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<h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Bonds can be formed in many ways.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The equilibrium for a mixture of NO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> gases is represented as:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2NO<sub>2</sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(g)</p>
<p>At 100°C, the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, is 0.21.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Bonds can be formed in many ways.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss the bonding in the resonance structures of ozone.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce one resonance structure of ozone and the corresponding formal charges on each oxygen atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The first six ionization energies, in kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>, of an element are given below.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-21_om_08.29.16.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/04.c"></p>
<p>Explain the large increase in ionization energy from IE<sub>3</sub> to IE<sub>4</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>At a given time, the concentration of NO<sub>2</sub>(g) and N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(g) were 0.52 and <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="0.10{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}">
<mn>0.10</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> mol</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> respectively.</p>
<p>Deduce, showing your reasoning, if the forward or the reverse reaction is favoured at this time.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Comment on the value of Δ<em>G</em> when the reaction quotient equals the equilibrium constant, <em>Q</em> = <em>K</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Many reactions are in a state of equilibrium.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The following reaction was allowed to reach equilibrium at 761 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub> (g) + I<sub>2</sub> (g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> 2HI (g) Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup> < 0</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The pH of 0.010 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> carbonic acid, H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq), is 4.17 at 25 °C.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> (aq) + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression,<em> K</em><sub>c</sub> , for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The following equilibrium concentrations in mol dm<sup>–3</sup> were obtained at 761 K.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant at 761 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the value of Δ<em>G</em><sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for the above reaction at 761 K using section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>] in the solution and the dissociation constant, <em>K</em><sub>a</sub> , of the acid at 25 °C.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate <em>K</em><sub>b</sub> for HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> acting as a base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Hydrogen and iodine react to form hydrogen iodide.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub> (g) + <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math><sub>2</sub> (g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2H<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math> (g)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The following experimental data was obtained.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Consider the reaction of hydrogen with solid iodine.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">H<sub>2</sub> (g) + <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math><sub>2</sub> (s) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2H<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>I</mtext></math> (g) Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup> = +53.0 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the order of reaction with respect to hydrogen.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the rate expression for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the value of the rate constant stating its units.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>two</strong> conditions necessary for a successful collision between reactants.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the entropy change of reaction, Δ<em>S</em><sup>⦵</sup>, in J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving a reason, how the value of the ΔS<sup>⦵</sup><sub>reaction</sub> would be affected if <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mtext>I</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math> (g) were used as a reactant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the Gibbs free energy change, Δ<em>G</em><sup>⦵</sup>, in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, for the reaction at 298 K. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this reaction at 298 K. Use your answer to (d)(iii) and sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(If you did not obtain an answer to (d)(iii) use a value of 2.0 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, although this is not the correct answer).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Consider the following equilibrium reaction:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2SO<sub>2</sub> (g) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2SO<sub>3</sub> (g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for the reaction above.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain how the equilibrium would be affected by increasing the volume of the reaction container at a constant temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>SO<sub>2</sub> (g), O<sub>2 </sub>(g) and SO<sub>3 </sub>(g) are mixed and allowed to reach equilibrium at 600 °C.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Determine the value of <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> at 600 °C.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>White phosphorus is an allotrope of phosphorus and exists as P<sub>4</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>An equilibrium exists between PCl<sub>3</sub> and PCl<sub>5</sub>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">PCl<sub>3 </sub>(g) + Cl<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> PCl<sub>5 </sub>(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the P<sub>4</sub> molecule, containing only single bonds.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Write an equation for the reaction of white phosphorus (P<sub>4</sub>) with chlorine gas to form phosphorus trichloride (PCl<sub>3</sub>).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the electron domain and molecular geometry using VSEPR theory, and estimate the Cl–P–Cl bond angle in PCl<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the reason why PCl<sub>5</sub> is a non-polar molecule, while PCl<sub>4</sub>F is polar.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the standard enthalpy change (Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup>) for the forward reaction in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>f</sub> PCl<sub>3 </sub>(g) = −306.4 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup><sub>f</sub> PCl<sub>5 </sub>(g) = −398.9 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the entropy change, Δ<em>S</em>, in J K<sup>−1 </sup>mol<sup>−1</sup>, for this reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"> </p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><em>Chemistry 2e, Chpt. 21 Nuclear Chemistry, Appendix G: Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/g-standard-thermodynamic-properties-for- selectedsubstances# page_667adccf-f900-4d86-a13d-409c014086ea © 1999-2021, Rice University. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.</em></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the Gibbs free energy change (Δ<em>G</em>), in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, for this reaction at 25 °C. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>If you did not obtain an answer in c(i) or c(ii) use −87.6 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> and −150.5 J mol<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup> respectively, but these are not the correct answers.