWbbfX2Nh/tDdtW4xne13PUT1ra87j400bcnsftzXK7vx3f6lJ7M14f3+pbrRn1ca2WxZuNZWnjCm70qdCZZ93W+zyej+VpqxPB9ZWfrTf56nGtXtQ60+4rRFpfyhv17Tlb61QZ+9H6Ix2K8e0x7T1SsTGKDrVPygv/8Dt+tnStxGD9HoFg/eqiKX+V1OTHZYpi8lCHcr++uBQR3FrHcSGM7U1qCaa9AOzdNLfvysYFYW9pj60vKu3Nb70v5mvHHrXTXkD3LsBt/PUN9t7FpuYc49sY9rjYfj4B+vM5TEuN1+dNe26Wum+1qPYojilzvbqubR49j1u9a8/z2sd43epS7UN7bPtJnmc3ne2xZa6jcdGnQnCMNf05Jw9tI/yqVmSb8lfnrY8r90StRjy7N9mj8pEOxbj2mGK/nbPVll46FH5tPcCoGcbruBaUNzjaWPx+jEBwfXXRlL9KavLjMkUxeahDuf/sRjjjaHsBqG/66nnai2a5Ia+PKa/bi1d97LN9Mf4sO2fc9IY/4W/7EdL2YhO/Rz5ccEoFXLemP+ezruu7bU7bm684z55p0ZGmvM7p0fM4xtVLq3P1vnjd6lIcv7c8i7cds2f3aFzhZ73Qp5rG9a/rWr3e+joWM9f9j6J+pl/1vldfl/uXViPK9o/8qffv6cGzY9pzvhw7kg6FT+21YY/vkTczSszWvyQQjF9dNOWvkpr8uExRTB7qUO5nBPmZ4+1FYu8C0F6Qngnr3hO18KOdp72wtfuP2jnrprewi5g+ajAiJ5ZrCdCf83nXN1NtTcd5Vb9JFU+qnmnRR+dMbat+XaJ69TxunxrFuHppda7eF69b3Ynj95Z2rp5PqIqP9KmQuHZNf87hPWNTvvWU/iMarXZsHd8eE9q0tbTHjaBD4UNofutbre3xOvJteZ9ARn805e/znmKGTFFMEdAkTj67Ec6E0Irn3gWgvTmOcXtLNNK1CMcNY1nam9+2KT/LTjtP21wUf16Nvxxf1uF3G2fE7Gl5IXTNmv6cz7k+d7fOm48a7dqj9thaC+rj9l6/eh7XbxSE/zGuXtrzvN4Xr1tdeqZvcTNeM9rTzLhBrY+LNw7K8mpcrd97tsq8ZU2fConPXUd+Le8TuKopr3WiPh9fiaA9Z7Pjw0Z7Pm/ZbY/ZO+dn0KG4Hwotat80PfL/8bdY3X1bRn805TeplkxR3ATJJWFe3ZRHUK2wbl0s4sJVX/jidf0Oboypb1RDsNvlDDvtBXSruQi7r14AWx/L7+1HtraYlGOtzydAfz6HaTlH986bVn/K8W0+4qas3pd9utQ2tjFXrScRfaspcUyc//XSnuf1vq054vi9Jd5YqGPaO7Z9067WOvq0R3eu7VEHlvcJXNWUt9frVic+iqTVva3xcd7HPUyc7+39wEc6FPbbY9o5io8z6VB7HdjTzBKb9WsEMvqjKX+N6fRHZYpi+mAHCqC9OBx17dULQMzfXjgj9/XHkOIi0fpV34jGHO0NdHnHNG60ywXuDDtn3PSWd3nDx4irvThGvM/egDiaE+NeJ0B/Xmf16pHBtPxE3W8t7Xlcjt/KR6sxbWMev8d5FFpR60mxW59jMX/RjNjfnoPFj6IlZY7Whzi3YynrNp6PbhpbnYvji83QsvYpVvvmJH0qmZl7vVXvc0fUx/uta345lz9at+dqfXyrX+153l7XY39sC40JPSrndKES29r5Y0xZtuKo93+kQzFPe0w9vtgp6xF0KHwJLvETOtfqe+hh8Ky5xbGW9wkE01cXTfmrpCY/LlMUk4c6lPutGB91LnMBCButuNZC275uL5YxPgS6Pa78HjfYZXnXzrs3vTG+bQaKn3vreIfcci2ByIXlXAJ1fYfO7C1t41nGtce3T0nKcXvr9oZtz87e+Nje3ky3T63L2HiiFUvc+JZtsd7SrjqubEztjTV9qmnO+zpqxfI+ga1mtj4fn71uz9X62C39ytxbxPi4Z6mX9pN8tb32devbRzoUdmJMPU+rHbUvvXUofNmLqY6hfh33Va0+1zF5/TqB4Prqoil/ldTkx2WKYvJQh3K/V1MeEF65SY4L397SXnSKYLdPyd6x8+5Nb/geF8NXG/Pw1XI9AfpzPvNyPsZ666a2WIyb1a3zo+yv123TW9uoX7cNecwRdlq9q8fEvlYr2pu+PfslvnZ/ezNdx1Jex5hnfoWPwSeOaxf61BKZ8/fIseV9Alc25eHt3j1IqyutjsTY0KNXxkfz3jb0rc4Ue0WHtnzb0o+aeG8dCl9efaMj9LB8OqmOwetjBDL6oyk/xni6UZmimC64gR1ubwaPutpeXD66ABQ7Iazl40rlwhLreNf0ozniQtW+uxoXsK1xR+2ccdNbYo0425v+EvMr8ZZ5rM8nQH8+h2mp7/pmcctSnBvl2LLeOi62xXkfx7faFTdqsf3ZzVoZW2zEOjQjxsXS+rF1Mx2fxGmfcsX5G0toTz33K035t4H/st3elNa+lePqNX2qacz7OmrG8j6Bq5vy8Dj0YOu6Hudy0ZVnkYXP7Xkf9RBztg8Y6nme6VAcd/SeLHxu/blSh8q9WqvvrVbXLLx+j0BGfzTl77GeZnSmKKYJiqMIIDAFAfozRZo4icCSBOjPkmkVFAJTEMjoj6Z8ipS+72SmKN63ZgYEEEDgOwH6852FVwggcC0B+nMtb9YQQOA7gYz+aMq/c1v6VaYolgYhOAQQuJwA/bkcOYMIIPAvAvRHKSCAQC8CGf3RlPfK0sV2M0VxsWvMIYDA4gToz+IJFh4CAxOgPwMnh2sILE4goz+a8sWLoYSXKYoyxhoBBBA4gwD9OYOiORBA4AgB+nOEmjEIIHAGgYz+aMrPID7BHJmimCAcLiKAwEQE6M9EyeIqAosRoD+LJVQ4CExEIKM/mvKJEvuOq5mieMeOsQgggEBLgP60RPyOAAJXEaA/V5FmBwEEWgIZ/dGUt/QW/T1TFIsiEBYCCHQiQH86gWcWAQS+/W17GBBAAIEeBDL3P5ryHhnqYDNTFB3cYxIBBBYmQH8WTq7QEBicAP0ZPEHcQ2BhAhn90ZQvXAh1aJmiqMd5jQACCLxLgP68S9B4BBA4SoD+HCVnHAIIvEsgoz+a8ndpTzI+UxSThMRNBBCYhAD9mSRR3ERgQQL0Z8GkCgmBSQhk9EdTPklS33UzUxTv2jIeAQQQqAnQn5qG1wggcCUB+nMlbbYQQKAmkNEfTXlNbuHXmaJYGIPQEECgAwH60wE6kwgg8I0A/VEICCDQi0BGfzTlvbJ0sd1MUVzsGnMIILA4AfqzeIKFh8DABOjPwMnhGgKLE8joj6Z88WIo4WWKooyxRgABBM4gQH/OoGgOBBA4QoD+HKFmDAIInEEgoz+a8jOITzBHpigmCIeLCCAwEQH6M1GyuIrAYgToz2IJFQ4CExHI6I+mfKLEvuNqpijesWMsAggg0BKgPy0RvyOAwFUE6M9VpNlBAIGWQEZ/NOUtvUV/zxTFogiEhQACnQjQn07gmUUAga/0RxEggEAvAhn9OdyUhxE/GKgBNaAG1IAaUANqQA2oATWgBtSAGnisgVffEHirKX/ViOP6E4iTxIIAAgj0IEB/elBnEwEEggD9UQcIINCLQEZ/NOW9snSx3UxRXOwacwggsDgB+rN4goWHwMAE6M/AyeEaAosTyOiPpnzxYijhZYqijLFGAAEEziBAf86gaA4EEDhCgP4coWYMAgicQSCjP5ryM4hPMEemKCYIh4sIIDARAfozUbK4isBiBOjPYgkVDgITEcjoj6Z8osS+42qmKN6xYywCCCDQEqA/LRG/I4DAVQToz1Wk2UEAgZZARn805S29RX/PFMWiCISFAAKdCNCfTuCZRQABX/SmBhBAoBuBzP2Pprxbmq41nCmKaz1jDQEEVidAf1bPsPgQGJcA/Rk3NzxDYHUCGf3RlK9eDf+KL1MUN0EiTAQQuIgA/bkINDMIIPBAgP48ILEBAQQuIpDRH035RUnpbSZTFL19ZR8BBNYiQH/WyqdoEJiJAP2ZKVt8RWAtAhn90ZSvlfvdaDJFsTuJHQgggMABAvTnADRDEEDgFAL05xSMJkEAgQMEMvqjKT8AeMYhmaKYMT4+I4DAuAToz7i54RkCqxOgP6tnWHwIjEsgoz+a8nHzeKpnmaI41bDJEEDg9gToz+1LAAAEuhGgP93QM4zA7Qlk9EdTfpNyyRTFTZAIEwEELiJAfy4CzQwCCDwQoD8PSGxAAIGLCGT0R1N+UVJ6m8kURW9f2UcAgbUI0J+18ikaBGYiQH9myhZfEViLQEZ/NOVr5X43mkxR7E5iBwIIIHCAAP05AM0QBBA4hQD9OQWjSRBA4ACBjP5oyg8AnnFIpihmjI/PCCAwLgH6M25ueIbA6gToz+oZFh8C4xLI6I+mfNw8nupZpihONWwyBBC4PQH6c/sSAACBbgToTzf0DCNwewIZ/dGU36RcMkVxEyTCRACBiwjQn4tAM4MAAg8E6M8DEhsQQOAiAhn90ZRflJTeZjJF0dtX9hFAYC0C9GetfIoGgZkI0J+ZssVXBNYikNEfTflaud+NJlMUu5PYgQACCBwgQH8OQDMEAQROIUB/TsFoEgQQOEAgoz+a8gOAZxySKYoZ4+MzAgiMS4D+jJsbniGwOgH6s3qGxYfAuAQy+qMpHzePp3qWKYpTDZsMAQRuT4D+3L4EAECgGwH60w09wwjcnkBGfzTlNymXTFHcBIkwEUDgIgL05yLQzCCAwAMB+vOAxAYEELiIQEZ/NOUXJaW3mUxR9PaVfQQQWIsA/Vkrn6JBYCYC9GembPEVgbUIZPRHU75W7nejyRTF7iR2IIAAAgcI0J8D0AxBAIFTCNCfUzCaBAEEDhDI6I+m/ADgGYdkimLG+PiMAALjEqA/4+aGZwisToD+rJ5h8SEwLoGM/mjKx83jqZ5liuJUwyZDAIHbE6A/ty8BABDoRoD+dEPPMAK3J5DRH035TcolUxQ3QSJMBBC4iAD9uQg0Mwgg8ECA/jwgsQEBBC4ikNEfTflFSeltJlMUvX1lHwEE1iJAf9bKp2gQmIkA/ZkpW3xFYC0CGf3RlK+V+91oMkWxO4kdCCCAwAEC9OcANEMQQOAUAvTnFIwmQQCBAwQy+qMpPwB4xiGZopgxPj4jgMC4BOjPuLnhGQKrE6A/q2dYfAiMSyCjP5rycfN4qmeZojjVsMkQQOD2BOjP7UsAAAS6EaA/3dAzjMDtCWT0R1N+k3LJFMVNkAgTAQQuIkB/LgLNDAIIPBCgPw9IbEAAgYsIZPRHU35RUnqbyRRFb1/ZRwCBtQjQn7XyKRoEZiJAf2bKFl8RWItARn805WvlfjeaTFHsTmIHAgggcIAA/TkAzRAEEDiFAP05BaNJEEDgAIGM/mjKDwCecUimKGaMj88IIDAuAfozbm54hsDqBOjP6hkWHwLjEsjoj6Z83Dye6lmmKE41bDIEELg9Afpz+xIAAIFuBOhPN/QMI3B7Ahn90ZTfpFwyRXETJMJEAIGLCNCfi0AzgwACDwTozwMSGxBA4CICGf3RlF+UlN5mMkXR21f2EUBgLQL0Z618igaBmQjQn5myxVcE1iKQ0Z9hmvKffvrr13C8/fnLX/5rMztfvnz5+sMPv/q6t39z0I03ZorixpiEjgACn0CA/nwCVFMigMBLBOjPS5gchAACn0Agoz/DNOXRXEeT/ery44+//dbAa8pfI5YpitdmdBQCCCDwGgH68xonRyGAwPkE6M/5TM2IAAKvEcjozzBN+e9//7uv8fPKUhr4CFRT/gqxr9/ewHjtSEchgAAC5xLIXJTOtWw2BBC4OwH6c/cKED8C/Qhk9GeYpvzVj6KXj63/+c9/8qQ8UWOZokhM61AEEEDgQwL050NEDkAAgU8iQH8+CaxpEUDgQwIZ/RmiKY9GO5yOJ+Wxjp/f/ObXX//+9789BBsfW//DH/7j6z//+T8fNuV//ON//t98Zd6P1mF3xSXitiCAAAI9CNCfHtTZRACBIEB/1AECCPQikNGfIZry8iVv8fS7LNGot415fFQ9tv3888+a8gLqxXWmKF6c0mEIIIDASwToz0uYHIQAAp9AgP58AlRTIoDASwQy+jNEU74XVTwRjyfjsZSPrUcDH0vmSfmqT7+/gXjxn0xRvDilwxBAAIGXCNCflzA5CAEEPoEA/fkEqKZEAIGXCGT0Z+imPJ6cl29kLx9bLwQ05YXEa+tMUbw2o6MQQACB1wjQn9c4OQoBBM4nQH/OZ2pGBBB4jUBGf6ZoyksDHoFt/ZSn6S2e8n/KPSn3f6ra2vA7AghcRyBzUbrOK5YQQOAOBOjPHbIsRgTGJJDRnyGa8vInzlqc8cVv8RH2raU06s/+JNqZTfk//vHfX8s3vpc3BqLZf2Z/y+9e2zJF0ctHdhFAYE0C9GfNvIoKgRkI0J8ZssRHBNYkkNGfIZry8v/F6wY3mu746Hrs21qubMrDr4C69xPNefgz8pIpipHj4BsCCMxHgP7MlzMeI7AKAfqzSibFgcB8BDL6M0RTHoijqa3/JFq8ftboXtWU1w15PHmv3ySIP9kWDXkAj3V8K/yoS6YoRo2BXwggMCcB+jNn3niNwAoE6M8KWRQDAnMSyOjPME35Z6B+9+Pr0YAHzPipn+LXvkYjXhrzsDfqkimKUWPgFwIIzEmA/syZN14jsAIB+rNCFsWAwJwEMvpzi6Y8gLzyE/9vvF7KU/Joup8t5bjyTfHPju21L1MUvXxkFwEE1iRAf9bMq6gQmIEA/ZkhS3xEYE0CGf3RlFcNe9uUx5fMBcyPnoCXj9LHsc8+ct+z3DJF0dNPthFAYD0C9Ge9nIoIgVkI0J9ZMsVPBNYjkNGfWzTlHz3p3iuB8rH0APrqT/w/8xGXTFGM6D+fEEBgXgL0Z97c8RyB2QnQn9kzyH8E5iWQ0R9N+ZM8H2nKf/rpr09m7LcrUxT9vGQZAQRWJEB/VsyqmBCYgwD9mSNPvERgRQIZ/dGUP6mA0pTH3yeffckUxeyx8h8BBMYiQH/GygdvELgTAfpzp2yLFYGxCGT0R1P+JHflT7TF/y2ffckUxeyx8h8BBMYiQH/GygdvELgTAfpzp2yLFYGxCGT0R1P+JHfxhDxgxk/998mfDBl2V6Yohg2CYwggMCUB+jNl2jiNwBIE6M8SaRQEAlMSyOjPUE15/Gmx8pHxCCKeVG81w+Xvj8cxP/74291vPC/HxZxHljpJSsIAAB6+SURBVPrvlD97Wl7+JFr4E3+3fMQlUxQj+s8nBBCYlwD9mTd3PEdgdgL0Z/YM8h+BeQlk9GeYprw0tuWL0qK5jaY8Guq60Y1tdYO8dUxJ3btNecxTPy0PW/WfTYumvdgI6CP/3/NMURR+1ggggMAZBOjPGRTNgQACRwjQnyPUjEEAgTMIZPRnmKY8mu9oeuul/P3v0qjHnxuL4Oq/BV6eZpdj6vGlYT76pLzMVTfmYX/rJ2yNvGSKYuQ4+IYAAvMRoD/z5YzHCKxCgP6skklxIDAfgYz+DNOUb2GOJ+QRTHkCHY1vpsE+qykP3+IJ+VZzHtvqp+dbcYywLVMUI/jLBwQQWIcA/VknlyJBYDYC9Ge2jPEXgXUIZPRn6KY8mt0IpjwFLx9dj4+6//DDr77ti231k/N10nhuJJmiONey2RBA4O4E6M/dK0D8CPQjQH/6sWcZgbsTyOjP0E15/N/x+sl4fKlbNOP1R8XjSXUcU/+/87sXwFb8maLYGm8bAgggcJQA/TlKzjgEEHiXAP15l6DxCCBwlEBGf4ZtyuPpeARSfzQ8mvK6SS+AolGPp+eWfQKZotifxR4EEEAgT4D+5JkZgQAC5xCgP+dwNAsCCOQJZPRnyKa8fGy9bbSjKa+/eb2g2dte9lt//fYGBw4IIIBADwKZi1IP/9hEAIF1CdCfdXMrMgRGJ5DRn+Ga8nhCHk++y5e71bCjId9qyuPpef2R9nqM1/9LIFMUmCGAAAJnEqA/Z9I0FwIIZAjQnwwtxyKAwJkEMvozVFNevi29fUJe4JQveCu/l7WPrxcS++tMUezPYg8CCCCQJ0B/8syMQACBcwjQn3M4mgUBBPIEMvozTFP+UUNeMMRH1eun6OWL3sp+620CmaLYnuFxa8wZP1v/z//x6F9uiTdYyvjy7fq/POL5b2XsEdsx8zvje/rO9ve/xvC8Qn65V75//UsgF/8W/M9e5DSfU/oxn37cNWdn6gX9+U7zrvUk7vm0r+c1/vsZ8/6rjP4M0ZSXv0deEtCu64+sx7Hxezkm/iTaly9f3qe2+AyZongVRcnBkca4p0BGfLP63pMb2/e6qL2qA68cR3++U3Ie3es8ejff746f9Vr3/Yx5/xX9+c7wrvUkbrr7/Sy49lVGf4Zoyq/Fc09rmaK4JyFRI4DAZxGgP59F1rwIIPARAfrzESH7EUDgswhk9EdT/llZGGzeTFEM5jp3EEBgcgL0Z/IEch+BiQnQn4mTx3UEJieQ0R9N+eTJftX9TFG8OqfjEEAAgVcI0J9XKDkGAQQ+gwD9+Qyq5kQAgVcIZPRHU/4K0QWOyRTFAuEKAQEEBiJAfwZKBlcQuBkB+nOzhAsXgYEIZPRHUz5Q4j7TlUxRfKYf5kYAgfsRoD/3y7mIERiFAP0ZJRP8QOB+BDL6oym/SX1kiuImSISJAAIXEaA/F4FmBgEEHgjQnwckNiCAwEUEMvqjKb8oKb3NZIqit6/sI4DAWgToz1r5FA0CMxGgPzNli68IrEUgoz+a8rVyvxtNpih2J7EDAQQQOECA/hyAZggCCJxCgP6cgtEkCCBwgEBGfzTlBwDPOCRTFDPGx2cEEBiXAP0ZNzc8Q2B1AvRn9QyLD4FxCWT0R1M+bh5P9SxTFKcaNhkCCNyeAP25fQkAgEA3AvSnG3qGEbg9gYz+aMpvUi6ZorgJEmEigMBFBOjPRaCZQQCBBwL05wGJDQggcBGBjP5oyi9KSm8zmaLo7Sv7CCCwFgH6s1Y+RYPATAToz0zZ4isCaxHI6I+mfK3c70aTKYrdSexAAAEEDhCgPwegGYIAAqcQoD+nYDQJAggcIJDRH035AcAzDskUxYzx8RkBBMYlQH/GzQ3PEFidAP1ZPcPiQ2BcAhn90ZSPm8dTPcsUxamGTYYAArcnQH9uXwIAINCNAP3php5hBG5PIKM/mvKblEumKG6CRJgIIHARAfpzEWhmEEDggQD9eUBiAwIIXEQgoz+a8ouS0ttMpih6+8o+AgisRYD+rJVP0SAwEwH6M1O2+IrAWgQy+qMpXyv3u9FkimJ3EjsQQACBAwTozwFohiCAwCkE6M8pGE2CAAIHCGT0R1N+APCMQzJFMWN8fEYAgXEJ0J9xc8MzBFYnQH9Wz7D4EBiXQEZ/NOXj5vFUzzJFcaphkyGAwO0J0J/blwAACHQjQH+6oWcYgdsTyOiPpvwm5ZIpipsgESYCCFxEgP5cBJoZBBB4IEB/HpDYgAACFxHI6I+m/KKk9DaTKYrevrKPAAJrEaA/a+VTNAjMRID+zJQtviKwFoGM/mjK18r9bjSZotidxA4EEEDgAAH6cwCaIQggcAoB+nMKRpMggMABAhn90ZQfADzjkExRzBgfnxFAYFwC9Gfc3PAMgdUJ0J/VMyw+BMYlkNEfTfm4eTzVs0xRnGrYZAggcHsC9Of2JQAAAt0I0J9u6BlG4PYEMvqjKb9JuWSK4iZIhIkAAhcRoD8XgWYGAQQeCNCfByQ2IIDARQQy+qMpvygpvc1kiqK3r+wjgMBaBOjPWvkUDQIzEaA/M2WLrwisRSCjP5rytXK/G02mKHYnsQMBBBA4QID+HIBmCAIInEKA/pyC0SQIIHCAQEZ/NOUHAM84JFMUM8bHZwQQGJcA/Rk3NzxDYHUC9Gf1DIsPgXEJZPRHUz5uHk/1LFMUpxo2GQII3J4A/bl9CQCAQDcC9KcbeoYRuD2BjP5oym9SLpmiuAkSYSKAwEUE6M9FoJlBAIEHAvTnAYkNCCBwEYGM/mjKL0pKbzOZoujtK/sIILAWAfqzVj5Fg8BMBOjPTNniKwJrEcjoj6Z8rdzvRpMpit1J7EAAAQQOEKA/B6AZggACpxCgP6dgNAkCCBwgkNEfTfkBwDMOyRTFjPHxGQEExiVAf8bNDc8QWJ0A/Vk9w+JDYFwCGf3RlI+bx1M9yxTFqYZNhgACtydAf25fAgAg0I0A/emGnmEEbk8goz+a8puUS6YoboJEmAggcBEB+nMRaGYQQOCBAP15QGIDAghcRCCjP2815WHIDwZqQA2oATWgBtSAGlADakANqAE1oAZ+WQOv9v9vNeWvGnFcfwJxglgQQACBHgToTw/qbCKAQBCgP+oAAQR6Ecjoj6a8V5YutpspiotdYw4BBBYnQH8WT7DwEBiYAP0ZODlcQ2BxAhn90ZQvXgwlvExRlDHWCCCAwBkE6M8ZFM2BAAJHCNCfI9SMQQCBMwhk9EdTfgbxCebIFMUE4XARAQQmIkB/JkoWVxFYjAD9WSyhwkFgIgIZ/dGUT5TYd1zNFMU7doxFAAEEWgL0pyXidwQQuIoA/bmKNDsIINASyOiPprylt+jvmaJYFIGwEECgEwH60wk8swgg4Ive1AACCHQjkLn/0ZR3S9O1hjNFca1nrCGAwOoE6M/qGRYfAuMSoD/j5oZnCKxOIKM/mvLVq+Ff8WWK4iZIhIkAAhcRoD8XgWYGAQQeCNCfByQ2IIDARQQy+qMpvygpvc1kiqK3r+wjgMBaBOjPWvkUDQIzEaA/M2WLrwisRSCjP5rytXK/G02mKHYnsQMBBBA4QID+HIBmCAIInEKA/pyC0SQIIHCAQEZ/NOUHAM84JFMUM8bHZwQQGJcA/Rk3NzxDYHUC9Gf1DIsPgXEJZPRHUz5uHk/1LFMUpxo2GQII3J4A/bl9CQCAQDcC9KcbeoYRuD2BjP5oym9SLpmiuAkSYSKAwEUE6M9FoJlBAIEHAvTnAYkNCCBwEYGM/mjKL0pKbzOZoujtK/sIILAWAfqzVj5Fg8BMBOjPTNniKwJrEcjoj6Z8rdzvRpMpit1J7EAAAQQOEKA/B6AZggACpxCgP6dgNAkCCBwgkNEfTfkBwDMOyRTFjPHxGQEExiVAf8bNDc8QWJ0A/Vk9w+JDYFwCGf3RlI+bx1M9yxTFqYZNhgACtydAf25fAgAg0I0A/emGnmEEbk8goz+a8puUS6YoboJEmAggcBEB+nMRaGYQQOCBAP15QGIDAghcRCCjP5ryi5LS20ymKHr7yj4CCKxFgP6slU/RIDATAfozU7b4isBaBDL6oylfK/e70WSKYncSOxBAAIEDBOjPAWiGIIDAKQTozykYTYIAAgcIZPRHU34A8IxDMkUxY3x8RgCBcQnQn3FzwzMEVidAf1bPsPgQGJdARn805ePm8VTPMkVxqmGTIYDA7QnQn9uXAAAIdCNAf7qhZxiB2xPI6I+m/CblkimKmyARJgIIXESA/lwEmhkEEHggQH8ekNiAAAIXEcjoj6b8oqT0NpMpit6+so8AAmsRoD9r5VM0CMxEgP7MlC2+IrAWgYz+aMrXyv1uNJmi2J3EDgQQQOAAAfpzAJohCCBwCgH6cwpGkyCAwAECGf3RlB8APOOQTFHMGB+fEUBgXAL0Z9zc8AyB1QnQn9UzLD4ExiWQ0R9N+bh5PNWzTFGcathkCCBwewL05/YlAAAC3QjQn27oGUbg9gQy+qMpv0m5ZIriJkiEiQACFxGgPxeBZgYBBB4I0J8HJDYggMBFBDL6oym/KCm9zWSKorev7COAwFoE6M9a+RQNAjMRoD8zZYuvCKxFIKM/mvK1cr8bTaYodiexAwEEEDhAgP4cgGYIAgicQoD+nILRJAggcIBARn805QcAzzgkUxQzxsdnBBAYlwD9GTc3PENgdQL0Z/UMiw+BcQlk9EdTPm4eT/UsUxSnGjYZAgjcngD9uX0JAIBANwL0pxt6hhG4PYGM/mjKb1IumaK4CRJhIoDARQToz0WgmUEAgQcC9OcBiQ0IIHARgYz+aMovSkpvM5mi6O0r+wggsBYB+rNWPkWDwEwE6M9M2eIrAmsRyOiPpnyt3O9GkymK3UnsQAABBA4QoD8HoBmCAAKnEKA/p2A0CQIIHCCQ0R9N+QHAMw7JFMWM8fEZAQTGJUB/xs0NzxBYnQD9WT3D4kNgXAIZ/dGUj5vHUz3LFMWphk2GAAK3J0B/bl8CACDQjQD96YaeYQRuTyCjP5rym5RLpihugkSYCCBwEQH6cxFoZhBA4IEA/XlAYgMCCFxEIKM/mvKLktLbTKYoevvKPgIIrEWA/qyVT9EgMBMB+jNTtviKwFoEMvozTFP+009//RqOtz9/+ct//SI78fsPP/zq23GxjnGjLn//+9++/vjjb/8vpj/+8T+7uZopim5OMowAAksSoD9LplVQCExBgP5MkSZOIrAkgYz+DNOUl2b7WUbimGhyf/7552+Hxe8R7D/+8d/PhnXZ989//s833/785z99s//ly5evv/nNr7/+4Q//0cWfTFF0cZBRBBBYlgD9WTa1AkNgeAL0Z/gUcRCBZQlk9GeYpvz3v//d1/jZW6IRjyfj0YjXSzS6PZ9A177Ur8On8K1eypsI5U2Fel+8jjccopn/jCVTFJ9h35wIIHBfAvTnvrkXOQK9CdCf3hlgH4H7EsjozzBN+VbDXaewfLw9njjPumjKZ80cvxFA4B0CmYvSO3aMRQABBFoC9Kcl4ncEELiKQEZ/hmjKo9EOp+NJeazjJ54yx//JLks0tNG41/9PO44Z+f+UF99jHX6H/8+e6ntSXhPzGgEEViGQuSitErM4EEBgDAL0Z4w88AKBOxLI6M8QTXl5Cl7+/3Ukrfwf7NKYx75oaqNxLx//jn0R7N7/KY8GOPZnftqPnJ9RQOF3+PBR0/3R/nd8CfsWBBBAoAcB+tODOpsIIBAE6I86QACBXgQy+jNEU74HKr4ULRrVWKIpj8Da/3P97P+ij9KUl/hKDOVNhNKsR1x7P+VNiTLH0XWmKI7aMA4BBBDYIkB/tqjYhgACVxCgP1dQZgMBBLYIZPRn6Ka8PB2PIOvXddB72+OY0pR/xtPv2ofM62cfYfekPEPSsQggMAuBzEVplpj4iQACcxCgP3PkiZcIrEggoz/TNOXl/5S3CYvGe6/pHrEpj8Z771vmNeVtdv2OAAIrEMhclFaIVwwIIDAOAfozTi54gsDdCGT0Z4imfK/hjua1/F3v8ne/y0e/S1LrY8q2su7ZlIdf5aP3xZ9Yx5PyeLq/tWjKt6jYhgACsxPIXJRmj5X/CCAwFgH6M1Y+eIPAnQhk9GeIpjy+1C2a1WjOyxJNeGyr/wRaNNn1U+byRW/t/zMvc5zZlMebAdFMB9zyE0/oa5+L3ViXL6+r/094jI8x5Yvq6uPjtaa8JeJ3BBBYgUDmorRCvGJAAIFxCNCfcXLBEwTuRiCjP0M05ZGgaKyj4S4Nb7zearajCS7HRBNbN71tos9qymubxXa9jkZ7y9dozGNfOTae+tdvMrT+fubv4YMFAQQQ6EGA/vSgziYCCAQB+qMOEECgF4GM/gzTlH8GrDOa8rohj/nqpjreEChN97Mn4J8RW3bOTFFk53Y8Aggg8IwA/XlGxz4EEPhMAvTnM+maGwEEnhHI6I+m/AnJaMADZvzsfUw9PopeGvNo2kddMkUxagz8QgCBOQnQnznzxmsEViBAf1bIohgQmJNARn9u0ZQHkFd+2i+RK0/Jo+l+tpTj4v/Aj7pkimLUGPiFAAJzEqA/c+aN1wisQID+rJBFMSAwJ4GM/mjKq4a9bcrj/4AHzI+egMf/J4/j4mfr/5aPUEaZohjBXz4ggMA6BOjPOrkUCQKzEaA/s2WMvwisQyCjP7doyj960r2X+vKx9AD66s+zL57bs3PF9kxRXOEPGwggcB8C9Oc+uRYpAqMRoD+jZYQ/CNyHQEZ/NOVP6uJIUx7fuD7ikimKEf3nEwIIzEuA/sybO54jMDsB+jN7BvmPwLwEMvqjKX+S59KUx98Xn33JFMXssfIfAQTGIkB/xsoHbxC4EwH6c6dsixWBsQhk9EdT/iR35e+mx/8tn33JFMXssfIfAQTGIkB/xsoHbxC4EwH6c6dsixWBsQhk9Geopjy+xbw8nY4goimu/y54wVz+/ngc8+OPv939crVyXMx5ZIkn5GEjfrb8ODJnrzERgwUBBBDoQYD+9KDOJgIIBAH6ow4QQKAXgYz+DNOUlz8rVv5Pdvz972jKo6GO12WJbfWT661jyrHvNuX13ymvbZb5y7r4HuBrX8v+EdaZohjBXz4ggMA6BOjPOrkUCQKzEaA/s2WMvwisQyCjP8M05dF8R4NdL+VPjZVGPb7ZPIKr/+xYaZzLMfX4d5vymKt+Wh7+1X82LWwXG+HXyP/3PFMUNUOvEUAAgXcJ0J93CRqPAAJHCdCfo+SMQwCBdwlk9GeYpnwr6HjqHMGUZjca4MxH0UvDnBmz5UfdmIc/Wz9ha+QlUxQjx8E3BBCYjwD9mS9nPEZgFQL0Z5VMigOB+Qhk9GfopjyeSkcw5Sl4+eh6fFz8hx9+9W1fbKufnNfpOqspjznDl63mPLbVT89r+yO9zhTFSH7zBQEE5idAf+bPoQgQmJUA/Zk1c/xGYH4CGf0ZuimP/8ddP+WOL3WLZrx+Kh1NcRwz6v/lHqWcMkUxis/8QACBNQjQnzXyKAoEZiRAf2bMGp8RWINARn+Gbcrj6XgEUj+Fjqa8btJLuqJRj6fnln0CmaLYn8UeBBBAIE+A/uSZGYEAAucQoD/ncDQLAgjkCWT0Z8imvHxsvW20oynf+hb0ve15dOuOyBTFuhREhgACPQjQnx7U2UQAgSBAf9QBAgj0IpDRn+Ga8nhCHk++42Pp7RIN+VZTHk/P64+0t+P87qKkBhBAoB+BzEWpn5csI4DAigToz4pZFRMCcxDI6M9QTXn5Yrb2CXnBXr7grfxe1j6+XkjsrzNFsT+LPQgggECeAP3JMzMCAQTOIUB/zuFoFgQQyBPI6M8wTflHDXnBEB9Vr5+ily96K/uttwlkimJ7hsetMWf8bP0//8ejf7kl3mAp48u36//yiOe/lbFHbMfM74zv6Tvb3/8aw/MK+eVe+f71L4Fc/FvwP3uR03xO6cd8+nHXnJ2pF/TnO8271pO459O+ntf472fM+68y+jNEU17+HnlJQLuuP7Iex8bv5Zj4k2hfvnx5n9riM2SK4lUUJQdHGuOeAhnxzep7T25s3+ui9qoOvHIc/flOyXl0r/Po3Xy/O37Wa933M+b9V/TnO8O71pO46e73s+DaVxn9GaIpvxbPPa1liuKehESNAAKfRYD+fBZZ8yKAwEcE6M9HhOxHAIHPIpDRH035Z2VhsHkzRTGY69xBAIHJCdCfyRPIfQQmJkB/Jk4e1xGYnEBGfzTlkyf7VfczRfHqnI5DAAEEXiFAf16h5BgEEPgMAvTnM6iaEwEEXiGQ0R9N+StEFzgmUxQLhCsEBBAYiAD9GSgZXEHgZgToz80SLlwEBiKQ0R9N+UCJ+0xXMkXxmX6YGwEE7keA/twv5yJGYBQC9GeUTPADgfsRyOiPpvwm9ZEpipsgESYCCFxEgP5cBJoZBBB4IEB/HpDYgAACFxHI6I+m/KKk9DaTKYrevrKPAAJrEaA/a+VTNAjMRID+zJQtviKwFoGM/mjK18r9bjSZotidxA4EEEDgAAH6cwCaIQggcAoB+nMKRpMggMABAhn90ZQfADzjkExRzBgfnxFAYFwC9Gfc3PAMgdUJ0J/VMyw+BMYlkNEfTfm4eTzVs0xRnGrYZAggcHsC9Of2JQAAAt0I0J9u6BlG4PYEMvqjKb9JuWSK4iZIhIkAAhcRoD8XgWYGAQQeCNCfByQ2IIDARQQy+qMpvygpvc1kiqK3r+wjgMBaBOjPWvkUDQIzEaA/M2WLrwisRSCjP5rytXK/G02mKHYnsQMBBBA4QID+HIBmCAIInEKA/pyC0SQIIHCAQEZ/NOUHAM84JFMUM8bHZwQQGJcA/Rk3NzxDYHUC9Gf1DIsPgXEJZPRHUz5uHk/1LFMUpxo2GQII3J4A/bl9CQCAQDcC9KcbeoYRuD2BjP5oym9SLpmiuAkSYSKAwEUE6M9FoJlBAIEHAvTnAYkNCCBwEYGM/mjKL0pKbzOZoujtK/sIILAWAfqzVj5Fg8BMBOjPTNniKwJrEcjoj6Z8rdzvRpMpit1J7EAAAQQOEKA/B6AZggACpxCgP6dgNAkCCBwgkNEfTfkBwDMOyRTFjPHxGQEExiVAf8bNDc8QWJ0A/Vk9w+JDYFwCGf3RlI+bx1M9yxTFqYZNhgACtydAf25fAgAg0I0A/emGnmEEbk8goz+a8puUS6YoboJEmAggcBEB+nMRaGYQQOCBAP15QGIDAghcRCCjP5ryi5LS20ymKHr7yj4CCKxFgP6slU/RIDATAfozU7b4isBaBDL6oylfK/e70WSKYncSOxBAAIEDBOjPAWiGIIDAKQTozykYTYIAAgcIZPRHU34A8IxDMkUxY3x8RgCBcQnQn3FzwzMEVidAf1bPsPgQGJdARn805ePm8VTPMkVxqmGTIYDA7QnQn9uXAAAIdCNAf7qhZxiB2xPI6I+m/CblkimKmyARJgIIXESA/lwEmhkEEHggQH8ekNiAAAIXEcjoj6b8oqT0NpMpit6+so8AAmsRoD9r5VM0CMxEgP7MlC2+IrAWgYz+aMrXyv1uNJmi2J3EDgQQQOAAAfpzAJohCCBwCgH6cwpGkyCAwAECGf3RlB8APOOQTFHMGB+fEUBgXAL0Z9zc8AyB1QnQn9UzLD4ExiWQ0R9N+bh5PNWzTFGcathkCCBwewL05/YlAAAC3QjQn27oGUbg9gQy+qMpv0m5ZIriJkiEiQACFxGgPxeBZgYBBB4I0J8HJDYggMBFBDL6oym/KCm9zWSKorev7COAwFoE6M9a+RQNAjMRoD8zZYuvCKxFIKM/mvK1cr8bTaYodiexAwEEEDhAgP4cgGYIAgicQoD+nILRJAggcIBARn805QcAzzgkUxQzxsdnBBAYlwD9GTc3PENgdQL0Z/UMiw+BcQlk9EdTPm4eT/UsUxSnGjYZAgjcngD9uX0JAIBANwL0pxt6hhG4PYGM/mjKb1IumaK4CRJhIoDARQToz0WgmUEAgQcC9OcBiQ0IIHARgYz+vNWUhyE/GKgBNaAG1IAaUANqQA2oATWgBtSAGvhlDbza/x9uyl814DgEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEENgmoCnf5mIrAggggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAp9OQFP+6YgZQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQGCbgKZ8m4utCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCHw6AU35pyNmAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAIFtAprybS62IoAAAggggAACCCCAAAIIIPDpBDTln46YAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQS2CWjKt7nYigACCCCAAAIIIIAAAggggMCnE9CUfzpiBhBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBDYJqAp3+ZiKwIIIIAAAggggAACCCCAAAKfTkBT/umIGUAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEEEBgm4CmfJuLrQgggAACCCCAAAIIIIAAAgh8OgFN+acjZgABBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQACBbQKa8m0utiKAAAIIIIAAAggggAACCCDw6QQ05Z+OmAEEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEtgn8fyLrYiwNR157AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width="502" height="151"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Iron has a relatively small specific heat capacity; the temperature of a 50 g sample rises by 44.4°C when it absorbs 1 kJ of heat energy.</p>
