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<h2>HL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p>Which ionic compound has the largest value of lattice enthalpy?</p>
<p>A. MgS</p>
<p>B. MgO</p>
<p>C. CaBr<sub>2 </sub></p>
<p>D. NaF</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which combination of Δ<em>H </em><sup>θ </sup>and Δ<em>S </em><sup>θ</sup> will result in a non-spontaneous reaction at all temperatures?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Which combination gives the standard hydration enthalpy of <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>Na</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span><span class="fontstyle0">?</span></p>
<p><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" 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" width="246" height="131"></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">A.  </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>359</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>790</mn></math><span class="fontstyle0"><br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">B.  </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>359</mn><mo>-</mo><mn>790</mn></math><span class="fontstyle0"><br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">C.  </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>-</mo><mn>359</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>790</mn></math><span class="fontstyle0"><br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">D.  </span><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>4</mn><mo>-</mo><mn>359</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>790</mn></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>About 60% of candidates could select values to put in an energy cycle for hydration enthalpy. The&nbsp;higher scoring candidates performed better on this question than lower scoring ones.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which equation represents the lattice enthalpy of magnesium sulfide?</p>
<p>A. MgS (s) → Mg (g) + S (g)</p>
<p>B. MgS (s) → Mg<sup>+</sup> (g) + S<sup>–</sup> (g)</p>
<p>C. MgS (s) → Mg<sup>2+</sup> (g) + S<sup>2–</sup> (g)</p>
<p>D. MgS (s) → Mg (s) + S (s)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The table shows the variation of standard Gibbs energy with temperature for a reversible reaction.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∆</mo><msup><mi>G</mi><mo>⦵</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><mo>∆</mo><msup><mi>H</mi><mo>⦵</mo></msup><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>∆</mo><msup><mi>S</mi><mo>⦵</mo></msup></math></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∆</mo><msup><mi>G</mi><mo>⦵</mo></msup><mo>=</mo><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi><mo> </mo><mi>ln</mi><mo> </mo><mi>K</mi></math></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">What can be concluded about the reaction?</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">A.&nbsp; Equilibrium shifts left as temperature increases.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">B.&nbsp; The forward reaction is more spontaneous below 300 K.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">C.&nbsp; Entropy is higher in the products than in the reactants.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">D.&nbsp; <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> decreases as temperature increases.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which value represents the lattice enthalpy, in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, of strontium chloride, SrCl<sub>2</sub>?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_11.13.49.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/16"></p>
<p>A.     – (–829) + 164 + 243 + 550 + 1064 – (–698)</p>
<p>B.     –829 + 164 + 243 + 550 + 1064 – 698</p>
<p>C.     – (–829) + 164 + 243 + 550 + 1064 – 698</p>
<p>D.     –829 + 164 + 243 + 550 + 1064 – (–698)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>In which of the following situations is the forward reaction spontaneous?</p>
<p><br>A.  The equilibrium constant is greater than one under standard conditions.</p>
<p>B.  The cell potential is negative.</p>
<p>C.  The Gibbs free energy change of the reverse reaction is negative.</p>
<p>D.  The entropy change of the universe for the forward reaction is negative.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>In which reaction does entropy decrease?</p>
<p>A.  NaCl (s) → NaCl (aq)</p>
<p>B.  Zn (s) + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>(aq) → ZnSO<sub>4 </sub>(aq) + H<sub>2 </sub>(g)</p>
<p>C.  NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) + HCl (g) → NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (s)</p>
<p>D.  CuCO<sub>3 </sub>(s) → CuO (s) + CO<sub>2 </sub>(g)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Second best answered question in the exam with 85% of candidates identifying the correct answering for reaction in which entropy decreases.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the signs of ΔH and ΔS for a reaction that is non-spontaneous at low temperatures but spontaneous at high temperatures?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Two-thirds of the candidates related information about the spontaneity of a reaction at different temperatures to the signs of ΔH and ΔS correctly. This question discriminated well between high-scoring and low-scoring candidates.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which ion’s hydration energy is the most exothermic?</p>
