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<h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Determine the frequency of a photon that will cause the first ionization of copper. Use sections 1, 2 and 8 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain why a copper(II) solution is blue, using section 17 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The electron configuration of copper makes it a useful metal.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"> Copper plating can be used to improve the conductivity of an object.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State, giving your reason, at which electrode the object being electroplated should be placed.<br> </span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>745</mn><mo> </mo><mn>000</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>02</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>23</mn></msup><mo> </mo><msup><mi>mol</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>18</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi></math> ✔</p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>«</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mi>ν</mi><mo>»</mo></math><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>«</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>18</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>63</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>34</mn></mrow></msup><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">ν</mi><mo>»</mo></math><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi mathvariant="normal">ν</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>87</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>15</mn></msup><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><mi>Hz</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><br><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for 1.12 × 10<sup>39</sup> «Hz».</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>orange light is absorbed «and the complementary colour is observed» ✔</p>
<p><em>Any <strong>TWO</strong> from:</em><br>partially filled d-orbitals ✔<br>«ligands/water cause» d-orbitals «to» split ✔<br>light is absorbed as electrons move to a higher energy orbital «in d–d transitions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>light is absorbed as electrons are promoted ✔<br>energy gap corresponds to «orange» light in the visible region of the spectrum ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>cathode/negative «electrode» <em><strong>AND</strong> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msup><mi>Cu</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></em> reduced «at that electrode» ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept cathode/negative «electrode» <strong>AND</strong> copper forms «at that electrode».</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Determining the frequency of a photon that will cause the first ionization of copper was the most challenging question on the exam. Many could not do it all, although some came up with the answer that came from using the result that would arise from the ionization energy in J/mole (and frequently kJ/mole) rather than J/atom.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students were able to fully explain why solutions containing Cu<sup>2+</sup> appear blue, however the misconception between absorption and emission spectra is still quite evident.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Surprisingly not that well answered. Most students identified the cathode as the electrode where electroplating occurs but few could adequately justify why.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Millerite, a nickel sulfide mineral, is an important source of nickel. The first step in extracting nickel is to roast the ore in air.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The reaction for the formation of liquid tetracarbonylnickel is shown below:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span class="mjpage mjpage__block"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="{\text{Ni(s)}} + 4{\text{CO(g)}} \to {\text{Ni(CO}}{{\text{)}}_4}{\text{(l)}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>Ni(s)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext>CO(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ni(CO</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for the oxidation of nickel(II) sulfide to nickel(II) oxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The nickel obtained from another ore, nickeliferous limonite, is contaminated with iron. Both nickel and iron react with carbon monoxide gas to form gaseous complexes, tetracarbonylnickel, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{Ni(CO}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(g)}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>Ni(CO</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>, and pentacarbonyliron, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{Fe(CO}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{5}}}{\text{(g)}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>Fe(CO</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>5</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>. Suggest why the nickel can be separated from the iron successfully using carbon monoxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the standard entropy change, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\Delta {S^\theta }">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>θ</mi>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>, of the reaction, in <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>J</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span>, using the values given.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate a value for <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\Delta {H^\theta }">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>θ</mi>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> in kJ.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Use your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), to determine the temperature, in °C, at which the decomposition of liquid tetracarbonylnickel to nickel and carbon monoxide becomes favourable.</p>
<p><br>(If you did not get answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), use <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" - 500{\text{ J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}">
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>500</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> J</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> and <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" - 200{\text{ kJ}}">
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>200</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> kJ</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> respectively but these are not the correct answers.)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why experiments involving tetracarbonylnickel are very hazardous.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{2NiS(s)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2NiO(s)}} + {\text{2S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>2NiS(s)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>2NiO(s)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>2S</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(g)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>formation of «gaseous» pentacarbonyliron is slower<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«gaseous» complexes form at different rates<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>gases have different rates of diffusion «due to difference in masses»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>difference in thermal stability of «gaseous» complexes<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>difference in boiling points of «gaseous» complexes<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>difference in solubility of «gaseous» complexes<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>difference in surface affinity «onto solid absorbent»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>difference in chemical properties of «gaseous» complexes</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept any other valid answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\sum {S_{{\text{RHS}}}^\theta = 313.4{\text{ }}\ll {\text{J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\gg } ">
<mo>∑</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>RHS</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>θ</mi>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>313.4</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>≪</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>J</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>≫</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span><br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\sum {S_{{\text{LHS}}}^\theta = \ll (4 \times 197.6) + 29.9{\text{ J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}} = \gg {\text{ }}820.3{\text{ }}\ll {\text{J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\gg } ">
<mo>∑</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>LHS</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>θ</mi>
</msubsup>
<mo>=≪</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>197.6</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>29.9</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> J</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>=≫</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>820.3</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>≪</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>J</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>≫</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\Delta {S^\theta }\ll = \sum {S_{{\text{RHS}}}^\theta - \sum {S_{{\text{LHS}}}^\theta = } {\text{ }}313.4 - 820.3\gg = - 506.9{\text{ }}\ll {\text{J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\gg } ">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>θ</mi>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>≪=</mo>
<mo>∑</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>RHS</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>θ</mi>
</msubsup>
<mo>−</mo>
