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<h2>HL Paper 3</h2><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">A voltaic cell is made up of nickel and magnesium half-cells.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>Mg</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo> </mo><mo>|</mo><mo> </mo><msup><mi>Mg</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo> </mo><mo>|</mo><mo> </mo><mo>|</mo><mo> </mo><msup><mi>Ni</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo> </mo><mo>|</mo><mo> </mo><mi>Ni</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo></math></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Write the balanced equation for the reaction in this voltaic cell.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Calculate the cell potential for <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0100</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><msup><mi>Mg</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>800</mn><mo> </mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><msup><mi>Ni</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span><span class="fontstyle0"> at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>298</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi></math>. Use sections 1, 2 and 24 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Predict, giving a reason, how an increase in temperature affects the potential of this cell. </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>Mg</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>Ni</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>Mg</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>Ni</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept a balanced molecular equation such as “<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>M</mi><mi>g</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">+</mo><mi>N</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>S</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">4</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="italic">→</mo><mi>M</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>S</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn mathvariant="italic">4</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="italic">+</mo><mi>N</mi><mi>i</mi></math>”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Ɵ</mi></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>«</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>37</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>26</mn><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo>(</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>)</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>11</mn><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>«</mo><mi>Q</mi><mo>=</mo><mfenced><mfrac><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0100</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>800</mn></mrow></mfrac></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0125</mn></math> <em><strong>AND <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>2</mn></math></strong></em> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>E</mi><mi>Ɵ</mi></msup><mo>−</mo><mfenced><mfrac><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>F</mi></mrow></mfrac></mfenced><mo> </mo><mi>ln</mi><mo> </mo><mi>Q</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>11</mn><mo>−</mo><mfenced><mfrac><mrow><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>298</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>96</mn><mo> </mo><mn>500</mn></mrow></mfrac></mfenced><mo> </mo><mi>ln</mi><mo> </mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0125</mn><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mo>(</mo><mo>+</mo><mo>)</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>17</mn><mo>«</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><br><em>Award <strong>[3]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>cell potential/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi></math> increases <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>increasing temperature favours forward reaction<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>cell potential/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi></math> increases <em><strong>AND</strong></em> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∆</mo><mi>G</mi></math> becomes more negative<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>cell potential/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi></math> increases <em><strong>AND</strong> </em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>n</mi><mi>F</mi><mo> </mo><mi>ln</mi><mo> </mo><mi>Q</mi></math> becomes more negative ✔</p>
<p><br><em>Accept any correct mathematical explanation using the Nernst equation.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Nearly all were able to write the balanced equation for the reaction occurring in the voltaic cell.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The cell potential numerical problem was well executed and many scored all three marks, by calculating the final answer as +2.17 V. The most common errors related to either incorrectly calculating Q or identifying n = 2 in the intermediate, numerical step.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was often gained as an easy subsequent mark for those that scored full marks in (b). The majority approached this problem by applying a mathematical explanation using the Nernst equation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that generates electricity from a spontaneous redox reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The <em>Geobacter</em> species of bacteria can be used in microbial fuel cells to oxidise aqueous ethanoate ions, <br>CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>−</sup>(aq), to carbon dioxide gas.</p>
<p>State the half-equations for the reactions at both electrodes.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A concentration cell is an example of an electrochemical cell.</p>
<p>(i) State the difference between a concentration cell and a standard voltaic cell.</p>
<p>(ii) The overall redox equation and the standard cell potential for a voltaic cell are:</p>
<p>Zn (s) + Cu<sup>2+</sup> (aq) → Zn<sup>2+</sup> (aq) + Cu (s) <em>E</em><sup>θ</sup><sub>cell</sub> = +1.10 V</p>
<p>Determine the cell potential <em>E</em> at 298 K to three significant figures given the following concentrations in mol dm<sup>−3</sup>:</p>
<p>[Zn<sup>2+</sup>] = 1.00 × 10<sup>−4</sup> [Cu<sup>2+</sup>] = 1.00 × 10<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p>Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(iii) Deduce, giving your reason, whether the reaction in (b) (ii) is more or less spontaneous than in the standard cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) convert solar energy into electrical energy.</p>
<p>(i) Describe how a DSSC converts sunlight into electrical energy.</p>
<p>(ii) Explain the role of the electrolyte solution containing iodide ions, I<sup>−</sup>, and triiodide ions, I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, in the DSSC.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Negative electrode (anode):</em> CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>−</sup> (aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 2CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + 7H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + 8e<sup>−</sup></p>
<p><em>Positive electrode (cathode):</em> O<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 4H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + 4e<sup>−</sup> → 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p><em>Accept equilibrium signs in equations. <br>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if correct equations are given at wrong electrodes.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i<br>concentration cell has different concentrations of electrolyte «solutions» «but same electrodes and electrolytes»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>standard voltaic cell has different electrodes/electrolytes «but same concentration of electrolytes»<br><em>Accept “both half-cells in concentration cell made from same materials”.</em></p>
<p><br>ii<br>«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="E = 1.10 - \left( {\frac{{RT}}{{nF}}} \right)\ln \frac{{\left[ {{\text{Z}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}} \right]}}{{\left[ {{\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}} \right]}} = 1.10 - \left( {\frac{{8.31 \times 298}}{{2 \times 96500}}} \right)\ln \frac{{{{10}^{ - 4}}}}{{{{10}^{ - 1}}}} = 1.10 + 0.0886 = ">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1.10</mn>