<p>Determine the specific heat capacity of iron, in J g<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup>. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write the half-equation for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water in acidic solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce a balanced equation for the oxidation of Fe2+ by acidified hydrogen peroxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1:2 ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept 2 Fe<sup>3+</sup>: 1 Fe<sup>2+</sup></em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept 2:1 only</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mass «spectroscopy»/MS ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" width="515" height="88"></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for 4 correct values.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>specific heat capacity « = <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mfrac><mi>q</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>×</mo><mo>∆</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>/</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>1000</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>50</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>44</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi></mrow></mfrac></math>» = 0.45 «J g<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup>» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>−</sup>→ 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 2H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + 2Fe<sup>2+</sup>(aq) → 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + 2Fe<sup>3+</sup>(aq) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">This question is about iron.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the nuclear symbol notation, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{\text{Z}}^{\text{A}}{\text{X}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>Z</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>A</mtext>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>X</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>, for iron-54.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Mass spectrometry analysis of a sample of iron gave the following results:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="190" height="136"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the relative atomic mass, A<sub>r</sub>, of this sample of iron to two decimal places.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">An iron nail and a copper nail are inserted into a lemon.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img 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" width="312" height="204"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why a potential is detected when the nails are connected through a voltmeter.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{{\text{26}}}^{{\text{54}}}{\text{Fe}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>26</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>54</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Fe</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></span> <strong>[<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">✔</span>]</strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">A</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">r</sub> =» 54 × 0.0584 + 56 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">×</span> 0.9168 + 57 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">×</span> 0.0217 + 58 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">×</span> 0.0031<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">A</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">r</sub> =» 55.9111 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">A</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">r</sub> =» 55.91 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Notes:</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Award [2] for correct final answer.<br>Do not accept data booklet value (55.85).</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">lemon juice is the electrolyte<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>lemon juice allows flow of ions<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>each nail/metal forms a half-cell with the lemon juice <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note: </strong>Accept “lemon juice acts as a salt bridge”.</span></em></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any one of</em>:<br>iron is higher than copper in the activity series<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>each half-cell/metal has a different redox/electrode potential <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept “iron is more reactive than copper”.</span></em></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">iron is oxidized<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Fe → Fe<sup>2+</sup> + 2e<sup>–</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Fe → Fe<sup>3+</sup> + 3e<sup>−</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>iron is anode/negative electrode of cell <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">copper is cathode/positive electrode of cell<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>reduction occurs at the cathode<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2H<sup>+</sup> + 2e<sup>−</sup> → H<sub>2</sub> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">electrons flow from iron to copper <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><em><strong> </strong></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Notes:<br>Accept “lemon juice acts as a salt bridge”.<br>Accept “iron is more reactive than copper”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The nuclear symbol notation was generally correct. However, some students swapped atomic and mass numbers and hence lost the mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Calculation of RAM was generally correctly calculated, but some candidates did not give their answer to two decimal places while they should use the provided periodic table.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few students gained the 2 marks available for explaining the potential generated in the lemon as they didn’t realise it was the lemon that acted as the electrolyte and allowed ions to flow. Some were able to gain a mark for explaining that electrons moved from iron to copper as iron is more reactive.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The properties of elements can be predicted from their position in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why Si has a smaller atomic radius than Al.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the decrease in radius from Na to Na<sup>+</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the condensed electron configurations for Cr and Cr3<sup>+</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="768" height="190"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe metallic bonding and how it contributes to electrical conductivity.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of sulfur dichloride, SCl<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p><img 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" width="433" height="216"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest, giving reasons, the relative volatilities of SCl<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Consider the following equilibrium reaction:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">2SO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + O<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2SO<sub>3 </sub>(g)</p>
<p>State and explain how the equilibrium would be affected by increasing the volume of the reaction container at a constant temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nuclear charge/number of protons/Z/Z<sub>eff</sub> increases «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✓</p>
<p>same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Na<sup>+</sup> has one less energy level/shell<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Na<sup>+</sup> has 2 energy levels/shells <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>Na has 3 ✓</p>
<p>less shielding «in Na<sup>+</sup> so valence electrons attracted more strongly to nucleus»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>effective nuclear charge/Z<sub>eff</sub> greater «in Na<sup>+</sup> so valence electrons attracted more strongly to nucleus» ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “more protons than electrons «in Na<sup>+</sup>»” <strong>OR</strong> “less electron-electron repulsion «in Na<sup>+</sup>»” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Cr:</em><br>[Ar] 4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Cr<sup>3+</sup>:</em><br>[Ar] 3d<sup>3</sup> ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “[Ar] 3d<sup>5</sup>4s<sup>1</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “[Ar] 3d<sup>3</sup>4s<sup>0</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for two correct full electron configurations “1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> <strong>AND</strong> 1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>3</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [1 max]</strong> for 4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> <strong>AND</strong> 3d<sup>3</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction ✓</p>
<p>between «a lattice of» cations/positive «metal» ions <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«a sea of» delocalized electrons ✓</p>
<p><br>mobile electrons responsible for conductivity<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>electrons move when a voltage/potential difference/electric field is applied ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “nuclei” for “cations/positive ions” in M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “mobile/free” for “delocalized” electrons in M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “electrons move when connected to a cell/battery/power supply” <strong>OR</strong> “electrons move when connected in a circuit” for M3.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAT4AAAC6CAYAAAA3biFKAAAgAElEQVR4Ae1dv4sbWbauf6PiTjszmzhSpGSCncTBm0BBM+DA2cAIOnPwFgeChmUGFgyCXsPCgikwDAuzBrGJYWmemA3Mo1HyGLyNYDCDacSOaZriPE7de6puXR21SmpJdaT+BI2k+nHvV993z6f741R1QniBATAABh4YA8kDu15cLhgAA2CACuNLkoTwBw7QBtAGDrUNxF5fGl+8A9/bZ4AbIV5gAAzcjwEtjmB89+N0q2drgm21QhQOBg6QAS2OYHyGhdYEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwwX0MCASQa0OILxmZTKgdIEMwx3z6Hd0HSc0aB3XD2wo9On4WhCs/jK8imNswH1UnmoQUqd/pBGk+vgSC7vFfU7X9Fw8jnYjo+7ZkCLo5WML5+OKRv0KC2f5tKl/nBEk1m+42v5SKP+I0qSlLrDS9p17bu6WE2wXdX9sOrJaTY+o07ZrsXQ+P2YTrKfqzY2e0/D0BzDc9ITGl6K+UkbfQLja7kxaXHU3PhmFzTopNWvYSB4epLR1U7dRxoVjK/lNnUg1VftqXP6lqZFW/5E48EXrr13hzQptn2myfBJsS3tfU8X05vi+vPpOzrzZpj2R+SsT8qE8bXdSO5hfDldj05dT6/znEaF4OGvJMTdhriaYNuoB2WKSSWU9gaUjadVDy8kJ7+kYTelJH1G2ZUzPdmdT87ppDbclTIRG8JRW+9aHDXs8QXGl/ZokI39r2J8KSL2I/pm+IbO+133i5n26OwibEw5zSY/BvMpXeqfX9TL5HmU8341/Oj06bxskFJP2ONbVqbMuVS91jsbeXxpLXzXBGsBxgOo8oausmfBFA4PcXka5wca+14dk5BPhtTlkU7ZA7yLGmmjML67WNrFPi2OGhofUX6V0Uk5mcsNgyd0X9Kb0oz4EkTscI5EPn9Bg/Gn4jrny/LlDS78RHIwzAiG1EkiZUg9lfEtK7NstLXyEvXXexdiNKlDE6zJeThmDQbyKxqd+h/qWhs5pt7wfdEuyzYE41uD4PZO0eKosfER3dB09LzqgQWNI+2d02WxwCGGxEMGvy1oUG7+Q+ZJgkljmTBOT2l0nRNdj6jPJlsOKapfZFeG1CPGt6zM23KoXs3BtCdE05o1wZqei+PWYYBHBX+j17UFPP5Rdr22exlfPqWLM1kY5E5D1sKi4Dqc7P85WhytYHyOAF7ZffM6XMp3vTW3uiqG9Ij6o48lY7UGc+vnSQLjZGDuj8/7pYFJST3e+GTupSxHyuN3jyVenOFUhexNlIJQQjbxQRPMBLCHAKKWsuLbkLSz8ge5IiK/ekOnp2FKi7RRNs3/+DbtynHxcES97ENVAD5tjQEtjlY2vgpdPe+p3hPzDcUfbML4CizXNBm9oSx7Sf1yhVqGz9WVWfmkCWYF20HhkBFG0qXT0ZVf2Mhpdnnuc/Vknk5GFjyi0Vd1q/m/0PjCPD5ZFITx7aoNaXHU0PhExJSq5X4ikiFqmU8nxwVDXarm6+rmWM2dzBEgDbHMi5LGIhPLUo8MdeX7HWXOVRI04jIFYe6gVjdogrUK6GArr9oocx7/1dK1yjY/f1xStlcmStpk1AmYvqVT/tGVaZ2D5dTOhWlx1ND4AuNRGkY1FydiK42iXJjQFkr88Z0zGhdzhYsaovTOpB4xvmVlVnN8caOuFkzsCCVINMFkH943zAAPbd+EIwGeY+7R4PU/5ufiasNgbrvH1Bv8dW7aJC9M7og6ftHOfWfTCxOdN3wdKG6OAS2OGhofl8VD2x9oKCkqhQHGgoshPaJ+9g/K5NhaKgqXFaee8GTvq1rqACnpLNXtQ1JPZXzLy+Rh7jAY4iaUzOGa46zVDZpgrQJC5eszIHPMML31OVzzTC2OVjC+JrWKIdW7903OxDHzDGiCzR+FLfYZCPJgyxET5vh2pZsWRzC+XbG/Rj2aYGsUg1PAwINmQIsjGJ/hJqEJZhguoIEBkwxocbRh4zN53XsLShNsby8GwMFASwxocQTja0mMJtVqgjU5D8eAATBQMaDFEYyv4sfcJ00wcyABCAwYZ0CLIxifYdE0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5K4+Od+AMHaANoA4fYBmJHLo0v3oHv7TPADRAvMAAG7seAFkcwvvtxutWzNcG2WiEKBwMHyIAWRzA+w0JrghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGC2hgwCQDWhzB+ExK5UBpghmGuxNo//73v+m3336r1fXrr78Sb8cLDGgMaHEE49OYMrJNE8wItFZgsMH97ne/K/74M7+0ba2AQ6VmGdDiCMZnVi4iTTDDcHcC7bvvvqM///nPtbp4G//hBQY0BrQ4gvFpTBnZpglmBBpggIG9YUCLIxifYfk0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzDBTQwYJIBLY5gfCalcqA0wQzD3Rk0Tl3517/+RX//+99pMpnMpbfsDAgq2gsGtDiC8RmWThPMMNydQGOzY1747/e//335jjy+ndC/l5VocQTjMyylJphhuFuHxonLzEmYuiJ5fH/4wx+2Xj8q2E8GtDhqaHwzGg86lBwNaHy7g4ufZtRLjqiXfdhBZXar0ASzi3b7yNjkmBM2ufDuDRn2bh8BathHBrQ4sml8+8juFjBrgm2hmr0qMsuywvyYm6+//rpIZuZ5PrzAwCIGtDiC8S1iy8B2TTADsFqHwD0/nuvjnh/fwsY8sSHiBQY0BrQ42qDx3dB0nNGgd+x/kVPq9F/ReHpDlF/SsJtS2h/RdYEsp+vRKaXJExpOPjus4TG1oW5Os8mPQbkJpb0zejtxJWkXeijbNMEO5drWuQ7u2WkGxwbIXIXD33XKxzmHyYAWRxsyvpxm4zPqJMfUG76nGfM3e09DNsHOGY1nv9Co/4iS7pAmOe/86L4H83j5ZEjd5BH1Rx+JQuO7HlE/Talz+pamfK6UW5Z1mGLxVWmCHe7Vzl8ZG9m7d++KBxHwXp7LY064txe++N7d0Ph4hZePgRGGLD3cz1ocbcj4vJFFZlSZ2S/1Ht7tmAZHR9TpPPK9QN8DTE9pdJ3Xja8wwZQ6gwtnqA9IP02wh3D5bFjcs5NhbDiHJ707nt/79ttvi3k+5insCUrKC5/P22GAD6HVLL5GLY42Y3x+mMoVzP/51Vnfc+sOL+mWe3fpKf349gUdFWbneoTlUDjs8dE1XQ5PKC3KPqbe4C+UvRm73t/iaz2IPZpgB3FhCy4iNjw2Ni0/T4a8bGr8t+gYPp85ZAOMe4kLIGDzATKgxdFGja80LpU81ytM+z/QxfCJ6+kVZtihwdusGM6yKRYj4Zrx+cJmExplGb0e9JwJdp7TiOcPD/ilCXaol8tDWunhsWGFvbz7XDOXIwbICc9cD14PiwEtjjZjfDJnJ0NVldfPNBk+oSR9TJ3HR+RMjs3wMT3uPK4vdGjGF5TphtCHn+enCRbQcBAf2YjkDoxNGl5MDhug1AMDjNk57O9aHG3I+GRxI1iEyKd0cca9s2rl1hkWD4dl2y1Ns6dueBzODwbGl19ldJIeU+/snR/eytBXyjhc0TTBDuVqQ8NjI+KFi1284no31bPcBXbUsR4DWhytZnzqHF6HBmNex+V0llfU76TlPF/aG1A2nrrhK2OWucDA5JwZpr4H6C8sMD6t3KTTp/Ow3PX4MH+WJph50EsAstHwwgRf2zo9Lz4/ntPj7/G2JTCKIa/0ALfZ01yGA/u3z4AWRw2Nb/vgUMM8A5pg80ftxxY2rPvOtbG5MSc8Fygrtfwuc4Oc2Lzqixc95HwY4Krs7cfxWhzB+Axrpwm2Sbg87OO/8MXmEm8L96/6OTQ8Npgw7WTVsvh4DbO2bZWytdXkdUx0UZ1aWav2UBeVje3LGdDiCMa3nLfWjtAE2xQYDkYun/8kMLVt69bHZUnOnRie9NLWLXPb58UGyE+BEW7WrZvLYI7DOUzZtskfmHXxPYTztDiC8RlWXhNsk3C1ntJ9e3xsFBLY+2J4MadsgHI3CGtwHwNkjnlOMzR93sbzi+j1xcxv57sWRzC+7XC9kVI1wTZS8BYKCQ1PzCIM9i1UufUi42tiM9z3a9o6aQYr0OIIxmdQKIGkCSb7rLyzEfC8HWMVw7vv8NDKtQmO0AD3tRcr1/IQ37U4gvEZbgmaYFbgiuGxERyq4cVcswHKyjQMMGbH7nctjjZkfJzDN3KPoNri9efTMf3wAPL3hEJNMNm3qfdFvTNt/o/rjA2PjeChzVXFK9W4D3hTrXE75WhxtBHjux0P6CiRRObtgKfiiS4JHQ3GtIun32/pKlYqVhNspQIWHMxGJT0XroMn2nkCP5y/4v38F77YJKWHx/vYAB7yKzRA5jD8EeHPbIi8ss1caQ9TYO7vm97zkPlveu1aHMH4mrLXwnGaYE1hsLlxMIZpFHwub2fz4pVG3sffuXfHdXGQykszPg50NsiHbnjCkbwzH8ydGJ9wLD8obG5ytwrvk9ci49NMUs7B++oMaHHU0PgWPwXZ9faqx1EVPbLilrNj+qr3pX+cFN9XO6Gsd0RJL6Npif1DtC2uhx9D9SNNPl3Q4Kiqw/3To/hcLjTc5u8DTr+k3lf+qdDFrXJ3PCm6xGXjgyZYU2RiZnGPgg2NAzLs3XGZfDzvk+2a8TWt+6Efx/zyj4twyXzwZ97Of/LSjE90C4+T4/G+HgNaHDUzviVPQZ4b6hbGl/inL3+m6U/vaZqHpiQXUN/mHkiQUHqS0VWe0+zynHpp4h5hNTfUrZ/rSgy3yQMQ/ENM8yn99NMVXd/5pOjioVgCrvV3TbBVQEkPJDyHy+S0jGUvGN8yhvT9zDlzrM37xXrwcfEPE5fK54amqdeErU0Z0OKomfEVRrb4Kci68UUPHqj1xgRyaFT+sVXlk1vkGP++tvGFT3FZ9qToj1Gl7X7VBLsPIglKLdjicmF8MSPNvvOwl3VrMh2wyPia1YSjmjKgxVEz41vyFGTd+OLn5YUmJ5DDbf5/9yZPKZsqyxdrG19QnjwdRn3KTIxXMLb3rgm2ChoeNsUvHoLxPF38YlPknob0SmB8MUPNvvMcHuumcR/34mB8zTi971FaHDU0Pl/1gqcg75vx3f2k6PvSvLnzNcGali63XMXDWp6EZ/MLJ9m5TN7O9cl2Nj6ekMdrdQaYx3ChSEoQjuXHhY+Le9/MP+ujGaeUg/fVGNDiaDXjC+oLn4K8tvH5Xpxb8NjAULdWnszxBT2+Rk+KDi6y5Y+aYE0hcXBxoImRyXnc62BD4+BiU+TAk4AMg5B7hYsCWMrCu84A95yZO+aXdeA/5pa3hRyzBryIEQ6Lxfi0Xrlem2y9oenF93TylOfHZRvemQEtjhoZ39KnIBdzgP5fQ3JNxfd46Ojn19ITGl5eE5VPaE5IVnrrixt8yFs65QebFquxblhc9daWlacZX7MnRVtpLppgm8DGgciBxQbIgcef47QXNkgOXO754bU6A8wd6yd/wnNYEvfq2Pxijlmf1V78VPKn1JV/wbrayQd/tBZHjYxv6VOQ8ysanXadyJyuohofG9kFnff9cfw/eAd/dE9sLlNc4nSW4J+S8xOeR8+pUzQm14u7uzzN+FjjBk+KNtIUNMGMQAOMBgzwjwf35uJed4NTmx/iYy/tndPlDF09jTgtjhoan1Yctm2bAU2wbdeJ8veJAf//Zx7Afxy8jypaHMH47sPols/VBNtylSh+bxi4oavsGaXJFzQYf9ob1G0A1eIIxteGEg3r1ARreCoOOzQGZu9p2Dv2NwXc0qxIxF+cW3tol3+f69HiCMZ3H0a3fK4m2Car5NXHOG2Cv/PEPF6bYYDn+eKFIy45XMltUlM+fUdnbHzJMZ0MX9ELXvTrnNEY83pL6dPiCMa3lLb2DtAE2xQaXjnkFUX+k1VEDlL+zvVudUJ+UxexB+XIwwlC8+NVXOY4TG1pcimS9cDnJhjiNqGsOEaLIxhfY/p2f6Am2CZRsLnFBqdt22SdD60s5pPzJPlHRV7aNtl397tP4Urkfva7j8Zex4AWRzA+w61DE8wwXEDbAQP55JxO+hlNMMRtzLYWRzC+xvTt/kBNsN2jQI1gYL8Z0OIIxmdYU00ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLIxifSakcKE0ww3ABDQyYZECLo9L4eCf+wAHaANrAIbaB2JFL44t34Hv7DHADxAsMgIH7MaDFEYzvfpxu9WxNsK1WiMLBwAEyoMURjM+w0JpghuECGhgwyYAWRw2Nb0bjQcfNAXaHNMnj6/tMk+ETt7+X0TTerX7/QFnviJLGx6uFNN84zaiXHFEv+9D8nJaP1ARrGRKqBwN7x4AWR6sbX/KEhpPP9YvPL2nYTWF8dVbu/U0T7N6FogAw8MAY0OJoNeNLH1Pn8RF1h5cUdvryyZC6xb6Umvfg0ONb1v40wZadg/1gAAzUGdDiaDXjO3pOr//6jNLacNcNc9P+n+hlNHTNpxd03u+WaTJpb0DZeOpNMza+G5qOMxr0jv3xKXX6r2g8vamuYjaht4MepT71Ju2d0dvJNRHd0jR7SknylLLprT8+2hYNdfPpmLKgrCQJ6/Pnpl9S7yuPp3bNFaRtftIE22Z9KBsMHCIDWhytaHwDGv86on4aDHeLYe5j6o/G9Tm72QUNOimlve/pgs0rn9LFGZvWFzQYfyKi0Phymo3PqJMcU2/4nmbM/uw9DdkEO2c0nuVE+c+UnRxTkj6j7Oqm2p+e0uj6ZjXj80PztHdOl1w23dD04nvqpQml/RFdl0aaUmdwQbN8Sj/9JIa9u6ahCba72lETGDgMBrQ4Wt34bj/SqP/YD3e9YRXm83NgfDldj04pjecDxXAKcwmNj8t8REnUqyqG0Mkj6o8+kvuczg2znTRR767YGG2Lenxzkso8ZbHYIucGBj93wvY3aIJtv1bUAAYOiwEtjtYwPm9qhUk5Eyx6RbUenF8FPhrQWEaeBZehwQXGJ6aj3j3iVmJvxwM6WrgqK0bVfKhb9PLGf6MsyyjLXlK/Ey7OaOXtvjFogu0eBWoEA/vNgBZHaxgfEV374e7FD8GwNzAyWmR8/pjCNIPjaz1BneSNGl9+RaNTnnvsUn/4mrLsDY0u/+lWpms9vtBIdVzb3KoJts36UDYYOEQGtDhaz/jI9fQedx4HCx2BkdGaQ91iyByuF1cyrD7UldxDb17BUDccQpc1FGaekFuVRo+v5AUfwMBKDLj58pOnGV3pobxSaZs4eIPGJ8YWzrmFxseLE+ssbqTUOX1LUyasXAzx82zx4kbZa+P9//FzirI4Ui1WlCu9gfG5HmtQ1+ySMll93qseX8T5JlqJVkY+pfEPY6dLud+3gf/6hr7tppSeLGjo0ptftL8sL/5g48cnRuW+L+C9+PFsd5RQ4W2Dv2u6HD6lrsRwBabVTxs0vmC4WyYzzzeG1dNZXlVzbUlC9fQXNtN6OkvS6dO5pMdwcJ73qVOmurygl4WZzff4wlVcJsUNeV+5VJqFq8S7104TrI5invP6/k18WzRt4Xr93eFPdFnctaMvBKm960aw2gjcRsCijAQ5J5z7lm1tvu+YP98RqTIl2rz2et1aHDUc6tYLwrfdMKAJVq+5ReOTeV7+4Ss+h71/QelvZbxjCkOOnH/fceDOA7hji8a7/BDUk/vvKGTLu3bJH/f0TijtPKdRmHe75StsWrwWRzC+puy1cJwmWB2GD8DOM+qXid9d6p9fBMPSJYnhxRTAMfUGfwx6213qZ5c0k0WqcrW9Q4NxkWVJxWJTmX4UrtYHCIvpjvk7faojcppNfgyS1rmXHyeld6k/+KbsySedU8qKpHVXSrNE9B69eCGJ72Gi+oIywpEEH1IbafD5/+24Cu8zvx3T4Eh6vTHnflRR6uJNKe3R4GU1Spm/tnd0Vup6TL0Xz6mXyv3mmvmG22Lja4pp1aT9G7rKngX5uZW6Vj5pcQTjs6KOgkMTrH6Yb+hl4rfMbUrvq0FieGF8CVVB94nGgy8oKXMwtaGu3K3Dyd7u5Ya0kpzO22QeWMygjrz45nuK5byuJK0XhiqBy2boE81r+7kKd494uX9hIjqX4RPp4zLKuWhJZve9lzLR3vMhhlvOPctCWHD9vmfruJD55nC+2uWkVncasYlmNOEkeo+jzGWNcOVTMcH1jG8lTHcl7Qt/xY0Ft/7GA5/or0hsYZMWRzA+C8oswKAJVj/UG1/Z8+K9fnhZ5FDqPbHavFthfGKUrnS3XwJMMb7CcPhunY8VHL/45O584c2u7up7dWj5ydft8kDLrf6DGF9onLLtjgUEb4b11fnQkMknw7MJ/bI80V4bxhfbQuOb/yGIr6bOqVxHeG1et+K2yxsVV72MsHcntYXbpI7FXNXLk+NDTFJu9V4Z8DGdDF/RC85/lburqsNMfdLiCMZnSqI6GE2w+hGuoR8NxlTliUsDfkrZ1fvqqTnlcFUere6NrTAfMTlfem3bvPEVATM3b+d7eLK9MAfp4dRRV9+kd8WYeLj9F8reyOpxcB2L7r8uCuIh3IqJ6OX1TarHqc3x44ztQ5E4Xw3xHfbQYKTnGf8QTGn8hpPjM8qGMpwVnpddG/cyO5TENwAUnEoZEYYCWLhNqYMXAFfCVCkVfsqvMjpJpR3Vf1TC46x81uIIxmdFHQWHJlj9sGbGt7zXJcHkSy+NgZ9dGBufN7hwfktAFcMzNoAPzlBqPVE5SHmfTWiUZfRaHhpRTJL/Z/n912VK04qJ6OX1eeMTs1agucT5JcZXGFLVs8qnb+m06An1aVjcGfQPuhy/pG5555FiSuX94VzO5o1vPUwKIcUmP5LgzIuV05QWlbm97VocPQDj4x7BqP6Ul+1xvNGSNcHqFfhf+JrB+DmpcKh7R2BTaQLBA1pr22Lj40Yv92rX0cgwO/3mBb3o3rWoEZ9Xfa+GX/+31PjcsVGvsjYMFYOpD9/cebxN8j+jMio4+op1bTgdp7H4IWuNc5nvlB8YwVWZZTXvx9vWHOoWCywyBA/rmLkfopUxhUTUP+eTczqR+cn6LnPftDg6eOPTf7HNaaMC0gSrH+iNj2+9K1ZhZXHjmE6ynyknWdwIkrXLyXlvBjWT86XXtvkAkqApjKVuJCGmchgkx4c7o8/u2GPqnb3zq9Ay9OXyZ0uNT9JoqsWRRYno1QKJzFGVPRVZVChTMYRDmff0PyTpCQ0vr4PEejGY+IdATK5Lp6Mrp8Ek8yvmTY3vtlzsKBduZFGh7DX6XtdCXKHxiZGuiikSbE+/anEE4zMspiZYHa4zvrT3nF6UaQ9ignIk93jvSDOMzO4AAAOtSURBVAyvmZw/J9pWDpOSI3rSe0JHtR6m1CPvLiDvHF7LobwKG2GrktLDwJUZzHibmJTMN/GQV0tE79I3/a/8cxx5LvFHt5LqccSJ9gmnmWQy1+hWZavk+CidpZbGUhboH8HmcXX6NHw9UB57tqjH565XTJrbQZFkX6T1iHmyB4fPuwxSkrS7j8ofvFUwlULt9QctjpobX0RcGWzlXA834rsfJFoXin+F5x9MmvbkjgsWiHsDIxr/0z0rr2gAklZQtrHogaJBDpbr7Xmhk4SOBv+kD/zA0vABo0Wjiido/a/pnQG+/bagCbb9Wg+phtgo9/va1KH9fl/STtBrcdTQ+JZ192VIFeQuSddclrrLvKQlDyYth20y7OEcM58RLsMSMaSyzEU5WOQSbROZnJZACB4wOhrSN+UDSL0OxXBOhjo70UatRBNMPRAbFzAgeoc9qwWHmtocD5d5jckP4yWeTOG1DUaLo2bGpxlBbYJX7yFVv1AN8qXkeX5iajzC4P/lUc5pMLnhRLs0jmi+yeOSoVZ9jk8CITwnnoxeUG4L2mqCtQBjj6sUvffN+OLhNY9a5u842WNhdgpdi6NGxlc3D8HszY6HumKCWi5UYVz/q+cl+SRXl63uJ+rLoTORW3GU3hrXGxqfJHxWQ1m+wPLPl1PHrgeCM1jp4ekmLle9y3dNsF3Wj7rAwCEwoMXRRo1PelnzZIWGFe71Zlf08tY0viWrh02MT+4yKAz4Ez9kVUwwxLr7z5pgu0eBGsHAfjOgxVEj45O0gdq/lZReXtGz8r2khSa0YPhYG5auanxS5h05WPz/12qZ93qPr7qv9Ji+6n05/79CWtJdE6wlKKgWDOwtA1ocNTM+ihY3KFh4KIxPFjfuyBcrFyKWLG40HuryyNc97LRc/ChvUg96bEVqhpjjIuMLyuLhcjDP2KbammBt4kHdYGAfGdDiqKHxuclW9+8hZaI1fjTPfE5WPV0lzjvS01lq/5C8MK1Fc3xOgjhFZj4HS/6/Biec/pX+Z+7/74qUMmcYmKbsauldE6wlKKgWDOwtA1ocNTe++LJrw9R45z5+l6FzuOLb7nVogrWLCLWDgf1jQIujZsbn01nKW4PomibZKXXKZ5btHxlziGUoXvzP37m9rWzQBGsFCCoFA3vMgBZHzYzvzluL9piRArrM+wUPqzRySZpgRqABBhjYGwa0OGpofHtzjQcFVBPsoC4QFwMGdsCAFkel8fFO/IEDtAG0gUNsA7G//j9Fr6GU5glUvAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O forms hydrogen bonding «while SCl<sub>2</sub> does not» ✓</p>
<p>SCl<sub>2</sub> «much» stronger London/dispersion/«instantaneous» induced dipole-induced dipole forces ✓</p>
<p><em><strong><br>Alternative 1:</strong></em><br>H<sub>2</sub>O less volatile <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>hydrogen bonding stronger «than dipole–dipole and dispersion forces» ✓</p>
<p><em><strong><br>Alternative 2:</strong></em><br>SCl<sub>2</sub> less volatile <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>effect of dispersion forces «could be» greater than hydrogen bonding ✓\</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Ignore reference to Van der Waals.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “SCl<sub>2</sub> has «much» larger molar mass/electron density” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pressure decrease «due to larger volume» ✓</p>
<p>reactant side has more moles/molecules «of gas» ✓</p>
<p>reaction shifts left/towards reactants ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Award M3 only if M1 <strong>OR</strong> M2 is awarded.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnesium is a group 2 metal which exists as a number of isotopes and forms many compounds.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the nuclear symbol notation, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_Z^AX">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</msubsup>
<mi>X</mi>
</math></span>, for magnesium-26.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Mass spectroscopic analysis of a sample of magnesium gave the following results:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass, <em>A</em><sub>r</sub>, of this sample of magnesium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium burns in air to form a white compound, magnesium oxide. Formulate an equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the trend in acid-base properties of the oxides of period 3, sodium to chlorine.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In addition to magnesium oxide, magnesium forms another compound when burned in air. Suggest the formula of this compound</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the structure and bonding in solid magnesium oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium chloride can be electrolysed.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equations for the reactions at each electrode when <strong>molten</strong> magnesium chloride is electrolysed, showing the state symbols of the products. The melting points of magnesium and magnesium chloride are 922 K and 987 K respectively.</p>
<p>Anode (positive electrode):</p>
<p>Cathode (negative electrode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{12}^{26}{\rm{Mg}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>12</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>26</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«Ar =»<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{24 \times 78.60 + 25 \times 10.11 + 26 \times 11.29}}{{100}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>24</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>78.60</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>25</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>10.11</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>26</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>11.29</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p>«= 24.3269 =» 24.33</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept data booklet value (24.31).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>MgO(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>(s)</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>MgO(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → Mg<sup><sub>2</sub>+</sup>(aq) + 2OH<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p><em>Accept</em> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>from basic to acidic</p>
<p>through amphoteric</p>
<p><em>Accept “alkali/alkaline” for “basic”. <br>Accept “oxides of Na and Mg: basic <strong>AND</strong> oxide of Al: amphoteric” for M1. <br>Accept “oxides of non-metals/Si to Cl acidic” for M2. <br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “become more acidic”</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub></p>
<p><em>Accept MgO<sub>2</sub>, Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>, Mg(NOx)<sub>2</sub>, MgCO<sub>3</sub>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«3-D/giant» regularly repeating arrangement «of ions»<br><em><strong>OR <br></strong></em>lattice «of ions»<br><em>Accept “giant” for M1, unless “giant covalent” stated.</em></p>
<p>electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>electrostatic attraction between Mg<sup>2+</sup> and O<sup>2–</sup> ions<br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “ionic” without description.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Anode (positive electrode):<br></em>2Cl<sup>–</sup> → Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2e<sup>–</sup></p>
<p><em>Cathode (negative electrode):<br></em>Mg<sup>2+</sup> + 2e<sup>–</sup> → Mg(l)</p>
<p><em>Penalize missing/incorrect state symbols at Cl<sub>2</sub> and Mg once only.<br>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if equations are at wrong electrodes.<br>Accept Mg (g).</em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>When heated in air, magnesium ribbon reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction in (a)(i) was carried out in a crucible with a lid and the following data was recorded:</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible and lid = 47.372 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon before heating = 53.726 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: right;">Mass of crucible, lid and product after heating = 56.941 ±0.001 g</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>When magnesium is burnt in air, some of it reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitride according to the equation:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">3 Mg (s) + N<sub>2 </sub>(g) → Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The presence of magnesium nitride can be demonstrated by adding water to the product. It is hydrolysed to form magnesium hydroxide and ammonia.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Most nitride ions are <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the block of the periodic table in which magnesium is located.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify a metal, in the same period as magnesium, that does <strong>not</strong> form a basic oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount of magnesium, in mol, that was used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the percentage uncertainty of the mass of product after heating.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Assume the reaction in (a)(i) is the only one occurring and it goes to completion, but some product has been lost from the crucible. Deduce the percentage yield of magnesium oxide in the crucible.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Evaluate whether this, rather than the loss of product, could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an explanation, other than product being lost from the crucible or reacting with nitrogen, that could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate coefficients that balance the equation for the following reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">__ Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s) + __ H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → __ Mg(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(s) + __ NH<sub>3 </sub>(aq)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> and in NH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAtUAAABsCAYAAACl6U7/AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAAjlSURBVHhe7d1/bJT1HQfwD44wMzoENBlh9eYkjFAWVqtlcRh/wBhmKmOYLCRmhGlRo4h22SRBZ8iGJISFTg3GCGpDtui2QDriDM7g2DJQx6yNczWsgWEhS7cZJKwuhDRld+1DKS1SyrdUr329kkuf5/u9e+77XP953+V9z404nhcAAMA5uyD7CwAAnCOhGgAAEgnVAACQSKgGAIBEXV9UzOVKOwYAAIAza24+mG11OuXqH4Vg3fMOAADASafLzOofAACQSKgGAIBEQjUAACQSqgEAIJFQDQAAiYRqAABIJFQDAEAioRoAABIJ1QAAkEioBgCAREI1AAAkEqoBACCRUA0AAImEagAASCRUAwBAIqEaAAASCdUAAJBIqAYAgETFF6rb6qOmvDRyuSkxr3ZPtGfDXdr3RO28Kfn56VFVdyAbPBetUV8zN3+cb0dN/eFs7IS2aKlbGrnydVHflg0BADBsFfEn1R9Gw5bXYm+PVN2+97XY0vBhtjcQdkfNik1R39orvgMAQIeiDdWjy6bFlxpeiZ17j2YjBUdj785Xoqkwl40MiMb1sWLDm9Ga7QIAQHdFG6o/Pft7cdc334stO987WQFpfy92bmmJBQtvicuyoU7HomX3U1E1tVAbyd+m3hFr194RU3NLo66lj/7G+IVRfU9ZNNasjg29aiB9aKmLqvzzldfUh5YIAMDQVbz1j5GTYvbCWdHUrQLSUf1omhlzrp7YOdChPVrrn4rFtz4bsfzlaGzeF3/eVBl7nn05zq4kMjGuu3tFVJc19r8GMmF+bGw+GA3VFTEyGwIAYOgp4k71p2JMxaxY0HSiAnI4Gl78TTQtmBUVF3U/rUPxl82/isbye2L5omlREqNiQuXiWL78umz+LJRcGUtW3xtlaiAAAJxGEYfqvDFfjjkLWjorIEcaYvPTEXfeWh5jsukObc3x1m/3x/gbpscXu852VHzuskkxOtvr2wVRUrEoVlefYw0EAIAhrbhDdYyPijkzo2nLn+LN3a/GlsnfipvLx2ZzA21sVCw5UQN5Ll4/rCUNAECnIg/VF2QVkOfiR2u3xeQFV8eknmc0MhdX3HRZHPr92/GPrjr0sfjX/r0nO9XtLbH78cIXF0sjd+Oq2NFyLJvooasG8lgse+TFbLDgWLTsWBU3Fh6fmxFVj++KFlfgAwAYNoo8VOd1VEAiGhsnx4KZXzjNCY2Pq279TpQ1PBlrNv0tWgtfXNzz61iz5g/ZfOELjtviJy99JX7R+PfYvvDdeOD5dz7iah0naiCV2X7myK544oH/xN2v74vmxvUx7aWnY9spl/oDAGAoK/5Q3VEBmRWjy+fEzEkXZmPdFYLw3VG7+faINXOjLJeLsvvfiWkLrsjm8/eYvDi2blsWFSXH4r8ftEVu3OgzvDAnaiDdGtljro9HGx6L+RNHRXxmTIzL/+kw0JfU6/N4B6KuavqZf+mxz2NkvxaZmxs19R/1lcyBeJ5PyloH63yttbdBWuugnG+etfYwxNbqf9PbkFrrIJ2vtfbW5zGKx4jjedl2/sUtjebmg9neUHY0mmrviNlrJsWmN1bG9WMKEbrwj78plu2sjB9sejSWVk44h3cchRrIunj41cpYtXJ2TBgCb1kAADjV6TLzMIh978eOh67p1pVuj9ambVH7wl+j7M5b4qqOQF1waczf+Hbs335LNC55Mv54pL+l6EKt5Jex8oXPxw8fvEGgBgAYRoZB9Lskrr2vJh698o1YNOPy/DuLXJTNfibitmei9v7KKMmH4SM7HompVXXRkr/3BSVj4+LOB/bDkdhTe09cszai+qe3xZQSiRoAYDgZpvWPHtr/GTtW3hWLat+KGD233/WP9qbamD/74WjI9iOmRXXd5qiuKMn2AQAYKk6XmYVqAADoh2HaqQYAgPNLqAYAgERCNQAAJBKqAQAgkVANAACJhGoAAEgkVAMAQCKhGgAAEgnVAACQSKgGAIBEQjUAACQSqgEAIJFQDQAAiYRqAABIJFQDAEAioRoAABIJ1QAAkEioBgCAREI1AAAkEqoBACCRUA0AAImKLlS31a+L8tyUuLFmd7RmY11a6qIqNzdq6k/MHIi6qulRXlMfbdlIl7b6qCkvPf0cAAD0Q5F+Uv1hNNasjg31h7N9AAD4+BRx/WN31KzYFPWt7dk+AAB8PIo0VE+J71bfHmWN62PFhjd710AGTGd9JFe+Lup1RAAA+AhFGqpHxiXXLYnV1WXnuQZyaczf+HY0N3w/KkZmQwAA0EMR1z/GRcWSFVFd1thnDeRQzby4PFcaue63y+dFzaHsDgAAkKCIQ3VeyZWxZPW9fdZAxldvjX3NB6O5+23f1qgen90BAAASFHeozi+/pGLRyRrI6//OxgEAYPAUeaguGHuyBrLsx/G7bLS/2lt2xeNVMyJXuAb2I9ujxUVFAAA4S0MgVOedqIFku/13NPZuezpemrY+GvdvjYUNP4vnG87fNUUAABhahkao7qqBVGb7/XVhTF5cG9vyjy/535H44NjFMe6zhct9DNQl9dqipW5p5E75tceezuK5On4x8ky/AnkWzzMQxxiQtQ7S+Vprb4Oy1sE6X2vtzVp7+aQco5jOd9itdZDO11p76/MYxWPE8bxsO//ilnZ8iW/YKvxjZyyNnd94ODatuj0qJ4zKJgAAoNPpMvMQ+aR6gEyYHxub98X2m9+NJU/siiPZMAAAnIlQ3eH92PHQ3KiqO5DfHhklYy/qHAYAgLMgVHe4JK6978GY+NTXI5fLxVd/PjE23Pe1GJPNAgDAmehUAwBAP+hUAwDAeSBUAwBAIqEaAAASCdUAAJBIqAYAgERCNQAAJBKqAQAgkVANAACJhGoAAEgkVAMAQCKhGgAAEgnVAACQSKgGAIBEQjUAACQSqgEAIJFQDQAAiYRqAABIJFQDAEAioRoAABIJ1QAAkEioBgCAREI1AAAkEqoBACCRUA0AAIlGHM8rbORypR0DAADAmTU3H8y2OnWFagAA4NyofwAAQCKhGgAAEgnVAACQSKgGAIAkEf8H3yT+4rC3fvMAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving reasons, whether the reaction of magnesium nitride with water is an acid–base reaction, a redox reaction, neither or both.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of subatomic particles in this ion.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some nitride ions are <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>. State the term that describes the relationship between <sup>14</sup>N<sup>3–</sup> and <sup>15</sup>N<sup>3–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic radius.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons why atoms are no longer regarded as the indivisible units of matter.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the types of bonding in magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide, and how the valence electrons produce these types of bonding.</p>
<p><img 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" width="644" height="367"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2 Mg(s) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2 MgO(s) ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept equilibrium arrows. Ignore state symbols</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>s ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do not allow group 2</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>aluminium/Al ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>53</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>726</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>47</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>372</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>244</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>354</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>24</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo></math> «mol» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mass of product <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>«</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>56</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>941</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>47</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>372</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mtext>⟨⟨100 × </mtext><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>001</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></mfrac><mtext>=0.0209⟩⟩ = 0.02 «%»</mtext></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer </em></p>