<mo>∑</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>LHS</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>θ</mi>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>313.4</mn>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>820.3</mn>
<mo>≫=</mo>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>506.9</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>≪</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>J</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>≫</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\Delta {H^\theta }\ll = - 633.0 - 4 \times ( - 110.5)\gg = - 191{\text{ }}\ll kJ\gg ">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>θ</mi>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>≪=</mo>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>633.0</mn>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>110.5</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≫=</mo>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>191</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>≪</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>≫</mo>
</math></span></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«when» <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\Delta G = 0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</math></span> «forward and backward reactions are equally favourable»</p>
<p>«when <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\Delta G = 0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</math></span>, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{T}} = \frac{{\Delta H}}{{\Delta S}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>T</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>», <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{T}} = \ll \frac{{191{\text{ kJ}}}}{{0.5069{\text{ kJ}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}}} = \gg {\text{ }}377{\text{ }}\ll {\text{K}}\gg ">
<mrow>
<mtext>T</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>=≪</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>191</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> kJ</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.5069</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> kJ</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=≫</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>377</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>≪</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>≫</mo>
</math></span></p>
<p>«temperature =» 104 «°C»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [3] for correct final answer. Use of –500 J K<sup>–1</sup> and –200 kJ gives 127 °C.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2 max] for T < 104 «°C».</em></p>
<p><em>Accept ΔG < 0 and T > 104 «°C».</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CO is toxic/poisonous<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Ni(CO)<sub>4</sub> decomposition deposits nickel in the lungs<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>tetracarbonylnickel is toxic/poisonous<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>tetracarbonylnickel is highly flammable «auto-ignition temperature of 60 °C»</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The concentration of a solution of a weak acid, such as ethanedioic acid, can be determined<br>by titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>5.00 g of an impure sample of hydrated ethanedioic acid, (COOH)<sub>2</sub>•2H<sub>2</sub>O, was dissolved in water to make 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> samples of this solution were titrated against a 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator.</p>
<p>(COOH)<sub>2</sub> (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → (COONa)<sub>2 </sub>(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>The mean value of the titre was 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>(i) Suggest a suitable indicator for this titration. Use section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH in 14.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> solution.</p>
<p>(iii) Calculate the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid in each 25.0 cm<sup>3</sup> sample.</p>
<p>(iv) Determine the percentage purity of the hydrated ethanedioic acid sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ethanedioate ion, <sup>–</sup>OOCCOO<sup>–</sup>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why all the C–O bond lengths in the ethanedioate ion are the same length and suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how ethanedioate ions act as ligands.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i<br>phenolphthalein<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>phenol red</p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii<br>«n(NaOH) = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\left( {\frac{{14.0}}{{1000}}} \right)">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>14.0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span> dm<sup>3</sup> × 0.100 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> =» 1.40 × 10<sup>-3</sup> «mol»</p>
<p><br><br>iii<br>«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 1.40 × 10<sup>-3 </sup>=» 7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> «mol»</p>
<p> </p>
<p>iv<br><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1:</strong></em><br>«mass of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in each titration = 7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> mol × 126.08 g mol<sup>-1</sup> =» 0.0883 / 8.83 × 10<sup>-2</sup> «g»</p>
<p>mass of sample in each titration = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{25}}{{1000}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>25</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 5.00 g =» 0.125 «g»</p>
<p>«% purity = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.0883{\rm{g}}}}{{0.125{\rm{g}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0883</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.125</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></em><br>«mol of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in 1 dm<sup>3</sup> solution = 7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> × <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1000}}{{25}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>25</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>=» 2.80 × 10<sup>-2 </sup>«mol»</p>
<p>«mass of pure hydrated ethanedioic acid in sample = 2.80 × 10<sup>-2</sup> mol × 126.08 g mol<sup>-1</sup> =» 3.53 «g»</p>
<p>«% purity = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{3.53{\rm{g}}}}{{5.00{\rm{g}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.53</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>5.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 3:</strong></em><br>mol of hydrated ethanedioic acid (assuming sample to be pure) = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{5.00{\rm{g}}}}{{126.08{\rm{gmo}}{{\rm{l}}^{{\rm{ - 1}}}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>5.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>126.08</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> = 0.03966 «mol»</p>
<p>actual amount of hydrated ethanedioic acid = «7.00 × 10<sup>-4</sup> × <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1000}}{{25}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>25</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 2.80 × 10<sup>-2</sup> «mol»</p>
<p>«% purity = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{2.80 \times {{10}^{ - 2}}}}{{0.03966}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2.80</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.03966</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100 =» 70.6 «%»</p>
<p><em>Award suitable part marks for alternative methods.</em><br><em>Award<strong> [3]</strong> for correct final answer.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for 50.4 % if anhydrous ethanedioic acid assumed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p><em>Accept single negative charges on two O atoms singly bonded to C.</em><br><em>Do not accept resonance structures.</em><br><em>Allow any combination of dots/crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrons delocalized «across the O–C–O system»<br><em><strong>OR <br></strong></em>resonance occurs</p>
<p><em>Accept delocalized π-bond(s). <br>No ECF from (d). </em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>122 «pm» < C–O < 143 «pm»</p>
<p><em>Accept any answer in range 123 «pm» to 142 «pm». <br>Accept “bond intermediate between single and double bond” or “bond order 1.5”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>coordinate/dative/covalent bond from O to «transition» metal «ion»<br><em><strong>OR <br></strong></em>acts as a Lewis base/nucleophile</p>
<p>can occupy two positions<br><em><strong>OR <br></strong></em>provide two electron pairs from different «O» atoms<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>form two «coordinate/dative/covalent» bonds «with the metal ion»<br><em><strong>OR <br></strong></em>chelate «metal/ion»</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Titanium and vanadium are consecutive elements in the first transition metal series.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>TiC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span> reacts with water and the resulting titanium(IV) oxide can be used as a smoke screen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bonding in metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Titanium exists as several isotopes. The mass spectrum of a sample of titanium gave the following data:</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.37.43.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.b"></p>