<mo>−</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo></mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>Z</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>n</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>C</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>u</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1.10</mn>
<mo>−</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>8.31</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>298</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>96500</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo></mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1.10</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>0.0886</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span>»</p>
<p>(+) 1.19 «V»<br><em>3 significant figures needed for mark.</em></p>
<p><br>iii<br>more spontaneous because <em>E</em> > <em>E</em><sup>θ</sup><sub>cell</sub></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p>photon/«sun»light absorbed by the dye/photosensitizer/«transition» metal complex<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>dye/photosensitizer/«transition» metal complex excited by photon/«sun»light </p>
<p>electron«s» move«s» to conduction band<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>electron«s» transferred to semiconductor/TiO<sub>2</sub> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p>I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + 2e<sup>−</sup> → 3I<sup>−</sup> «at cathode»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>triiodide ions/I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> reduced into/produce iodide ions/I<sup>−</sup> «at cathode»</p>
<p>iodide ions/I<sup>−</sup> reduce dye/act as reducing agent <em><strong>AND</strong></em> oxidized into/produce triiodide ions/I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><sup> <br></sup><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>dye<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → dye <strong><em>AND</em></strong> 3I<sup>-</sup> → I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + 2e<sup>−</sup></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell uses pure hydrogen gas as the fuel and a proton exchange membrane as the electrolyte.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" 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" width="512" height="421"></span></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) uses light energy to produce electricity.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the half-equations for the reactions occurring at the electrodes.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>Anode (negative electrode):<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Cathode (positive electrode):</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the cell potential, <em>E</em><sup>θ</sup>, in V, using section 24 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest how PEM fuel cells can be used to produce a larger voltage than that calculated in (b)(i).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest an advantage of the PEM fuel cell over the lead-acid battery for use in cars.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline the functions of the dye, TiO<sub>2</sub> and the electrolyte in the operation of the DSSC.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Dye: </span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">TiO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub>:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Electrolyte:</span></span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest an advantage of the DSSC over silicon-based photovoltaic cells.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Anode (negative electrode):</em><br>H<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + 2e<sup>−</sup> ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Cathode (positive electrode):</em><br>O<sub>2</sub> (g) + 4H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + 4e<sup>−</sup> → 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept any correct integer or fractional coefficients. Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for M1 and M2 if correct half-equations are given at the wrong electrodes <strong>OR</strong> if incorrect reversed half-equations are given at the correct electrodes.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
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<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">(+)1.23 «V» ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>NOTE: Do <strong>not</strong> accept “-1.23 «V»”.</em></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
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<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">connect several fuel cells in series<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>increase pressure/concentration of reactant/hydrogen/oxygen ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Do <strong>not</strong> accept changes in [H<sup>+</sup>]/pH as they do not affect cell potential in this case.<br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept reference to quantity for “concentration”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
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<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">liquid in cell is less/not corrosive<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>does not contain lead/toxic chemicals<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>larger energy density/charge capacity/current per unit mass<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>does not have to be charged prior to use / is always ready for use «as long as fuel is available» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
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<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Dye</em>:<br>absorbs photons/light<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>releases electrons ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>TiO2</em>:<br>conducts current/electricity<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>semiconductor ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Electrolyte</em>:<br>reduces/regenerates «the oxidized» dye ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
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<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any one of:</em><br>cheaper/ease of manufacture<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>plentiful and renewable resources «to construct DSSC cells» ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">use light of lower energy/lower frequency/longer wavelength<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>use of nanoparticles provides large surface area for exposure to sunlight/sun/light<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>can absorb better under cloudy conditions ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">operate at lower «internal» temperatures<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>better at radiating heat away «since constructed with thin front layer of conductive plastic compared to glass box in photovoltaic cells» ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">better conductivity ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">more flexible/durable ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept “lower mass/lighter «so greater flexibility to integrate into windows etc.»” <strong>OR</strong> “greater power-conversion efficiency «with latest DSSC models»”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
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[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
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[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
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[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
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[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
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[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
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[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
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