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em>, for this reaction at 25 °C, referring to section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>If you did not obtain an answer in (c)(iii), use Δ<em>G</em> = –43.5 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, but this is not the correct answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression,<em> K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State, with a reason, the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of this equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(vi).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Phenylethene can be polymerized to form polyphenylethene (polystyrene, PS).</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="images/6.PNG" alt width="187" height="190"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The major product of the reaction with hydrogen bromide is C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>–CHBr–CH<sub>3</sub> and the minor product is C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>–CH<sub>2</sub>–CH<sub>2</sub>Br.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw the repeating unit of polyphenylethene.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Phenylethene is manufactured from benzene and ethene in a two-stage process. The overall reaction can be represented as follows with ΔG<sup>θ</sup> = +10.0 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> at 298 K.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="images/6b.PNG" alt width="593" height="174"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the equilibrium constant for the overall conversion at 298 K, using section 1 of the data booklet.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The benzene ring of phenylethene reacts with the nitronium ion, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>, and the C=C double bond reacts with hydrogen bromide, HBr.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Compare and contrast these two reactions in terms of their reaction mechanisms.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Similarity: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Difference:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline why the major product, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>–CHBr–CH<sub>3</sub>, can exist in two forms and state the relationship between these forms.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Two forms: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Relationship:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The minor product, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>–CH<sub>2</sub>–CH<sub>2</sub>Br, can exist in different conformational forms (isomers).</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline what this means.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The minor product, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>–CH<sub>2</sub>–CH<sub>2</sub>Br, can be directly converted to an intermediate compound, <strong>X</strong>, which can then be directly converted to the acid C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>–CH<sub>2</sub>–COOH.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>–CH<sub>2</sub>–CH<sub>2</sub>Br → <strong>X</strong> → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>–CH<sub>2</sub>–COOH</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify <strong>X</strong>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia is produced by the Haber–Bosch process which involves the equilibrium:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">N<sub>2 </sub>(g) + 3 H<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> 2 NH<sub>3 </sub>(g)</p>
<p>The percentage of ammonia at equilibrium under various conditions is shown:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><sup>[The Haber Bosch Process [graph] Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ammonia_yield.png</sup><br><sup>[Accessed: 16/07/2022].]</sup></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>One factor affecting the position of equilibrium is the enthalpy change of the reaction.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The standard free energy change, Δ<em>G</em><sup>⦵</sup>, for the Haber–Bosch process is –33.0 kJ at 298 K.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the expression for the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, for this equation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how the use of a catalyst affects the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>With reference to the reaction quotient, Q, explain why the percentage yield increases as the pressure is increased at constant temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em>, for the Haber–Bosch process, in kJ. Use Section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the value obtained in (b)(i) might differ from a value calculated using Δ<em>H</em><sub>f</sub> data.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Demonstrate that your answer to (b)(i) is consistent with the effect of an increase in temperature on the percentage yield, as shown in the graph.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State, giving a reason, whether the reaction is spontaneous or not at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em>, at 298 K. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the entropy change for the Haber–Bosch process, in J mol<sup>–1 </sup>K<sup>–1</sup> at 298 K. Use your answer to (b)(i) and section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, with reference to the reaction equation, why this sign for the entropy change is expected.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Urea, (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO, is excreted by mammals and can be used as a fertilizer.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Urea can also be made by the direct combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) Δ<em>H </em>< 0</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the percentage of nitrogen affects the cost of transport of fertilizers giving a reason.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The structural formula of urea is shown.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.43.42.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_01"></p>
<p>Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries at the nitrogen and carbon atoms, applying the VSEPR theory.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.45.16.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_02"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH<sub>4</sub>Cl.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">KNCO(aq) + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(aq) + KCl(aq)</p>
<p>Determine the maximum mass of urea that could be formed from 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> potassium cyanate solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, with a reason, the effect on the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, when the temperature is increased.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine an approximate order of magnitude for <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet. Assume Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup> for the forward reaction is approximately +50 kJ at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch two different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.</p>
<p>Formulate a balanced equation for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the maximum volume of CO<sub>2</sub>, in cm<sup>3</sup>, produced at STP by the combustion of 0.600 g of urea, using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bond formation when urea acts as a ligand in a transition metal complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The C–N bonds in urea are shorter than might be expected for a single C–N bond. Suggest, in terms of electrons, how this could occur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The mass spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.00.41.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.j_01"></p>