<p>Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium to two decimal places.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{Ti}}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>22</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>48</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> atom.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_08.43.58.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.c"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the full electron configuration of the <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="_{{\text{22}}}^{{\text{48}}}{\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>22</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>48</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>T</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>i</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span> ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the melting point of vanadium is higher than that of titanium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of the first six successive ionization energies of vanadium on the axes provided.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_09.09.57.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.d.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why an aluminium-titanium alloy is harder than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of the electrons involved, how the bond between a ligand and a central metal ion is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why transition metals form coloured compounds.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of bonding in potassium chloride which melts at 1043 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A chloride of titanium, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>TiC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</math></span>, melts at 248 K. Suggest why the melting point is so much lower than that of KCl.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one disadvantage of using this smoke in an enclosed space.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction</p>
<p>between <strong>«</strong>a lattice of<strong>» </strong>metal/positive ions/cations <strong><em>AND </em></strong><strong>«</strong>a sea of<strong>» </strong>delocalized electrons</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “mobile electrons”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “metal atoms/nuclei”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{(46 \times 7.98){\text{ + }}(47 \times 7.32){\text{ + }}(48 \times 73.99){\text{ + }}(49 \times 5.46){\text{ + }}(50 \times 5.25)}}{{100}} = 47.93">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>46</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>7.98</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext> + </mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>47</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>7.32</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext> + </mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>48</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>73.99</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext> + </mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>49</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>5.46</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext> + </mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>50</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>5.25</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>47.93</mn>
</math></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Answer must have two decimal places </em><em>with a value from 47.90 to 48.00.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [0] for 47.87 (data booklet value).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Protons: </em>22 <strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>Neutrons: </em>26 <strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>Electrons: </em>22</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>1</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>s</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>s</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>p</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>6</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>s</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>p</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>6</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>3</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>vanadium has smaller ionic radius «leading to stronger metallic bonding»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept vanadium has «one» more valence electron«s» «leading to stronger metallic bonding».</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “atomic” for “ionic”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
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"></p>
<p>regular increase for first five <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>sharp increase to the 6th</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>A log graph is acceptable.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept log plot on given axes (without amendment of y-axis).</em></p>
<p><em>Award mark if gradient of 5 to 6 is greater than “best fit line” of 1 to 5.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>titanium atoms/ions distort the regular arrangement of atoms/ions</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>titanium atoms/ions are a different size to aluminium <strong>«</strong>atoms/ions<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>prevent layers sliding over each other</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept diagram showing different sizes </em><em>of atoms/ions.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pair of electrons provided by the ligand</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not accept “dative” or “coordinate bonding” alone.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>partially filled d-orbitals</p>
<p>«ligands cause» d-orbitals «to» split</p>
<p>light is absorbed as electrons transit to a higher energy level «in d–d transitions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>light is absorbed as electrons are promoted</p>
<p>energy gap corresponds to light in the visible region of the spectrum</p>
<p>colour observed is the complementary colour</p>
<p><em><strong>[4 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ionic</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>«electrostatic» attraction between oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«simple» molecular structure</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>weak«er» intermolecular bonds</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>weak«er» bonds between molecules</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of weak </em><em>bonds such as London/dispersion and </em><em>van der Waals.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “covalent”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\text{TiC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(l)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{4HCl(aq)}}">
<mrow>
<mtext>TiC</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>4</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>O(l)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>Ti</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>(s)</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>4HCl(aq)</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> correct products<br>correct balancing</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionic equation.</em></p>
<p><em>Award M2 if products are HCl and a </em><em>compound of Ti and O.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HCl causes breathing/respiratory problems</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HCl is an irritant</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HCl is toxic</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HCl has acidic vapour</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HCl is corrosive</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept TiO<sub>2</sub> causes breathing</em></p>
<p><em>problems/is an irritant.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “harmful” for both HCl and TiO<sub>2</sub></em><em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “smoke is asphyxiant”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>An acidic sample of a waste solution containing Sn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) reacted completely with K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> solution to form Sn<sup>4+</sup>(aq).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify one organic functional group that can react with acidified K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>(aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Corrosion of iron is similar to the processes that occur in a voltaic cell. The initial steps involve the following half-equations:</p>
<p>Fe<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2e<sup>–</sup> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> Fe(s)</p>
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{1}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span>O<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + 2e<sup>–</sup> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> 2OH<sup>–</sup>(aq)</p>
<p>Calculate <em>E</em> <sup>θ</sup>, in V, for the spontaneous reaction using section 24 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the Gibbs free energy, Δ<em>G</em> <sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, which is released by the corrosion of 1 mole of iron. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why iron forms many different coloured complex ions.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Zinc is used to galvanize iron pipes, forming a protective coating. Outline how this process prevents corrosion of the iron pipes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>hydroxyl/OH<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>aldehyde/CHO</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “hydroxy/alcohol” for “hydroxyl”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept amino/amine/NH<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>E</em> <sup>θ</sup> =» +0.85 «V»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept 0.85 V.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Δ<em>G</em> <sup>θ</sup> «= –<em>nFE</em> <sup>θ</sup>» = –2 «mol e<sup>–</sup>» x 96500 «C mol<sup>–1</sup>» x 0.85 «V»</p>
<p>«Δ<em>G</em> <sup>θ</sup> =» –164 «kJ»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “«+»164 «kJ»” as question states energy released.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for “+” or “–” 82 «kJ».</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept answer in J.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>incompletely filled d-orbitals</p>
<p>colour depends upon the energy difference between the split d-orbitals</p>
<p>variable/multiple/different oxidation states</p>
<p>different «nature/identity of» ligands</p>