<p>A.     Li<sup>+</sup></p>
<p>B.     Na<sup>+</sup></p>
<p>C.     Br<sup>–</sup></p>
<p>D.     I<sup>–</sup></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which represents electron affinity?</p>
<p>A.&nbsp; Al<sup>2+ </sup>(g) → Al<sup>3+ </sup>(g) + e<sup>−</sup></p>
<p>B.&nbsp; C (g) + e<sup>−</sup> → C<sup>− </sup>(g)</p>
<p>C.&nbsp; Cl<sub>2 </sub>(g) → 2Cl (g)</p>
<p>D.&nbsp; S (s) → S<sup>+ </sup>(g) + e<sup>−</sup></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Which equation represents the standard enthalpy of atomization of bromine, Br<sub>2</sub>?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2}">
  <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mn>2</mn>
  </mfrac>
</math></span>Br<sub>2</sub> (l) → Br (g)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. Br<sub>2</sub> (l) → 2Br (g)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. Br<sub>2</sub> (l) → 2Br (l)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2}">
  <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mn>2</mn>
  </mfrac>
</math></span></span>Br<sub>2</sub> (l) → Br (l)</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>One G2 comment asked if enthalpy of atomization was on the syllabus. This Topic 15.1 question was answered correctly by 54 % of candidates but did not differentiate well between higher and lower scoring candidates.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the enthalpy of solution of MgF<sub>2</sub>(s) in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Lattice enthalpy of MgF<sub>2</sub>(s) = 2926 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Hydration enthalpy of Mg<sup>2+</sup>(g) = −1963 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Hydration enthalpy of F<sup>−</sup>(g) = −504 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p>A.     2926 − 1963 + 2(−504)</p>
<p>B.     2926 − 1963 − 504</p>
<p>C.     −2926 − (−1963) − (−504)</p>
<p>D.     −2926 − (−1963) − 2(−504)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">What is the order of increasing (more exothermic) enthalpy of hydration?</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">X<sup>n+</sup> (g) → X<sup>n+</sup> (aq)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A.  Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B.  Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C.  K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D.  Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which compound has the largest value of lattice enthalpy?</p>
<p>A.  Na<sub>2</sub>O</p>
<p>B.  K<sub>2</sub>O</p>
<p>C.  Na<sub>2</sub>S</p>
<p>D.  K<sub>2</sub>S</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A majority of students recognized the ionic compound with the highest lattice enthalpy.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the signs of Δ<em>H</em><sup>Θ</sup> and Δ<em>S</em><sup>Θ</sup> for the reaction, which is spontaneous at low temperature and non-spontaneous at very high temperature?</p>
<p>Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup> = Δ<em>H</em><sup>Θ</sup><em> </em>− <em>T</em>Δ<em>S</em><sup>Θ</sup></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">SO<sub>3</sub> (g) + CaO (s) → CaSO<sub>4</sub> (s)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which system has the most negative entropy change, Δ<em>S</em>, for the forward reaction?</p>
<p>A.     N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
  <mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> 2NH<sub>3</sub>(g)</p>
<p>B.     CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s) → CaO(s) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>C.     2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) + I<sub>2</sub>(aq) → S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) + 2I<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>D.     H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → H<sub>2</sub>O(g)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statements are correct for ionic compounds?</p>
<p>I.   Lattice energy increases as ionic radii increase.<br>II.  Within the same group, the melting point of salts tends to decrease as the radius of the cation increases.<br>III. Solubility in water depends on the relative magnitude of the lattice energy compared to the hydration energy.</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which term in the expression ΔG<sup>⦵</sup> = ΔH<sup>⦵</sup> − TΔS<sup>⦵</sup> is an indirect measure of the entropy change of the surroundings when divided by T?</p>
<p>A.  ΔG<sup>⦵</sup></p>
<p>B.  ΔH<sup>⦵</sup></p>
<p>C.  ΔS<sup>⦵</sup></p>
<p>D.  −TΔS<sup>⦵</sup></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>This challenging question raised some debate and several teachers did not think it was suitable for this level. Most candidates chose -TΔS as “an indirect measure of the entropy change of the surroundings when divided by T”. While candidates are not expected to be familiar with the equation ΔS surroundings = -ΔHsystem/T, they could solve the question by recognizing that ΔH is the value that affects the surroundings while ΔS relates to the system. The wording of the question could have been simplified.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which change is exothermic?</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A.  <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2}">