<p><em>Accept 0.021%</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><mo>×</mo><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>16</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2614</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>40</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>536</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>×</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>569</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>536</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mn>90</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>822</mn><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>91</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mo>%</mo><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award «0.2614 mol x 40.31 g mol<sup>–1</sup>»</em></p>
<p><em>Accept alternative methods to arrive at the correct answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept final answers in the range 91-92%</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>yes<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>«each Mg combines with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac bevelled="true"><mn>2</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></mstyle></math> N, so» mass increase would be 14x<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac bevelled="true"><mn>2</mn><mn>3</mn></mfrac></mstyle></math> which is less than expected increase of 16x<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>3 mol Mg would form 101g of Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> but would form 3 x MgO = 121 g of MgO<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>0.2614 mol forms 10.536 g of MgO, but would form 8.796 g of Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept Yes <strong>AND</strong> “the mass of N/N<sub>2</sub> that combines with each g/mole of Mg is lower than that of O/O<sub>2</sub>”</em></p>
<p><em>Accept YES<strong> AND</strong> “molar mass of nitrogen less than of oxygen”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>incomplete reaction<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Mg was partially oxidised already<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>impurity present that evaporated/did not react ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “crucible weighed before fully cooled”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept answers relating to a higher atomic mass impurity consuming less O/O<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “non-stoichiometric compounds formed”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept "human error", "wrongly calibrated balance" or other non-chemical reasons.</em></p>
<p><em>If answer to (b)(iii) is >100%, accept appropriate reasons, such as product absorbed moisture before being weighed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«1» Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2 </sub>(s) + <strong>6</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → <strong>3</strong> Mg(OH)<sub>2 </sub>(s) + <strong>2</strong> NH<sub>3 </sub>(aq)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub>: -3</em><br><strong><em>AND</em></strong><br><em>NH<sub>3</sub>: -3 ✔</em></p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept 3 or 3-</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Acid–base:</em><br>yes <strong>AND</strong> N<sup>3-</sup> accepts H<sup>+</sup>/donates electron pair«s»<br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>yes <strong>AND</strong> H<sub>2</sub>O loses H<sup>+</sup> «to form OH<sup>-</sup>»/accepts electron pair«s» ✔</p>
<p><em>Redox:</em><br>no <strong>AND</strong> no oxidation states change ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “yes <strong>AND</strong> proton transfer takes place”</em></p>
<p><em>Accept reference to the oxidation state of specific elements not changing.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “not redox as no electrons gained/lost”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for Acid–base: yes <strong>AND</strong> Redox: no without correct reasons, if no other mark has been awarded</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Protons</em>: 7 <em><strong>AND</strong> Neutrons</em>: 7 <em><strong>AND</strong> Electrons</em>: 10 ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">isotope</span>«s» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nitride <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>smaller nuclear charge/number of protons/atomic number ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em><br><br>subatomic particles «discovered»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>particles smaller/with masses less than atoms «discovered»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«existence of» isotopes «same number of protons, different number of neutrons» ✔</p>
<p><br>charged particles obtained from «neutral» atoms<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>atoms can gain or lose electrons «and become charged» ✔</p>
<p><br>atom «discovered» to have structure ✔</p>
<p><br>fission<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>atoms can be split ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept atoms can undergo fusion «to produce heavier atoms»</em></p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of particles.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for “atom shown to have a nucleus with electrons around it” as both M1 and M3.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for all bonding types correct.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for <strong>each</strong> correct description.</em></p>
<p><em>Apply ECF for M2 only once.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was not as well done as one might have expected with the most common errors being O instead of O<sub>2</sub> oxygen and MgO rather than MgO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students did not know what "block" meant, and often guessed group 2 etc.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students confused "period" and "group" and also many did not read metal, so aluminium was not chosen by the majority.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A number of students were not able to interpret the results and hence find the gain in mass and calculate the moles correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only a handful could work out the correct answer. Most had no real idea and quite a lot of blank responses. There also seems to be significant confusion between "percent uncertainty" and "percent error".</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was not well answered, but definitely better than the previous question with quite a few gaining some credit for correctly determining the theoretical yield.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This proved to be a very difficult question to answer in the quantitative manner required, with hardly any correct responses.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Quite a few students realised that incomplete reaction would lead to this, but only 30% of students gave a correct answer rather than a non-specific guess, such as "misread balance" or "impurities".</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was generally very well done with almost all candidates being able to determine the correct coefficients.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About 40% of students managed to correctly determine both the oxidation states, as -3, with errors being about equally divided between the two compounds.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Probably only about 10% could explain why this was an acid-base reaction. Rather more made valid deductions about redox, based on their answer to the previous question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates could answer the question about subatomic particles correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Identification of isotopes was answered correctly by most students.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In spite of being given the meaning of "isoelectronic", many candidates talked about the differing number of electrons and only about 30% could correctly analyse the situation in terms of nuclear charge.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The question was marked quite leniently so that the majority of candidates gained at least one of the marks by mentioning a subatomic particle. A significant number read "indivisible" as "invisible" however.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About a quarter of the students gained full marks and probably a similar number gained no marks. Metallic bonding was the type that seemed least easily recognised and least easily described. Another common error was to explain ionic bonding in terms of attraction of ions rather than describing electron transfer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine undergoes many reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></math> of manganese(IV) oxide was added to </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>200</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>cm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math> <span class="fontstyle0">of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi>HCl</mi></math>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Chlorine gas reacts with water to produce hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>Cl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>⇌</mo><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>HCl</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> </span><span class="fontstyle0">is a common chlorofluorocarbon, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the full electron configuration of the chlorine atom.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion has a larger radius</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the sulfur atom</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The mass spectrum of chlorine is shown.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="fontstyle0"><em> NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection © 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of </em><em>the United States of America. All rights reserved.</em><br> </span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"> Outline the reason for the two peaks at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>35</mn></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>37</mn></math>.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain the presence and relative abundance of the peak at </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>74</mn></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of manganese(IV) oxide added.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the limiting reactant, showing your calculations.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the excess amount, in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>mol</mi></math>, of the other reactant.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the volume of chlorine, in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math><span class="fontstyle0">, produced if the reaction is conducted at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Use section 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the oxidation state of manganese in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle0">and </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="699" height="180"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce, referring to oxidation states, whether </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> <span class="fontstyle0">is an oxidizing or reducing agent.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Hypochlorous acid is considered a weak acid. Outline what is meant by the term weak acid.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the formula of the conjugate base of hypochlorous acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the concentration of </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math><span class="fontstyle0"> in a </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>HClO</mi><mo> </mo><mfenced><mi>aq</mi></mfenced></math><span class="fontstyle0"> solution with a </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>pH</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>61</mn></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the type of reaction occurring when ethane reacts with chlorine to produce chloroethane.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict, giving a reason, whether ethane or chloroethane is more reactive.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Write the equation for the reaction of chloroethane with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the nucleophile for the reaction in d(iii).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Ethoxyethane (diethyl ether) can be used as a solvent for this conversion. Draw the structural formula of ethoxyethane</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the number of signals and their chemical shifts in the </span><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>1</mn></mmultiscripts><mo> </mo><mi>NMR</mi></math> <span class="fontstyle0">spectrum of ethoxyethane. Use section 27 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the percentage by mass of chlorine in </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><span class="fontstyle0">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Comment on how international cooperation has contributed to the lowering of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math> emissions responsible for ozone depletion.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>2</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>2</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mn>6</mn></msup><mn>3</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>3</mn><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi><mn>5</mn></msup></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept condensed electron configuration.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>Cl</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>more «electron–electron» repulsion ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><msup><mi>l</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo></msup></math> <strong>AND</strong> has an extra electron.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>Cl</mi></math> has a greater nuclear charge/number of protons/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Z</mi><mi>eff</mi></msub></math> «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✔</p>
<p>same number of shells<br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>same «outer» energy level<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>similar shielding ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«two major» isotopes «of atomic mass <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>35</mn></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>37</mn></math>» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«diatomic» molecule composed of «two» chlorine-37 atoms ✔</p>