<p>different number of ligands</p>
<p><em><strong>[3 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Zn/zinc is a stronger reducing agent than Fe/iron<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Zn/zinc is oxidized instead of Fe/iron<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Zn/zinc is the sacrificial anode</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “Zn is more reactive than Fe”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “Zn oxide layer limits further corrosion”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept “Zn layer limits further corrosion”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Rhenium, Re, was the last element with a stable isotope to be isolated.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and some of its properties.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">One chloride of rhenium has the empirical formula ReCl<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Rhenium forms salts containing the perrhenate(VII) ion, ReO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The stable isotope of rhenium contains 110 neutrons.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the nuclear symbol notation <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{\text{Z}}^{\text{A}}{\text{X}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>Z</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>A</mtext>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>X</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> for this isotope.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest the basis of these predictions.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A scientist wants to investigate the catalytic properties of a thin layer of rhenium </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">metal on a graphite surface.<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe an electrochemical process to produce a layer of rhenium on graphite.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict <strong>two</strong> other chemical properties you would expect rhenium to have, given its position in the periodic table.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe how the relative reactivity of rhenium, compared to silver, zinc, and copper, can be established using pieces of rhenium and solutions of these metal sulfates.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the name of this compound, applying IUPAC rules.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the percentage, by mass, of rhenium in ReCl<sub>3</sub>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest why the existence of salts containing an ion with this formula could be predicted. Refer to section 6 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the coefficients required to complete the half-equation.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">ReO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + ____H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + ____e<sup>−</sup> ⇌ [Re(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> (aq) + ____H<sub>2</sub>O (l) E<sup>θ</sup> = +0.36 V</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, giving a reason, whether the reduction of ReO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> to [Re(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> would oxidize Fe<sup>2+</sup> to Fe<sup>3+</sup> in aqueous solution. Use section 24 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{{\text{75}}}^{{\text{185}}}{\text{Re}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>75</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>185</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Re</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">gap in the periodic table<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>element with atomic number «75» unknown<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>break/irregularity in periodic trends <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«periodic table shows» regular/periodic trends «in properties» <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">electrolyze «a solution of /molten» rhenium salt/Re<sup>n+</sup> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">graphite as cathode/negative electrode<br>OR<br>rhenium forms at cathode/negative electrode <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note: </strong>Accept “using rhenium anode” for M1.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any two of:</em><br>variable oxidation states<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> </span><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">forms complex ions/compounds<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> </span><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">coloured compounds/ions<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> </span><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«para»magnetic compounds/ions <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note: </strong>Accept other valid responses related to its <strong>chemical</strong> metallic properties.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Do <strong>not</strong> accept “catalytic properties”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">place «pieces of» Re into each solution <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">if Re reacts/is coated with metal, that metal is less reactive «than Re» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note: </strong>Accept other valid observations such as “colour of solution fades” or “solid/metal appears” for “reacts”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">rhenium(III) chloride<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>rhenium trichloride <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«M<sub>r</sub> ReCl<sub>3</sub> = 186.21 + (3 × 35.45) =» 292.56 <strong>[✔]</strong><br>«100 × <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{186.21}}{{292.56}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>186.21</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>292.56</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 63.648 «%» <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> </span><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">same group as Mn «which forms M</span>n<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">O<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>in group 7/has 7 valence electrons, so its «highest» oxidation state is +7 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">ReO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">4</sub><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">−</sup><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> (aq) + 6H</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">+</sup><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> (aq) + 3e</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">−</sup> <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">⇌</span><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> [Re(OH)</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">]</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2+</sup><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"> (aq) + 2H</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">O (l) <strong>[<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">✔]</span></strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">no <em><strong>AND</strong> <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">ReO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">4</sub><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">−</sup></em> is a weaker oxidizing agent than Fe<sup>3+</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>Fe<sup>3+</sup> is a stronger oxidizing agent than <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">ReO</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">4</sub><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">−</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>Fe<sup>2+</sup> is a weaker reducing agent than <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[Re(OH)</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">]</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2+</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no <em><strong>AND</strong> <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[Re(OH)</span><sub style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2</sub><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">]</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">2+</sup></em> is a stronger reducing agent than Fe<sup>2+</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>cell emf would be negative/–0.41 V <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was expected that this question would be answered correctly by all HL candidates. However, many confused the A-Z positions or calculated very unusual numbers for A, sometimes even with decimals.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This is a NOS question which required some reflection on the full meaning of the periodic table and the wealth of information contained in it. But very few candidates understood that they were being asked to explain periodicity and the concept behind the periodic table, which they actually apply all the time. Some were able to explain the “gap” idea and other based predictions on properties of nearby elements instead of thinking of periodic trends. A fair number of students listed properties of transition metals in general.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Generally well done; most described the cell identifying the two electrodes correctly and a few did mention the need for Re salt/ion electrolyte.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Generally well answered though some students suggested physical properties rather than chemical ones.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates chose to set up voltaic cells and in other cases failed to explain the actual experimental set up of Re being placed in solutions of other metal salts or the reaction they could expect to see.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Almost all candidates were able to name the compound according to IUPAC.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to answer this stoichiometric question correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This should have been a relatively easy question but many candidates sometimes failed to see the connection with Mn or the amount of electrons in its outer shell.