  <mfrac>
    <mn>1</mn>
    <mn>2</mn>
  </mfrac>
</math></span>Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) → Cl (g)</p>
<p>B.   K (g) → K<sup>+</sup> (g) + e<sup>−</sup></p>
<p>C.   KCl (s) → K<sup>+</sup> (g) + Cl<sup>−</sup> (g)</p>
<p>D.   Cl (g) + e<sup>−</sup> → Cl<sup>−</sup> (g)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which represents the enthalpy change of hydration of the chloride ion?</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement is correct?</p>
<p>A.     If Δ<em>H </em>&lt; 0, reaction is always spontaneous.</p>
<p>B.     If Δ<em>H </em>&gt; 0, reaction is never spontaneous.</p>
<p>C.     If Δ<em>S </em>&lt; 0, reaction can be spontaneous if temperature is low enough.</p>
<p>D.     If Δ<em>S </em>&lt; 0, reaction can be spontaneous if temperature is high enough.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The Born-Haber cycle for potassium oxide is shown below:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Which expression represents the lattice enthalpy in kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>?</p>
<p>A.     –361 + 428 + 838 + 612</p>
<p>B.     –(–361) + 428 + 838 + 612</p>
<p>C.     –361 + 428 + 838 – 612</p>
<p>D.     –(–361) + 428 + 838 – 612</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which substance has the highest lattice enthalpy?</p>
<p>A.&nbsp;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>KCl</mtext></math></p>
<p>B.&nbsp;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mtext>CaCl</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math></p>
<p>C.&nbsp;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>KF</mtext></math></p>
<p>D.&nbsp;&nbsp;<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mtext>CaF</mtext><mtext>2</mtext></msub></math></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Which equation represents lattice enthalpy?</span></p>
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. NaCl (g) → Na<sup>+</sup> (g) + Cl<sup>−</sup> (g)</span></p>
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. NaCl (s) → <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Na</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">+</sup> (g) + <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Cl</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">−</sup> (g)</span></p>
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. NaCl (s) → <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Na</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">+</sup> (aq) + <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Cl</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">−</sup> (aq)</span></p>
<p style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. NaCl (s) → <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Na</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">+</sup> (s) + <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Cl</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">−</sup> (s)</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>72 % of candidates chose the correct equation that represents lattice enthalpy. Many candidates chose A, where the ionic compound (NaCl) was gaseous, and others chose distractor C, where the ions produced were aqueous. The discrimination index for the question was quite high.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which equation represents hydration enthalpy?</p>
<p>A.  Na<sup>+ </sup>(g) → Na<sup>+ </sup>(aq)</p>
<p>B.  Na<sup>+ </sup>(aq) → Na<sup>+ </sup>(g)</p>
<p>C.  NaCl (s) → NaCl (aq)</p>
<p>D.  NaCl (aq) → NaCl (s)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>65% of the candidates recognized the equation that represents hydration enthalpy. The most commonly chosen distractor was an enthalpy of solution.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Consider the Born–Haber cycle for the formation of sodium oxide:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img 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"></p>
<p>What is the lattice enthalpy, in kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, of sodium oxide?</p>
<p><br>A.  414 + 2(108) + 249 + 2(496) − 141 + 790</p>
<p>B.  414 + 2(108) + 249 + 2(496) + 141 + 790</p>
<p>C.  −414 + 2(108) + 249 + 2(496) − 141 + 790</p>
<p>D.  −414 − 2(108) − 249 − 2(496) + 141 − 790</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the standard enthalpy of formation, in kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>, of IF (g)?</p>
<p>IF<sub>7</sub> (g) + I<sub>2</sub> (s) → IF<sub>5</sub> (g) + 2IF (g)        <em>ΔH<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="^\theta ">
  <msup>
    <mi></mi>
    <mi>θ</mi>
  </msup>
</math></span></em> = –89 kJ</p>
<p><em>ΔH</em><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_f^\theta ">
  <msubsup>
    <mi></mi>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mi>θ</mi>
  </msubsup>
</math></span> (IF<sub>7</sub>) = –941 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup></p>