<p>Identify the species responsible for the peaks at <em>m</em>/<em>z </em>= 60 and 44.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxEAAADDCAYAAAD9eZzfAAATEElEQVR4Ae3df2ycdR0H8M8aJIQsCwQiMN1o4ZYlG0wy8Q/8w80fkCwIdYgjIAgSBUUSg4B/wMbAGlF+yB8qRCHQwcBMETcwEIckhSCaqEuUYbK00AKhjmQYUpplWcKdubYHj9DbcaTfy57vvfrPPb1+e5/n8/p82907d083r1ar1cIHAQIECBAgQIAAAQIEPqBAzwdcZxkBAgQIECBAgAABAgSmBA5pOFR6+xqHbgkQIECAAAECBAgQIDCrwMjYaMwrvp2pHiTqd/ogQIAAAQIECBAgQIBAUaCYFbydqSjjmAABAgQIECBAgACBlgJCREsiCwgQIECAAAECBAgQKAoIEUUNxwQIECBAgAABAgQItBQQIloSWUCAAAECBAgQIECAQFFAiChqOCZAgAABAgQIECBAoKWAENGSyAICBAgQIECAAAECBIoCQkRRwzEBAgQIECBAgAABAi0FhIiWRBYQIECAAAECBAgQIFAUECKKGo4JECBAgAABAgQIEGgpIES0JLKAAAECBAgQIECAAIGigBBR1HBMgAABAgQIECBAgEBLASGiJZEFBAgQIECAAAECBAgUBYSIooZjAgQIECBAgAABAgRaCggRLYksIECAAAECBAgQIECgKCBEFDUcEyBAgAABAgQIECDQUkCIaElkAQECBAgQIECAAAECRQEhoqjhmAABAgQIECBAgACBlgJCREsiCwgQIECAAAECBAgQKAoIEUUNxwQIECBAgAABAgQItBTIIkRUd/8tNq/vj0pvX1R6l8eZ6x+KHbv3F5rfH7t3PBQb1iwvrLk3/rBjd1QLqxwSIECAAAECBAgQINBaoPQhojq+Na5cc2+8fdEDMTI2GiM7H4nLYkusu/yhGJ5JCNXxx+MHF26JuGAwnn1pNEZeeipu+uhf4roL74pnJsSI1tvECgIECBAgQIAAAQLvCpQ8ROyJZ+68I54987xYu3TBdFfzl0b/96+K84fvi/uf2RMR++LF7Q/H9iVr42tf/VQcW++459g49cpr4uolz8VTO/77roYjAgQIECBAgAABAgRaCpQ7REzsjKceiej/wkkxEyGmG16wOgb+/XQMrD46IibjtZFX4/CTe+OYYrc9R8XxJ++PbX/aGRP176ruik39y6PSP/jOKxgt9SwgQIAAAQIECBAg0IUCxafVpWu/+vpY7Ny7KCoLxmNocH2cOXVNxGlx2R1PxvBk471Mb8TLz9dfkZj9Y+/zY/F6fWnP0rh42wsxsu2SWFJqldn7dC8BAgQIECBAgACBuRIo8dPlaky+Nhovxqvxm+tvjqHeK+Kx+jURY3+Mq498JM6/9tEYr4eDyf/EyPDeufLyOAQIECBAgAABAgS6XqDEIaIxuz1x6Hk3xg2rF8Z0Mwti6TnnxZqn74i7pq6JaKxzS4AAAQIECBAgQIDAXAhkECKOjpN6j5oJEDMk84+LypK3YufYG1GdOj58Lqw8BgECBAgQIECAAAEC9SsByqvQEwtWfjb6W+WDqQuo6xdYz/7xvguuZ1/mXgIECBAgQIAAAQIEZgRKHCIiYv4Jceqqwl9Yaox16jqIvli14pjoifnxscqieOcC6saaav2C67fixMpxMb9xn1sCBAgQIECAAAECBFoKlDtE9Hw8Pv/NC2LR5p/FvTvenG62ujv+PvhgPLHqolh3yhERcViceMa5ccbwL+PW+1+Iyfqq+pqf3xa3D58V3z1nSZlfjmk5YAsIECBAgAABAgQIzLVAuUNE/XWGld+JLU9+K+LONVGp/4nXE9bGr95eF7++9exYONNdz8LPxVV3Xh7HbFkXp0ytOS0u/deyGNj87fjMgplF/p+Iud5bHo8AAQIECBAgQCBTgXm1Wq3W6K3+JHxkbLTxqVsCBAgQIECAAAECBAhMCRSzQslfiTBRAgQIECBAgAABAgQ6LSBEdFpcPQIECBAgQIAAAQIlFxAiSj5Ap0+AAAECBAgQIECg0wJCRKfF1SNAgAABAgQIECBQcgEhouQDdPoECBAgQIAAAQIEOi0gRHRaXD0CBAgQIECAAAECJRcQIko+QKdPgAABAgQIECBAoNMCQkSnxdUjQIAAAQIECBAgUHIBIaLkA3T6BAgQIECAAAECBDotIER0Wlw9AgQIECBAgAABAiUXECJKPkCnT4AAAQIECBAgQKDTAkJEp8XVI0CAAAECBAgQIFByASGi5AN0+gQIECBAgAABAgQ6LSBEdFpcPQIECBAgQIAAAQIlFxAiSj5Ap0+AAAECBAgQIECg0wJCRKfF1SNAgAABAgQIECBQcgEhouQDdPoECBAgQIAAAQIEOi0gRHRaXD0CBAgQIECAAAECJRcQIko+QKdPgAABAgQIECBAoNMCQkSnxdUjQIAAAQIECBAgUHIBIaLkA3T6BAgQIECAAAECBDotIER0Wlw9AgQIECBAgAABAiUXECJKPkCnT4AAAQIECBAgQKDTAkJEp8XVI0CAAAECBAgQIFByASGi5AN0+gQIECBAgAABAgQ6LSBEdFpcPQIECBAgQIAAAQIlFxAiSj5Ap0+AAAECBAgQIECg0wJCRKfF1SNAgAABAgQIECBQcgEhouQDdPoECBAgQIAAAQIEOi2QVYioDg/G2t6+WLF+KCaaSVZ3xab+5VFZtjGGJqpNVu2L4cELo9K7KjYM7WmyJiL3esEqIuyF+g9A7ntdf/UhH4y/G+29qX+ADsrZ+N3od+PM0yP7c/rHdM6eg864luBmXq1WqzXOs9LbFyNjo41P3RIgQIAAAQIECBAgQGBKoJgVsnolwnwJECBAgAABAgQIEEgvIESkN1aBAAECBAgQIECAQFYCQkRW49QMAQIECBAgQIAAgfQCQkR6YxUIECBAgAABAgQIZCUgRGQ1Ts0QIECAAAECBAgQSC8gRKQ3VoEAAQIECBAgQIBAVgJCRFbj1AwBAgQIECBAgACB9AJCRHpjFQgQIECAAAECBAhkJSBEZDVOzRAgQIAAAQIECBBILyBEpDdWgQABAgQIECBAgEBWAkJEVuPUDAECBAgQIECAAIH0AkJEemMVCBAgQIAAAQIECGQlIERkNU7NECBAgAABAgQIEEgvIESkN1aBAAECBAgQIECAQFYCQkRW49QMAQIECBAgQIAAgfQCQkR6YxUIECBAgAABAgQIZCUgRGQ1Ts0QIECAAAECBAgQSC8gRKQ3VoEAAQIECBAgQIBAVgJCRFbj1AwBAgQIECBAgACB9AJCRHpjFQgQIECAAAECBAhkJSBEZDVOzRAgQIAAAQIECBBILyBEpDdWgQABAgQIECBAgEBWAkJEVuPUDAECBAgQIECAAIH0AkJEemMVCBAgQIAAAQIECGQlIERkNU7NECBAgAABAgQIEEgvIESkN1aBAAECBAgQIECAQFYCQkRW49QMAQIECBAgQIAAgfQCQkR6YxUIECBAgAABAgQIZCUgRGQ1Ts0QIECAAAECBAgQSC8gRKQ3VoEAAQIECBAgQIBAVgJCRFbj1AwBAgQIECBAgACB9AJCRHpjFQgQIECAAAECBAhkJSBEZDVOzRAgQIAAAQIECBBILyBEpDdWgQABAgQIECBAgEBWAkJEVuPUDAECBAgQIECAAIH0AkJEemMVCBAgQIAAAQIECGQlIERkNU7NECBAgAABAgQIEEgvIESkN1aBAAECBAgQIECAQFYCQkRW49QMAQIECBAgQIAAgfQCQkR6YxUIECBAgAABAgQIZCUgRGQ1Ts0QIECAAAECBAgQSC8gRKQ3VoEAAQIECBAgQIBAVgJCRFbj1AwBAgQIECBAgACB9AJCRHpjFQgQIECAAAECBAhkJSBEZDVOzRAgQIAAAQIECBBILyBEpDdWgQABAgQIECBAgEBWAkJEVuPUDAECBAgQIECAAIH0AkJEemMVCBAgQIAAAQIECGQlIERkNU7NECBAgAABAgQIEEgvkFmI2B/jW6+KFcs2xtBEtaledXxrXLFsVWwY2tN0jS8QIECAAAECBAgQIDC7QFYhojr+ePzwuq2xd/Zep++tvhKPDfwkth9w0YEewNcIECBAgAABAgQIdLdAPiFi8oV44IZfxMvHLz7ARCdi1/03x8DYkXHiAVb5EgECBAgQIECAAAECzQUyCRFvxo67b4jbP/L1uPori5p0W43JHZvie7ccFtdfc3Yc/t5V1V2xqX95VPoHY7j5O6He+10+J0CAAAECBAgQINB1AhmEiHo4eCA23L04BjZ8MRY162jyH3HP9Q/H8T+6Ks5afNj7B92zNC7e9kKMbLskljR7jPd/l3sIECBAgAABAgQIdJ1A+Z8uT4WD5+L0zRujf+GhTQZYf6Xip/HkGbfFLV9aHOVvukmb7iZAgAABAgQIECDQAYFDOlAjXYnqK7Ht2mumwsGWlUdExL5ZatX/YtNNccn2T8fgbz8Z8yPCu5VmYXIXAQIECBAgQIAAgQ8oUOIQsT/GH70jNoydG4O3ToeD2Xqe/otNr8SlmzfGyvleg5jNyH0ECBAgQIAAAQIE2hGYV6vVao1vqPT2xcjYaOPTg/u2fiH02nNi4J/N/lbr4XHyjQ/Gj+O2OPPGPzfv5RMb44nfuw6iOZCvECBAgAABAgQIEIgoZoXyhohZJ7kvhge/EWtuOTHu+evGWL1g9lceqsOD8eXT74uTBn8XA6uPnvWR3EmAAAECBAgQIECAwLsCxRAx+7Psd9c6IkCAAAECBAgQIECAwP8JCBENDv9PREPCLQECBAgQIECAAIEDCmT2dqYD9uqLBAgQIECAAAECBAh8SAFvZ/qQcL6NAAECBAgQIECAAIHw/67ZBAQIECBAgAABAgQItCfgmoj2vKwmQIAAAQIECBAg0PUCQkTXbwEABAgQIECAAAECBNoTECLa87KaAAECBAgQIECAQNcLCBFdvwUAECBAgAABAgQIEGhPQIhoz8tqAgQIECBAgAABAl0vIER0/RYAQIAAAQIECBAgQKA9ASGiPS+rCRAgQIAAAQIECHS9gBDR9VsAAAECBAgQIECAAIH2BISI9rysJkCAAAECBAgQIND1AkJE128BAAQIECBAgAABAgTaExAi2vOymgABAgQIECBAgEDXCwgRXb8FABAgQIAAAQIECBBoT0CIaM/LagIECBAgQIAAAQJdLyBEdP0WAECAAAECBAgQIECgPQEhoj0vqwkQIECAAAECBAh0vYAQ0fVbAAABAgQIECBAgACB9gSEiPa8rCZAgAABAgQIECDQ9QJCRNdvAQAECBAgQIAAAQIE2hMQItrzspoAAQIECBAgQIBA1wsIEV2/BQAQIECAAAECBAgQaE9AiGjPy2oCBAgQIECAAAECXS8gRHT9FgBAgAABAgQIECBAoD0BIaI9L6sJECBAgAABAgQIdL2AENH1WwAAAQIECBAgQIAAgfYEhIj2vKwmQIAAAQIECBAg0PUCQkTXbwEABAgQIECAAAECBNoTECLa87KaAAECBAgQIECAQNcLZBUiqsODsba3L1asH4qJZqOt7opN/cujsmxjDE1Um6zaF8ODF0ald1VsGNrTZE1E7vWCVUTYC/UfgNz3uv7qQz4Yfzfae1P/AB2Us/G70e/GmadH9uf0j+mcPQedcS3BzbxarVZrnGelty9GxkYbn7olQIAAAQIECBAgQIDAlEAxK2T1SoT5EiBAgAABAgQIECCQXkCISG+sAgECBAgQIECAAIGsBISIrMapGQIECBAgQIAAAQLpBYSI9MYqECBAgAABAgQIEMhKQIjIapyaIUCAAAECBAgQIJBeQIhIb6wCAQIECBAgQIAAgawEhIisxqkZAgQIECBAgAABAukFhIj0xioQIECAAAECBAgQyEpAiMhqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgkF5AiEhvrAIBAgQIECBAgACBrASEiKzGqRkCBAgQIECAAAEC6QWEiPTGKhAgQIAAAQIECBDISkCIyGqcmiFAgAABAgQIECCQXkCISG+sAgECBAgQIECAAIGsBISIrMapGQIECBAgQIAAAQLpBYSI9MYqECBAgAABAgQIEMhKQIjIapyaIUCAAAECBAgQIJBeQIhIb6wCAQIECBAgQIAAgawEhIisxqkZAgQIECBAgAABAukFhIj0xioQIECAAAECBAgQyEpAiMhqnJohQIAAAQIECBAgkF5AiEhvrAIBAgQIECBAgACBrASEiKzGqRkCBAgQIECAAAEC6QWEiPTGKhAgQIAAAQIECBDISkCIyGqcmiFAgAABAgQIECCQXkCISG+sAgECBAgQIECAAIGsBISIrMapGQIECBAgQIAAAQLpBYSI9MYqECBAgAABAgQIEMhKQIjIapyaIUCAAAECBAgQIJBeQIhIb6wCAQIECBAgQIAAgawE5tVqtVq9o0pvX1aNaYYAAQIECBAgQIAAgbkXGBkbjXdCxNw/vEckQIAAAQIECBAgQCBHAW9nynGqeiJAgAABAgQIECCQUECISIjroQkQIECAAAECBAjkKCBE5DhVPREgQIAAAQIECBBIKPA/e1wPFjlFBjYAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The IR spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.07.17.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.k_01"></p>
<p>Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1700 cm<sup>−1</sup> using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxMAAADKCAYAAADegx0qAAAaNUlEQVR4Ae3dC3BddZ0H8C+RYZlu7KB0pbw02aTWbXmMEZyKjFRF1EW2D1fYslWq8lgFgSJYV6gVC2hB5T2KOmO6YnERClUHdopoYBSYRYJIwSlJNhGk1hEfUzOV6Tg3O3k2aRqaXsqhPfl0pnNf53/+5/f5nabnm3vOvXv19PT0xB8CBAgQIECAAAECBAjspEDNTi5vcQIECBAgQIAAAQIECPQJCBN2BAIECBAgQIAAAQIEqhIQJqpiM4gAAQIECBAgQIAAgb0HCRrr6gfvuiVAgAABAgQIECBAgMB2Bdq7Ooee32v4Bdi9gWL4i0NLuUOAAAECBAgQIECAwIQW2F5WcJrThN4lFE+AAAECBAgQIECgegFhono7IwkQIECAAAECBAhMaAFhYkK3X/EECBAgQIAAAQIEqhcQJqq3M5IAAQIECBAgQIDAhBYQJiZ0+xVPgAABAgQIECBAoHoBYaJ6OyMJECBAgAABAgQITGgBYWJCt1/xBAgQIECAAAECBKoXECaqtzOSAAECBAgQIECAwIQWECYmdPsVT4AAAQIECBAgQKB6AWGiejsjCRAgQIAAAQIECExoAWFiQrdf8QQIECBAgAABAgSqFxAmqrczkgABAgQIECBAgMCEFhAmJnT7FU+AAAECBAgQIECgegFhono7IwkQIECAAAECBAhMaAFhYkK3X/EECBAgQIAAAQIEqhcQJqq3M5IAAQIECBAgQIDAhBYQJiZ0+xVPgAABAgQIECBAoHoBYaJ6OyMJECBAgAABAgQITGgBYaJs7a9sSMuyBTnzzt+UrTL1ECBAgAABAgQI7GYCwsRu1pAXszmVjQ/n5s9+LKevXP9iVmMsAQIECBAgQIAAgXEJCBPjYtpTFnpF9p//pXz3vPo9ZYNtJwECBAgQIECAwB4sUIIwsSlt916fM2fUp7GuPo0zzsg197al+wWaUtlwZz4+47gsbXluxFKVtubM613Htn/nNKetMrBoZWNav31JThxaZk6WNt+V1o1bRqzrJXvwt9Zc88btbOMbr84vpjTlvU0HpgRNfcn4rJgAAQIECBAgQGDXCey961b1cqxpSzbcuSzvv2lylq95LF+fVpvutu9nxbmn5JRf3pT/Xnx0arfdrMrT+cHyFVm7eZ8sGPFaJd3PdqbjyGW5+45FmbbdI/It2fD9FVm06u/zqdUP5tSmqcnGB3PjJRdkUfuk/PSy2Zk8Yp0vwYO9m3L+o505/yVYtVUSIECAAAECBAgQ2BmB7R4y78wKXtZlNz2Qr36mNXOWfCJzpvUextekdtp78qFTZmT9N36Yn28afDthcCs3Zf1/fSHLu16VhsGnhm7/mNYftSSH1+WAsVQqnbnnW/el4ZQP9gWJ3sVqpr4lZy85Kw2rf5LWUfMNrdwdAgQIECBAgAABAqUTGOuwec8odPLsLH/yviyfPWUc21tJd+vKXHDlvrn4wn/JpG1HVP6QXz/+lzQ0Hjj63YzBZbt/m/a2V+awuv1HnEpUc0BdDktL7m394+CSW2+3OS3qiNOvz4/bNvW/vqklS2fMzLyrV+eeq8/IEX2nTs3MiZesSuvG50acvnXE6V/Lz6s8lar/9K2Zmde8PtvGq60b6h4BAgQIECBAgACBnRPYs8PEqFq3ZOPDzbnqyo6ccMVH87bJw8rrfiTfvPi2vO6KxTnptfuOGpm+oPB3+Yff35b/GH79xZ2t2ThwBF75XVfWbR49tP+Z57Ku6w8jD9YrT2fN2fNy8qpX5Mx7Hkt712P53rFP5vw5y7Jmw+A1Fpvz+LUrc3/9hXmgqzNPPXRdjn7k8pw866Rc9cRR+fy6zrSv+2E+mZX5yKV3ZcMO00Btmhbfnq/PPWRoQ2umLcodXU/kjkXTR4SgoQXcIUCAAAECBAgQIFCFwLCj7SpG70ZD+n/7Pj3HfmBFHjrmtHxk1tRhB85/Tus3vpJ7TvhSrpz72mHPby2gPyi8Jgcd/eF87cnOtHd1pv1/L0z9zy/PR699ON0ZuKZi65Ad3qt0/DjNd++TBUOnYU3O9PmnZE7Wpnlt51DwmLRwcS6aO73vHZGaqUdm9pumJEeelYvOeUum9naotiHHHNuQzfc9mqe6d5gmdrhdFiBAgAABAgQIECCwKwRKEyb6f/vemfb/+1muO/ju/Ns7lgz89r/3Iu1Ls2jtMVl+xpvGPIWpf/yafG72QVvDRu20vP34w/LMtdfm9rbnd9L7+XT87Ed5PIem8eBhl4H3nZrlXYKdxLQ4AQIECBAgQIDAbihQmjAxZFtzUGZ/cnEWDPz2/28b7spln3k6H7n8g2mq3dlya1J7cH0a8kzan908cH9opl10Z9ILX6exi2axGgIECBAgQIAAAQK7WmAP/2jYF+LYnI72jvwit2Xt5tasnf/G3LDN4o8vOjq3vOBHwY4c0Heh9agrtweXmTLqwuzBV9wSIECAAAECBAgQKKPAzv6qfrcy6L9OYvSXz/Vv5Gsz5/g356hFN/df/9B7DcTA36fuWZbD89osaH447Wt6v1Pi+bQ1L0zjjGVpGfHxrgPXSUyanXc2vTqpPTCN0/4y6kLr/usttjmdKfum4a3H5/C+dzWGfYVeZX1WzpmZxuFfhLdbqdoYAgQIECBAgAABAuMT2KPDRM20uVl63pSsufl/sn7wwuTKhrR8+eqsOeaMLDzq1eNTyL6Z9q/n5ZzXtWTV6l9t/fbs7l/ljpsfzrGDnwxVU593ffi4dFx5Tb69vv/jXSu9X1q34qZ0LDw986aN/JSomoYTct5p++WWFTelpe9jXbdk4/235dbH3pBzls0d44vxxrnJFiNAgAABAgQIECDwMgvs0WEi2S9N592Y5vf9Pl9+c0Mae7+n4R8/lnvrF+f2a07N9J25RqL26Jz7ratz4p+uyTF93/dQn8YP3JIsvHbYJ0Dtk4OO/3iu+9T+ufXdR/bN9/pZF+TxmUvSfM4xo7/9uvf6jWU35dZT/5qrZk1PY930HLvir1mw+sac27RfYa33PROFUZuIAAECBAgQIDChBPbq6enpGay492C891QgfwgQIECAAAECBAgQIDBcYHtZYQ9/Z2J4ee4TIECAAAECBAgQIFCkgDBRpLa5CBAgQIAAAQIECJRIQJgoUTOVQoAAAQIECBAgQKBIAWGiSG1zESBAgAABAgQIECiRgDBRomYqhQABAgQIECBAgECRAsJEkdrmIkCAAAECBAgQIFAiAWGiRM1UCgECBAgQIECAAIEiBYSJIrXNRYAAAQIECBAgQKBEAsJEiZqpFAIECBAgQIAAAQJFCggTRWqbiwABAgQIECBAgECJBISJEjVTKQQIECBAgAABAgSKFBAmitQ2FwECBAgQIECAAIESCQgTJWqmUggQIECAAAECBAgUKSBMFKltLgIECBAgQIAAAQIlEhAmStRMpRAgQIAAAQIECBAoUkCYKFLbXAQIECBAgAABAgRKJCBMlKiZSiFAgAABAgQIECBQpIAwUaS2uQgQIECAAAECBAiUSECYKFEzlUKAAAECBAgQIECgSAFhokhtcxEgQIAAAQIECBAokYAwUaJmKoUAAQIECBAgQIBAkQLCRJHa5iJAgAABAgQIECBQIgFhokTNVAoBAgQIECBAgACBIgWEiSK1zUWAAAECBAgQIECgRALCRImaqRQCBAgQIECAAAECRQoIE0Vqm4sAAQIECBAgQIBAiQSEiRI1UykECBAgQIAAAQIEihQQJorUNhcBAgQIECBAgACBEgkIEyVqplIIECBAgAABAgQIFClQqjBRaWvOvLr6HHFJSzaNpVhZn5VzZqZxxrK0bKqMsdTzaWtemMa647K05bkxlknKPl9YJbEv9P4DKPu+rr7eJu+OPxvte33/Ae2WvfGz0c/GgcMj+2f/P9Nddgw64LoH3ezV09PTM7i9jXX1ae/qHHzolgABAgQIECBAgAABAn0C28sKpXpnQp8JECBAgAABAgQIEChOQJgoztpMBAgQIECAAAECBEolIEyUqp2KIUCAAAECBAgQIFCcgDBRnLWZCBAgQIAAAQIECJRKQJgoVTsVQ4AAAQIECBAgQKA4AWGiOGszESBAgAABAgQIECiVgDBRqnYqhgABAgQIECBAgEBxAsJEcdZmIkCAAAECBAgQIFAqAWGiVO1UDAECBAgQIECAAIHiBISJ4qzNRIAAAQIECBAgQKBUAsJEqdqpGAIECBAgQIAAAQLFCQgTxVmbiQABAgQIECBAgECpBISJUrVTMQQIECBAgAABAgSKExAmirM2EwECBAgQIECAAIFSCQgTpWqnYggQIECAAAECBAgUJyBMFGdtJgIECBAgQIAAAQKlEhAmStVOxRAgQIAAAQIECBAoTkCYKM7aTAQIECBAgAABAgRKJSBMlKqdiiFAgAABAgQIECBQnIAwUZy1mQgQIECAAAECBAiUSkCYKFU7FUOAAAECBAgQIECgOAFhojhrMxEgQIAAAQIECBAolYAwUap2KoYAAQIECBAgQIBAcQLCRHHWZiJAgAABAgQIECBQKgFholTtVAwBAgQIECBAgACB4gSEieKszUSAAAECBAgQIECgVALCRKnaqRgCBAgQIECAAAECxQkIE8VZm4kAAQIECBAgQIBAqQSEiVK1UzEECBAgQIAAAQIEihMQJoqzNhMBAgQIECBAgACBUgkIE6Vqp2IIECBAgAABAgQIFCcgTBRnbSYCBAgQIECAAAECpRIQJkrVTsUQIECAAAECBAgQKE5AmCjO2kwECBAgQIAAAQIESiUgTJSqnYohQIAAAQIECBAgUJyAMFGctZkIECBAgAABAgQIlEpAmChVOxVDgAABAgQIECBAoDgBYaI4azMRIECAAAECBAgQKJWAMFGqdiqGAAECBAgQIECAQHECwkRx1mYiQIAAAQIECBAgUCoBYaJU7VQMAQIECBAgQIAAgeIEhInirM1EgAABAgQIECBAoFQCwkSp2qkYAgQIECBAgAABAsUJCBPFWZuJAAECBAgQIECAQKkEhIlStVMxBAgQIECAAAECBIoTECaKszYTAQIECBAgQIAAgVIJCBOlaqdiCBAgQIAAAQIECBQnIEwUZ20mAgQIECBAgAABAqUSECZK1c4klQ1pWbYgZ975m7JVph4CBAgQIECAAIHdTECY2M0a8mI2p7Lx4dz82Y/l9JXrX8xqjCVAgAABAgQIECAwLoG9x7WUhXYfgb+15pqj358b/rTNJr3q3Hz3B8dl//lfynf3/3S+vs3LHhIgQIAAAQIECBDY1QLlChPdD+eaD3wmf1hyS5bPntJvtaklS2d9OLdsHoNu0ofyzYeWZfbkmvT+Zn/VDZflczf/sn/hf/r3LP34/Lz7xKZMHXwPp7Ixrd+5IUuXfif9v/8/Igs+d1bmvef4NE3dZ4xJduHTezfl/Ec7c/5YqzykO633jfWi5wkQIECAAAECBAjsOoHBQ+Rdt8aXa03dT+TmL34ld/9qy8gtmDw7y5/sTHvX8L8d+cXqCzI9TTnn5sV9QSKVp/ODSy/MLTkltz60Pu1d6/PTzx+Sny1ZnBvvf25gnVuy4fsrsmhVsmD1g3mqqzNPPfTpvOany7PohgeyaeTMHhEgQIAAAQIECBAotUAJwsSWbGxdlaXnt+QN89+VSeNpV/cj+ebF30rO+3ROb9qvb0Sl48dpvvvQnHza/IF3GPbJ1KMX5aJPHZo1P1rXHxQqnbnnW/el4ZQP5tSmqenFq5n6lpy95Kw0rP5JWjdVxjO7ZQgQIECAAAECBAiUQmCPDxOVtlX52MWdeedlZ6TpleMp589p/cYXc8OvT8pFH31TavvaWEn3s53pmNSQ1x0w/FSlfXJAXUMyGBS6f5v2tlfmsLr9+4LE4B5Qc0BdDktL7m394+BTW297T4v69iU5sa4+jXX1OeL06/PjtoH3MHpPwZoxM/OuXp17rj4jR/QtMzMnXrIqrRufS9u91+fMGYPjvpafb9zmXZets7zgvUpbc+bVzcy85vURd16QyosECBAgQIAAAQI7ITCeo++dWF3xi9Yc+M/56vf+M7PHeb1CZUNLvvmNDTnhio/mbZMHy9+S33V1ZKzLKrK5I7/+3ZZUfteVdWMu9FzWdf1h5MF65emsOXteTl71ipx5z2Np73os3zv2yZw/Z1nWbBgMBpvz+LUrc3/9hXmg77Sp63L0I5fn5Fkn5aonjsrn13Wmfd0P88mszEcuvSsbdpgGatO0+PZ8fe4hQ82ombYod3Q9kTsWTR8RgoYWcIcAAQIECBAgQIBAFQKDR9NVDN1NhtS+JlNrx1vG8+lYe1vW5oSc/I5Dhh1Yd+fZ9md2UNDAuxc7WGr4y/2nTu2TBUs+kTnTJieZnOnzT8mcrE3z2s6h4DFp4eJcNHd637skNVOPzOw3TUmOPCsXnfOW/gu/axtyzLEN2Xzfo3mqe4dpYvgmuE+AAAECBAgQIEDgJRMo16c57Yip8us8cMeTmX7GeTlq6F2JHQ2q9vXn0/GzH+XxHJq5B/efTNW3pr4Lwp/oX+mm31a7cuMIECBAgAABAgQIvOwC4/2V/su+obtiAyodD+bOx2bk5PcdPnCtxOBaa3Nw46GDD8a4rUntwfVpGOPV6p+elIbGA7fZnurXZiQBAgQIECBAgACBogQmUJgYeKdg1EXWvdT9F1qP+UlQA2P6LrQec6Epoy7MLqqJ5iFAgAABAgQIECDwcghMnDDRd4rTo5k0/+1pGnWK08C7DgMXWm9txMCF2dPqc3DvdRm1B6Zx2l9GXWjdf2H2oWkcfjpT9k3DW4/P4Xkm7c92b11lZX1WzpmZxjnNaXP5w1YX9wgQIECAAAECBPY4gYkTJvo+1jVjnlJU0/COLHpvR7684ras77vIeUs2Ptycq658JgsWvy/TeqVq6vOuDx+XjiuvybfX93+8a2Xjg7lxxU3pWHh65k3bd8QOUNNwQs47bb/csuKmtPR9rOuWbLz/ttz62BtyzrK5/escMcIDAgQIECBAgAABAnuOwMQJEzvqSc0heecFX8gnp34vJx7WkMa66Tn2tEcy44qrc/bbpgyM3icHHf/xXPep/XPru4/s+96I18+6II/PXJLmc45J7+c1jfhTc1BmL7spt57611w1a3r/Olf8NQtW35hzB74sb8TyL9ED3zPxEsFaLQECBAgQIEBgggvs1dPT0zNo0Pulau1dnYMP3RIgQIAAAQIECBAgQKBPYHtZwTsTdg4CBAgQIECAAAECBKoSECaqYjOIAAECBAgQIECAAAFhwj5AgAABAgQIECBAgEBVAsJEVWwGESBAgAABAgQIECAgTNgHCBAgQIAAAQIECBCoSkCYqIrNIAIECBAgQIAAAQIEhAn7AAECBAgQIECAAAECVQkIE1WxGUSAAAECBAgQIECAgDBhHyBAgAABAgQIECBAoCoBYaIqNoMIECBAgAABAgQIEBAm7AMECBAgQIAAAQIECFQlIExUxWYQAQIECBAgQIAAAQLChH2AAAECBAgQIECAAIGqBISJqtgMIkCAAAECBAgQIEBAmLAPECBAgAABAgQIECBQlYAwURWbQQQIECBAgAABAgQICBP2AQIECBAgQIAAAQIEqhIQJqpiM4gAAQIECBAgQIAAAWHCPkCAAAECBAgQIECAQFUCwkRVbAYRIECAAAECBAgQICBM2AcIECBAgAABAgQIEKhKQJiois0gAgQIECBAgAABAgSECfsAAQIECBAgQIAAAQJVCQgTVbEZRIAAAQIECBAgQICAMGEfIECAAAECBAgQIECgKgFhoio2gwgQIECAAAECBAgQECbsAwQIECBAgAABAgQIVCUgTFTFZhABAgQIECBAgAABAsKEfYAAAQIECBAgQIAAgaoEShUmKm3NmVdXnyMuacmmsTgq67Nyzsw0zliWlk2VMZZ6Pm3NC9NYd1yWtjw3xjJJ2ecLqyT2hd5/AGXf19XX2+Td8Wejfa/vP6Ddsjd+NvrZOHB4ZP/s/2e6y45BB1z3oJu9enp6ega3t7GuPu1dnYMP3RIgQIAAAQIECBAgQKBPYHtZoVTvTOgzAQIECBAgQIAAAQLFCQgTxVmbiQABAgQIECBAgECpBISJUrVTMQQIECBAgAABAgSKExAmirM2EwECBAgQIECAAIFSCQgTpWqnYggQIECAAAECBAgUJyBMFGdtJgIECBAgQIAAAQKlEhAmStVOxRAgQIAAAQIECBAoTkCYKM7aTAQIECBAgAABAgRKJSBMlKqdiiFAgAABAgQIECBQnIAwUZy1mQgQIECAAAECBAiUSkCYKFU7FUOAAAECBAgQIECgOAFhojhrMxEgQIAAAQIECBAolYAwUap2KoYAAQIECBAgQIBAcQLCRHHWZiJAgAABAgQIECBQKgFholTtVAwBAgQIECBAgACB4gSEieKszUSAAAECBAgQIECgVALCRKnaqRgCBAgQIECAAAECxQkIE8VZm4kAAQIECBAgQIBAqQSEiVK1UzEECBAgQIAAAQIEihMQJoqzNhMBAgQIECBAgACBUgkIE6Vqp2IIECBAgAABAgQIFCcgTBRnbSYCBAgQIECAAAECpRIQJkrVTsUQIECAAAECBAgQKE5AmCjO2kwECBAgQIAAAQIESiUgTJSqnYohQIAAAQIECBAgUJyAMFGctZkIECBAgAABAgQIlEpAmChVOxVDgAABAgQIECBAoDgBYaI4azMRIECAAAECBAgQKJWAMFGqdiqGAAECBAgQIECAQHECe/X09PT0TtdYV1/crGYiQIAAAQIECBAgQGCPFGjv6hza7qEwMfSMOwQIECBAgAABAgQIEBiHgNOcxoFkEQIECBAgQIAAAQIERgsIE6NNPEOAAAECBAgQIECAwDgEhIlxIFmEAAECBAgQIECAAIHRAsLEaBPPECBAgAABAgQIECAwDgFhYhxIFiFAgAABAgQIECBAYLTA/wMXelWRH6D42AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the number of signals in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the splitting pattern of the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why TMS (tetramethylsilane) may be added to the sample to carry out <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy and why it is particularly suited to this role.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Hydrogen peroxide can react with methane and oxygen to form methanol. This reaction can occur below 50°C if a gold nanoparticle catalyst is used.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Now consider the second stage of the reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CO (g) + 2H<sub>2</sub> (g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> CH<sub>3</sub>OH (l) Δ<em>H</em><sup>⦵</sup> = –129 kJ</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Hydrogen peroxide can react with methane and oxygen to form methanol. This reaction can occur below 50°C if a gold nanoparticle catalyst is used.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Methanol is usually manufactured from methane in a two-stage process.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>4 </sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> CO (g) + 3H<sub>2 </sub>(g)<br>CO (g) + 2H<sub>2 </sub>(g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> CH<sub>3</sub>OH (l)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Consider the first stage of the reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>4 </sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (g) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> CO (g) + 3H<sub>2 </sub>(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The diagram shows the Maxwell-Boltzmann curve for the uncatalyzed reaction.</p>