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Surprisingly, a great number of students were unable to balance this simple half-equation that was given to them to avoid difficulties in recall of reactants/products.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students understood that the oxidation of Fe<sup>2+</sup> was not viable but were unable to explain why in terms of oxidizing and reducing power; many students simply gave numerical values for <em>E</em><sup>Θ</sup> often failing to realise that the oxidation of Fe<sup>2+</sup> would have the inverse sign to the reduction reaction.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Ammonia is soluble in water and forms an alkaline solution:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>(aq) + HO<sup>– </sup>(aq)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the relationship between NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and NH<sub>3</sub> in terms of the Brønsted–Lowry theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the concentration, in mol dm<sup>–3</sup>, of the solution formed when 900.0 dm<sup>3</sup> of NH<sub>3 </sub>(g) at 300.0 K and 100.0 kPa, is dissolved in water to form 2.00 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in an ammonia solution with pH = 9.3. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the concentration, in mol dm<sup>–3</sup>, of ammonia molecules in the solution with pH = 9.3. Use section 21 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>An aqueous solution containing high concentrations of both NH<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> acts as an acid-base buffer solution as a result of the equilibrium:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">NH<sub>3</sub> (aq) + H<sup>+</sup> (aq) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⇌</mo></math> NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> (aq)</p>
<p>Referring to this equilibrium, outline why adding a small volume of strong acid would leave the pH of the buffer solution almost unchanged.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium salts form slightly acidic solutions owing to equilibria such as:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Mg<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⇌</mo></math> Mg(OH)<sup>+ </sup>(aq) + H<sup>+ </sup>(aq)</p>
<p>Comment on the role of Mg<sup>2+</sup> in forming the Mg(OH)<sup>+</sup> ion, in acid-base terms.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Mg(OH)<sup>+</sup> is a complex ion, but Mg is not regarded as a transition metal. Contrast Mg with manganese, Mn, in terms of one characteristic chemical property of transition metals, other than complex ion formation.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">conjugate</span> «acid and base» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>amount of ammonia <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>100</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>k</mi><mi>P</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>900</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>d</mi><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>8</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>31</mn><mo> </mo><mi>J</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>K</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><msup><mi>l</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mn>300</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mi>K</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo> </mo><mo>=</mo><mo> </mo><mn>36</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p>concentration <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>n</mi><mi>V</mi></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>36</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>18</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo> </mo><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>[</mo><msup><mi>OH</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><mo>]</mo><mo> </mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi></msub><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mfenced></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mfrac><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo> </mo><mo>×</mo><mo> </mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo></math> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>b</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><mi>N</mi><msubsup><mi>H</mi><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup></mrow></mfenced><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><mi>O</mi><msup><mi>H</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><mi>N</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced></mfrac><mo>/</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mfenced open="[" close="]"><mrow><mi>N</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mfenced></mfrac><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>75</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>NH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>⟨</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>75</mn></mrow></msup></mfrac><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>65</mn></mrow></msup><mo>⟩</mo><mo>⟩</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>24</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo> </mo><msup><mi>dm</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other methods of carrying out the calculation.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>equilibrium shifts to right/H<sup>+</sup> reacts with NH<sub>3</sub> ✔</p>
<p>«as large excess» ratio [NH<sub>3</sub>]:[NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>] «and hence pH» almost unchanged ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “strong acid/H<sup>+</sup> converted to a weak acid/NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> «and hence pH almost unchanged».</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Lewis acid ✔</p>
<p>accepts «a lone» electron pair «from the hydroxide ion» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept electron acceptor without mention of electron pair.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1</strong></em></p>
<p><em>Property</em>: variable oxidation state ✔</p>
<p><em>Comparison</em>: Mn compounds can exist in different valencies/oxidation states <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>Mg has a valency/oxidation state of +2 in all its compounds ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept valency.</em><br><em>Accept for second statement “Mg «always» has the same oxidation state”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2</strong></em></p>
<p><em>Property</em>: coloured ions/compounds/complexes ✔</p>
<p><em>Comparison</em>: Mn ions/compounds/complexes coloured <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>Mg ions/compounds white/«as solids»/colourless «in aqueous solution» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept Mn forms coloured ions/compounds/complexes and Mg does not.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 3</strong></em></p>
<p><em>Property:</em> catalytic activity ✔</p>
<p><em>Comparison:</em> «many» Mn compounds act as catalysts <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>Mg compounds do not «generally» catalyse reactions ✔<br><br><em><br>For any property accept a correct specific example, for example manganate(VII) is purple.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept differences in atomic structure, such as partially filled d sub-levels, but award ECF for a correct discussion.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Well done; However, instead of identifying the conjugate acid-base relationship, some simply identified these as Brønsted–Lowry base and acid.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Good performance. Some teachers suggested the question had an error in units, but this was not the case. The question had to be solved, first by using the data provided for application of gas law to determine the number of moles of gas. Next, given volume of solution, <em>V</em> = 2.00 dm<sup>3</sup>, determine its concentration.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Concentration of [OH<sup>˗</sup>] was asked for but some calculated [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>] instead. On the whole, question was done well.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mediocre performance. Since a mark was given for the <em>K</em><sub>b</sub> expression, that mark could also be scored for the Henderson Hasselbalch (HH) equation, provided it is specific to the equilibrium reaction. Unfortunately, there was poor understanding of the application of the equation in most cases. Students should be strongly encouraged to use the HH equation only when a buffer is involved. Appropriate <em>K</em><sub>a</sub> or <em>K</em><sub>b</sub> expressions should be used when buffer solutions are not involved.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mediocre performance. One mark was scored for suggesting equilibrium shifts to right or H<sup>+</sup> reacts with NH<sub>3</sub>. However, some made reference to ammonia being a strong base or no reference to the strong acid, H<sup>+</sup> being converted to a weak acid, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mediocre performance; although some Mg<sup>2+</sup> was identified as a Lewis acid, the reasoning given was that it accepts an electron, rather than an electron pair or references were made to Bronsted-Lowry theory.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Magnetite, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, is another ore of iron that contains both Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Iron exists as several isotopes.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the ratio of Fe<sup>2+</sup>:Fe<sup>3+</sup> in Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of spectroscopy that could be used to determine their relative abundances.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each species.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="502" height="151"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Iron has a relatively small specific heat capacity; the temperature of a 50 g sample rises by 44.4°C when it absorbs 1 kJ of heat energy.</p>