<p>chlorine-37 is the least abundant «isotope»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>low probability of two <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mmultiscripts><mi>Cl</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mn>37</mn></mmultiscripts></math> «isotopes» occurring in a molecule ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>67</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>86</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>94</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0307</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi><mi>HCl</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2000</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>»</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>400</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo></math>✔</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>400</mn></mrow><mn>4</mn></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>100</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi></math> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> is the limiting reactant ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept other valid methods of determining the limiting reactant in M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0307</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>123</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math></p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>400</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>–</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>123</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>277</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0307</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>22</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>697</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept methods employing <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>p</mi><mi>V</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>n</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi></math></em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>:</mo><mo> </mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>MnCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>:</mo><mo> </mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>oxidizing agent <em><strong>AND</strong></em> oxidation state of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>Mn</mi></math> changes from <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn></math> to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></math>/decreases ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>partially dissociates/ionizes «in water» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>ClO</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mo>[</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo>]</mo><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>61</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«free radical» substitution/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi></msub></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do not accept electrophilic or nucleophilic substitution.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>chloroethane <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mo>–</mo><mi>Cl</mi></math> bond is weaker/<math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>324</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math> than <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mo>–</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi></math> bond/<math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>414</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>chloroethane <strong><em>AND</em> </strong>contains a polar bond ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “chloroethane <strong>AND</strong> polar”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>Cl</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>OH</mi><mo>-</mo></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>OH</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>Cl</mi><mo>-</mo></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>Cl</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>NaOH</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>OH</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>NaCl</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept use of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>C</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">5</mn></msub><mi>C</mi><mi>l</mi></math> and <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>C</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">5</mn></msub><mi>O</mi><mi>H</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msub><mi>C</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">6</mn></msub><mi>O</mi></math> in the equation.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>hydroxide «ion»/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>OH</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>N</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>H</mi></math>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"> / <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>OCH</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo mathvariant="italic">(</mo><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">3</mn></msub><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><msub><mo mathvariant="italic">)</mo><mn mathvariant="italic">2</mn></msub><mi>O</mi></math>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>2</mn></math> «signals» ✔</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>–</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>ppm</mi><mo>»</mo></math> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>–</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>ppm</mi><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo></math>✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept any values in the ranges.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for two incorrect chemical shifts.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi>M</mi><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>CCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>)</mo><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>120</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>91</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>35</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>45</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>120</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>91</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>×</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mn>58</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>64</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mo>%</mo><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any of:</em></p>
<p>research «collaboration» for alternative technologies «to replace <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>CFC</mi></math>s»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>technologies «developed»/data could be shared<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>political pressure/Montreal Protocol/governments passing legislations ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “collaboration”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept any reference to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>C</mi><mi>F</mi><mi>C</mi></math> as greenhouse gas or product of fossil fuel combustion.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept reference to specific measures, such as agreement on banning use/manufacture of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>C</mi><mi>F</mi><mi>C</mi></math>s.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates wrote the electron configuration of chlorine correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only half of the candidates deduced that the chloride ion has a larger radius than the chlorine atom with a valid reason. Many candidates struggled with this question and decided that the extra electron in the chloride ion caused a greater attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only about a third of the candidates identified the extra proton in the chlorine nucleus as the cause of the smaller atomic radius when compared to the sulfur atom, and only the stronger candidates also compared the shielding or the number of shells in the two atoms. Many candidates had a poor understanding of factors affecting atomic radius and could not explain the difference.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About 60% of the candidates recognized that the peaks at m/z 35 and 37 in the mass spectrum of chlorine are due to its isotopes. A few students wrote 'isomers' instead of 'isotopes'.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the lowest scoring question on the paper, that was also left blank by 10% of the candidates. About 20% of the candidates identified the peak at m/z = 74 to be due to a molecule made up of two 37Cl atoms. And only very few candidates commented that the low abundance of the peak was due to the low abundance of the 37Cl isotope. A common incorrect answer was that chlorine has an isotope of mass number 74.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to determine the number of moles of MnO<sub>2</sub> using the mass.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was pleasing that the majority of the candidates were able to determine the limiting reactant by using the stoichiometric ratio.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates were able to determine the amount of excess reactant. Some candidates who determined the limiting reactant in the previous part correctly, forgot to use the stoichiometric ratio in this part, and ended up with incorrect answers.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>60% of the candidates determined the volume of chlorine produced correctly. Some candidates made mistakes in the units when using PV = nRT and had a power of 10 error.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority of candidates were able to determine the oxidation states of Mn in the two compounds correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Less than half of the candidates were awarded the mark. Some did identify MnO2 as the oxidizing agent but did not give the explanation in terms of oxidation state as required in the question. Other candidates did not have an understanding of oxidizing and reducing agents. </p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A very well answered question - 80% of candidates understood what is meant by the term weak acid. Incorrect answers included 'acids that have high pH'.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates deduced the formula of the conjugate base of hypochlorous acid. Incorrect answers included H<sub>2</sub>O and HCl.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A well answered question. It was pleasing to see that 70% of the candidates were able to calculate [H<sup>+</sup>] from the given pH.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>More than half of the candidates identified the type of reaction between ethane and chlorine as a substitution reaction. A few candidates lost the marks for writing 'electrophilic substitution' or 'nucleophilic substitutions'.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a challenging question that was answered correctly by only 30% of the candidates. A variety of incorrect answers were seen such as 'chlorine is a halogen and hence it is reactive', and 'ethane is more reactive because it is an alkane'. For students who answered correctly, the polarity was the most frequently given reason.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates wrote the correct equation for the hydrolysis of chloroethane. Incorrect answers often included carbon dioxide and water as the products.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a highly discriminating question. Only 30% of the candidates were able to identify the hydroxide ion as the nucleophile in the hydrolysis of chloroethane. Incorrect answers included NaOH where the ion was not specified. 14% of the candidates left this question blank.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Half of the candidates were able to give the structural formula of ethoxyethane. Incorrect answers included methoxymethane, ketones and esters.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Nearly half of the candidates were able to identify the number of signals obtained in the 1H NMR spectrum of ethoxyethane, obtaining the first mark of this question. Many candidates were awarded the mark as 'error carried forward' from an incorrect structure of ethoxyethane. The second mark for this question required candidates to look up values of chemical shift from the data booklet. Nearly a third of the candidates were able to match the chemical environments of the hydrogen atoms in ethoxyethane to those listed in the data booklet successfully. </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was the highest scoring question in the paper. The majority of candidates were able to calculate the percentage by mass of chlorine in CCl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>. Mistakes included incorrect rounding and arithmetic errors.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This nature of science question was well answered by half of the candidates. Some teachers commented that the wording was rather vague. Incorrect answers were mainly assuming that CFCs were related to the combustion of fuels and greenhouse gas emissions.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia, NH<sub>3</sub>, is industrially important for the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives and plastics.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia is produced by the Haber–Bosch process which involves the equilibrium:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 3 H<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2 NH<sub>3 </sub>(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The effect of temperature on the position of equilibrium depends on the enthalpy change of the reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia is soluble in water and forms an alkaline solution:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>(aq) + HO<sup>– </sup>(aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electron configuration of a nitrogen atom.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ammonia molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the expression for the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this equation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an increase in pressure shifts the position of equilibrium towards the products and how this affects the value of the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how the use of a catalyst affects the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em>, for the Haber–Bosch process, in kJ. Use Section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup>, for the Haber–Bosch process, in kJ, using the following data.</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∆</mo><msubsup><mi>H</mi><mrow><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi></mrow><mo>⦵</mo></msubsup><mfenced><msub><mi>NH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mn>46</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kJ</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the values obtained in (d)(i) and (d)(ii) differ.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the relationship between NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and NH<sub>3</sub> in terms of the Brønsted–Lowry theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the concentration, in mol dm<sup>–3</sup>, of the solution formed when 900.0 dm<sup>3</sup> of NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) at 300.0 K and 100.0 kPa, is dissolved in water to form 2.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in an ammonia solution with pH = 9.3. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" width="444" height="226"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept <strong>all</strong> 2p electrons pointing downwards.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept half arrows instead of full arrows.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAK4AAAB5CAYAAACgNxp5AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAAfFSURBVHhe7d1vaBv3GQfwr8ycF8Prkhd7cTGlHQrD27wXw6YvSl+cGTNsyQvPL1bmF+qiwupiM2gaOTRbncQpgeY0jxY7awt2vFK6wpAXWE3HII5Ht2xe5VcNJA71SBrbWklL6sgpS2Tr2Z188lRH/86SrD3X7wdkn0+/S6y7r07P3f1+voDYQKRMg/udSBUGl1RicEklBpdUYnBJJQaXVGJwSSUGl1RicAu6gckn9iEQCGBfdA5r7txS1uai2GcvEwj0YjJR7lLkFYNLKjG4pBKDSyoxuKQSg0sqMbikEoNLKjG4pBKDW4aFSDsaMxcVSj8a2yNYcJej2mFwSSUGl1RicMsQtOJIicAZV1rqkYpbCLrLUe0wuKQSg0sqMbikEoNLKjG4pBKDSyoxuKQSg0sqMbikEv/MKKnEPS6pxOCSSgwuqcTgkkoMLqnE4JJKDC6pxOCSSgwuqcTgkkoMLqnE4JJKDC6pxOButfpPRDv2IrC3H5NL9+wZaazO/RodgQD2PjmJpfRGs01e21N1ON0aKde6JOPDYtqrxhg4Lyvr1yQWbhUYfRJbvOu2yeW1PVUDg5vXLYlb+wXolEMDPWKgVcKxa3ZEC/HanirF4BaSnBXLNJxO9mKEY7JYKoVe21NFWOMWkF5ZxOX5RGY68c40ZhNO/VqY1/ZUITfAlCtbp8KUUMgsvRf12p4qxuDe564sxvrsOtUQ05qV5GYoC9WtXttTNTC4n7MuycsTEjIgMIclntyI3fpiTMLOvPvOFHhtT9XCUb6kEg/OSCUGl1RicEklBpdUYnBJJQaXVGJwSSUGl1RicEklBpdUYnBJJQaXVGJwSSWfBDffyNpPMRc9gEDgO3hy8rrdQhGOHC4t07mxbClZjj2V6eGPoCXxlDu7lFRcrKC9DIISin3ozqy27IDFNhk4f3OzT+y2RyJs/s7e/o1U3JKgs37wlMSWy11BW+30yOEPJRYKZl5r0IrbW7k81Xmt2+OjUmE32noHYZnLOH3yOJ47egzj6MPI0AE0V/gqE+PHMHhuJ/faDWhqO4iotR+J0y/ixHNH0T8OhEci6Gre5bb5YvNXjdvUjt5oBObMKE6/Xs0NfQnj/a9i5vZOfkZn34jvY/j0m/aLOYGhrod4UOLy2XpYw8r1Bcxnpi/hnak5JKqVtcQETr4Wx6r7407gyOHCfBXc9NLbGOwfRcLsQcg0qvQRb+BR81H7awIzkSG8MvepO7/G0tdxbtAudxImQiG72k2Mon/wbR6YufwT3M0NvR9WdBRn3xhB2HA+4i2cyxyZb9eXsa/vF3ih07CnpxA5fBZzq7VOzz0snbPsuvYTmNaLGD07AfvgrA619v8vnwT3Nq5MDLkbehC9bbvR0HwAQyN9MKqxp2r4Nn58yq6dnekZC4dfqWXJkMbqld/haOaTI4JobzuaGh5C19CJKr0R/cEnwX0ALeExLMsyLhx+BE2ZebvQ3D1izxMsj3VXeGbhf0f59md2jUsG+/9qeQK/XRbIhWfQ1rTxizc0d2PMmbc8gm6eWfBRqVBz2aP8jZJh+Mw068062n5wFyJobwwgECjj0diOyIK7nGbZ0232pF/rzYVIOxrzbcM8j8b2COq1WbnH9SS3ZGC9WU8Mrmd2yfCzQxhwKgaeoqqb7Qc3aCGeyvztsdKPVBxW0F3ODx54DD93zljYk34rGYJWHKl82zDPIxW3UK/Nyj3utuxCc1cEI+FWe7oel4PJJ8GtQ7fGzXOr9nS1LwezW2NJPgluTm+q8VN4eeZjpJemcWZ4CkYNO6dsXuSo9rnd7NkLp4Z++a+4nb6BP58Zx4xRnd5ufuCjVVC7bo2F5ZYMG5eD4ytrG09VhN0aS/HXe7dm3RqLcEqGI8+g05mesfDsyT/is8wTlWK3xmJ8th5q2K2xiIZvdOOUezn44sxF+2t1sFtjYb4Kbm26NZYj93JwlbBbY1H+CW7NujWWKedycOXYrbEUnwS3xt0ay5J7ObgS7NZYDt68hFTiQSqpxOCSSgwuqcTgkkoMLqnE4JJKDC6pxOCSSgwuqcTgkkoMLqnE4JJKDC6pxOBu5XWELUfk1ofTrZFyeb1xyE7faMTvUpK8+W+5mSx+MxQGN6/sHXw65dBAjxholXDsmh3RQry2p7zSCfnLsR9IEx6WrtevFl1/DG4hyVmxTCNzC6WybhfltT1tkZKP/nREWuz1t+cnb8gH99Lu/PxY4xbgdYQtR+RWRm79DaPPv4YrTT2IHv8Rgo0B95kC3ABTrmydClNCIbP0XtRre9oiKZd+87hdIjwo339pTu64c4thcO9zVxZjfXadaohpzUpyM5SF6lav7Wmr9FJMDu6BoOWXcv6TNXducQzu56xL8vKEhAx7JZrDEk9uxC57e9X7zxR4bU+SXpF/vTslf5iel2SmjL0j82M99t62RX761gdl346VwaWdlfyHWB0P2p9I35WDb12Ve3cuygutTYLWU/L3O8UPyHJxeDrtMMF/rr6Jpw/0YiLRieNHvopXn7+AR8am8Pvwt9DotiqFwaU6WMPN6ZPY/70hvOf8uOdpxC69hO695caWl3ypLr6Er3X041eDHZmf9jz+QzxmlB9aB/e4VDeyegPvz9/CV4LfxNd3M7j0BcBSgVRicEklBpcUAv4Lil6H2xLWJyEAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept lines or dots or crosses for electrons, or a mixture of these</em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><mi>N</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced><mn>2</mn></msup><mrow><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>N</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mfenced><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mfenced><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>shifts to the side with fewer moles «of gas»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>shifts to right as there is a reduction in volume✔</p>