<p><em>ΔH</em><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_f^\theta ">
  <msubsup>
    <mi></mi>
    <mi>f</mi>
    <mi>θ</mi>
  </msubsup>
</math></span> (IF<sub>5</sub>) = –840 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup></p>
<p>A. –190</p>
<p>B. –95</p>
<p>C. +6</p>
<p>D. +95</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which equation represents enthalpy of hydration?</p>
<p>A.     Na(g) → Na<sup>+</sup>(aq) + e<sup>−</sup></p>
<p>B.     Na<sup>+</sup>(g) → Na<sup>+</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>C.     NaCl(s) → Na<sup>+</sup>(g) + Cl<sup>−</sup>(g)</p>
<p>D.     NaCl(s) → Na<sup>+</sup>(aq) + Cl<sup>−</sup>(aq)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Which is correct for the reaction H<sub>2</sub>O (g) → H<sub>2</sub>O (l) ?</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. Enthalpy increases and entropy increases.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. Enthalpy decreases and entropy increases.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. Enthalpy increases and entropy decreases.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. Enthalpy decreases and entropy decreases.</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Higher scoring candidates had more success understanding enthalpy and entropy decreases.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Which change has the greatest increase in entropy?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. CO<sub>2</sub> (s) → <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">CO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub> (g)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">CO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub> (g) → <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">CO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub> (l)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">CO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub> (g) → <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">CO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub> (s)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">CO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub> (l) → <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">CO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub> (s)</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>94 % of the candidates chose the change with the greatest increase in entropy.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Which reaction becomes more spontaneous as temperature increases?<br></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">A.  <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>CaCO</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><mi>CaO</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>CO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">B.  <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>3</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>⇌</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>NH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">C.  <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>3</mn><msub><mi>CO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>8</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>5</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">D.  <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>SO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>SO</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>The majority of candidates could see that reactions which form more mol of gas become spontaneous at&nbsp;higher temperature.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Which reaction has the greatest increase in entropy of the system?</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A. HCl (g) + NH<sub>3</sub> (g) → NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (s)<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">B. (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (s) → Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (s) + N<sub>2</sub> (g) + 4H<sub>2</sub>O (g)<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C. CaCO<sub>3</sub> (s) → CaO (s) + CO<sub>2</sub> (g)<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">D. I<sub>2</sub> (g) → I<sub>2</sub> (s)</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which change results in the largest negative value of Δ<em>S</em>?</p>
<p>A.&nbsp; C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH (l) + SOCl<sub>2 </sub>(l) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Cl (l) + SO<sub>2 </sub>(g) + HCl (g)</p>
<p>B.&nbsp; CaCO<sub>3 </sub>(s) → CaO (s) + CO<sub>2 </sub>(g)</p>
<p>C.&nbsp; H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → H<sub>2</sub>O (s)</p>
<p>D.&nbsp; NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) + HCl (g) → NH<sub>4</sub>Cl (s)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The combustion of glucose is exothermic and occurs according to the following equation:</p>
<p>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> (s) + 6O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 6CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O (g)</p>
<p>Which is correct for this reaction?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br>