<p>Determine the specific heat capacity of iron, in J g<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup>. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A voltaic cell is set up between the Fe<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) | Fe (s) and Fe<sup>3+</sup> (aq) | Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) half-cells.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation and the cell potential of the spontaneous reaction. Use section 24 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img 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" width="651" height="204"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The figure shows an apparatus that could be used to electroplate iron with zinc. Label the figure with the required substances.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why, unlike typical transition metals, zinc compounds are not coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Transition metals like iron can form complex ions. Discuss the bonding between transition metals and their ligands in terms of acid-base theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1:2 ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept 2 Fe<sup>3+</sup>: 1 Fe<sup>2+</sup></em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept 2:1 only</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>mass «spectroscopy»/MS ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" width="515" height="88"></p>
<p><em><br>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for 4 correct values.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>specific heat capacity « = <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mfrac><mi>q</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>×</mo><mo>∆</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>/</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>1000</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>50</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>×</mo><mn>44</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi></mrow></mfrac></math>» = 0.45 «J g<sup>−1 </sup>K<sup>−1</sup>» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Equation:</em><br>2Fe<sup>3+</sup>(aq) + Fe(s) → 3Fe<sup>2+</sup>(aq) ✔</p>
<p><em>Cell potential:</em><br>«+0.77 V − (−0.45 V) = +»1.22 «V» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept reverse reaction or equilibrium arrow.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept negative value for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>left electrode/anode labelled zinc/Zn <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>right electrode/cathode labelled iron/Fe ✔</p>
<p>electrolyte labelled as «aqueous» zinc salt/Zn<sup>2+</sup> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept an inert conductor for the anode.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept specific zinc salts such as ZnSO<sub>4</sub>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>« <em>Zn</em><sup>2+</sup>» has a full d-shell<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>does not form « ions with» an incomplete d-shell ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “Zn is not a transition metal”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept zinc atoms for zinc ions.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ligands donate pairs of electrons to metal ions<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>forms coordinate covalent/dative bond✔</p>
<p>ligands are Lewis bases<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>metal «ions» are Lewis acids ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Urea, (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO, is excreted by mammals and can be used as a fertilizer.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Urea can also be made by the direct combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌<!-- ⇌ --></mo>
</math></span> (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) Δ<em>H </em>< 0</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the percentage of nitrogen affects the cost of transport of fertilizers giving a reason.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The structural formula of urea is shown.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.43.42.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_01"></p>
<p>Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries at the nitrogen and carbon atoms, applying the VSEPR theory.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.45.16.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_02"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH<sub>4</sub>Cl.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">KNCO(aq) + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(aq) + KCl(aq)</p>
<p>Determine the maximum mass of urea that could be formed from 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> potassium cyanate solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, with a reason, the effect on the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, when the temperature is increased.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine an approximate order of magnitude for <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet. Assume Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup> for the forward reaction is approximately +50 kJ at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch two different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.</p>
<p>Formulate a balanced equation for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the maximum volume of CO<sub>2</sub>, in cm<sup>3</sup>, produced at STP by the combustion of 0.600 g of urea, using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bond formation when urea acts as a ligand in a transition metal complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The C–N bonds in urea are shorter than might be expected for a single C–N bond. Suggest, in terms of electrons, how this could occur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The mass spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.00.41.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.j_01"></p>
<p>Identify the species responsible for the peaks at <em>m</em>/<em>z </em>= 60 and 44.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The IR spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.07.17.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.k_01"></p>
<p>Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1700 cm<sup>−1</sup> using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the number of signals in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the splitting pattern of the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why TMS (tetramethylsilane) may be added to the sample to carry out <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy and why it is particularly suited to this role.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>molar mass of urea <strong>«</strong>4 <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 1.01 + 2 <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 14.01 + 12.01 + 16.00<strong>» </strong>= 60.07 <strong>«</strong>g mol<sup><sub>-1</sub></sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>% nitrogen = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{2}} \times {\text{14.01}}}}{{{\text{60.07}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>2</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>14.01</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>60.07</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 100 =<strong>» </strong>46.65 <strong>«</strong>%<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for final answer not to </em><em>two decimal places.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>cost<strong>»</strong> increases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>lower N%<strong> «</strong>means higher cost of transportation per unit of nitrogen<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>cost<strong>»</strong> increases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>inefficient/too much/about half mass not nitrogen</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other reasonable explanations.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept answers referring to </em><em>safety/explosions.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.46.41.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b/M"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Note: Urea’s structure is more complex </em><em>than that predicted from VSEPR theory.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[3 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>n</em>(KNCO) <strong>«=</strong> 0.0500 dm<sup>3</sup> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 0.100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup><strong>» =</strong> 5.00 <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 10<sup>–3</sup> <strong>«</strong>mol<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>mass of urea = 5.00 <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 10<sup>–3</sup> mol <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 60.07 g mol<sup>–1</sup><strong>» =</strong> 0.300 <strong>«</strong>g<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{K_{\text{c}}} = \frac{{[{{({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{N}})}_2}{\text{CO}}] \times [{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}]}}{{{{[{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}]}^2} \times [{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}]}}">