<p>Draw a distribution curve at a lower temperature (T<sub>2</sub>) <strong>and</strong> show on the diagram how the addition of a catalyst enables the reaction to take place more rapidly than at T<sub>1</sub>.</p>
<p><img style="display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAz4AAAKSCAYAAAATYg75AAAgAElEQVR4Ae3dP48bR54/4Hsfh80PhvJbQ/HCsNLDAla6DqxwnVjZOvJkv83WyTq0gtvUAtaxBTi3oDcwt29A9wrmhw99NS5xSA7/fMkudj8FEOwhm8Xup3pm+GFVV//bnUKAAAECBAgQIECAAIGZC/zbzPfP7hEgQIAAAQIECBAgQOBO8HEQECBAgAABAgQIECAwewHBZ/ZNbAcJECBAgAABAgQIEBB8HAMECBAgQIAAAQIECMxeQPCZfRPbQQIECBAgQIAAAQIEBB/HAAECBAgQIECAAAECsxcQfGbfxHaQAAECBAgQIECAAAHBxzFAgAABAgQIECBAgMDsBQSf2TexHSRAgAABAgQIECBAQPBxDBAgQIAAAQIECBAgMHsBwWf2TWwHCRAgQIAAAQIECBAQfBwDBAgQIECAAAECBAjMXkDwmX0T20ECBAgQIECAAAECBAQfxwABAgQIECBAgAABArMXEHxm38R2kAABAgQIECBAgAABwccxQIAAAQIECBAgQIDA7AUEn9k3sR0kQIAAAQIECBAgQEDwcQwQIECAAAECBAgQIDB7AcFn9k1sBwkQIECAAAECBAgQEHwcAwQIECBAgAABAgQIzF5A8Clu4t/97t+La1QdAQIECBAgQIAAAQKnCgg+pwquvV7wWQPxIwECBAgQIECAAIEBBASf4kYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENA8CluB8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBAgQIEBgDAHBp7gdBJ9iUNURIECAAAECBAgQKBAQfAoQ+yoEn17DMgECBAgQIECAAIExBASf4nYQfIpBVUeAAAECBAgQIECgQEDwKUDsqxB8eg3LBAgQIECAAAECBMYQEHyK20HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENg8uDz7bd/u3v27NO73N/e3o6hcsJWCD4n4HkpAQIECBAgQIAAgTMJDBF8Ehba7fnzz+5evfr+7v3792fa5fNWK/ic11ftBAgQIECAAAECBI4RmDz4vH79w93Tpx/fB58WgHL/4sUXVxeCBJ9jDkOvIUCAAAECBAgQIHBegcmDT9u9t29/ubu5+ebqQ5Dg01rUPQECBAgQIECAAIFxBIYJPj3JrhD05MlHdy9ffnWXnqIRi+AzYqvYJgIECBAgQIAAgaULDBl8+kZ58+anVdBJ4Emo6G95LL1EI02KIPj0rWeZAAECBAgQIECAwBgCwwefMGWig0x4sO1coISNnA80woQIgs8YB7atIECAAAECBAgQINALDBt8WthJoOl7edpyHs+Qt74nKMtThx/Bpz+8LBMgQIAAAQIECBAYQ2C44JNzd9YDTQs7ud7Ppqmucw2gtk6Gvk1ZBJ8p9b03AQIECBAgQIAAgc0CQwSfTGawLexkeNs+FzfN6xM6ch2gKYvgM6W+9yZAgAABAgQIECCwWWDy4NP31rRemwxZS5BJINq3tHoyBG7KIvhMqe+9CRAgQIAAAQIECGwWGCr4JOwcO011XpdhcFPP8Cb4bD7QPEqAAAECBAgQIEBgSoHJg08LLFNPSlDVCIJPlaR6CBAgQIAAAQIECNQJTB586nZljJoEnzHawVYQIECAAAECBAgQ6AUEn16jYFnwKUBUBQECBAgQIECAAIFigcmDT87LyUxsh94ymUFum6a3LjY6qDrB5yAuKxMgQIAAAQIECBC4iMDkwafNxpbAcOwts8ClnhGK4DNCK9gGAgQIECBAgAABAh8KTB58Wo9Pwst68Ekv0KbHcyHT3NbXHyH8CD4fHmB+IkCAAAECBAgQIDCCwOTBJwgJPy3EJLxsmpI66+RiplkvoafNApd1WwhKSGqPT4Ur+Ewl730JECBAgAABAgQIbBeYPPgkuLTQk3CzqyTUtB6gvndn2+O76jrXc4LPuWTVS4AAAQIECBAgQOB4gcmDz83NN6vgk2Ft+5QEntbr06+fi5/m8dxPWQSfKfW9NwECBAgQIECAAIHNApMHnwSehIW+B2fzpv766Js3P63WXw8YLRDtG6B2vccpz61v1yl1eS0BAgQIECBAgAABAjUCwwSf9PzsU16//kHw2QfKOgQIECBAgAABAgQI3AtMHnzaULd9JyZ48eKLVfDJhAZ9aY/nfsqix2dKfe9NgAABAgQIECBAYLPA5MGnH7rWz9a2aXPbcLb1oXFv3/5y3wu075C5TfVXPCb4VCiqgwABAgQIECBAgECtwOTBJ7vTJiZIaEjPT35OgGm39Aq1qayzTt/b03qM2mtNZ117gKiNAAECBAgQIECAwBwEhgg+gewDTELMtlsmL+jDTR+IHpsO+xINlu1WCBAgQIAAAQIECBAYS2CY4BOWDFlLb08fZlpPTs7dybC49ZIgtO259XUv8bPgcwll70GAAAECBAgQIEDgMIHJg08uYJqZ2uZSBJ+5tKT9IECAAAECBAgQmJPA5MGnDXFLL88ciuAzh1a0DwQIECBAgAABAnMTmDz4tAuYJgDNoQg+c2hF+0CAAAECBAgQIDA3gcmDT7v+juAzt0PL/hAgQIAAAQIECBAYR2Dy4JMJDTKFdXpKNk1eMA7Vfluix2c/J2sRIECAAAECBAgQuKTA5MEnkxtkGuoWfnKuz/p1fNr1fNbvLwm173sJPvtKWY8AAQIECBAgQIDA5QQmDz4JMwkLx9wux7T/Owk++1tZkwABAgQIECBAgMClBASfYmnBpxhUdQQIECBAgAABAgQKBCYPPgX7MFQVgs9QzWFjCBAgQIAAAQIECKwEBJ/iA0HwKQZVHQECBAgQIECAAIECAcGnALGvQvDpNSwTIECAAAECBAgQGENguODz/v371bTWbQa3zPqWkvu2PAbd5q0QfDa7eJQAAQIECBAgQIDAlALDBJ8EnkxjneDQ39q1fV6//mH1eNbJuqMWwWfUlrFdBAgQIECAAAECSxYYIvgkyDx79ukHgaeFnxZ8+mmvs+6oRfAZtWVsFwECBAgQIECAwJIFhgg+z59/tgo9uYhpLmaaILQefNZ7hBKERiyCz4itYpsIECBAgAABAgSWLjB58EmPznrISaNseiyPv3jxxeq5p08/HrLtBJ8hm8VGESBAgAABAgQILFxg8uBzc/PNKsisD1/bFnzevv3lPhSNONmB4LPw3yi7T4AAAQIECBAgMKTA5MGnDXNbH7q2LfhEcddzUysLPlO3gPcnQIAAAQIECBAg8FBA8HloctIjgs9JfF5MgAABAgQIECBA4CwCkwefNoV17vuyrVenTWud5w1168UsEyBAgAABAgQIECCwTWDy4JNZ3BJiMqNbf32ebcGnDY0zucG2JvU4AQIECBAgQIAAAQLrApMHn4SdhJ4EnUxw0MLPevAxnfV60/mZAAECBAgQIECAAIF9BSYPPtnQfvhaenLaTG8JPxkClymsWzhaD0j77uil1sv2KQQIECBAgAABAgQIjCUwRPAJScJPH25aj8/6fYa6tV6hsSh/3RrBZ8RWsU0ECBAgQIAAAQJLFxgm+KQhEmgyrXXCTR+C0guUXp+cDzR6EXxGbyHbR4AAAQIECBAgsESBoYLPHBpA8JlDK9oHAgQIECBAgACBuQkIPsUtKvgUg6qOAAECBAgQIECAQIHAMMEnw9xynk+Guu17K9j/8ioEn3JSFRIgQIAAAQIECBA4WWCI4LPvxAYJFf3t5L0/QwWCzxlQVUmAAAECBAgQIEDgRIHJg8/t7e0HExn0weax5RP3/SwvF3zOwqpSAgQIECBAgAABAicJTB58MqytBZxcs+ft219O2qGpXyz4TN0C3p8AAQIECBAgQIDAQ4HJg0+mrk5YePbs04dbd4WPCD5X2Gg2mQABAgQIECBAYPYCwwSf9PzMoQg+c2hF+0CAAAECBAgQIDA3gcmDT4a3JSzc3HwzC1vBZxbNaCcIECBAgAABAgRmJjB58Hnz5qdV8Hn69ONZ0Ao+s2hGO0GAAAECBAgQIDAzgcmDTzxbr0/ur70IPtfegrafAAECBAgQIEBgjgKTB5/0+OT8nvT4JDTkPgFon4uYjtgggs+IrWKbCBAgQIAAAQIEli4wefDpp7NOaDjkNmLjCT4jtoptIkCAAAECBAgQWLqA4FN8BAg+xaCqI0CAAAECBAgQIFAgMHnwKdiHoaoQfIZqDhtDgAABAgQIECBAYCUg+BQfCIJPMajqCBAgQIAAAQIECBQICD4FiH0Vgk+vYZkAAQIECBAgQIDAGALDBZ/379/ftZneMvHB7e3tSir3bXkMus1bIfhsdvEoAQIECBAgQIAAgSkFhgk+CTztej4JD+2WEJTy+vUPq8eyTtYdtQg+o7aM7SJAgAABAgQIEFiywBDBJ0Hm2bNP78NOCz25b8Gnn/Y6645aBJ9RW8Z2ESBAgAABAgQILFlgiODz/Plnq9Dz5MlHd69efb/q0WnhpwWf9R6hBKERi+AzYqvYJgIECBAgQIAAgaULTB58EmzWQ04aZdNjefzFiy9Wzz19+vGQbSf4DNksNooAAQIECBAgQGDhApMHn5ubb1ZBZn342rbg8/btL/ehaMTJDgSfhf9G2X0CBAgQIECAAIEhBSYPPm2Y2/rQtW3BJ4q7nptaWfCZugW8PwECBAgQIECAAIGHAoLPQ5OTHhF8TuLzYgIECBAgQIAAAQJnEZg8+LQprHPfl229Om1a6zxvqFsvZpkAAQIECBAgQIAAgW0CkwefzOKWEJMZ3frr82wLPm1onMkNtjWpxwkQIECAAAECBAgQWBeYPPgk7CT0JOhkgoMWftaDj+ms15vOzwQIECBAgAABAgQI7CswefDJhvbD19KT02Z6S/jJELhMYd3C0XpA2ndHL7Vetk8hQIAAAQIECBAgQGAsgSGCT0gSfvpw03p81u8z1K31Co1F+evWCD4jtoptIkCAAAECBAgQWLrAMMEnDZFAk2mtE276EJReoPT65Hyg0YvgM3oL2T4CBAgQIECAAIElCgwVfObQAILPHFrRPhAgQIAAAQIECMxNQPApblHBpxhUdQQIECBAgAABAgQKBASfAsS+CsGn17BMgAABAgQIECBAYAwBwae4HQSfYlDVESBAgAABAgQIECgQEHwKEPsqBJ9ewzIBAgQIECBAgACBMQQEn+J2EHyKQVVHgAABAgQIECBAoEBA8ClA7KsQfHoNywQIECBAgAABAgTGELho8Mn1eXKdnjkXwWfOrWvfCBAgQIAAAQIErlXgYsHnzZuf7hIK1oNBLkqaQHRz8821Gn6w3ev798GTfiBAgAABAgQIECBAYBKByYNPeoASFhJ+5lAEnzm0on0gQIAAAQIECBCYm8DFgs/bt7/c9/j0w90En7kdUvaHAAECBAgQIECAwHgCFws+2fUnTz66Dz/pGTn1Nh7n3WqfRtwu20SAAAECBAgQIEBgyQIXDT6vX/9wctjpw9KIDWeo24itYpsIECBAgAABAgSWLnDR4BPs29vb1cxuGeKWW87tSVh4+vTjDx5vz++6H7HxBJ8RW8U2ESBAgAABAgQILF3g4sFnHTzBJmHB5AbrMn4mQIAAAQIECBAgQKBKYPLgk2muE34yrfUcih6fObSifSBAgAABAgQIEJibwOTBZ26ggs/cWtT+ECBAgAABAgQIzEFguODz/v37u9YL1M7vSW9QpsO+hiL4XEMr2UYCBAgQIECAAIGlCQwTfBJ4bm6+2TnrWyZAyMxwIxfBZ+TWsW0ECBAgQIAAAQJLFRgi+CT0PHv26c7Qk0DRbiOfDyT4LPVXyX4TIECAAAECBAiMLDBE8GlTWic0ZDm9OglDrWSYW4a99RdAzXC4EYvgM2Kr2CYCBAgQIECAAIGlC0wefBJgWk/Oy5df7WyPBKAWfl68+GLnulM9KfhMJe99CRAgQIAAAQIECGwXmDz4tPN6cv7OPiXD3FpQ6nuF9nntJdYRfC6h7D0IECBAgAABAgQIHCYwefBpw9wSgPYpCTst+Iw43E3w2acVrUOAAAECBAgQIEDgsgLDBJ+cw7NvEXz2lbIeAQIECBAgQIAAAQIRmDz45FydBJl9z9nJeT4t+Ix4bR89Pn6xCBAgQIAAAQIECIwnMHnwSU/PIUGmBaVMcjBiEXxGbBXbRIAAAQIECBAgsHSByYNPztlpM7Xlftt5O1kvs761kHTI0LhLNrLgc0lt70WAAAECBAgQIEBgP4HJg082s5+pLcEhFzPNZAcJN7mll6eFo/b8iDO6ZV8En/0OPGsRIECAAAECBAgQuKTAEMEnO7wefhIgNt0yC9yooSf7Ifhc8vD1XgQIECBAgAABAgT2Exgm+GRzb29vVz09bYrrFnxyjZ/0+iQcjV4En9FbyPYRIECAAAECBAgsUWCo4DOHBhB85tCK9oEAAQIECBAgQGBuAoJPcYsKPsWgqiNAgAABAgQIECBQICD4FCD2VQg+vYZlAgQIECBAgAABAmMICD7F7SD4FIOqjgABAgQIECBAgECBgOBTgNhXIfj0GpYJECBAgAABAgQIjCEg+BS3g+BTDKo6AgQIECBAgAABAgUCgk8BYl+F4NNrWCZAgAABAgQIECAwhoDgU9wOgk8xqOoIECBAgAABAgQIFAgIPgWIfRWCT69hmQABAgQIECBAgMAYApMHn2+//dvds2ef3uX+9vZ2DJUTtkLwOQHPSwkQIECAAAECBAicSWCI4JOw0G7Pn3929+rV93fv378/0y6ft1rB57y+aidAgAABAgQIECBwjMDkwef16x/unj79+D74tACU+xcvvri6ECT4HHMYeg0BAgQIECBAgACB8wpMHnza7r19+8vdzc03Vx+CBJ/Wou4JECBAgAABAgQIjCMwTPDpSXaFoCdPPrp7+fKru/QUjVgEnxFbxTadS+Dnn3++23U71/uqlwABAgQIECBwqMCQwaffiTdvfloFnQSehIr+lsfSSzTSpAiCT996lq9J4N27d6sQ89e//r+73D7//E+r2//+7/9u3I2vv/7LB7+P/e9mW846m0re649//K/7W96rve8//vHfq+3Y9r6b6vMYAQIECBAgQOAxgeGDT3YgEx1kwoNt5wLlQ1bOBxphQgTB57FDzvMjCSRk/P73/7kzwPz44z83bnJe24eXTcsJOJtK6mzhaNt96ttW/vWv/7nLTSFAgAABAgQI7CswbPBpYSeBZtMHozyeIW99T1CWpw4/gs++h571LiGQcLAtfOT9P/nkD/e/XwlACRtffvnnVe9Lgs2u1566/am7DZPLe7Uen/T+ZDvy2KayHpr6bU59eoo2qXmMAAECBAgQGC745Nyd9UDTgk+u97NpqutcA6itk6FvUxbBZ0p9750P/QkMCS99T862Xpusf85wc44WyTYnHLXf+U332X+FAAECBAgQINALDBF8MpnBtrCT4W37XNw0r88HoFwHaMoi+Eypv8z3ThBIb0nfe9OHgfSIZJ05lvRopZcn+5+wk33NvicYbSsJetcW9rbti8cJECBAgACB/QUmDz59b037sJYhawkyCUT7llZPhtkSrGgAACAASURBVMBNWQSfKfWX+d75wN9+d3KfAJQgkECgfCiQ3rBm9dFH/7EKSN9993dB6EMmPxEgQIAAgVkKDBV8EnaOnaY6r8swuKlneBN8Zvl7MvROJeBk9rR8qJ9rz05VA7Rhcgk9LQC1+xaE9AZVaauHAAECBAiMJTB58GmBZepJCaqaRfCpklRPBPJBPT0SGcKVXhylTiDD5Nr5UH0Q2jVMru7d1USAAAECBAhcWmDy4JMemlyr55BhbVk/Q9tGLILPiK1yfduUXpz1IWxO2D9vO6anJyFzW69ZHs8kEabRPm87qJ0AAQIECJxLYPLg087NOWRSgjY0JQFotCL4jNYi17U96YHoZ2PL8ZRzdgxjm74d+yCaNklIEoKmbxdbQIAAAQIE9hW4uuCTHiLBZ9/mtd41CbQZyXJ8Z+hVPmj7YD1OC6ZHaNPMeULQOG1kSwgQIECAwC6Biwaf9NCkZ6e/ZbrqfNDLTG7949uW+wuWHjI8bhdC5XPZF4XAMQI5tyS9PbuGWx1Tr9fUCmTIW3rgNl1LSFCttVYbAQIECBCoFLho8MmG5yKkrcfmlPsEoxGL4DNiq9gmAucR6ENQeuzMCHceZ7USIECAAIEKgYsHn/Ven0N7fBJ4cl7QqLPACT4Vh+U868iH5PTmpLdAWZZAJqtwXaVltbm9JUCAAIHxBC4efNYJjpncYL2OkX4WfEZqjTG2