<p>«value of » <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> unchanged ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “K<sub>c</sub> only affected by changes in temperature”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>same/unaffected/unchanged ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>bonds broken</em>: N≡N + 3(H–H) / «1 mol×»945 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» + 3«mol»×436 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 945 «kJ» + 1308 «kJ» / 2253 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p><em>bonds formed</em>: 6(N–H) / 6«mol»×391 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» / 2346 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p>Δ<em>H</em> = «2253 kJ – 2346 kJ = » –93 «kJ» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for (+)93 «kJ»</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>–92.4 «kJ» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«N-H» bond enthalpy is an average «and may not be the precise value in NH<sub>3</sub>» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept it relies on average values not specific to NH<sub>3</sub></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">conjugate</span> «acid and base» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>amount of ammonia <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>100</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>k</mi><mi>P</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>900</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>d</mi><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi>J</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>K</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><msup><mi>l</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>300</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>K</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mn>36</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p>concentration <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>n</mi><mi>V</mi></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>36</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>18</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>[OH<sup>−</sup>] <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></msub><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mfenced></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mfrac><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mo>×</mo><mo> </mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students realised that the three p-orbitals were all singly filled.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Even more candidates could draw the correct Lewis structure of ammonia, with omission of the lone pair being the most common error.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students could deduce the equilibrium constant expression from the equilibrium equation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students realised that increasing pressure shifts an equilibrium to the side with the most moles of gas (though the "of gas" was frequently omitted!) but probably less than half realised that, even though the equilibrium position changes, the value of the equilibrium constant remains constant.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was pleasing to see that about a third of students gaining full marks and an equal number only lost a single mark because they failed to locate the correct bond enthalpy for molecular nitrogen.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few students could determine the enthalpy change from enthalpy of formation data, with many being baffled by the absence of values for the elemental reactants and more than half who overcame this obstacle failed to note that 2 moles of ammonia are produced.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About half the candidates recognised the species as a conjugate acid-base pair, though some lost the mark by confusing the acid and base, even though this information was not asked for.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About 40% of candidates gained full marks for the calculation and a significant number of others gained the second mark to calculate the concentration as an ECF.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was very poorly answered with many candidates calculating the [H<sup>+</sup>] instead of [OH<sup>-</sup>].</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Dinitrogen monoxide, N<sub>2</sub>O, causes depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Different sources of N<sub>2</sub>O have different ratios of <sup>14</sup>N:<sup>15</sup>N.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why ozone in the stratosphere is important.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State one analytical technique that could be used to determine the ratio of <sup>14</sup>N:<sup>15</sup>N.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A sample of gas was enriched to contain 2 % by mass of <sup>15</sup>N with the remainder being <sup>14</sup>N.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the relative molecular mass of the resulting N<sub>2</sub>O.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, giving <strong>two</strong> reasons, how the first ionization energy of <sup>15</sup>N compares with that of <sup>14</sup>N.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest why it is surprising that dinitrogen monoxide dissolves in water to give a neutral solution.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">absorbs <span style="text-decoration: underline;">UV/ultraviolet</span> light «of longer wavelength than absorbed by O<sub>2</sub>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">mass spectrometry/MS <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">« <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{(98 \times 14) + (2 \times 15)}}{{100}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>98</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>14</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>15</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 14.02 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«<em>M<sub>r</sub></em> = (14.02 × 2) + 16.00 =» 44.04 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any two</em>:<br>same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>have same nuclear charge/number of protons/Z<sub>eff</sub> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>neutrons do not affect attraction/ionization energy/Z<sub>eff</sub><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>neutrons have no charge <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>same attraction for «outer» electrons <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">same <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>have same electronic configuration/shielding <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> Note:</strong> Accept “almost the same”.<br>“same” only needs to be stated once.</span></em></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">oxides of nitrogen/non-metals are «usually» acidic <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>60 % of the candidates were aware that ozone in the atmosphere absorbs UV light. Some candidates did not gain the mark for not specifying the type of radiation absorbed.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Well answered. More than half of the candidates stated mass spectrometry is used to determine the ratio of the isotopes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates successfully calculated the relative atomic mass of nitrogen in the sample. M2 was awarded independently of M1, so candidates who calculated the relative molecular mass using the <em>A</em><sub>r</sub> of nitrogen in the data booklet (14.01) were awarded M2. Many candidates scored both marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a challenging question for many candidates, while stronger candidates often showed clarity of thinking and were able to conclude that the ionization energies of the two isotopes must be the same and to provide two different reasons for this. Some candidates did realize that the ionization energies are similar but did not give the best reasons to support their answer. Many candidates thought the ionization energies would be different because the size of the nucleus was different. Some teachers commented that the question was difficult while others liked it because it made students apply their knowledge in an unfamiliar situation. The question had a good discrimination index.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only a quarter of the candidates answered correctly. Some simply stated that N<sub>2</sub>O forms HNO<sub>3</sub> with water which did not gain the mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The emission spectrum of an element can be used to identify it.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Elements show trends in their physical properties across the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the first four energy levels of a hydrogen atom on the axis, labelling n = 1, 2, 3 and 4.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the lines, on your diagram, that represent the electron transitions to n = 2 in the emission spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why atomic radius decreases across period 3, sodium to chlorine.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the ionic radius of K<sup>+</sup> is smaller than that of Cl<sup>−</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Copper is widely used as an electrical conductor.</p>
<p>Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electronic configuration of copper in the 4s and 3d orbitals.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxQAAAB7CAYAAADtycaDAAANcklEQVR4Ae3df2hdZxkH8OekZWzSdTomrOkfkyHp/ukUUx3zD0k7XNzG6IgiOFbrMnAKq4XiGu26CY516xaUSTdXpEGtA50aunVFss0YUVFrO6oTbIOMCjYtdMjMyhjF5shtcrS9TWhPz3KTe99Poby5P5573ufzvg395pybm+V5noc/BAgQIECAAAECBAgQuAiBtouoUUKAAAECBAgQIECAAIHTAgKFjUCAAAECBAgQIECAwEULLKyvzLKs/i63CRAgQIAAAQIECBAgcJZA8c6JcwJF7YFaqCiecFaVGwQIECBAgAABAgQIJC1QnxVc8pT0dtA8AQIECBAgQIAAgWoCAkU1P9UECBAgQIAAAQIEkhYQKJJefs0TIECAAAECBAgQqCYgUFTzU02AAAECBAgQIEAgaQGBIunl1zwBAgQIECBAgACBagICRTU/1QQIECBAgAABAgSSFhAokl5+zRMgQIAAAQIECBCoJiBQVPNTTYAAAQIECBAgQCBpAYEi6eXXPAECBAgQIECAAIFqAgJFNT/VBAgQIECAAAECBJIWECiSXn7NEyBAgAABAgQIEKgmIFBU81NNgAABAgQIECBAIGkBgSLp5dc8AQIECBAgQIAAgWoCAkU1P9UECBAgQIAAAQIEkhYQKJJefs0TIECAAAECBAgQqCYgUFTzU02AAAECBAgQIEAgaQGBIunl1zwBAgQIECBAgACBagILq5WrbmWBLMuasr08z+f9vJvVdt7DmiCBOoFm+H5QN2U3CRAg0HQCzlA03ZKZMAECBAgQIECAAIH5I+AMxfxZi3k7k2b5CV8z/tS/GWwL12aYa+0fUTPN11xn79teYTt7R/DKBAgQIFAIOENRSBgJECBAgAABAgQIECgtIFCUJlNAgAABAgQIECBAgEAhIFAUEkYCBAgQIECAAAECBEoLCBSlyRQQIECAAAECBAgQIFAICBSFhJEAAQIECBAgQIAAgdICAkVpMgUECBAgQIAAAQIECBQCAkUhYSRAgAABAgQIECBAoLSAQFGaTAEBAgQIECBAgAABAoWAQFFIGAkQIECAAAECBAgQKC0gUJQmU0CAAAECBAgQIECAQCEgUBQSRgIECBAgQIAAAQIESgsIFKXJFBAgQIAAAQIECBAgUAgIFIWEkQABAgQIECBAgACB0gICRWkyBQQIECBAgAABAgQIFAICRSFhJECAAAECBAgQIECgtIBAUZpMAQECBAgQIECAAAEChYBAUUgYCRAgQIAAAQIECBAoLSBQlCZTQIAAAQIECBAgQIBAISBQFBJGAgQIECBAgAABAgRKCwgUpckUECBAgAABAgQIECBQCAgUhYSRAAECBAgQIECAAIHSAgJFaTIFBAgQIECAAAECBAgUAgJFIWEkQIAAAQIECBAgQKC0gEBRmkwBAQIECBAgQIAAAQKFgEBRSBgJECBAgAABAgQIECgtIFCUJlNAgAABAgQIECBAgEAhIFAUEkYCBAgQIECAAAECBEoLCBSlyRQQIECAAAECBAgQIFAICBSFhJEAAQIECBAgQIAAgdICAkVpMgUECBAgQIAAAQIECBQCAkUhYSRAgAABAgQIECBAoLSAQFGaTAEBAgQIECBAgAABAoWAQFFIGAkQIECAAAECBAgQKC0gUJQmU0CAAAECBAgQIECAQCEgUBQSRgIECBAgQIAAAQIESgsIFKXJFBAgQIAAAQIECBAgUAgIFIWEkQABAgQIECBAgACB0gICRWkyBQQIECBAgAABAgQIFAICRSFhJECAAAECBAgQIECgtIBAUZpMAQECBAgQIECAAAEChcDC4gsjgZkEsiyb6SH3VxRoJttmmmttWZppvuZa8R+ScgIECBCYUwFnKOaU38EJECBAgAABAgQINLeAMxTNvX6zOvs8z2f19VN+cbYpr77eCRAgQIBAawk4Q9Fa66kbAgQIECBAgAABAg0VECgayu1gBAgQIECAAAECBFpLQKBorfXUDQECBAgQIECAAIGGCggUDeV2MAIECBAgQIAAAQKtJSBQtNZ66oYAAQIECBAgQIBAQwUEioZyOxgBAgQIECBAgACB1hIQKFprPXVDgAABAgQIECBAoKECAkVDuR2MAAECBAgQIECAQGsJCBSttZ66IUCAAAECBAgQINBQAYGiodwORoAAAQIECBAgQKC1BASK1lpP3RAgQIAAAQIECBBoqIBA0VDudA82cWQw7mlfEX3Db6SLoPN5LjAeoy9/O9a2Z5FlWWTta6P/5dE4cb5Zjw9HX3t7dA8cjInzPdfjBAgQIECgBQUEihZc1HnX0sQ/YtdD34iBo/NuZiZEYErgZBwZ3BRdW47H6pF/R56firdGVsfxLbfG7f17zx8qOBIgQIAAgYQFBIqEF78xrY/Hwe9/Mza+flV8vDEHdBQC5QXGfxvfue8PsebBDdHTsTgi2mJRx61xz5qPxMi3dsXececeyqOqIECAAIFUBASKVFZ6TvqciBP7d8SXN18Wj236TCw6Zw7jMTo8EH0r2ycvMcnaY2XfQAyPjp/zTHcQmFWBxati69i+2LrqqvMc5mQc3T8Y/WuX//+yqF+8GsfOU+VhAgQIECDQygICRSuv7lz3dmJfPPPVZ+PabffHHddcVjebybBx712/i2XfPRh5nkd+6k/x4IKfxE3rfhajfiBc5+VmYwVOxtG9O+KRzX+L3m33Rtfi2rfK2p59Ku5csT2Or/5pvFXbs6Nfj2tffTl+6HK+xi6PoxEgQIDAvBJYOK9mYzItJPBm7H/m0dhz29Oxu+eaaButb+1kjP359zGy/FOx/fQlJrWrTJbGqi1Dkdc/1W0CDRSYGB2IW5bdEy9FxJLPb4tdNy6JyZ+8/Cv2PvdsHNr4eDzfc93kGbdF10XPA32xceddcaCBc3QoAgQIECAwnwScoZhPq9Eyc6m9wXVz3L7nE9H/pRXTXOpUa/SSaP/QjdH10tOxY9dvYnhwJEZPOC3RMlugiRtp6+iNodNnzP4ZP1r6QtzQuSEGj5yMGP9LDO0ci+XL2s/e04vaY9ny9zRxx6ZOgAABAgSqCQgU1fxUTyMwceTFeOi+w7Gh/+7oXDTTFmuLRZ3rY/eh/rjhzRfj4U+vjGWXL4hsZV8MDF/Ar+qc5rjuIvCuCtTOmH2tLzbGYGwfej3+c+xwHHBp07tK7MUIECBAoDUEZvrfXmt0p4s5EHgn/j704xg4uifuX/G+qTdbZ7Hg9CUk++Pxm94fWffA1Hskar9Jpyt6erfGr/I8To3ti5/fdiw233RnPOzzKuZg7RxyeoGj8dqhsXj76g/Eh5dM/wz3EiBAgACBlAUEipRXf1Z6vzQ6ep+bfJN17bKRqb+nDu2Im6MzNv7yeORDvdExzc5rW9IZPV9cG2uWjMWBw2/4kLBZWR8vOp1A7X0T3dlMH7zYGWu6r4/Fi6+P7jXtp8PFWR92d2IsDr329nQv6z4CBAgQIJCEwDT/rUuib03OucA7MTrw2chWborB//2a2PEYfeWV2Bs9cW/3tVNvhJ3ziZpAAgJtHT2x5YmrY+cP9sTB4r08E0di+LGtsfOT6+Luj10ZEVdF11c2xS0718e6gb9OftjdiYMx+MjWeNylUAnsEi0SIECAwEwCAsVMMu6fZYFLo+MLT8a+dVfG811XTF0adUV0PX9lrNv9QNyx9JJZPr6XJ3CmwHujc8P3Yvfq4/Fox4LJ/bigN4Y+2BcjT62J66beC9S29I54cqQ/lv/6c3F5lkV2+fr440d744mbvSn7TE1fEyBAgEBaAlleuyal7k+WZacvVam7200CBAgQIECAAAECBBIXqM8KzlAkviG0T4AAAQIECBAgQKCKgEBRRU8tAQIECBAgQIAAgcQFBIrEN4D2CRAgQIAAAQIECFQRECiq6KklQIAAAQIECBAgkLiAQJH4BtA+AQIECBAgQIAAgSoCAkUVPbUECBAgQIAAAQIEEhcQKBLfANonQIAAAQIECBAgUEVAoKiip5YAAQIECBAgQIBA4gICReIbQPsECBAgQIAAAQIEqggIFFX01BIgQIAAAQIECBBIXECgSHwDaJ8AAQIECBAgQIBAFQGBooqeWgIECBAgQIAAAQKJCwgUiW8A7RMgQIAAAQIECBCoIiBQVNFTS4AAAQIECBAgQCBxAYEi8Q2gfQIECBAgQIAAAQJVBASKKnpqCRAgQIAAAQIECCQuIFAkvgG0T4AAAQIECBAgQKCKgEBRRU8tAQIECBAgQIAAgcQFBIrEN4D2CRAgQIAAAQIECFQRECiq6KklQIAAAQIECBAgkLiAQJH4BtA+AQIECBAgQIAAgSoCAkUVPbUECBAgQIAAAQIEEhcQKBLfANonQIAAAQIECBAgUEVAoKiip5YAAQIECBAgQIBA4gICReIbQPsECBAgQIAAAQIEqggIFFX01BIgQIAAAQIECBBIXCDL8zw/0yDLsjNv+poAAQIECBAgQIAAAQLnCBQxYmH9I8UD9fe7TYAAAQIECBAgQIAAgXoBlzzVi7hNgAABAgQIECBAgMAFCwgUF0zliQQIECBAgAABAgQI1AsIFPUibhMgQIAAAQIECBAgcMEC/wWwH5E4Uh3PggAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Impure copper can be purified by electrolysis. In the electrolytic cell, impure copper is the anode (positive electrode), pure copper is the cathode (negative electrode) and the electrolyte is copper(II) sulfate solution.</p>
<p>Formulate the half-equation at each electrode.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline where and in which direction the electrons flow during electrolysis.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_09.17.43.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.i/M"></p>
<p>4 levels showing convergence at higher energy</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_09.19.58.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/03.a.ii/M"></p>
<p>arrows (pointing down) from n = 3 to n = 2 <strong><em>AND </em></strong>n = 4 to n = 2</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>same number of shells/<strong>«</strong>outer<strong>» </strong>energy level/shielding <strong><em>AND </em></strong>nuclear charge/number of protons/Z<sub>eff</sub> increases <strong>«</strong>causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>K<sup>+</sup> 19 protons <strong><em>AND </em></strong>Cl<sup>–</sup> 17 protons</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>K<sup>+</sup> has <strong>«</strong>two<strong>» </strong>more protons</p>
<p>same number of electrons/isoelectronic <strong>«</strong>thus pulled closer together<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em><br></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_09.27.32.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/03.c.i/M"></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Anode (positive electrode):</em></p>
<p>Cu(s) → Cu<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup></p>
<p><em>Cathode (negative electrode):</em></p>