JYEnU1G3KZNzToiyHIH0ArXe7QxlzLFgSNxy2t+eEiBAgMA4ApMHnzY1dS4+Ooci+MyhFev2YX2WNsOh6myvqaZcYLYF3xaCco5QpsdWCBAgQIAAgcsITB58LrObl3sXwedy1iO/U4Y19TOA5Zt+Q9xGbrHLbFuOgX72vvy9yLFhGNxl/L0LAQIECCxb4KLBJ8Pacuuvv9N6fNpzh9yP2HSCz4itctlt6oc25Vv+DG1SCPQCGerW9wJlWSFAgAABAgTOK3DR4NOGeCTctJLl9vih962Oke4Fn5FaY5ptacPbch2enN+jENglYCa4XTqeI0CAAAECdQKCT53lqibBpxhUdQQWKtBmATQZwkIPALtNgAABAuUCFw0+5Vs/YIWCz4CNYpMIXKFAgk8/IUJ6EPUOXWFD2mQCBAgQGEZA8CluCsGnGHTQ6vIBNLNymbBg0AaayWZl0oP1yRDys8kQZtLAdoMAAQIELiog+BRzCz7FoANWl4uQpp1zS/hRCJxbIEE7PT7tuMt9ZoNzPaBzy6ufAAECBOYkIPgUt2Y+kCjzFMjQo/7b9yz74DnPth51r9ZngzNj4KgtZbsIECBAYESBiwafQ6aq3mfdEUEFnxFb5fRtyoUm2/kWuU+vj0JgKoGEcMPdptL3vgQIECBwrQIXDT79MI2K5RHRBZ8RW+W0bco1VtrxmouSOsH8NE+vPr9AeoYSjhQCBAgQIEDgNwHB5zeLkiXBp4RxqEpa6HGRyaGaxcZsEUhPUI7ZdvFcAWgLlIcJECBAYHECFw0+S9AVfObXyvkgmaFuCoFrEcjEBy2wC0DX0mq2kwABAgTOLSD4FAsLPsWgqiNA4CiBTLUuAB1F50UECBAgMFMBwae4YQWfYlDVESBwksCmAGT420mkXkyAAAECVypw0eDTZmp78+ane64st8cPvb+vZKAFwWegxjhgU3IyeKYGNlPWAWhWvSqBFoDSC2SCjqtqOhtLgAABAkUCFw0+bcx5Ak4rWW6PH3rf6hjpXvAZqTX225Z8CGxTVbsuyn5m1iJAgAABAgQIXJuA4FPcYoJPMeiZq8u34C1wZ6pqFyQ9M7jqhxbQ4zl089g4AgQIEDhR4KLB58RtvYqXCz5X0UyrjUzvTgs9n3/+J9c9uZ6ms6VnEMjvQH4f8gWAAHQGYFUSIECAwOQCgk9xEwg+xaBnqu7LL/98H3qyrBBYukCmbG9DPvN37I9//C/nAi39oLD/BAgQmJnAcMHn9esfVpMdPH/+2V273dx8c/fq1fd379+/H55f8Bm+ie5yIdK0U24Z6qYQIPCrQGZ7638/8juSLwYMAXWEECBAgMAcBIYJPpnd7enTj+8/kLYPpv39kycfrULRyPDZXmVsgXyTnW+2hZ6x28nWTSeQoNP3iubvmov4Ttce3pkAAQIEagSGCD7pzekDTpZbb0/uE3j651++/Kpm789QS7ZTIUCAwBwEMuNhvijI37WcA6QQIECAAIFrFpg8+GT4Wgs2uU8I2lTevv1lFYZaAOqnxN60/lSPCT5TyXtfAgTOJWCo27lk1UuAAAEClxSYPPj01/FJuHmspAco4SLD4kYsgs+IrWKbCBAgQIAAAQIEli4wefB58eKLVZDZd/hawlHr9dknKF26gQWfS4tvf798S51peXPCtkKAQL1AfscyFC7nA/k9q/dVIwECBAjUCkwefFoPziFD11rwyYQIoxXBZ4wWybkJbWpe1yQZo01sxfwEEnza3+P8vuXaWAoBAgQIEBhVYPLgk56e/OPct8cn5wS1f7S3t7fDuQo+0zdJH3pyMUbfRE/fJrZgvgL5YqFNgJC/f7///X+aAW6+zW3PCBAgcNUCkwef9Nrkn2UmNtgnyLRzgtJTNGIRfKZtFaFnWn/vvlyBTA+f0JO/gbklDOX3USFAgAABAqMITB58AtF6fZ49+/Ru13k7LfQkJO1ab0pcwWc6faFnOnvvTCAC6V3NcLc2zDQ9rgoBAgQIEBhF4KLBJ8Fl261NaZ3gkAB0c/PN/boJRv3FTfNz6hmxCD7TtErONeg/bBneNk07eFcCEcjvYyY8cM6P44EAAQIERhK4aPBJKKi8jQTZtkXwaRKXvc/FFWPvnJ7Luns3AgQIECBAgMC1CAg+xS0l+BSD7lnd11//ZXVleT09e4JZjcCEAvk99bs6YQN4awIECCxU4KLBZwnGgs8SWtk+EiBwrECbAjtDU7/77u/HVuN1BAgQIEDgYAHB52Cy3S8QfHb7eJYAAQLr01+71pZjggABAgQuISD4FCsLPsWgqiNAYJYCmf66TUiSv5s5T8/wt1k2tZ0iQIDAMAJXG3xev/5hGMR+QwSfXuM8y5m22vVBzmOrVgKXFEjQyfl5+buZW4JQApFCgAABAgTOITBM8MmFTDNNdS5MuuuWqa7bP8lzgJxap+BzquDu1+dDUYwzVEYhQGAeAvkiox/+No+9shcECBAgMJrAEMGnXZi0BZp970fDzPYIPudrlR9//Od96M23xAoBAvMSyBcbenzm1ab2hgABAiMJTB58bm9v7z/M7ht40iNkqNtIh9H5tyXfCLfzAXJhRIUAAQIECBAgQIDAIQKTB5++tyfL79+/v+vDUJZTEnTaMLcEn1GLHp/6lsl5AL///X+uAnIuUKoQILA8gUyDnZtCgAABAgSOFZg8+Lx48cXqA21CTV+ePv149XjCUCsJRe3xV6++bw8PdS/41DZHQk/CTlxzb9anWl+1EbgWgTYiIMNc/R24llaznQQIEBhLYPLgk96b/EO7ufnmA5kWiNYfT+DJ+utB6YMXT/hDtk2pE2gzPmWYm5nc6lzVRODaBDLEtYWf9ADnnD+FAAECBAgcIjBM8Ol7drIDbQjc+rC29Pq0f35ZHq0IPrUt0mZ6coHDWle1EbhGgfwdaMNe87c2fx8Mf7vGlrTNBAgQmEZg8uDTenbWg0/r2cnQtvXSgk+mwB6tCD61LZJeHsNaak3VRuCaBfL34K9//X/3X4ClN/i77/5+zbtk2wkQIEDgQgKTB5/Ws7M+dC2hpgWcvmen7/ERfC50lHgbAgQIDCaQnp7WI+wLp8Eax+YQIEBgUIHJg8/bt7/cB5y+16cPOP3jLSjlH12b8W0kW/+AR2oN20KAwNwFct0f5/vMvZXtHwECBGoEJg8+2Y02wUFCQz+07eXLr+5DUSY5yC3rrK9XQ1FTi+BT46gWAgQIECBAgAABApUCQwSf9O60a/T0wSc9Ok+efHQfdlroyf2Iw9zSMILP8YdnzufJ2H2FAAECFQKu/VOhqA4CBAjMR2CI4NM4M6FBP6wtjyf89D0/CUijhp5sr+DTWvOw+8zW1ILtYa+0NgECBB4KZBKE9jfFFyoPfTxCgACBJQoMFXzm0ACCz+GtmA8omZkpdrlWh0KAAIEKgX7yg0yDbVr8ClV1ECBA4HoFhgs+r1//sOr1yXk/7ZZze9Ib1M/uNiq54HN4y7QPJ5988gdTVx/O5xUECOwQyMQH7YuV/H3ORZFNkb8DzFMECBCYscAwwSfD13J+T/4xbbvlfJ/1oXCjtY3gc1iLtOtx5INJzvFRCBAgUC2QoJPe5Pa/JX9vzARXraw+AgQIjC8wRPBpFytt/5Ry33p7cr8+wUHO+Rm1CD77t0x/Xk+mpFUIECBwToH8zcmQt/ydTvhRCBAgQGBZApMHnwxfa8Em9wlBm0qu95MQ1MLRqD0/gs+m1nv4mPN6Hpp4hACBywh8993f73JTCBAgQGBZApMHn/6CpAk3j5UWfvpprx97zSWfF3z20840s7FyXs9+XtYiQIAAAQIECBA4TWDy4PPixRerD8D7Dl9LOGq9PvsEpdN4Dn+14LO/WYadOMl4fy9rEiBAgAABAgQIHC8wefBpPTiHDF1rwWfE6/kIPscfjF5JgACBKQVaT3TOAzL5wZQt4b0JECBwHoHJg0+7OOm+PT45J6gFn1zcdLQi+IzWIraHAAEC+wu0yQ/yt/zzz/+kV3p/OmsSIEBgeIHJg096bfIPJhMb7BNk2jlB6SkasQg+I7aKbSJAgMB+Ahl+26bZz9/zzP5mIoT97KxFgACB0QUmDz4Bar0+z559erfrvJ0WehKSdq03Jbrgs13f+TzbbTxDgMBYArmuWCZfyd/03HKhZdcaG6uNbA0BAgQOFbho8Elw2XZrU1rnH0wC0M3NN/frJhj1FzfNz6lnxCL4PGyVBJ42fOThsx4hQIDAuALp7UmvT/62JwgpBAgQIHC9AhcNPvnHUXkbkV3wedgqX3/9l1W7J/woBAgQuDaBTHqQ830yBE4hQIAAgesVEHyK207w+RA0U1a3sJtlhQABAgQIECBAgMAUAhcNPlPs4KXfU/D5TTxD3NoQkfT6KAQIECBAgAABAgSmEhB8iuUFn99AMzQkHhniZmKD31wsESAwH4FMeJC/cZn8IEPiFAIECBAYV0DwKW4bwedXUEPcig8s1REgMKRAu+hp/vab+nrIJrJRBAgQuBcYLvjkAqW5tk8/+9urV98PO331veT/LQg+v0K0aWANcVs/QvxMgMDcBNLrkx6f/P3PLX//TH09t1a2PwQIzEFgmOCTwJMprNs/jk33mdL69esfhnbPdit3qxmQXPXckUCAwJIE+qmv878gs8AZ5rukI8C+EiAwusAQwSehJ9fu2RR2Nj2WHqBRi+AzasvYLgIECJxfIEGnnd+Y/wdZVggQIEBgDIEhgs/z55/dh54sp1cnYaiVt29/WQ196y9ymuFwIxbBZ8RWsU0ECBC4rMCPP/5zNfzNcN/Luns3AgQI7BKYPPgkwLRenZcvv9q1ravzfFr4efHii53rTvWk4DOVvPclQIAAAQIECBAgsF1g8uDTzuvJ+Tv7lAxza0Gp7xXa57WXWEfwuYSy9yBAgAABAgQIECBwmMDkwacNc0sA2qck7LTgM+Jwt6UGn0xfnZtCgAABArsF8rcys8Bl8gOFAAECBC4nMEzwyfTV+xbBZ1+py6z3j3/89yqMOon3Mt7ehQCB6xbor3OWi5/60ui629PWEyBwPQKTB5+cq5Mgs+85O5nooAWfLI9WltbjkxmMctG+7LdvL0c7Gm0PAQKjCmTyg/a3M38/v/zyz6a+HrWxbBcBArMRmDz4pKfnkCDTglImORixLC345J919jkX7FMIECBAYH+BfHGUWd/a/8AEofSgKwQIECBwHoHJg0/O2WkzteV+23k7WS+zvrV/EIcMjTsP3eZalxR8+uEahmpsPh48SoAAgccE8vczXx61/296zx8T8zwBAgSOE5g8+GSz+5na8oc/FzPNZAcJN7mll6eFo/b8iDO6ZV+WFHzaP+r0+igECBAgcJpAAk96fVz75zRHryZAgMA2gSGCTzZuPfy0b77W7zML3KihJ/uxlODz3Xd/X+1r/klnuIZCgAABAgQIECBAYGSBYYJPkG5vb1c9PW2K6xZ6co2f9PokHI1elhJ82km5CUAKAQIECBAgQIAAgdEFJg8+CTuvX/8wutPe27eU4JOpq01fvfdhYUUCBAicJJDzgDKs2OQHJzF6MQECCxeYPPjkXJ6EhfTqzKEsJfjMoa3sAwECBK5FINNf5/9Lbrn46b/+9T/Xsum2kwABAsMITB582rC2BKA5FMFnDq1oHwgQIDCeQJv8oAUgs7+N10a2iACBsQUmDz7tujyCz9gHiq0jQIAAgekF0tOTHp8Wfn7/+/+8czmB6dvFFhAgcB0Ckweft29/uZ+qets1fK6D8tet1ONzTa1lWwkQIHCdAhn6ltDTApCJZq6zHW01AQKXFZg8+GRyg8zW1q7Tk3N9cqHSdg2fXfeXpdrv3eYcfN69e7cfgrUIECBA4OwCuZRArvmT/zuup3Z2bm9AgMAMBCYPPgk27RurQ+9H9J9j8Mk/10xfnW8XFQIECBAgQIAAAQLXKCD4FLfaHINPvknMfn3yyR+KtVRHgAABAgQIECBA4DICkwefy+zm5d5lbsEnJ9Jmn3JzAu3ljiPvRIAAgVMFXPvnVEGvJ0BgbgKCT3GLzi345CKl2ScXKy0+UFRHgACBMwu49s+ZgVVPgMDVCQg+xU02p+CTbwuzP7m5WF7xgaI6AgQIXEBg07V/ct6mQoAAgSUKTBp8MqNbprCewzTW7eCZU/Bp14owW1BrXfcECBC4PoF8cdV67/M/KhPVpDdIIUCAwNIEJgk+r1//cJdpq1tvQrvPNNYJQ9dc5hJ82hCJzObm28FrPiJtOwECBH4VcO0fRwIBAksXuHjwubn55kHgacEn97meTy5qeq1lLsHnH//471U7ZZiEQoAAAQLzEMgXWfm7nv9VevPn0ab2ggCB/QUuGnwypK0POS9efHF/odJnzz69fy69Qdda5hJ88s/ReT3XehTabgIECBAgQIAAgXWBiwafDGVLMNjWq9OezzoZDneNZS7B5xrtbTMBAgQIECBAgACBbQIXDT6tVyfD3baVdu7Pt9/+bdsqQz8u+AzdPDaOAAECBHYIZDbPTGyT4XDO79wB5SkCBK5S4KLBJ6Egt12zuLVen+fPP7tKUMHnKpvNRhMgQIDA3d3qQtXtf7XZ3xwSBAjMTWC44JOenvzRFXzmdqjZHwIECBC4BoH12d/SA+Scz2toOdtIgMBjAoLPY0IHPn+tPT4Z0pAZfjKbm0KAAAECyxboZ39rPUCGvy37mLD3BOYgIPgUt+K1Bp82vWm+2VMIECBAgEAE0tPTLmad/2+5EKpCgACBaxUQfIpb7hqDT77Zy4VKs+16fIoPCNURIEBgBgIZ/pYA9PXXf5nB3tgFAgSWKiD4FLf8NQYfvT3FB4HqCBAgQIAAAQIEhhMQfIqb5NqCT9/bk2lMFQIECBAgQIAAAQJzFJgk+CQcVNxGbJBrCz56e0Y8imwTAQIErkfg3bt3q+HSmf7aF2jX0262lMASBQSf4la/puCjt6e48VVHgACBBQr0/0vyPzATIJj+eoEHgl0mcAUCFw0+uTZP5W1E32sKPt999/dVz5uZ3EY8kmwTAQIErkcg4ScTH+R/YLuZ/vp62s+WEliKwEWDzxJQryn4ZHhCvpkzNGEJR6Z9JECAwPkF1qe/zoyhmRFOIUCAwAgCgk9xK1xT8CneddURIECAAIGVQMJOzvnJ/8SEH4UAAQIjCAg+xa0g+BSDqo4AAQIErlYgQ6pdH+5qm8+GE5idgOBT3KSCTzGo6ggQIECAAAECBAgUCAg+BYh9FYJPr2GZAAECBAhsFshwOL1Bm208SoDAeQQEn2JXwacYVHUECBAgMEuBnPuT/5mffPIHk+zMsoXtFIHxBASf4jYZPfhk6uqccKoQIECAAIEpBXL+Tws/+d+Z/0+u/zNli3hvAvMXEHyK23jk4JMhBdk+M+wUN7rqCBAgQOAogU3X/8n1gPK4QoAAgWoBwadYdOTgk+EE2b5cVE4hQIAAAQKjCKSnJ9eVy/+o9gWd3p9RWsd2EJiPgOBT3JajBp9cpLT9M/FNWnGjq44AAQIESgTyvypf0mVkQi6yrRAgQKBSQPCp1Ly7W4WL4ipLqsvY6QSfDCFQCBAgQIAAAQIECCxNQPApbvERe3zyrVm2KzdDB4obXHUECBAgQIAAAQJXISD4FDfTiMHnyy//vAo9uVcIECBAgMC1CvT/z3yRd62taLsJTCcg+BTbjxh82nShxksXN7bqCBAgQOCiApkCu41gyP+2TNbjvNWLNoE3I3DVAoJPcfONGHzyj8LVsYsbWnUECBAgMIlAJkBo563mf24LQJNsjDclQOCqBASf4uYaMfgU76LqCBAgQIDA5AIJQLkgd+sBynIeUwgQILBNQPDZJnPk44LPkXBeRoAAAQIEjhDIiIYWgHItIIUAAQLbBASfbTJHPi74HAnnZQQIECBA4EiBnOeT3h4THhwJ6GUEFiIg+BQ3tOBTDKo6AgQIECBAgAABAgUCgk8BYl/FSMHHTDd9y1gmQIAAgSUKpBcoQ+AyFbYeoSUeAfaZwG8Cgs9vFiVLIwSfTFudWW5ct6ekSVVCgAABAlcskC8B87+53QSgK25Mm07gRAHB50TA9ZePEHz6C7ytb5+fCRAgQIDA0gTyhWA/BXb+V7sG0NKOAvtL4O5O8Ck+CqYOPv03W6b1LG5c1REgQIDAVQvk/2IfgFwD6Kqb08YTOFhA8DmYbPcLpg4++QYr2/DJJ3/YvaGeJUCAAAECCxVYD0DO/VnogWC3Fycg+BQ3+dTBp13LINc1UAgQIECAAIHtAj/++M+7/L80GdB2I88QmJOA4FPcmlMGn/wBz/un614hQIAAAQIECBAgQOA3AcHnN4uSpSmDTxu3nOFuCgECBAgQIHC8wHff/X11PpARFMcbeiWB0QQEn+IWmTL45L1zM1a5uFFVR4AAAQKLE/j667/cT4GdYeQC0OIOATs8QwHBp7hRpww+6enJcDeFAAECBAgQOF0gYaedO5v/7wLQ6aZqIDClgOBTrD9l8CneFdURIECAAAECd3er3p71AOSSEQ4NAtcnIPgUt5ngUwyqOgIECBAgMIhA3wPkshGDNIrNIHCAgOBzANY+qwo++yhZhwABAgQIXK9AhpU7n/Z628+WL1dA8Clue8GnGFR1BAgQIECAAAECBAoEBJ8CxL4KwafXsEyAAAECBJYlkHOBcj29TDjkwqjLant7O76A4FPcRpcMPvmDmjHGX3755+K9UB0BAgQIECBwjEC7pl4+DwhAxwh6DYHzCQg+xbaXDD45yTLvl2+XFAIECBAgQGAMgX4ShBaA8iWl84LGaB9bsVwBwae47S8ZfNLbk/fL1aUVAgQIECBAYCyBTILQ9wDlf7ZpsMdqI1uzLAHBp7i9LxV83r17d39FaWOIixtRdQQIECBAoFAgYacFoPQGKQQITCMg+BS7Xyr4fP31X1bBx/k9xQ2oOgIECBAgQIAAgVkKCD7FzXqp4JMTJnWZFzee6ggQIECAwAQCGbmRniC9QRPge8tFCQg+xc19ieCTP4x5H5MaFDee6ggQIECAwAQC/fD1/G8XgCZoBG+5VeDVq+/vT6/I589Db99++7etdV/6CcGnWPwSwefzz/+0OuhyjQCFAAECBAgQuH6B/E9voznyWcJU2NffpnPZA8FnLi15hv24RPDJN0EJP6bFPEMDqpIAAQIECEwkkCFvmak1vT7tW/UEoJzXqxAYUeDly69Wx+rTpx+PuHkPtkmPzwOS0x64RPA5bQu9mgABAgQIEBhdIF9ytstW5LOF4W+jt9gyt0/wWWa73++14HNPYYEAAQIECBA4USBTYacXyKUrToT08rMICD5nYb2eSgWf62krW0qAAAECBK5dIMPehaJrb8Xr3X7B53rbrmTLBZ8SRpUQIECAAAECjwikNyifO9pECM79fQTM0+UCgk856XVVKPhcV3vZWgIECBAgcK0C6enpJ0LIZ5Bc2DzTYysELiEg+FxCeeD3OFfwyR8xM7kN3PA2jQABAgQITCTw44//vPvjH//rfia4fBbJzyZEmKhBFvS2gs+CGnvTrp4r+LRr9/gjtkndYwQIECBAgEC+JE2PTz6LtJveH8fFOQUEn3PqXkHd5wg+GbPb/oAZv3sFB4FNJECAAAECEwpkCFwuiGrY24SNsJC3FnwW0tDbdvMcwSfTWKbedFsrBAgQIECAAIFTBcwEd6qg10dA8Fn4cXCO4NMuYGaY28IPLrtPgAABAgQKBHJOUD6vZGKE9AwJQQWoC61C8Flow7fdrg4+GZubOnPzh6kpuydAgAABAgSOFcjniU2zwWV6bIXAIQKCzyFaM1y3Ovh8/fVfVqEn43QVAgQIECBAgECVQEaSrM8Gl1EmRphUCc+/HsFn/m28cw+rg0/7Ribd0goBAgQIECBAoFqgzQaXC6G2USY+d1Qrz7M+wWee7br3Xp0j+CT8KAQIECBAgACBcwpkCFwmVMooE7PInlN6PnULPvNpy6P2pDr4+MNzVDN4EQECBAgQIHAGgfQO+WxyBtgrrVLwudKGq9rs6uBTtV3qIUCAAAECBAicIpDJD9pQuJwb5FygUzTn8dpjg8/r1z+sjqX3799fFOLfLvpuC3gzwWcBjWwXCRAgQIDAQgU+//xP9+Enn3lyXlAmYtILtMwD4pjg8/btL3dPnnwk+MzhkBF85tCK9oEAAQIECBDYJpCQk+v/tAmY+l4gAWibmscj8O23f7t7/vyzu5ubbwSfORwSgs8cWtE+ECBAgAABAvsIZPa3IX3mtQAAGelJREFUvhfI5Tf2UVvmOhne9vTpx3cZ3ib4zOQYqAo+ppGcyQFhNwgQIECAwAIEMiOcC6AuoKFP2MXb29tV6EkVgs8JkCO9tCL4tG9OMnOKQoAAAQIECBC4doEMjcvnG1/sXntL1my/4FPjOHktpwaffGOSOnITfCZvThtAgAABAgQIFAj05wNl2YQIBahXXIXgc8WN12/6qcEnU0OmDhct7VUtEyBAgAABAtcskEkPEnb6AJTPO5988ofVtNj54ldZjoDgM5O2PjX4tGFuuXKyQoAAAQIECBCYm8D6hAj57GRShLm18u79EXx2+1zNs6cEn36Ym+kgr6bJbSgBAgQIECBwhEA+9+SL3lwMNecAKcsREHxm0tanBJ82zC3dvgoBAgQIECBAYOkC+SI44cgXwvM6EgSfmbTnKcGnDXPLGFiFAAECBAgQILB0gfbZKJ+vnA80n6NB8JlJW54SfD766D/M5jaT48BuECBAgAABAqcLZIbbfLZavyUQZaSMSRFON15SDf+2pJ29xL6eEnzSlZtfYoUAAQIECBAgQOBXgXy2aucDpdenD0FmwXWUHCIg+Byitce6pwSfPaq3CgECBAgQIEBgUQLrn61yvk8mQ0joyc35P4s6HE7aWcHnJL6HL17/5Xy4hkcIECBAgAABAgT2FTj2s1VG0bgY/L7Ky1hP8Clu52N/OYs3Q3UECBAgQIAAgcUKtJly87ksvUKZOEoIWuzhcL/jgs89Rc2C4FPjqBYCBAgQIECAwCkCuShqmzgqn8+EoFM05/Fawae4HQWfYlDVESBAgAABAgROEPjxx3/ebQpBJpQ6AfVKXyr4FDfcocEnJ+TlisU///xz8ZaojgABAgQIECBAoBdoISjD3zKbrrIsAcGnuL0PDT4Zc5rXZHYShQABAgQIECBA4EOBQz9bffjqw3/Kl9H5fJaQpMxLQPApbs9DfznzjUNe45eruCFUR4AAAQIECMxC4NDPVqfudEbi5D1zyzlCGSaXYXEulnqq7PSvF3yK2+CQX852NeL8UikECBAgQIAAAQIPBQ75bPXw1Yc/ktMQ0uPTvpxuISj3n3/+J19WH046zCsEn+KmOOSXM2NL2y9R8WaojgABAgQIECBA4ESBfEmdEPTJJ3+47wXKZzcXTT0RdqKXCz7F8IcEn/ZLZFaR4kZQHQECBAgQIECgWCBhJ19a+9xWDHvB6gSfYux9g0/GiWbd3IwZLW4E1REgQIAAAQIELiyQ3qGcvuC8oAvDH/B2gs8BWPusum/wybcFWTe9PgoBAgQIECBAgMB1C+SL7E3nBWWyhPQUJRgp0woIPsX+hwYfc8gXN4DqCBAgQIAAgVkJ7PvZapSdTsDJZUraKQ3Z/nZz+ZJpW0nwKfY/5JdT8i/GVx0BAgQIECAwO4FDPluNtvM5LyijfDIbXIbACT7TtpDgU+x/zb+cxRSqI0CAAAECBAicLLCEz1a5nmOGxLULpzr/++TDZmMFgs9GluMfXMIv5/E6XkmAAAECBAgQOExgCZ+t0hOU/exvzg067DjZZ23BZx+lA9ZZwi/nARxWJUCAAAECBAicJLCUz1bp9dl0zaDsf4bJuXbQSYfR6sWCz+mGH9SwlF/OD3baDwQIECBAgACBMwks8bPV+rlBMXD9oNMPMMHndMMPatjnl1Ni/4DMDwQIECBAgACBrQL7fLba+uKZPLHrnJ8Mk8uwuNz//PPPM9nj8+yG4FPs+tgv55df/nnVXbnrAC7eJNURIECAAAECBK5W4LHPVle7Y0UbntATo/6WWeRcO+ghsODz0OSkRx775WwHpV6fk5i9mAABAgQIECBA4O5ude5PhsHly/VNF1DNY75w//VQEXyKf2V2BZ+ctJbncwAqBAgQIECAAAECBKoF1s8PyudOX7j/qiz4FB9tu4JPZurI87lXCBAgQIAAAQIECEwlkDD0ySd/WJ2CsZShcYJP8dG2K/i07sf0/CgECBAgQIAAAQKPC+z6bPX4q62xSyDBJ77rtzZZwtx6igSfXUfDEc9t++XMgdMOqiOq9RICBAgQIECAwCIFtn22WiTGGXb63bt3q4kQ0uvTvqRvn1nz85zODxJ8ig+gbb+cmVkjz+WgUggQIECAAAECBPYT2PbZar9XW+tQgXxZ3yZLyOfXbSXr5JbgdC1F8CluqW2/nAk8eW7XAVS8KaojQIAAAQIECFy9wLbPVle/Y1e8A7leUNql3T766D9WX+6Pfi0hwaf4oNv2y5kDwawaxdiqI0CAAAECBAgQmEQgX+bnXKCEnhaA+vsRJ/MSfIoPlW3Bp/htVEeAAAECBAgQIEBgCIEMd2vD49qECQlF20rWn+LcIcFnW4sc+bjgcySclxEgQIAAAQIECMxeoF3XMp+ZMxoqp4NcasZjwaf48BJ8ikFVR4AAAQIECCxawGereTV/enrSG5R27W+XmDpb8Ck+lvxyFoOqjgABAgQIEFi0gM9W823+TJKQc4Vyf4ki+BQr++UsBlUdAQIECBAgsGgBn60W3fylOy/4lHLerbrs+irTnXepcYv9+1omQIAAAQIECMxBQPCZQyuOsQ+CT3E7rP9ytpktLjFusXhXVEeAAAECBAgQmFxg/bPV5BtkA65WQPApbrr+lzO9Pfk5tymm7CveNdURIECAAAECBC4u0H+2uvibe8NZCQg+xc3Z/3K26frS66MQIECAAAECBAgcLtB/tjr81V5B4DcBwec3i5Kl/pczV6zNzyNeubZkZ1VCgAABAgQIEDizQP/Z6sxvpfqZCwg+xQ3c/3K283suNUVf8a6ojgABAgQIECBAgMBsBASf4qZswcf5PcWwqiNAgAABAgQIECBwgoDgcwLeppe24OP8nk06HiNAgAABAgQIECAwjYDgU+zegs9f//r/nN9TbKs6AgQIECBAgAABAscKCD7Hym15XQs+Oa/nj3/8r7t3795tWdPDBAgQIECAAAECjwm0z1aPred5Ao8JCD6PCR34vF/OA8GsToAAAQIECBDYIeCz1Q4cTx0kIPgcxPX4yn45HzeyBgECBAgQIEBgXwGfrfaVst5jAoLPY0IHPu+X80AwqxMgQIAAAQIECBC4gIDgU4ws+BSDqo4AAQIECBAgQIBAgYDgU4DYVyH49BqWCRAgQIAAAQIECIwhIPgUt0OCj5ncilFVR4AAAQIECBAgQOBEAcHnRMD1lyf45PaPf/z3+lN+JkCAAAECBAgQOFDAaJoDway+VUDw2Upz3BMt+Hz33d+Pq8CrCBAgQIAAAQIE7gUEn3sKCycKCD4nAq6/vAWfXMBUIUCAAAECBAgQOE1A8DnNz6t/ExB8frM4eelf//qf1TA3v6AnU6qAAAECBAgQILAS8LnKgVAlIPhskWw9N+5/PWeJAwfHgGPAMeAYcAw4BhwDjoFzHQNbPpKXPiz4lHLerXp8iqtUHQECBAgQIEBgsQL5oK0QqBAQfCoUuzr8cnYYFgkQIECAAAECJwr4bHUioJffCwg+9xQ1C345axzVQoAAAQIECBCIgM9WjoMqAcGnSvL/6vHLWQyqOgIECBAgQGDRAj5bLbr5S3de8Cnl9K1EMafqCBAgQIAAgYULCD4LPwAKd1/wKcRMVX45i0FVR4AAAQIECCxawGerRTd/6c4LPqWcgk8xp+oIECBAgACBhQsIPgs/AAp3X/ApxExVfjmLQVVHgAABAgQILFrAZ6tFN3/pzgs+pZyCTzGn6ggQIECAAIGFCwg+Cz8ACndf8CnETFV+OYtBVUeAAAECBAgsWsBnq0U3f+nOCz6lnIJPMafqCBAgQIAAgYULCD4LPwAKd1/wKcRMVX45i0FVR4AAAQIECCxawGerRTd/6c4LPqWcgk8xp+oIECBAgACBhQsIPgs/AAp3X/ApxExVfjmLQVVHgAABAgQILFrAZ6tFN3/pzgs+pZwqI0CAAAECBAgQIEBgRAHBZ8RWsU0ECBAgQIAAAQIECJQKCD6lnCojQIAAAQIECBAgQGBEAcFnxFaxTQQIECBAgAABAgQIlAoIPqWcKiNAgAABAgQIECBAYEQBwWfEVrFNBAgQIECAAAECBAiUCgg+pZwqI0CAAAECBAgQIEBgRAHBZ8RWsU0ECBAgQIAAAQIECJQKCD6lnCojQIAAAQIECBAgQGBEAcFnxFaxTQQIECBAgAABAgQIlAoIPqWcKiNAgAABAgQIECBAYEQBwWfEVrFNBAgQIECAAAECBAiUCgg+pZwqI0CAAAECBAgQIEBgRAHBZ8RWsU0ECBAgQIAAAQIECJQKCD6lnCojQIAAAQIECBAgQGBEAcFnxFaxTQQIECBAgAABAgQIlAoIPqWcKiNAgAABAgQIECBAYEQBwWfEVrFNBAgQIECAAAECBAiUCgg+pZwqI0CAAAECBAgQ2Ffg7dtf7n73u38/6vb69Q/7vo31CKwEBB8HAgECBAgQIECAwCQCCS/HBp/3799Pss3e9HoFBJ/rbTtbToAAAQIECBC4aoGbm2/ug8/t7e1V74uNH19A8Bm/jWwhAQIECBAgQGCWAs+efboKPk+efDTL/bNTYwkIPmO1h60hQIAAAQIECCxGIIEnQ91evPhiMftsR6cTEHyms/fOBAgQIECAAIHFCvQTG3z77d8W62DHLycg+FzO2jsRIECAAAECBAj8n0DCTpvYwAxtDotLCAg+l1D2HgQIECBAgAABAh8I9BMbmKHtAxo/nElA8DkTrGoJECBAgAABAgS2C7SJDZ4+/Xj7Sp4hUCgg+BRiqooAAQIECBAgQOBxgfTwtGFuh97n3CCFwDECgs8xal5DgAABAgQIECBwtEA/scEhwSe9RAqBYwUEn2PlvI4AAQIECBAgQOAogX5igzdvfjqqDi8icKiA4HOomPUJECBAgAABAgROEsh1e1pPj4kNTqL04gMEBJ8DsKxKgAABAgQIECBwukAmNEjwMXTtdEs17C8g+OxvZU0CBAgQIECAAIETBfqJDV6+/OrE2rycwP4Cgs/+VtYkQIAAAQIECBA4USAXK23D3HKuj0LgUgKCz6WkvQ8BAgQIECBAgMBdP7GBqakdEJcUEHwuqe29CBAgQIAAAQILF2gTGzx58tHCJez+pQUEn0uLez8CBAgQIECAwIIFEnjaULdD7w2NW/CBU7Drgk8BoioIECBAgAABAgQeF7i9vT069CQkGRr3uLE1tgsIPtttPEOAAAECBAgQIDCwQGaF63uNMozOdYEGbrCJN03wmbgBvD0BAgQIECBAgMDhAgk5uQ5QCzrpDcowOlNkH265lFcIPktpaftJgAABAgQIEJiJQBsyt37OT4JQLo6qENgkIPhsUvEYAQIECBAgQIDA8ALp5bm5+WZ1e/78s9WwN7PFDd9sk22g4DMZvTcmQIAAAQIECBA4VqBNi51enoSfV6++Xw19E3yOFZ3/6wSf+bexPSRAgAABAgQIzErgzZufVr07CTt9SQgSfHoRy72A4NNrWCZAgAABAgQIEBheIOf2bJreOqFH8Bm++SbbQMFnMnpvTIAAAQIECBAgcIxAzu1J8MkQt5TM7OYcn2Mkl/UawWdZ7W1vCRAgQIAAAQKzEMgwt/4aPglBrScos74pBNYFBJ91ET8TIECAAAECBAgQIDA7AcFndk1qhwgQIECAAAECBAgQWBcQfNZF/EyAAAECBAgQIECAwOwEBJ/ZNakdIkCAAAECBAgQIEBgXUDwWRfxMwECBAgQIECAAAECsxMQfGbXpHaIAAECBAgQIECAAIF1AcFnXcTPBAgQIECAAAECBAjMTkDwmV2T2iECBAgQIECAAAECBNYFBJ91ET8TIECAAAECBAgQIDA7AcFndk1qhwgQIECAAAECBAgQWBcQfNZF/EyAAAECBAgQIECAwOwEBJ/ZNakdIkCAAAECBAgQIEBgXUDwWRfxMwECBAgQIECAAAECsxMQfGbXpHaIAAECBAgQIECAAIF1AcFnXcTPBAgQIECAAAECBAjMTkDwmV2T2iECBAgQIECAAAECBNYFBJ91ET8TIECAAAECBAgQIDA7AcFndk1qhwgQIECAAAECBAgQWBcQfNZF/EyAAAECBAgQIECAwOwEBJ/ZNakdIkCAAAECBAgQIEBgXUDwWRfxMwECBAgQIECAAAECsxMQfGbXpHaIAAECBAgQIECAAIF1AcFnXcTPBAgQIECAAAECBAjMTkDwmV2T2iECBAgQIECAAAECBNYFBJ91ET8TIECAAAECBAgQIDA7AcFndk1qhwgQIECAAAECBAgQWBcQfNZF/EyAAAECBAgQIECAwOwEBJ/ZNakdIkCAAAECBAgQIEBgXUDwWRfxMwECBAgcJPDmzU93v/vdvx91y2sVAgQIECBwCQHB5xLK3oMAAQIzFhB8Zty4do0AAQIzEhB8ZtSYdoUAAQJTCPTB59Wr76fYBO9JgAABAgQeFRB8HiWyAgECBAjsEhB8dul4jgABAgRGERB8RmkJ20GAAIErFRB8rrThbDYBAgQWJiD4LKzB7S4BAgSqBaqCT19Plt++/eXu5uabDyZNeP78s7vXr394dBe+/fZvd8+effrBa1++/Oou9W4q/Xvn+fX3XX/P9fqfPPnoLo+lZBsz2UPuW8nr2wQQjw0HTF1ZN9ugECBAgECdgOBTZ6kmAgQILFKgDw2PfajfBdTXkxDRgsKm+22h4Pb29u7p048Pfm3/3i9efPHg9Xk+5f379/fBZtN2JWy1wNUHn7y2BZr1x3uTPiAl+CkECBAgUCcg+NRZqokAAQKLFOhDQ1XwSahIgOl7WrLch5r1YJBQ0p7Pfb8teS49Pi2stN6Z1mD9PmSdhJ9W+nX7UJT6Wsm2tJ6e9h7rAafvRcr2bCqt/oQnhQABAgRqBQSfWk+1ESBAYHECfWjow8ahEH096R3ZFA76dfpAkvdqwSahJz0/m0rfk9Sv09eb128q/Trbepxab0/Cz3rw6V+/vu15v+xv6xXa9PymbfIYAQIECOwvIPjsb2VNAgQIENgg0H+gb70d+9yvf7jv69kWLPL2re6+xyWPt9DwWPhq6/Xvv897tx6bvH5bSc9P27714JPXtB6pTc9lu9tr+1C27b08ToAAAQKHCQg+h3lZmwABAgTWBPrQ0D6473PfB49U2dezK7y08NAHnz5wPBYa2nCyfjhb/97r29V2t/Xm9K9rz/X3LVhtCjepu9msb2fbrk2v6+u3TIAAAQLHCQg+x7l5FQECBAj8n0AfGnYFlsfA+nqyvK1sCj59b0kLFo/d9+fR9O+9bR9afduCUdveBJesuynA9AGtryfD3Patv72PewIECBA4TEDwOczL2gQIECCwJrBPaFh7ycYf+3ouEXz6c3n69z5n8MmOt56jPnj1PUGbzm3aCOZBAgQIEDhIQPA5iMvKBAgQILAusE9oWH/Npp/7ek4JPscEh/69zx18+pDThru1XqLHhtFtcvMYAQIECOwnIPjs52QtAgQIENgisE9o2PLSDx7u6zk0+PSvzXCyQ0v/+m3Bpw2xeyyctPU2DXXLdiXs9MPa+p/76bsP3QfrEyBAgMBuAcFnt49nCRAgQOARgX1CwyNVrJ7u68nyttKCRT+5QX+OTP/4tjrWH+/fe1vwSb0JLKfM6tbet/XwZLhb6wFKvcf0VrU63RMgQIDAbgHBZ7ePZwkQIEDgEYF9QsMjVaye7us5NPikghZMEk629fokWLTg1E+Z3b/3tuDTr9NPTNDvW5uZLduwrccn6+c9Wq9PC0HHBLb+vS0TIECAwG4BwWe3j2cJECBA4BGBPhBsCw2PVLF6uq8ny9tKCy7rQSFDxtpU0gkV6+Ek29Zem/Xa+TV5n/69d+1DH676909dfeh5LPj0PVQtABnmtq3FPU6AAIEaAcGnxlEtBAgQWKxAHxrah/h97/tekb6eY4JPGiA9PS3cbNuGhJ71HqH+vXcFn7xH66HZVH+ea8/3+7bp4OiDUrZJIUCAAIHzCgg+5/VVOwECBGYv0IeGTWFg12N9OOjrOTb4NOz09rRpo9v7t/Np2jr9ff/ejwWfvG69/gSX1sO0b/BJD0/btn7YXb9dlgkQIECgTkDwqbNUEwECBAgQuA9c/VC4TSz9bG67gt6m13qMAAECBA4XEHwON/MKAgQIEFigQOvJyVC6bSXn7qT3Jz05rQdo27p5Puv1FzLdtq7HCRAgQOB0AcHndEM1ECBAgMACBDIcrQ1N29ZD08JM1tu2TqNqQ/EeC0htffcECBAgcJqA4HOan1cTIECAwEIE+vOA0uvTz8KWnp4+GD12kdO2bnqH8lqFAAECBM4vIPic39g7ECBAgMBMBPoendb7s36fIXGbwkwLO/36fXiaCZHdIECAwLACgs+wTWPDCBAgQGBEgUyFvSkApZdnV5DJbHEt9Kz3GI24n7aJAAECcxMQfObWovaHAAECBAgQIECAAIEHAoLPAxIPECBAgAABAgQIECAwNwHBZ24tan8IECBAgAABAgQIEHggIPg8IPEAAQIECBAgQIAAAQJzExB85tai9ocAAQIECBAgQIAAgQcCgs8DEg8QIECAAAECBAgQIDA3AcFnbi1qfwgQIECAAAECBAgQeCAg+Dwg8QABAgQIECBAgAABAnMTEHzm1qL2hwABAgQIECBAgACBBwKCzwMSDxAgQIAAAQIECBAgMDcBwWduLWp/CBAgQIAAAQIECBB4ICD4PCDxAAECBAgQIECAAAECcxMQfObWovaHAAECBAgQIECAAIEHAoLPAxIPECBAgAABAgQIECAwNwHBZ24tan8IECBAgAABAgQIEHggIPg8IPEAAQIECBAgQIAAAQJzExB85tai9ocAAQIECBAgQIAAgQcC/x8Aat4le+JopgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" width="486" height="385"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The hydrogen peroxide could cause further oxidation of the methanol. Suggest a possible oxidation product.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the overall equation for the production of methanol.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>8.00 g of methane is completely converted to methanol. Calculate, to three significant figures, the final volume of hydrogen at STP, in dm<sup>3</sup>. Use sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em>, in kJ. Use section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Bond enthalpy of CO = 1077 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> reason why you would expect the value of Δ<em>H</em> calculated from the <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∆</mo><msubsup><mi>H</mi><mi>f</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">⦵</mi></msubsup></math> values, given in section 12 of data booklet, to differ from your answer to (d)(i).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the expression for <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> for this stage of the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the value of <em>K<sub>c</sub></em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, has a value of 1.01 at 298 K.</p>
<p>Calculate Δ<em>G</em><sup>⦵</sup>, in kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>, for this reaction. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate a value for the entropy change, Δ<em>S</em><sup>⦵</sup>, in J K<sup>–1</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup> at 298 K. Use your answers to (e)(i) and section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>If you did not get answers to (e)(i) use –1 kJ, but this is not the correct answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify the sign of Δ<em>S</em> with reference to the equation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving a reason, how a change in temperature from 298 K to 273 K would affect the spontaneity of the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>This reaction is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2SO<sub>2</sub> (g) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> 2SO<sub>3</sub> (g) <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> = 280 at 1000 K</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State why this equilibrium reaction is considered homogeneous.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving your reason, the sign of the standard entropy change of the forward reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup>, in kJ, for this reaction at 1000 K. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, giving your reasons, whether the forward reaction is endothermic or exothermic. Use your answers to (b) and (c).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>0.200 mol sulfur dioxide, 0.300 mol oxygen and 0.500 mol sulfur trioxide were mixed in a 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> flask at 1000 K.</p>
<p>Predict the direction of the reaction showing your working.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A mixture of 1.00 mol SO<sub>2</sub>(g), 2.00 mol O<sub>2</sub>(g) and 1.00 mol SO<sub>3</sub>(g) is placed in a 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> container and allowed to reach equilibrium.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2SO<sub>2</sub>(g) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> 2SO<sub>3</sub>(g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Nitrogen oxide is in equilibrium with dinitrogen dioxide.</p>
<p>2NO(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(g) Δ<em>H</em><sup>Θ</sup> < 0</p>
<p>Deduce, giving a reason, the effect of increasing the temperature on the concentration of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A two-step mechanism is proposed for the formation of NO<sub>2</sub>(g) from NO(g) that involves an exothermic equilibrium process.</p>
<p>First step: 2NO(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(g) fast</p>
<p>Second step: N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(g) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2NO<sub>2</sub>(g) slow</p>
<p>Deduce the rate expression for the mechanism.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The rate constant for a reaction doubles when the temperature is increased from 25.0 °C to 35 °C.</p>
<p>Calculate the activation energy, <em>E</em><sub>a</sub>, in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> for the reaction using section 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">This question is about iron.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the <strong>full</strong> electron configuration of Fe<sup>2+</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why, when ligands bond to the iron ion causing the d-orbitals to split, the complex is coloured.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the nuclear symbol notation, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{\text{Z}}^{\text{A}}{\text{X}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>Z</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>A</mtext>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>X</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>, for iron-54.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Mass spectrometry analysis of a sample of iron gave the following results:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="images/6d.PNG" alt width="269" height="186"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the relative atomic mass, A<sub>r</sub>, of this sample of iron to two decimal places.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">An iron nail and a copper nail are inserted into a lemon.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="images/6e.PNG" alt width="400" height="250"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why a potential is detected when the nails are connected through a voltmeter.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the standard electrode potential, in V, when the Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) | Fe (s) and Cu<sup>2+</sup> (aq) | Cu (s) standard half-cells are connected at 298 K. Use section 24 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate ΔG<sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for the spontaneous reaction in (f)(i), using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate a value for the equilibrium constant, K<sub>c</sub>, at 298 K, giving your answer to two significant figures. Use your answer to (f)(ii) and section 1 of the data booklet. </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">(If you did not obtain an answer to (f)(ii), use −140 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, but this is not the correct value.)</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>