<p>Cu<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup> → Cu(s)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept Cu(s) – 2e<sup>–</sup></em><em> →</em><em> </em><em>Cu</em><sup><em>2+</em></sup><em>(aq).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept</em> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> <em>for →</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if the equations are at </em><em>the wrong electrodes.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>external<strong>» </strong>circuit/wire <strong><em>AND </em></strong>from positive/anode to negative/cathode electrode</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “through power supply/battery” </em><em>instead of “circuit”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Copper forms two chlorides, copper(I) chloride and copper(II) chloride.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">An electrolysis cell was assembled using graphite electrodes and connected as shown.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img 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"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the electron configuration of the Cu<sup>+</sup> ion.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Copper(II) chloride is used as a catalyst in the production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">4HCl (g) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (g)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the standard enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for this reaction, using section 12 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The diagram shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and potential energy profile for the reaction without a catalyst.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Annotate both charts to show the activation energy for the catalysed reaction, using the label <em>E</em><sub>a (cat)</sub>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" 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" width="657" height="313"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain how the catalyst increases the rate of the reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Solid copper(II) chloride absorbs moisture from the atmosphere to form a hydrate of formula CuCl<sub>2</sub>•<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math>H<sub>2</sub>O.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A student heated a sample of hydrated copper(II) chloride, in order to determine the value of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math>. The following results were obtained:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Mass of crucible = 16.221 g<br>Initial mass of crucible and hydrated copper(II) chloride = 18.360 g<br>Final mass of crucible and anhydrous copper(II) chloride = 17.917 g</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the value of <em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math></em>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State how current is conducted through the wires and through the electrolyte.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Wires: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Electrolyte:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write the half-equation for the formation of gas bubbles at electrode 1.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">[Ar] 3d<sup>10</sup><br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> 3d<sup>10</sup> ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup> = ΣΔ<em>H</em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><sup><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">θ</span></sup></span><sub>f</sub> (products) − ΣΔ<em>H</em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><sup><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">θ</span></sup></span><sub>f</sub> (reactants) ✔<br>Δ<em>H</em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><sup><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">θ</span></sup></span> = 2(−241.8 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>») − 4(−92.3 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>») = −114.4 «kJ» ✔</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> NOTE: Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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zYJE1XFyI9VLbGl57p3747PFoeLqOlh66mevXgBhdL2iqVLNUFCjJROdezXr1/HrFmzsX5jDIrz83n5GFs0yXvYWHwUFoYGDRpoDtQTLbQhv759X0NDS3Osil7Nr9A0dZlnMtG5c3uMDw7GnGnTja4iiBCmyhco5RcX4FZBCWxsrEVEPjRXjLzYghRs7vK8gmuU1MtZFBGGaSHT8fXX8fDx8RJRQoxHpV0xN4uLUFzyD0qKS3CzpJTXPzPmqvpoYN2A97mzGHtMTlQVI4810WsQuSoSoR+FU1K/x+jRAfD29sb0Ge/d/r0mxJhUmNhtrK3xiMWjsKhnjnoW9fBIvYdRT9p+6KGHeIztW1g8zmNsOylFnkoDqoqRx8njaZgyYQqWL1+G4MnGM1WAXNjvd1xcHDq0c4b/qLdElBDjUWFiz83LQ5FajaKiG+wCptv3eXkX79ovKLqFW9LNXaauE6qKkce0D+bCe7A3AgICRYRU5JPFn+CrDeukM5tVIkKIcai0K4bVppSdwpfds5VrmLJ9S3MVVNJNLlQVox/WrTAtZBpSDx3ii2WQB7O1tUVwcDBCxo3D/qS9IkqI4dNa7liGrYE5c+ZM2FrboHXLlnybxeTE5oqhxF59iUkHsChiEQInT6bFJnQUGjobxSoVPl5CJZDEeOiU2Pfu3Yu2LVsjYtEi6Y9ASvJXr/Ptli1a8tnz5FRCXTHV8lfRX5g2ZQpcnF0QGEhdMLpiZ58nUlORlpKC3Qm7RZQQw6Y1sbPql0FvvIH3pBY6K5vLy81FztVLfPsD6XS/f/+BsrbcqSqmehbOnY9GjW2RmpbKBweJ7tg8SCtiYjDKfzgysrJElBDDpTWxb926A9ZWVpgcFHS7b52lXrbNYg52zfHdru94XF/1LCzwdyG7NpBUFVuk5KPwRWKPVFU/Dw+0bd8efbv2pMnCiMHTmtjT09PxdLOnxd79bOzscP78ebGnHxo8rbo//siGre3T6P6yOzpKiYlUX1DQ28jKzcayz6JEhBDDpDWx+/r64nTGSfyRkyMid7BYamoqXN3oStG68vY4zepHq1at5Pek+jw9+2NnXDxmzZ7Fpx4gxFBpTeys/9GuSROMHjkSx44d46ep7JaRlYE3pKRvbW0Ndzd51iilqpiqYfXX23cnIiPjR6qCkYmnlyf8/f0RsTRCRAgxPFoTO/PJ58tx6sQptJdO9a2sGsHisYZo3aI1zmWe4xd4yImqYnTz37Q0TBg7FsFBQbevLyDymDhhAjau2YKkpEQRIcSw6DwJGLv4Je3EaWSePM33HRxbSYm+nayz49Hsjrpr/0J7WD5uiR07dsg2uya5Y96CmZg940McPHgQ3bp1E1FCDEOVZ3esSayyg83t7u4uT9eOsWLXDvj090FeQZ6IELmx7kZb68ZwlRoabGFsQgyJTl0xCdt3w3+UP/r274/+Awfym4+Pz+39YxknxJH6oaoY3SxcuBDvzpgu9khNYOW8O/ftQ0pyMl9WkBBDojWxZ2amo79PXz59r7uLB9yk09LunbrARWpZ93LrwbebNrQRR5OaVFpSCn8/H2RlZSEoiK4urWlsXYDZs2fzZQXpqlRiSLR2xUwICUHC1q2y1ao/COtjd/f0pHrsSiQkJqJv795YvnwlAgLGiCipSaxLpkWLVnB2caEuGWIwtLbYu0gtc/NavMyfqmIq9+nHH8PZ0ZFPyUtqB+uS2bNnD++S+fnnn0WUEGXTmtj9/PxgZ/cMomM38jlhyurYy99YN41caK6Yin29MQ7n/vc/7Dl8gOaCqWXsWo4PZn6AcW+/LSKEKJtOg6fhiz/ByCFD0bjZ07C2bsxvFmU3q0Z84ik50Fwxldv49VcICgnhq+2T2jc5eDLOnMygRTmIQdCa2PMKCtDHow+ebNQILo5OcBI3ts1uzk7OsLKWZ01NqoqpWHR0NBIT92LI66+LCKkLowLe5BeFUZcMUTqtiX31l1/i2pXLyL56lbfM772lSTeW6OVAUwrcj3V/jRw5Ev5jhqNJkyYiSurCu1KrnVm5lublIcqmNbHfUqvh6ODAl8qraax/ndY8vVtExFI+eD1xrGayL1J32FJ68Zs2IWZNDHJyL4koIcqjNbFPCwlBiZkZMjN/EZGaw1rsOnX6m4js7GxERUQgbs8etHr+eREldcnL15cXFMx87z0RIUR5Hp6jZdXj4vxiXC9Vw9vrNVz5/QoKUYLTZ87g+NGjfLUZtt28yeO3F+HQx6HkZDxjb08zFQprN2yQzmIexsxp00SEKIFze2cMGzUak955U5bfe0LkpvUCpfziAthaNeLbKnNzXmdeXwXcLMHt+30HDvCr9PT1UVgYXN3c0E2G5zJ0rIy0davnsTgyEl79+okoUYpXX30V5347h6M/HoWVFSV3oixaez4aSi2Solu3+K2goIDfXy/S7Jfdy5HUyR1sJk0Pj75oJp29UFJXpk/CP0ZmRiZmz50vIoQoh6K6tKkqRiMudiefLnb4G8NFhCiNY5vnER4ejo3Ra0SEEOVQVGKnqhiNTVvX86kD3hwzSkSIEgUHB8O2uR2iVtAaqURZFNdiN/WqmEOHDiHtv2l86gAzlam/G8r32bLPsCB0Ab/egBCloMyhMBs2bMBrA1+jqQMMxIvduuGJxx7DkNeHiAghde++xM7m/A4JmYTYWM3iAmyCr0u1dDEG64opFdumKDsni7/v4+liJIPBRoTGv/suX9UqMZHmbCfKcF9iLyi6jsjIKGzbvp3vFxbnokunLnyb1JzcvDy81LUnPHr1Qhu6GMmgjBo+FEMHD8Z7U2aKCCF16746dtZCt7G2QnFJCQIDg1BcWIzo6FgETQ0QR9zPb4wfHO0dxV71mfJCGzGxMRg2ZBgOHz5M5aMGKD8/B7Y2T2Pnnj20Zi+pcxVeoJSaloZhQ4ci88wZEXmwfVIycqcLlKqNdX/1cO/B54SJ37ULFo88Ih4hhiR0QShOnzyJjRtpjVRStyocPGUt5rO//IKiohu4cPE8HP7zLG4U3uD7Zfflt93adxRfqR9TrYpJOZKCP/7IRkJCIiV1AzYxcCKSkpKxSGqgEFKXHphH2TwYdrb2SDv2E6wes+L7Zfflt1XmtOqRPpauWIFXX+tL76OBa9CgAUaN8se06dORk5MjooTUPp0ayA9bPIpPIz5F79698cLzbdG2bVu+HSG1TIr++UccpT9TrIphl2Ml796NwDepEsYYjBk1hnepfRwRISKE1D6dEvvq5WsxJWQKEhMTcelqPnJz8/l2iNQyWbdSvkUHTHFKAdf2XWHX/Bl+iToxfA6tHBC+fDm+WLJERAipfVoTO5tl8IMFM7Fw4UJcvnZZOsW8wG9se/6HH+L9OR/IdtppalMK/JyWhoyTqfDz9xMRYgzG+A2GcwcXxMTEiAghtUtrYo+MWgc72+aYNm3aXVdDsu2Z778P+2fssV3UvJOqmTt/Pmzt7DB69GgRIcaAjTt9EBqK90Leo6kGSJ3QmtjzcnMeuNZmk+bN+Uo/cjC1qpj9e/dj576dNJ+3EerTyx1NrBvQVAOkTmjNoz79fZD23//yKyPvdenSJaQkJ8PNzU1EiK5WrIhCmw7tZLmwiyiTf0AAn2pg7/5kESGkdmhdQYkZ5OODY8ePY+zIkbCxbc5nHbwktdJXrl0LpzZO+Cb+G3GkfkzpAqW2bV9AmPTzenr2ERFibNiCKT79vZHDGkBHDkOlomsUSO3QKbGzAVRHh3b49fcsEdGwt7fH+fPnxZ7+TGVKgchVqxAybhxffYoYP9bVxpaPNMWpMkjd0KlLmw0GZWZl4MejR7FpwwZsWLuOb589myGOkIcpVMWw5QVDp03Dm+MDRYQYu4A3xyBi0SKxR0jN06nFXltMoStm2swPsOjD+fxD0cHh/0SUGDM2F5BN8yZ4//1pCA4KFlFCao6iilBMoSomKWE3ZsyYQUndhLAxqTeG+yFkUghyTspTQUbIg5hSdWGd27o5FhmZZxAUHCQixFQEBYwDVMCiVZ+KCCE1R1GJ3Zjnisn6LQt+fsMwfcZUWvbOBLEztB9/PIr169cjISFeRAmpGYrrijHWuWKiV0TxxUte6/uaiBBTw6pievRwQ9++A+iKVFKjdE7smVnnkJqUguTkZH5jF16Ubcv1S2rMVTGJSckYMXo0nJycRISYohnTpwLS7/m6qFUiQoj8tFbFsKXy+vsMlE4fv+XTkdY3fxQlJTdF6/pRfr/vwPfo2FH/xTaMtSrm0KFD8Bnki9+yfuGlo8S0JWxPgK/vIPzyv1/QvLmdiBIiH60t9sycTJ7UVy5fhpxbt/Bb7u+4lFdwezs7709ZkjpjrFUxm7Z9jVH+b1BSJ5ynlyc8PPtg6ReRIkKIvLTm0biYODz9lD3GBASiobTfUEpOluaq29vsRh5s97Zv0a/fALFHCBA4MQjrV63nV3UTIjetid3a1hZPWNXegKbKyAZPIyIicPXSVXTr1k1ECAHce7jx2R9bt+8kIoTIR2tiHzNmDP4uKUVW1t3zxNQEYxs8/avoL4SHL8GoMaNEhJA7gqZPR1ZGBmJjY0WEEHloTewFeblo9GQjtH7+eXRs3xH9Bw6Ej48P+vbvz+/ZftqJNHE0KW/h/IXIv5KDN8ePFxFC7vAfPhxTg6fivSkhuC41AgiRi9aqmPz8HFhbNxN7FYvbtw/e7u5ir/pYt4WzszPcZXguJWDz1Le0scHKuDgRIeR+7Vu3ho/3CMwInSYihOhHa4u9YUNbXLx4EX/+/jtf55Rtl90u/ynFL/8JL1d5Ftq4VVSERy0txZ5hy8o6h59++AFTFy8WEUIq9u7s2diyfR1dtERkozWxM7a2tvi7tBSJiYnYFP01vt4cw7cL//4bTWyaQGWuEkfqj5U8GoM10dEYP3kyHOyoTpk82Bu+vmjSpCm6du1a4UplhFSVTok9IysLrVu0wLAhwzBl+jt4Z9K7GDlyJFq0/D/Z1jstYwxVMcX5xdiwbgN6deshIoQ82NTpM5GZkYnICJq3nehPa2JndbYTR41CO2dnLA5fjB9++IHf2HYH5w7w8/MTR+rPWKpi4vfFo6igAC+98pKIEPJgbFwpeOpUrFi1ni/GQog+tA6eJqckw2/gIGRdusRmHb0LW9PxGbsW+Gz55/Dp319Eq88YphRgZzBtW7eF/5ujsPiTT0SUEN34D2elsTcRvT5GEyCkGrS22BMTEmHfqtV9SZ1hi/O+0PFF/PLTTyKin4fr1TP4FnuC9H7lF+Zj8Ouviwghups27wOs2/AVtiYliQghVac1sTs4OODixT/F3v3OZZzBkzINEBpDVczu3d+iu0sXuBrx8n6k5jja22Po4MEI9BuJzDOZIkpI1WhN7L6+3jBTqxDwZgBOnjwpopoBVX+/4Sj6pwj+/kNFVH+GXBXDpjbeuzcJMXF0JSGpvsXLl8POtimGD5dv/IqYFq2Jnc1IuPCjMHy58ku0bdsWFvXq8Rurkln31QZ8sfQLWWctNOSqmKTE/fD0HgA7KnEkerCxtkbszngcP3YMCYmJIkqI7rQOnpaJj4/HDz/9gJycXNashn1zWzg5d4KPz0BxhP4MffC0R4+e8PN9naYQILIIX/wpvv5qI/Yn76Mpn0mV6JzYa4MhJ/aEpEQEvDEcWX9c4IPKhMihm2s33Cy+iR27dqBJkyYiSsiDVdgV07NnT7Ru2ZbXsOdL+y1atNTcmrXg9+yxFq1b344dk04Z5WDIVTF+ffujY7dulNSJrOaFzsNPx37CyqVrRIQQ7SpM7OfPZuH6X/lSkqoPSMn9Uk428nKlW0Eev8/OyUJBdiau5l5C3l85yCsqEl+pH0OtiklOSkK+9IE0wNtbRAiRB7twaeHHi/FJ1MfIzv5DRAl5sAoTe1b2efwhuhTYCkl/SQk3r4DdpMQu3bMr43ILbuF6wXXkXS+Cu4xdJ4ZYFZOQmMBGmTHIx0tECJHPtJAgdHbthkURC0WEkAfTWhXDumO2bKl82tmoyMi7yiD1xaYVMCTs6tuNsXEICgqmAS5SYz6cOxcbV61BQkK8iBBSuUoT+7nffuOXx5/MyMSUKcF8PycnR2rNZ/Mbq2M/d+4cZn7wAa+YkQNL6iUG1mI/kvoTnrBqgMVhoSJCiPxeeOEFzJr/Ifr2HYCYjXSdBHmwSqtibG2fxp9/6jZzoykvtDEpJATFhYVYvny5iBBSc1jRQl42a2Cl87USCKlIpYk9OjoaPx1JQe7fxUjYug3DhwyGWWkpUF/TVVKifgiqh9To0LEzhr8xXJY52Q2x3PG551pi3Ya1cO1MUwiQmse6Rjt27C4l9cexZcsWKoEkFdJax16Yn4eBgwbju+++E5GaExYaih4eHujcsaOIKNucOR9i01fr8cvZX0SEkJrHFpZnJcmtWjlix46tVGJL7qN18DQx7Rj27t0r9mqeoVTFsPGGuXNnYoB3PxEhpHbY29sjLe0w9u9NRHLyYREl5A6tiT375Ek0bdxU7NU8Q6mK2S+mVe3XbwC/J6Q2sf710EWLMGHCBForldxHpykF3Lq5wbqJNdxc3XnfnkplhuLiEn7PeEmtVhtrG76tD0PqY+8svScNHrPAzp3b6VSY1JlBPj74eutWnDp2FG1eaC+ixNRpTez5+Tmwtm4m9ipmilUx1hYWyMo5T5UJpE6xLsFmLVqgu4sLkhKTZF1YnhgurYmdjcKHhUWIvfupzMzgP2qULFPVGkqLfX1MDCK/iMSRQykiQkjdYdeU9OnRAx+FfwTfQb4iSkyZTl0x5eVcykF9lQpPPKF/18u9DKUq5pWer2D06JF4Q8aFvAnRR+qRI+j5yisIlf6GAgPHUfegidM6eFomJCSEdz80a9oMTz7ZmG+zmNyUXhXDuqb2Ju1FL08PESGk7nXs3BkBAWMwadIkqpQhuiX2efPmIXJpJNw9PTF16rsIlm6uUst6yaefInTBAnGUPJRcFcPmhQkYMwnO7ZzxhNUTIkqIMkydMRueXl546623+ER9xHRp7YphgzOtW7bGvoPfof0LL4qoxulTp/BCu3ZIPXUMzo5tRbT6lN7Hfir9FJykpL72y5XwH+UvooQoy4S3JyDt5zQkJe2hielMlNYWe2RkJBwcHO5L6kyb559Hl65dkZQgz1WpSl9oY8O6tazZjo493ESEEOUJ/2QhMk5mwNW1j4gQU6M1sVs2bIj69Ss/zMxMBZU862zg31u3UF/Bi1nv3bsfY/zHwNHeXkQIUR7WSl+59kscO5ZSI+NgRPm0Jvb+Pn1x9OhRVNSOZqWQBw58D7e+8tSds4FTpSZ2Nmh6+vhxhC+eLyKEKJePzyDExMTwa0NSUqgs19RoTeyO9o5o16kLerl2Q1TUKqSdOIH0n09hSWQkenn0RZcuneDo+Jw4Wn8lCuyKKfrnH3h5+KBbjx50QRIxGEOHDsWs2bMxduxYXutOTIfWxM7Ex21B8+a2mDZzGrp36gCXLi4IC12EZ2xt8c038bIO0CixKuboTz/h4E8/4K1x40SEEMMwb84cuDh3QPuWLREn/R0T06BTYmdzPsdu2YK83FxczyvC1aIi5ORcQExsrKzzQdezsMDfhYViTzm+/XYbvzekeeIJKRMYPBnFJSUYNmQo8qgM0iTolNgZVhfL+uqiY9Yjds0apKal4a+iv8Sj8lDq4Om33yZixozZsJXOUAgxNGXdm7aNm+LtsW/xsTFi3HRK7Fu2xKJRw4bo27svPv74Yyxc9DF6v9QTTzV7CvuTNdPXGqu0/6aiOO8SZobOERFCDNPHiz9D1m/nYG/fBj///LOIEmOkNbGzapC3Ro/D0JEjpdO4PPzySzq/sW1PDw+MHjlWHKk/JVbFrN6wDn0GDYJyizAJebBi0WK3eOQR7Ni1E8X5uRg9dCjyeZQYI62JPWXfT7BuaIPPl30mInd8uXY1/in6B9sTEkREf0qriklLTcMrPT3FHiGGx7xcY4mtm3Di7FlevuzeujXS089oHiBGRWtiP/lrJhrbNsJjFo+JyB0s5ujUBpnp6SKiPyVVxbAFvTMyMtCr10siQojhKblnYj02xfaPP/4IBxcX9HypG06cOCEeIcZCa2KfGhyMMyeP8zlj7sVG2A9//z3ce/YUEf0orSpm7vS58PP3q/BDjRBDoaqgsWRlZYVYqeHi5umJYcNG8i5XYjy0JnZ2ytahaw++KvqSiCXYuDEWW2I38ouV+vZ+ha+Ufv58Nr7ZEoftsbFIEmuBVoeSqmIOHTqErJwsdOrQRUQIMT4rly1DqVkp3F17Iu3n/4ooMXhsdscHycu7yGZ/1Pnm7OwqvrLqFi1cqD54+LDYq1tDhw1V29vbqwv/LhQRQgzTgQMH+N/mzvidInK3y9euqWfPmKpu+HhD9cGDB0SUGDKtLXZ2Cb10nM63tLTqT/KvpKqYpL0H+Wo01A1DDF1FXTHl2VhbY05oGPyH+2HQoGHULWMEtCb2e13KvYS8vKtiT35KqIpJOZIivZAieHu/JiKEGK57B08rszAiAu1fdIKtzdM0/YCB0ymx/5GTg74eHrCoVw9NGzdFo0ZP8u1XevVCdna2OEoeSqiK2bbtW4wPCqJFCohR0NZiL8Pq3Ddv3ozlK1di7Nhx+GLNGqmhpeylKknFdErso0eORNL33yM0LAxpaWk4kX6Cbx86cADjJkwQR+lPKVUx6yO/QC93eaYiJsSQsK5Hf39/rIr6HFPeeguL6Iprg6Q1sWfnZCE1JRWHf/gRwcHBcHZ2hpOjE98++MNhJCUkyDYlqBKqYrZu3YpiqYHTzrmdiBBi2HTtiinPe7Av3p06HTM//BAhkyaC2u2GRWtij14VA8c2jmj/YnsRuePFFzui68svY3tMjIgYNjapGVshaZT/MBo0JUZD166Ye80LnccvXjqSegwD+/at8FoWokxaE7uFhQUK/658QPPGlXxYyjTrYV1XxWxYtwn5hfno5f6qiBBi+MrmiqkOJycn7E3ahf3JyWjWrBkt2GEgtCb2EaNHICvzDJIOHRKRO5KS9+PkyWNwc5Vvcee6rIo5fuwI7O3t8XJvea6kJUQJys8VUx2siODIwQNw6dIFfXr0wOlTp8QjRKm0JnY2aZDn4NfR9+WX+dWnbMKv6Lg4jPXxQc+XXsbQESPg5OggjjZs38TvQWBgIK8OIITc0eaF9khNSUFnKbG/6OwstdwzxCNEibQmduaTBQvQr58nn+nQ57XXMHbIEMRs3w5vr36YFxoqjtIfK3UsFdu1jU+EVFIkJfa3RIQQ41CdwdPKfPnZZ+jj2Q+ubV2x5IsvpOf+RzxClERrYmerrSQlJmHjls3IKcjDtRv5uHLtMvJu3UJc/A40N5JVhTZv2gz/UW9S7ToxOtUdPK1IgwYNsCVuE2JiYhC1dClG+Y2kfncF0prYV8VsxjvvvCP9cjzCF5uweswKDaysa2ThiboaPGULDqxaEQW3Xj00AUKMiD6DpxVhucDTyxPp6en4NmE3WrdowZfKJMqhNbE3lBKtqr5ZrdSxsq6Ym7U8eFpaUooTKckoLi3Byy/RvOvE+Og7ePogyUcOwsPDA31feQWLPgzF9evXxSOkLj2kZjN3PQDrinHv1hM3Sm5iQJ9+sLGx4f3g5T8Rho4eygdZ9RUWGgo3d3e4urqKSM1jv4j/939O6OPZE2tWrRFRQoxHcnIyXpIaLTvjd/KWdk1ISkzEtGkzce3GNaxeuxJu3ejst06xxP4gD5y2V6W5j9u3Txytn4Xz56sP1/K0vWwqU/YzxG/aJCKEGBf2N8V+xyubtldOQwcPVpurVOqYmBh1UdENESW1TWtXjKW5Dfbt21fxbY/m3tPVRRytn7qoiklO2Y+Glg3h4TNARAgh1RUdG4vxQZPh5+eHAP9x+OPSJfEIqU1aE7vKXAV3d/cH3gy1kuR6QR6WLI1ETOxamKuodp0YJznLHbVh9TefhH8EqbUOqyZPoOML7RE6Zxpy8/I0B5BaUWliz83LhbtrRzz00EN8il62sHNNq+2qmNMnM+D4zDPw9OwvIoQYHznLHXXFGnvLPvsMg/xHYdbcRejdtSvPKaR2VJrYX+v9Gn44fhqeXl5w6tABI0eOhJ+vr3i0ZtR2Vcz2hN140a272CPEONVmi/1ei8NCeXetjf0zeKnrS4iKikTRP3RRU02rMLEvCgvD8ePHcfaXX7AzPh6pR45g7uzZ+GrzZmyM2SiOkh9rsWvtG5IJq/aJWRGFyZNDRIQQ41QXLfbyWHftnp27MFvKIYsWRaBdyzb4Jj6O/w2SmlFhHo1atw52z9rBzs5ORIBeHh78/vjJo/ze0CWk/IQSs0fg2Mo45rkhROl8pTP+8+fPw3vQ6/Ae8Dr69h1A3TM1pMLEXpJfiEfN7u7rtrLSDJDerMHTutqqimGDpmP6+8DDgy5IIsavLrtiKhIWHobVa9ciKysLXdt3xZpoun5EbpX2fJSa3X36Zla/vub+nrghSti+m8+7HjB+oogQYrzquiumIqP8/Xnr/bPIz/B+yHuwtX0aH4TO44t50MRi+qu4xV7BBAKlN2/ye1UNdoLXVlXM11u/5lMluHbuKCKEGC+554qRUx/PPrBzcJASux3mz5rNF/NIiNsmHiXVVWGaNkcRruZeQtQXUVgSGcnvt8TG8cdSUlIRufQLHo9cspRvy7VkVm1UxbDl79gl1nE7d4oIIcatJueKkYOqFAgMegvHjh2T7gPh99ZbGOTjI+WaFP73SqpBXIF6F1tb2zvTBuhwM6QpBU6cOKG2t7cXe4QYv9qcUqA6XLp0US9buVLsqflUBE2b2vHX3N2lC01NUA0VTgK2PTYWeVLLuaSkFCqV2e37yni6u8OmXAVNddXGJGDvvBMinZrm4csvV4kIIcatNiYB04drZ1eMGR+AMf7+IgJcunQJu3fvRtSKFbjyxzV49HfHxMCJaOXQShxBHkTr7I616aOwMLi6uaFbDSb2Z5rbYed3u/B86+dFhBDjxro0unbtqtjE3rFjZwQEjr8rsZeXlLQfkZFL+dJ8L3bsiDfHBKBTVxc88YT+M8oaqxocCq26mh48jVy1CjduFFJSJyZFyYOnXEkpn7akMu7uPRAXF4e09BPYL5199O3fF88/30G2sT1jpKjEXpODpwUFBZg5KQRDhg0REUJMg+IHT+urUHTrltirHFvz4feLv/MzD7dundD2+RfQu3dvrI9ew/++yR2KSuw1adPmTbx2fbj/KBEhxDQo7QKle5WU6n5Z4mMWj/HupNgtW3BKasG/3L071q2PQeMnG2PcuHF8yhO6mlWBXTE19YJ2J+ym2nVikpR4gVJ55ub1UVyND58mTZpg2syZ+G7vXmyQGm6J2xMxdNhQNG7UmM93Zcpz0ZhEi539Byfv34/E5H0iQghRiuLimzDX88PHp39/nL94Ht9/f4DXwq9ftw6tWj2PadNC8M03202uHl5xfexyzxXDLk92c+uNVk5OcHGpvbVUCVEKpXfFqMzkS0M9erhh2eJlOJWejlXR0fwDY1FEOJ5q9hTGjBmD8E8+4qWUxk5xXTFyV8VkZl/ETz/9gOGvDRQRQkyL0rtiSm6WPLAqprp69eiBOaFhOHIoGcsXL8avv/6Kd4On4v+e+z9MGDtBygsp4kjjo7gWu9xVMbvjtvB7N0/NtMOEmBqlt9jZBFS6VMXow9ffny/4kf7LaYyfGCA1+DLh2rk7+np4YM7Madj+bbxRddcYdR8764aJ+nI15i8Mg6Ojo4gSYlqU3mKXsytGG8dWrbFgQRj27NmDa/n5GDt+PEpgjmnvTcdTTZ/i5ZPjJozHoUOHDHrwVXFdMXK+oIKim7iUcwkzp00VEUKI0pRIf/TVqYrRF1tjYuDAgQgNnYP09HQkHTkABzsHREetRPfu3WFr3Rj9+/rgq6++Mrgkb9Qt9iURn6KXZy+xR4hpUvzgaSn0roqRg7NjWyxbuQx/XrmCzZs2Y+qMGTCrXwo/Pz8+X/xAX19eZbMxer3iu20Uldjlror5evNmBE0MEnuEmCbFD55W4QKl2tCgQQMM8h3Ea+S/+eYbNgMu0n5Og3effvzxL1ZE4ammzdCiRQv06OGOOR98gITtCTh37hwK/lJGy15xXTFyVcWw06fTGafRrVs3ESHENBn6XDFKYP+MPYaPGo6wsHAkHzqErEu/8/lr6ksZdO78+Xz+mueeew5PP9lYauGPRWpamvjKuqG4FrscVTFs0HTmnDkYMWKEiBBiuoxlrhglaWhuBWdnZyQmJeHi5T9x+PBhfLVhE/wCApCdfRavvdITNk88wfvo64KiEvvD0qe2HIk9Le04sjIz4e7uLiKEEKWqq8FTudjaNOFrSLzh54tlixfz+e9/u5qHlJ//izmhM8VRtUtRif1WUREetbQUe9W3cvUqPhjTp08fESHEdNHgae1j50gOdva8VV8XFJXYGdbPrg/WDRP/zVbE7dnJJwkixNTR4KnpUVxiV+nZH5iwdQ/MzCzg6U5XmhLC0OCp6VFUYpdj8HR3ciImjh8r9gghNHhqehTXYtdHRlYW1kevx6A3BosIIcSYFtogulFUYte3Kibywwg4OrSCg8P/iQghxFgX2iCVU1Ri16cqJjs7G6uio+Dl7SUihBBDIMdCG+RuiuuKqW5VTMSnEdInvyXefPNNESGEMKa00AbRUNw7Wt2qmO3btmPmnJlU4kjIPUx1oQ1TpqjEXt2qmP8eOYK8vDyMGE1TCBByL1pow/QYxTnQuq82YXJwMGysbUSEEFKGFtowPYp6R6tTFZOfn4MVX0Sij6eniBBCDImhzxWjRIpK7NWpiolaHo1n7O3RsX17ESGElEdzxZgexZ0DVaUq5siRI5g2fToC3qIrTQmpDM0VY3oUl9irUhWz+9tt7OoGTJwwRUQIIfeiuWJMj6ISe1WqYtgsjl99vQ3BgYHShwGdxhFSGZorxvQoKrFXZfA07cRp5P5xCeHh4SJCCDFENHgqP0Ul9n+lT21d1zzdunUbBgz2FnuEkMrQ4KnpUVRiZwOnugz05OTkYNXSJZg3Z46IEEIqQ4OnpkdRiZ3RpSpm2LBhsH+2Fezs7ESEEFIZGjw1PYpL7GwA9UF+/vlnJCUl4fUhviJCCHkQGjw1PYpK7Cypa+sP/PTjCDRtaofx498SEULIgyi9j526YuSnqMSurSomr6AAmzdvQmTMWlhZWYkoIeRBlN7HTgttyE9RiV1bVUzC9m1wdnGBt7u7iBBCDB0ttCE/RSV2bVUxCz9chHenThV7hBBdKL7ckWZ3lJ3i3tHKqmIiIiLwR/YfGNi/v4gQQnSh+HJHWmhDdopL7BVVxWRlnUNISAjeHB8gIoQQXSm9xU4LbchPUYm9sqqY0HmhvA8uOHiyiBBCdKX0Fjt1xchPUe9oZVUxW7/ehpg9e2g9U0KMEM0VIz9FJfaKqmKi10fDvpUDVcIQUk2KHzyluWJkp6jEfm9VTElxCebPnY8FYWEiQgipKsUPnproBUqn0k/xea/YFORyU1znVvmqmEkTJuH6pd/Qpxe11gmpLporRnmKiwvg0s4ZzZo1Q3z8HhGVj+ISe1lVzIkTp7AqOgqTZ8zl+4SQ6qG5YpTH3NwKU2fM4ttDBg/EtPff48leLopK7PUsLPB3YSHfXrLkUz6gMsp/FN8nhBgnUx08nTPnA5y/eBFOrVph0cKPYWvdGElJieJR/Sgqsd8qKsKjlpbIyMrC1q1bsXbtWtja2opHCSHVQYOnymUv5bdd33+P0aPHIr+4GIN838DSpUvFo9WnuK6Yixez4dq2Pfze8IO/v7+IEkKqiwZPlY2Vca9atQIXLlzA6wNex5RJk2BtZY0FYR9Ve2BVcYl98SdLkF+YjwC6ypQQWdDgqWFgCwdFrYhC8Lvv8hw4Y/pUjAl4WzxaNYpK7CpVffzww2HMXxgGJycnESWE6IMGTw1LWFgYfjx6FP28BmDd6tVo37o1YtfHoiofzw+pJWK7zkUu/QJhCxahr88AWKpuoQT1pE8e9u8fFJbUw+Oqf3FTOm0rLq0HczPNL4LKzEL6wC9CKR5Bael1mJk14MeXxZmy46tyLDvmUbO/8HfpY/yYe59Dl2OZir5nVY7V5fVV92dhyo6vyrGVvb6qHMto+55VOZap6HtW92dh7n0d+vwsTNnxVTm2su+p67E3S/9C7qV87E7YDXcP99vLSapwi/9N8b8z1hNiJrWYSzV/c5ZmRSgsteDPX5VjtB37qNm/uFHy8O2/Y3YM++tO2L4dzzq2guN/noOqXjGKb1nx18e3S1XS05ih/iOP8J+RKSktln42zYdV2c/OlMUrijHVjdfUc7D/L/Y+PMoGGST1VY/iZsnf0vtmjvpm13ETjyEh4Vucyczkj7u5uOBAairf1kZRiZ0QQogGa6G3btECWVlZfHB5VXQ0hg4dqnlQC8X1sRNCiCkrKChAVNQqtHrmGeTmXoW3tzfSTh3XOakz1GInhBCF2LptOyYHTeQVMi+95I41a1bC3t5ePKo7arETQkgdy83LxYSxE+AzsD8uX7yI8PBw7N+/r1pJnaEWOyGE1KGU5GS89c47OH38OJzatMHqtevw4ovtxaPVQy12QgipA3v37kXf/v3R9eWX8ah5fcRv2oQTp07pndQZSuyEGABWy/zQQw9VemNXKso5iVRN+eqrryp8/eVv06aFiKON26CBg3ipZ/euXZF6JBVevr7iEf1RVwwhCscSdoMGT+L1AQNg52APNkEAu5XNAMPubRo8juB339cEFGzapElYtGQJZkx/FyVmZvznYMp+Hnbr5+GJbm5uLGzUli79BPXrN8CwEUPwmMVjIioPSuyEKNwSKRFOkhLi//73Pzz77LMiapisrKzg2MaRt1BJzaGuGEIUbrt0us40b96Y3xuq1LQ0FBYWwr6Vo4iQmkKJ3QCwK9DY6XhlM72xxwr+uvP4g46VG/te/PuJfSK/tLQTcPiPI1+cwZCdOX6a3z/T5Al+T2oOdcUYgIysDLRu0Ro743fC08tTRDVYK6hThw58++LFi3z+ejc3N7Rt3xbLFi/jcTmxNRozMjLgLhYXZ6P6bADo8rXLsLG24TEiH1bf3LhRYzR88km0b9tWRO9m37AhVsbFiT3l+jAiAjNDQuDg6AA7W82cNeWpzFVYvGwxHO2pRa8varEbEDYLXnknT57E0MGD+fbXX2++vShJrz4e6NKpK9+WW+fOnZGTmyP2gD4ePTF4xAiYqzQTHBF57d62W7NRUsLnDGG3s2fP3b5nt1el998QXPjfWX5fVHDzrp+B3aenZ+LSH5fgYOvAjyF6Yi12omzp59PZWZV6z649IqJWL1y0iMe6duqkllrLIqodO/bajRvqW7eKReRuLM6OuZJ/TUTuxr7npg0bxN6DsefJv1Hx81Sk7Huz27+3/hXRirHnfdBzFxXd0PqzMteuXeHHllf4dyH/WiUICprI3/PNmzaLiH7Ons1QS2d2Yk83N6T3kGFfl37qJN+ujlbPOqibNm0q9khNosRuAMoS+759+/j+j0eP8n12qygBvfLyy+rZM6by7fTz59XmKpU6TvraZYuXqyFtNzQ3V08N1jxeHnsuewcH/rzsa2bMmCEeUavXrl3Lv67sMUjbjLe3N4+Xfx2HDx/mj5tLtyfNm6qXrVwpHqlcXt5FtZOzC/8a9nwBgUHiEQ32OEsK7LkDxwTyn4O9jvDwcHHEHXGxmzSvVTyX/+AA8YjG8uUreXznvj23j9kZv5M/xp6/oWVD/jqcnV3VqWlH+eOLwxfzn5Fte3h68mPLsDh7X9h7ITf2nOy5T1w4KiL6Gew9WGzpzt2li9hSq/39/cVW1bAPT/ZzjKmB94jcj7piDAhbQiw1NRXDhg5Fn149eZ96Rf3abGHgwpt3hjPZfuScOYiOXoHZM2ago5sbFkUsQmxsrDgCyDmZja5dX4LDs/ZYvGwZZsyahVVRUby/Pjv7Dzi0coCvWKrQrZc7AsQ2e01srcYyu3fvRO/eveHp4YH5s+fCY4A7Jowdi3FvvSmOuF90dDTs7VqjvsoMC2Z/hKCpU7Frxzdo2bolTpw4wY9p2NAWxYXFeHvc2zhx9gRmTZ0O5zYdEBISgnmhc/gxTOyWWL7qjLuXFz6Wvj97rkPH9mL4cD9xhAZ7ze+9/Q6GeHvDzsERjk6O+HTpUuk96IpuPdz4a7exscRw3yH82IKiAv5ee3oPRkrSfj5YXSZ57w/8/tlqzuvxIOfOnYP0QQNH2zYiUrlLuVeRnJSEnTt38+17nT51Cm2c7jxPdnY2du/Ygd+yf+P7pSWl/P2Oi9uOQ6nJfJ+tP5xzI//2Mf956mmcSj/Ft6siK+t3fu/sefcYUWXOZJ5BwvYE/vMU/VM7hQBGRSR4omBlLfY+Hp78XmVmpu7g0um+LoQy3bt3Vwe/G8y3fz97gX+Nl6eX+haPaAwZOpTfmIvXrqktLS3VA7wG3NUFwk7bWct46DDNcQx7rs2bvhJ7arWnlxePlbXYXaTXNX/+fL5dZsOGDeo2jm3u+v5l/i4uVjd98sn7WuiXpdfUVGo59+rVS0TUvCUdNHmy2NN8bUPpa1l3FMPej2bNnlJv2rSJ75dhXSuNnmykDg7SvCesxc5ec/nnYt0NlpaPq6fOni0iGuMDpbMD6dhFCxeKiFr9VOPGd32P0WNH87OH36vYxaENe92Q/q+9pTOEAwcO8Bs7azu4T3PP9g9KZxgMe/0dXFzUy8LnqxdKr7VZs2Y8Xl7Q5CD10ePH+fYn4Z+oXaQzpI8jFktnJl2k59sjvS+fq0eMGMHfn37S78KsubPV8dLP2bRxU/XOXZozmoM//KieK8Wr6qsNm/j7GL8zXn2w3M9S/uf65ewv/NhdO3apB0gte/Y6RowcqR49eiSPE91RYle4W0W3eDcE+6NgN1tbW3XsWk1iYl0FFWGJfepUTRJjXTHs2JiYGL5fJjAokCdlhv1RsWOWL192+8OiQPq+7Hu7u7urnR0deYxhx7FumTJlXQVliZ1ts64iXUktRP417MOLfe+y78++d2BwME+YZTGWxFmiKY+9PicnZ77NupvYc104f4Hvl/9ZPLt78MdYjL1+ts0SRxnefSTF2HtdXll8YbkPK/YzD5YSYBn2eGX/F/oo3+VW2Y192N2rIE/6UGxqJ/buYK/58gXNe+Ph4cHfc6Z8NxpTlFfEu7PY7whTviuGvX/V6XJiXWYVvf7ytyDp//teqamHa6SLy9hRV4zCqcxVyMnL59ueffrg/Pkz8PYfw7sMjh1LQdSKFfyx8kpuluBmiaYrpr6Z5r/YvGlTfl+mvkoFqeXPtzMzs/h9yKT3YGv7Hz7viJ1tE9hINzbzXG7B3/zxMmzCojKsm4dRwYyXZTJW1tb8XhfZWdn83rW9K//eZd+ffe9VkUt4ffytf6XvI92blRTD0qbyksr0lBR+37b9C/w5yv8se3/czx/LyytEcbHmNduJKiLmSrbmdbAun/IaPHF/zXUvd3dkHD3Gt1npJxMePpvfy8lGeh+Xf/Y5pA8gLP98uea2bJnmXsQ+X/klP/avor/whu8b8HDvjTHj30Jh4XUeL6/w2jWYPW7JtwuuF8DWuiHfftT8UV5WmZSYiB49XoGvny9WrFjNH2Oul9wUW2z9VCt+kVFVdXJxuet13/WziPjIYcP4sT///DNe6dEDvXv3xYKPPuXdfaSKRIInCna7Kua770REzU/7WVeFeX1z3roqr3yL/ezZs5qvlU53y2OtMa8BA/j2V5s282PWrl7N9x+EHbdh052qGPYcLMZafWWDiCdP3l85wSp6WPfKvb7b9z3vWrq31VgR1jplZxflsRZ7uzZOfHv58uX8+1+8/Cffr8zKlav5cTu2bRMRzetgsfPnz4qIxgFxFlC+K4Z1kbDXzFr+M6bPUHft3lU8UneOSe+5t/fr/H3cues7/prLzljKTJz4tvp0RgbfHjl2NB9AP//refXIocN4N9WAwYN5N8kFqVU/duRo9fjA8fzYdk5OtytjfpF+nyYH3enCqgns+27atIVX4cyeNev27ynRHbXYDUhZC5tpLrU2M7LT2YgXfHyH8AuV7lWcX4wSqWXOWIr78sqer5trZ37/0/Gj/L48awsL+PlpBkrLsKWGy5RvTbHBRbYwwPHTx0VEIz8/B71f7Y1M0botr5trB/4cm7dqLpsvr2fPnnAVF+VozlkqZia9B4yvrxe/zzipucKxPLeOrvz5mBK+2rL0ddLPVoa9DiYhKZnfl0lITOD3D5fcueqTTdjk2KYdJo0bh8Tdibffv7r0/HP/J53BHeUXM4V98AG/viEj43/iUY3mTWzx69nzfPujj8KQmHQQLf7TApdz/kb44nCM8vZGd+k9erplSzzWxFo6C9AMWraTWttsrhpmv/T+tHNux7drysgRI6XW+xto1qwZsi9dg+omtdirTCR4omC3W+zl6tjLzJ49lz/Wr1wJXpdOXe4bPN25UzP4xbD+68nBQXe1hMb4j+EDdfHx8fxx1iqdNWMW/9q5UqupDDtDmDF9Lu8bZ8oGT1k9OBM4fqLaqU0b3jfNnuPYjz/xM4inn36aP16Rfn368OdYt/ZLXnPOas+Xf/Y5j701TtPPy2hrsTODXx+s7tKlEz+OPRdrta5eu5qXL8aK/nnWt87fE1HiWIZ9LYuvXblOffTYMX4ce90s9uHCD8VRGmyAkg0swwxSa//u16RU7IwpSM/WdvDkIPWffz74jIjUPUrsBuDCxfO8MuH77+/uTmFY8goODuaDZatXawY1B0in5PPnz+Xb//v1V/4Yqzwob9bsWeph0ul2eRs2rFM/3ewpnsjYrVPX7ry7ofwFPtOnTr/9ODuNHzFiFH/+8hcLvfvuVJ6E2TGs0iQgIEB9TEqUlWEfAGGhYepWooae3Zyc2vHa8fz8fH5MkXRrJX1glFWBlBk8dKi658seYk/zfoyfGHT7+7Obo6OjesfOXeII6edcu46/5n3f3Z2Q2dcuXrZM3atnT7XDf55Vjx49Wv35as0HTPnBUyY9XfNh26zp/dUnSrZn51adur0qcvnyNfWO+K1ijygZzRVD7pOVkwNri/sHEsuwrhWmssfLsKkHrK0s+YCbrtjXWNTT/ty6qMpzsYnMcnL+hL393Ze0s+sGOnXqxGv7gwIDRVQznUPbtm35dAqx0dEiSogyUB87uY+9re0DkyF7TJdkaWtjW6WkzrCvkSOpM1V5rqtX89GiRUtMm3PnYidm3dp1/L5Vq7sT/q4dO/i930Affk+IklCLnRBh3rx5WDh/Pp6xfxbNnmrGBx/r138IXyz94vasmknJSfDzHYkrl//A1OnTERoayuOEKAkldkLKYd1MySnH+IyDbq6ucHR87r6zjlXR0ejY0RVOjjQTIVEmSuyEEGJkqI+dEEKMCvD/5c8YFG7oGs8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=" width="296" height="255"></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>E</em><sub>a (cat)</sub> to the left of <em>E</em><sub>a</sub> ✔ </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img 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" width="296" height="250"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">peak lower <em><strong>AND</strong> E</em><sub>a (cat)</sub> smaller ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«catalyst provides an» alternative pathway ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«with» lower <em>E</em><sub>a</sub><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>higher proportion of/more particles with «kinetic» <em>E</em> ≥ <em>E</em><sub>a(cat)</sub> «than <em>E</em><sub>a</sub>» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">mass of H<sub>2</sub>O = «18.360 g – 17.917 g =» 0.443 «g» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>mass of CuCl<sub>2</sub> = «17.917 g – 16.221 g =» 1.696 «g» ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">moles of H<sub>2</sub>O = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.443{\text{g}}}}{{18.02{\text{g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}"><mfrac><mrow><mn>0.443</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>g</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>18.02</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>g mo</mtext><msup><mtext>l</mtext><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac></math></span>=» 0.0246 «mol»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>moles of CuCl<sub>2</sub> =<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">«</span><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1.696{\text{g}}}}{{134.45{\text{g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}"><mfrac><mrow><mn>1.696</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>g</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>134.45</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>g mo</mtext><msup><mtext>l</mtext><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac></math></span>= » 0.0126 «mol» ✔<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«water : copper(II) chloride = 1.95 : 1»<br>«<em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math></em> =» 2 ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept «<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math> =» 1.95.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Award<strong> [3]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Wires:</em><br>«delocalized» electrons «flow» ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Electrolyte</em>:<br>«mobile» ions «flow» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Cl<sup>−</sup> → Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2e<sup>−</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Cl<sup>−</sup> → <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2}"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </math></span>Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + e<sup>−</sup> ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> NOTE: Accept e for e<sup>−</sup>.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are many oxides of silver with the formula Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>. All of them decompose into their elements when heated strongly.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After heating 3.760 g of a silver oxide 3.275 g of silver remained. Determine the empirical formula of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the final mass of solid obtained by heating 3.760 g of Ag<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> may be greater than 3.275 g giving one design improvement for your proposed suggestion. Ignore any possible errors in the weighing procedure.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Naturally occurring silver is composed of two stable isotopes, <sup>107</sup>Ag and <sup>109</sup>Ag.</p>
<p>The relative atomic mass of silver is 107.87. Show that isotope <sup>107</sup>Ag is more abundant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Some oxides of period 3, such as Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, react with water. A spatula measure of each oxide was added to a separate 100 cm<sup>3</sup> flask containing distilled water and a few drops of bromothymol blue indicator.</p>
<p>The indicator is listed in section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Deduce the colour of the resulting solution and the chemical formula of the product formed after reaction with water for each oxide.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the electrical conductivity of molten Na<sub>2</sub>O and P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the model of electron configuration deduced from the hydrogen line emission spectrum (Bohr’s model).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>n(Ag) = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{3.275{\text{ g}}}}{{107.87{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mol}}}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.275</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>107.87</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mol</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 0.03036 «mol»</p>
<p><em><strong>AND</strong></em></p>
<p>n(O) = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{3.760{\text{ g}} - 3.275{\text{ g}}}}{{16.00{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} = \frac{{0.485}}{{16.00}} = ">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.760</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3.275</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>16.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.485</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>16.00</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>» 0.03031 «mol»</p>
<p>«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.03036}}{{0.03031}} \approx 1">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.03036</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.03031</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>≈</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</math></span> / ratio of Ag to O approximately 1 : 1, so»</p>
<p>AgO</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other valid methods for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for correct empirical formula if method not shown.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>temperature too low<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>heating time too short<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>oxide not decomposed completely</p>
<p>heat sample to constant mass «for three or more trials»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “not heated strongly enough”.</em></p>
<p><em>If M1 as per markscheme, M2 can only be awarded for constant mass technique.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "soot deposition" (M1) and any suitable way to reduce it (for M2).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "absorbs moisture from atmosphere" (M1) and "cool in dessicator" (M2).</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for reference to impurity <strong>AND</strong> design improvement.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A<sub>r</sub> closer to 107/less than 108 «so more <sup>107</sup>Ag»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>A<sub>r</sub> less than the average of (107 + 109) «so more <sup>107</sup>Ag»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept calculations that gives greater than 50% <sup>107</sup>Ag.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not accept name for the products.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “Na<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>–</sup>” for NaOH.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore coefficients in front of formula.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«molten» Na<sub>2</sub>O has mobile ions/charged particles <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>conducts electricity</p>
<p>«molten» P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> does not have mobile ions/charged particles <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>does not conduct electricity/is poor conductor of electricity</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award marks without concept of mobile charges being present.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if type of bonding or electrical conductivity correctly identified in each compound.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept answers based on electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if reference made to solution.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrons in discrete/specific/certain/different shells/energy levels</p>
<p>energy levels converge/get closer together at higher energies<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>energy levels converge with distance from the nucleus</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept appropriate diagram for M1, M2 or both.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not give marks for answers that refer to the lines in the spectrum.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The Activity series lists the metal in order of reactivity.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3 elements, Na to Ar.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State an equation for the reaction of phosphorus (V) oxide, P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s), with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the emission spectrum of hydrogen.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the strongest reducing agent in the given list.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A voltaic cell is made up of a Mn<sup>2+</sup>/Mn half-cell and a Ni<sup>2+</sup>/Ni half-cell.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation for the cell reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The voltaic cell stated in part (ii) is partially shown below.</p>
<p>Draw and label the connections needed to show the direction of electron movement and ion flow between the two half-cells.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>increasing number of protons</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>increasing nuclear charge</p>
<p>«atomic» radius/size decreases</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>same number of shells</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>similar shielding «by inner electrons»</p>
<p>«greater energy needed to overcome increased attraction between nucleus and electrons»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>atomic/ionic radius increases</p>
<p>smaller charge density</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>force of attraction between metal ions and delocalised electrons decreases</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept discussion of attraction between valence electrons and</em><br><em>nucleus for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “weaker metallic bonds” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 4H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (aq)</p>
<p><em>Accept “P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> (s) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 4HPO<sub>3 </sub>(aq)” (initial reaction).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«series of» lines</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>only certain frequencies/wavelengths</p>
<p>convergence at high«er» frequency/energy/short«er» wavelength</p>
<p><em>M1 and/or M2 may be shown on a diagram.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mn</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mn (s) + Ni<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) → Ni (s) + Mn<sup>2+ </sup>(aq)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>wire between electrodes AND labelled salt bridge in contact with both electrolytes</p>
<p>anions to right (salt bridge)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>cations to left (salt bridge)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>arrow from Mn to Ni (on wire or next to it)</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em>Electrodes can be connected directly or through voltmeter/ammeter/light bulb, but <strong>not</strong> a battery/power supply.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept ions or a specific salt as the label of the salt bridge.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>