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>c</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>CO</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>×</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>N</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>C</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>»</strong> decreases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>reaction is exothermic</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>»</strong> decreases <strong><em>AND</em></strong> Δ<em>H </em>is negative</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>»</strong> decreases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>reverse/endothermic reaction is favoured</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ln <em>K </em><strong>« = </strong><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{ - \Delta {G^\Theta }}}{{RT}} = \frac{{ - 50 \times {{10}^3}{\text{ J}}}}{{8.31{\text{ J }}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}} \times 298{\text{ K}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mi>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>50</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> J</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>8.31</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> J </mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>298</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> K</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> <strong>»</strong> = –20</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub> =<strong>»</strong> 2 <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 10<sup>–9</sup></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>1.69 <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 10<sup>–9</sup></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>10<sup>–9</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept range of 20-20.2 for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>urea has greater molar mass</p>
<p>urea has greater electron density/greater London/dispersion</p>
<p>urea has more hydrogen bonding</p>
<p>urea is more polar/has greater dipole moment</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “urea has larger size/greater </em><em>van der Waals forces”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “urea has greater </em><em>intermolecular forces/IMF”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_12.44.01.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.e.ii/M"></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for each correct interaction.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>If lone pairs are shown on N or O, then </em><em>the lone pair on N or one of the lone </em><em>pairs on O </em><strong><em>MUST </em></strong><em>be involved in the </em><em>H-bond.</em></p>
<p><em>Penalize solid line to represent </em><em>H-bonding only once.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2(H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(s) + 3O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 4H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + 2CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2N<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>correct coefficients on LHS</p>
<p>correct coefficients on RHS</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept (H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>N)</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>CO(s) +</em> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{3}{2}">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</math></span><em>O</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g) → </em><em>2H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>O(l) +</em> <em>CO</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g) +</em> <em>N</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any correct ratio.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>V = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{0.600 g}}}}{{{\text{60.07 g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>0.600 g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>60.07 g mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \times ">
<mo>×</mo>
</math></span> 22700 cm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup> =<strong>» </strong>227 <strong>«</strong>cm<sup>3</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>lone/non-bonding electron pairs <strong>«</strong>on nitrogen/oxygen/ligand<strong>» </strong>given to/shared with metal ion</p>
<p>co-ordinate/dative/covalent bonds</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>lone pairs on nitrogen atoms can be donated to/shared with C–N bond</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>C–N bond partial double bond character</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>delocalization <strong>«</strong>of electrons occurs across molecule<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>slight positive charge on C due to C=O polarity reduces C–N bond length</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>60</em>: CON<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></p>
<p><em>44</em>: CONH<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “molecular ion”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong><br></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>3450 cm</em><sup><em>–</em><em>1</em></sup><em>:</em> N–H</p>
<p><em>1700 cm</em><sup><em>–</em><em>1</em></sup><em>:</em> C=O</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “O</em><em>–</em><em>H” for 3450 cm</em><sup><em>–1</em></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1</p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>singlet</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “no splitting”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>acts as internal standard</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>acts as reference point</p>
<p> </p>
<p>one strong signal</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>12 H atoms in same environment</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>signal is well away from other absorptions</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “inert” or “readily removed” or </em><em>“non-toxic” for M1.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The emission spectrum of an element can be used to identify it.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrogen spectral data give the frequency of 3.28 × 10<sup>15</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> for its convergence limit.</p>
<p>Calculate the ionization energy, in J, for a single atom of hydrogen using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the wavelength, in m, for the electron transition corresponding to the frequency in (a)(iii) using section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce any change in the colour of the electrolyte during electrolysis.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the gas formed at the anode (positive electrode) when graphite is used in place of copper.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states in contrast to alkali metals.</p>
<p><img 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kSZp693AgQIECBAgAABAgUFBIiCYMoJECBAgAABAgQIlFlAgCjz9PVOgAABAgQIECBAoKCAAFEQTDkBAgQIECBAgACBMgsIEGWevt4JECBAgAABAgQIFBQQIAqCKSdAgAABAgQIECBQZgEBoszT1zsBAgQIECBAgACBggICREEw5QQIECBAgAABAgTKLCBAlHn6eidAgAABAgQIECBQUECAKAimnAABAgQIECBAgECZBQSIMk9f7wQIECBAgAABAgQKCggQBcGUEyBAgAABAgQIECizgABR5unrnQABAgQIECBAgEBBAQGiIJhyAgQIECBAgAABAmUWaJsAURvsT0+lkmrfQEZaTbS2O/091VSqKzMwUmtR9VoG+69IpTInfQMvt6hJ2n17YZXEsdD4Amj3Y11/jSG/E783OvbG/gN6R87G90bfG5unR47P8S/TKTsHbbqeAP9U6vV6vbGflUolzYcnwG7bRQIECBAgQIAAAQIEjpfAxKzQNq9AHC882yFAgAABAgQIECBQZgEBoszT1zsBAgQIECBAgACBggICREEw5QQIECBAgAABAgTKLCBAlHn6eidAgAABAgQIECBQUECAKAimnAABAgQIECBAgECZBQSIMk9f7wQIECBAgAABAgQKCggQBcGUEyBAgAABAgQIECizgABR5unrnQABAgQIECBAgEBBAQGiIJhyAgQIECBAgAABAmUWECDKPH29EyBAgAABAgQIECgoIEAUBFNOgAABAgQIECBAoMwCAkSZp693AgQIECBAgAABAgUFBIiCYMoJECBAgAABAgQIlFlAgCjz9PVOgAABAgQIECBAoKCAAFEQTDkBAgQIECBAgACBMgsIEGWevt4JECBAgAABAgQIFBQQIAqCKSdAgAABAgQIECBQZgEBoszT1zsBAgQIECBAgACBggICREEw5QQIECBAgAABAgTKLCBAlHn6eidAgAABAgQIECBQUECAKAimnAABAgQIECBAgECZBQSIMk9f7wQIECBAgAABAgQKCggQBcGUEyBAgAABAgQIECizgABR5unrnQABAgQIECBAgEBBAQGiIJhyAgQIECBAgAABAmUWECDKPH29EyBAgAABAgQIECgoIEAUBFNOgAABAgQIECBAoMwCAkSZp693AgQIECBAgAABAgUFBIiCYMoJECBAgAABAgQIlFlAgCjz9PVOgAABAgQIECBAoKCAAFEQTDkBAgQIECBAgACBMgsIEGWevt4JECBAgAABAgQIFBQQIAqCKSdAgAABAgQIECBQZgEBoszT1zsBAgQIECBAgACBggICREEw5QQIECBAgAABAgTKLCBAlHn6eidAgAABAgQIECBQUECAKAimnAABAgQIECBAgECZBQSIMk9f7wQIECBAgAABAgQKCggQBcGUEyBAgAABAgQIECizgABR5unrnQABAgQIECBAgEBBAQGiIJhyAgQIECBAgAABAmUWECDKPH29EyBAgAABAgQIECgoIEAUBFNOgAABAgQIECBAoMwCAkSZp693AgQIECBAgAABAgUFBIiCYMoJECBAgAABAgQIlFlAgCjz9PVOgAABAgQIECBAoKCAAFEQTDkBAgQIECBAgACBMgsIEGWevt4JECBAgAABAgQIFBQQIAqCKSdAgAABAgQIECBQZoE2CRCvZbD/ilQqlVT7BjIyaaLNz/f0Z7CWpLY7/T3VFrWTntxyQW2wPz2VK9I/+FqS5jaqKzMw0tjI2/BndDBb1nwp94/tz7Fu/wibY32aOgIECBAgQIAAgVIKtEeAqL2QbQ++lGu/ckNmrXs8O96WE/iTM3PJ+tSHbsn86W8Hay0j2+9L73XPZn8pD2VNEyBAgAABAgQIHA+Bt+NMd4r7qmVk6zezateF+cP//p9z5az1Wf3wYN6m1wCmuDerI0CAAAECBAgQIPDOEmiDAPFKdmzanCy+OHNOPTsXXPnhbH7wh3m+UIKoZXT3/emtzkrvV5/K8NhzX8/wzg1Z0ztr7NKoxuVRlYv60j8wmNGjzvAYLmEaGUhftZqeNQ9n05reVBvrrFRzUd+67Bx+OYNbvpreamNZJdXeu7J9+PUJW2rsz7r0XVRt7k9P+voHMjja2NlaRgZW5ZwFf5nhPJSl3e8+dHlWbTg7N6w5uN7x7fVnYHDyhV7jG6tldHAg/X09Lfsev3Srmp7+3YLahAl5SIAAAQIECBAog8CJHyBGfpJN65LFPR/M9JycGRf8QRZu/l62Pd+4L+FY/jTCw7pcPX9NcvO3c9fnzk9XRy2jO+/Kxy/dmGlXb87+ej31+i8ydMOvZ92Ca3PPzn3HsuIWNcPZfN29GTh7RQbr9ewfuj+/v70vc6oX5UvPzc2XX6yn/uqu3Jx7ctmq7+alZph5acO1mX3p4zlj9c7x/Xn1tnQ/uSzzlj2al2odmT7/5uz+/op05fKs3fPvGVo9P9OzLztv/1Qu3fjuXL3zF6k3+tj/D7lh2oNZcNXa7BwLH0fs5uiO3HPV8jzZfVtePazvVVnfvLeiY+aSbKoPZdOSc3LiH0BH9O9DAgQIECBAgACBNxQ4wc//Xsvgw/fk1ixMz5z3jTXaMeM/5cqF27Jq7Q+PcjP1kRb78+rE8LDkvHSOlbyS7ev/NnsW92bp3K7mSfJJ6Zp3ZRYv3J0tz+79D/3kvWt5X65fdM7Ytjq6PpSL51aThZ/L9csa4SVJ54xccOG5GX5sR/Y0TvJHtuVr12zIrJtXZNmB/ek8L0vuvCOLH7slX9v68pGNjX888qOsv31vFvdembldJ40v6zgz8z55ZRZufTrPDk18hWP807Wh57Jl69m58IIZTYuT0jX/xjxRX58lM08++nYsJUCAAAECBAgQKI3Au07oTsdunt6WrsV/ljkHblzu+EAuuPKCDK96PDuun/fGNzTv/V5u//Nv55uzbs6eTx4IDw2R0zJ/9Y4MZSSDAxvz+L7Gbcn/L8/ceWNu3ZosvPJ4qtUysuPxrBuuZvEHTjv8J/6d1XTPGsqqTT/J9fPnTd6p6fOzemhHMjqYgQ0/yNjrJvueyZ1Lb83WXJ6jtdFRPS8fnbcqq9Z+N+f1nJzRsz6S+TOnT163JQQIECBAgAABAqUUOKFfgag9/8M8uHk4w7cuyHvH7ido3D/w7nQvfSgZ3pxNO155w6EOf/Pb+dGH/0v+266vZvWj/zzhVYUD90S8N90L7s4z+xrXEf1Ger6+IWsXJrv2DLW4D+INN9f8ZFdmdVebP90/lvoDNTtz64LTD92X0Oh32rlZunn4QMFR/h3J7v6lqZ7SnQV3PjMeIE69JF/f8Y0szE+z58Wj3M3ROTef/87WPPB7/5ZHbvp0FnS/N5XKxPstjrIZiwgQIECAAAECBEojcAIHiJezde3d2bxwbfbsb9yjMPHvv+b7y5NbV/+v8d/70GKcXcsfyMbbvpTrbz43/dd8JY++1LykpzaY9ctWZMslj+TF/ZuyesmfZNGiP8786s+zZ9cbnbC32NCULB6/t+HwPsd7Hr/fYfJGaoMPZ9nS7bnkkRey/4nVWbJoURYt+kiqP/un7JpcfmhJ58zMX/SprH5iKPX9Q9nxyEezd9WCzLtp6zFcFnZoNR4RIECAAAECBAi0n8CJGyDGbp7+RZZctSAzJnXxvszpWZiuY7qZ+uTMvOLz+Ur3hlzztW3jJ8ijQ9mzK5l1/u+M35PQnHvt1X1pcbfBW3hkdGT6nIuzuOsf89Rz/zLhVZIko9uz5qIZLd4NqZbRF5/Prpyb88/7zQmXPv0yr+5r9Q5MR2mjoyuzF30yvYtnZ/jHL2Tv2E3dR6mziAABAgQIECBAoBQCk069T4yum/cF5NL814vfP+Hk+MDed2T63Mty7bwf5cFtLxx+0n2gZOK/nXPyZ2uuS/ett+cbjXdYmv7B9CyuZvO6B7O1+VaqteGncsfKG9P/drwAMf2C/MVfXZjHrvli7tg+PN7P6O5suOmGXJerc8sVM9ORjnSeNSOzxvqq5eejr6VzLHhsy7r7/v7QW9Nuvzcrr7krrdoYf4vWnvRt2N28TKvxtq4/yKbtaRHWJkJ6TIAAAQIECBAg0O4CJ2aAqA3m4dXr033tZZl74ObpIyfV+cH80eIPZ/Oqb2brm/5m6o50fmhRPrPkn3Pd5/8mO0ffl3mfvTv3zf1hFlR/bey+g7O+8HTe33t3Hlk++8gtHYePT8qZi27J1gcuzN6+2ZnWuP/hlMuz8fSrsuNbV2d25/gYO2b0pG/Fz7K0+z15z8f+Ls93XpDPfmd15j7dm+q0xv0hs/OFH5yW3kcfyvKuo+92x8xP5L4dV+X0jZfnlLH7SqbllHkbc/pn/jo3X/ZbY2HN74E4up2lBAgQIECAAIEyCFTqjYvqk7GT5ObDMvStRwIECBAgQIAAAQIEjlGg8YuOD2SFE/MViGNsVBkBAgQIECBAgAABAlMrIEBMrae1ESBAgAABAgQIEGhrAQGircerOQIECBAgQIAAAQJTKyBATK2ntREgQIAAAQIECBBoawEBoq3HqzkCBAgQIECAAAECUysgQEytp7URIECAAAECBAgQaGsBAaKtx6s5AgQIECBAgAABAlMrIEBMrae1ESBAgAABAgQIEGhrAQGircerOQIECBAgQIAAAQJTKyBATK2ntREgQIAAAQIECBBoawEBoq3HqzkCBAgQIECAAAECUysgQEytp7URIECAAAECBAgQaGsBAaKtx6s5AgQIECBAgAABAlMrIEBMrae1ESBAgAABAgQIEGhrAQGircerOQIECBAgQIAAAQJTKyBATK2ntREgQIAAAQIECBBoawEBoq3HqzkCBAgQIECAAAECUysgQEytp7URIECAAAECBAgQaGsBAaKtx6s5AgQIECBAgAABAlMrIEBMrae1ESBAgAABAgQIEGhrAQGircerOQIECBAgQIAAAQJTKyBATK2ntREgQIAAAQIECBBoawEBoq3HqzkCBAgQIECAAAECUysgQEytp7URIECAAAECBAgQaGsBAaKtx6s5AgQIECBAgAABAlMrIEBMrae1ESBAgAABAgQIEGhrAQGircerOQIECBAgQIAAAQJTKyBATK2ntREgQIAAAQIECBBoawEBoq3HqzkCBAgQIECAAAECUyvQNgGiNtifnkol1b6BjLQyqu1Of081lerKDIzUWlS9lsH+K1KpzEnfwMstapJ2315YJXEsNL4A2v1Y119jyO/E742OvbH/gN6Rs/G90ffG5umR43P8y3TKzkGbrifAP5V6vV5v7GelUknz4Qmw23aRAAECBAgQIECAAIHjJTAxK7TNKxDHC892CBAgQIAAAQIECJRZQIAo8/T1ToAAAQIECBAgQKCggABREEw5AQIECBAgQIAAgTILCBBlnr7eCRAgQIAAAQIECBQUECAKgiknQIAAAQIECBAgUGYBAaLM09c7AQIECBAgQIAAgYICAkRBMOUECBAgQIAAAQIEyiwgQJR5+nonQIAAAQIECBAgUFBAgCgIppwAAQIECBAgQIBAmQUEiDJPX+8ECBAgQIAAAQIECgoIEAXBlBMgQIAAAQIECBAos4AAUebp650AAQIECBAgQIBAQQEBoiCYcgIECBAgQIAAAQJlFhAgyjx9vRMgQIAAAQIECBAoKCBAFARTToAAAQIECBAgQKDMAgJEmaevdwIECBAgQIAAAQIFBQSIgmDKCRAgQIAAAQIECJRZQIAo8/T1ToAAAQIECBAgQKCggABREEw5AQIECBAgQIAAgTILCBBlnr7eCRAgQIAAAQIECBQUECAKgiknQIAAAQIECBAgUGYBAaLM09c7AQIECBAgQIAAgYICAkRBMOUECBAgQIAAAQIEyiwgQJR5+nonQIAAAQIECBAgUFBAgCgIppwAAQIECBAgQIBAmQUEiDJPX+8ECBAgQIAAAQIECgoIEAXBlBMgQIAAAQIECBAos4AAUebp650AAQIECBAgQIBAQQEBoiCYcgIECBAgQIAAAQJlFolOdxcAAAMKSURBVGibAFEb7E9PpZJq30BGWk20tjv9PdVUqiszMFJrUfVaBvuvSKUyJ30DL7eoSdp9e2GVxLHQ+AJo92Ndf40hvxO/Nzr2xv4DekfOxvdG3xubp0eOz/Ev0yk7B226ngD/VOr1er2xn5VKJc2HJ8Bu20UCBAgQIECAAAECBI6XwMSs0DavQBwvPNshQIAAAQIECBAgUGYBAaLM09c7AQIECBAgQIAAgYICAkRBMOUECBAgQIAAAQIEyiwgQJR5+nonQIAAAQIECBAgUFBAgCgIppwAAQIECBAgQIBAmQUEiDJPX+8ECBAgQIAAAQIECgoIEAXBlBMgQIAAAQIECBAos4AAUebp650AAQIECBAgQIBAQQEBoiCYcgIECBAgQIAAAQJlFhAgyjx9vRMgQIAAAQIECBAoKCBAFARTToAAAQIECBAgQKDMAgJEmaevdwIECBAgQIAAAQIFBQSIgmDKCRAgQIAAAQIECJRZQIAo8/T1ToAAAQIECBAgQKCggABREEw5AQIECBAgQIAAgTILCBBlnr7eCRAgQIAAAQIECBQUECAKgiknQIAAAQIECBAgUGYBAaLM09c7AQIECBAgQIAAgYICAkRBMOUECBAgQIAAAQIEyiwgQJR5+nonQIAAAQIECBAgUFBAgCgIppwAAQIECBAgQIBAmQUEiDJPX+8ECBAgQIAAAQIECgoIEAXBlBMgQIAAAQIECBAos4AAUebp650AAQIECBAgQIBAQQEBoiCYcgIECBAgQIAAAQJlFhAgyjx9vRMgQIAAAQIECBAoKCBAFARTToAAAQIECBAgQKDMAgJEmaevdwIECBAgQIAAAQIFBQSIgmDKCRAgQIAAAQIECJRZQIAo8/T1ToAAAQIECBAgQKCgQKVer9crlUrBpyknQIAAAQIECBAgQKBsAvV6Pe9qNN144A8BAgQIECBAgAABAgTeTMAlTG8m5PMECBAgQIAAAQIECBwUECAOUnhAgAABAgQIECBAgMCbCQgQbybk8wQIECBAgAABAgQIHBT4/zAKy7pm+6sFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>IE <strong>«</strong>= Δ<em>E =</em> <em>h</em>ν = 6.63 × 10<sup>–34</sup> J s × 3.28 × 10<sup>15</sup> s<sup>–1</sup><strong>» =</strong> 2.17 × 10<sup>–18</sup> <strong>«</strong>J<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\lambda = \frac{C}{{\text{v}}} = \frac{{3.00 \times {{10}^8}{\text{ m}}{{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}}}{{3.28 \times {{10}^{15}}{\text{ }}{{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}}} = ">
<mi>λ</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow>
<mtext>v</mtext>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>3.00</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>s</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>3.28</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>s</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
</math></span><strong>»</strong> 9.15 × 10<sup>–8</sup> <strong>«</strong>m<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>no change <strong>«</strong>in colour<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “solution around cathode </em><em>will become paler and solution around </em><em>the anode will become darker”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>oxygen/O<sub>2</sub></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “carbon dioxide/CO2”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Transition metals:</em></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>contain<strong>» </strong>d and s orbitals <strong>«</strong>which are close in energy<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>successive<strong>» </strong>ionization energies increase gradually</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Alkali metals</em>:</p>
<p>second electron removed from <strong>«</strong>much<strong>» </strong>lower energy level</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>removal of second electron requires large increase in ionization energy</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Bromine can form the bromate(V) ion, BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of a bromine atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the orbital diagram of the <strong>valence shell</strong> of a bromine atom (ground state) on the energy axis provided. Use boxes to represent orbitals and arrows to represent electrons.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw two Lewis (electron dot) structures for BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the preferred Lewis structure based on the formal charge on the bromine atom, giving your reasons.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, using the VSEPR theory, the geometry of the BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> ion and the O−Br−O bond angles.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromate(V) ions act as oxidizing agents in acidic conditions to form bromide ions.</p>
<p>Deduce the half-equation for this reduction reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromate(V) ions oxidize iron(II) ions, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, to iron(III) ions, Fe<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation for this redox reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup>, in J, of the redox reaction in (ii), using sections 1 and 24 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><em>E</em><sup>Θ</sup> (BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> / Br<sup>−</sup>) = +1.44 V</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the magnetic property of iron(II) and iron(III) ions.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>10</sup> 4p<sup>5</sup></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>[Ar] 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>10</sup> 4p<sup>5</sup> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept 3d before 4s.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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+Fa8o7Esb8R3oh07rnnyr///W/5+c9/rkbsnTp1Ei3kyAfpYgUVfBmuu+46adCggfz973/P5ZP2H06LeNI28UKCgL038F5IvJEmTPC7EYQ5L+oxWR1pFro477vvPmWqKmRCicpHH1+oXXV8uX6i3oVYo879+/dXYgTTVdiQVt9GebyCGrZ8OA5lxOZo2GOnb9++MmLECCXGmLjFq+oQ4Htw8cUXK9GFFzACBhfep0Rt9sOE57hx41SaGMjhxgBNgGg3bNhQ8N5YiDpuBldeeaVatQYTDZYhlyI4LeKFRnC2QKHx/S54/JbGU0DUeqCTZ20kjjLri8OvvnjHaZigxckkKmg38NHHhkm33I4x9VvEmeL9WPhdH37HlfK3oUOHKvs+bP0Q7dtvv12NtB988MFcsbChF5727rzzztxv6CteHnrQiD2RdL3xie8YgeMfAgQdntp33HGHmjODkP/1r3+VAQMG5NJO8w+nRRyATRetDVA20tcNbqM8hdKwUc5CaSf5OwTVO9opNi89SgtinfSNv9jyp3We7Zt8mv2umJsv5q/uuusuhRdPdt26dRMsSsDqE22iwwuvn3/+eXnggQcEPh9r165V22bgJCxtRRoIum8dc8wx6rv+D+YS9GF4aiP84Ac/UCN6jMwh6NhnBvvNQMQh5mkHp0Ucd0YNNgkwSaZtu7woKy7QLIqUzTKbREXH2czPdjsmmZ6uv8080rxG9I06SvkhqC1atFCnwI8DS1URFi5cmBsAvvzyy8oUAoc9eFrjH0QeASvQ4AfiDVu3bvV+la+++kp995qhFi1apH7DJDEm6LFcEWUpxQuqnV4nrteqViBq8Qs6fdxOmsSF41dFjATwZGJ7pOWXl+3fihlh5ZchShpx2zQ/76r83cY1kiQ/XBPDhw+XY489VjBxi73QsdIJfh1YWYYJyFtvvVXZrvUgCJ8YMcO0Art2/sgbXtmYJNVh9uzZsvfee+fs6/PmzRM4Cx1xxBFqngFOarg+hwwZYlzJptOz/en8SNx2hfPTiyvCSYz6Lr/8csH+LN6QVWEKsol762j6W4/STBwQhws0jOCj3V955RX1WBy3D5jKnWYc6h+m7lHKZOIdJZ0wxxZb9kMOOURgSoG5A6L85JNPKvMGzCwQV4zUscUuNlXTn0cffbQqUqtWreTHP/5xheLde++98uGHH6qRPG4GMMP07Nkzt7Ojtqs/8cQTglE+RB02dz1hWiGxFL44LeIYiSd5gdnooDZFfPv27XLBBRcIdu7L3woUZc3i69lwYeJCituOmrMpHcTp44KuHTx6Y7UCNn6y0Q+C8ksr3jtRZyNPE28b6XvT0Ddq729h/8aKEay+wU0cNmxsJQDzCWzeYYO+iZx44okCMwkmSbHcEGvGMVmKANMJbgojR45U68ixIuU3v/mN3H333WGzsX6c0+YUXPxJXmDooHHTt9XJMUnyi1/8Qj3mQWDQibwB+aCTo5NmLdjgrOsdpr2ChPzVV1+Vzp07q0kpjLLKKWhOtuoUhretvOKkg5sXzCY6dOjQQfCvUGjTpo0S+Dp16uQO0auoMEH561//WmD3hsMPbgo6YNmxt89gIhWhlJycFnHbowrdEN7PuCJso/EwKYKRBEwo8BrDOtX8gHxwgQYJVP55pf5uy5yiR0lhbgiF2gTnQsBxceOdnd6LsdScbOQfty/7lSEMb7/zivlNt3Ex50Y9B96q+R6rOn9cY5igDDNJWaivRS1PnOOdFnG9bjNOBU3nutAAKB/eafj2228rEW/SpIlvkXExoXPZHmn5ZmbxR1wYeKKKG/SjtqnNEAc++mLMzxMTXfDkg4Dj0ZshmICJd/DZ0Y7QbRztLHtHF+o39nJIJiWjTRxvKceSnYceeqiC+2oyRamcatKjThujjDijH5hQYAOHgGOSrZCAg4wWqMqU3P/FZjsG8S6UFzbX+tnPfibXXHONGoGnKU5ptRDqZFuIgninVbc08oGJBVpn24M46bIbRRx3RuyjffPNNwu2rYSRf9SoUfLxxx/HnqgKUzGYU5LuRHHTLyQaQfWDgMPTa86cOWo51FFHHWU8BeVEXsXmZ0w84UgbwhImDd2W+Yzg6IHX6sHD7v7770+4tqVN3rYJMs2bXZg2TpIuBlFw3883sySZp420jSJeu3ZtwTv3/vGPf6jHT2wmc8kll6hJN7yTDxcHRutJhSw4++QLRhgWMC9gQgT2WdjB/Wzg+enokXjWzCm2bOL6UTuMqHiPee6559RGRliC5p34yudbLt9t9w99Y0yDj27jNPIqpzyMIo6K4s6OUTguACykx5rIW265Re0jgNENdkXDEpwkdvEqR2cfjMDhgAATCiYxTSYUb0eD8NseZXnTT+pvjK5Q9rhioG+WpnT0jU6P6PDU2L17d7WGGOt4veKeVH1Lma6JTbHlKndmxXJx6bxAEfcWduPGjUqsIdjYmxj7BcBTCls8YvG87dn+pCc2Ube4HT9KJ4dpCk8wMEfBCyzMCFzz1/loMdO/Z+ETjHX5iy2vHmGa0kE+mg886uA0haViN954Y7HZVvnz4l4fUQDqm2+Uc3isSODqFJhLYFLBJjKTJk1SFwk8nPB4inXNeDcfRlrYBAajday0KPQWnKjAs+DsE7ZOEB8wQkfFCBxbWkYJOL8c3+wTloG+wMPcEN5//301iYkVKBiBV5WAPqI52aqz6aZpKw+dDs0pmkS0T6OIYzewI488Ui2Kh2srJoUwktR79Oqs8JgPk8qgQYPURjP697ifuDkk2YnCCEJQHdDxwoxW9DF4ainmJofzkZceaQaVy5V4iAraMW7QF3iY/gAvPThsVCUB13xtmtx03w7DXOfPz/QJGEW8evXqyqYIG+7xxx9vLN0Pf/hDeffdd5X93HhghEibHbJQtlpcC8UH/Y63foBPUMC8wujRo4sScKSNCwkmBW1WCMrPpXgbNx6YRPAkEyZgH+mqKOBgY6N/oK9hi1Usx0xTwG0/RYTpK+VwjFHEsfUi9gUIE+COGvZNOGHSwzFJ28RtdFDc6PAvKGCdchw+uNnYEMOgciYRb+PiDLPsS4tPMU86SdQ77TTjDki85cV8V9pBP22lnW/W8zOKON4zhzXieBzGhegnIrBbY5TZpUsXwWjcZvDLz2b66PQ2hDxMmeIIONJHOTHKSppJmLpEOQYXpt6TIsp5xR5bVQW8WF48L/sEjCIOkXvttdfUtoyoKnbWw0Smfk0R7tZ4ewa+Y6IT68axt66tAHOKzdGFX7mSTt8vz2J+w40UPGw8LheTf7HnaJt4mjfMYsua9fNwo7fx1FMqDlkue6mYIV/jEkOINPbfxZ67cPjBRCeWx+EVR5g4Qqd58cUX1XccB28nmyELzj4262tKCwJuY4LQlEdScRTwpMhWTjeNeaTKudr5heaU4jgaRfyzzz6Txx9/XJ5++ukKO3phNI6JIwg34vAdog6hh1enrZAFZx9bdQ2TDkwpNKeEIVV1j8nak1rVbSl7NTeaU7ABOkZ/Bx54oG+OeGXR+vXrVRxG7RgF6PfR+Z4Q8cekJzbR4bENLHa3c/1RDk9BKGPWLlKUefHixeoNKBGbv6SHJ+GBnHSFtGkQTnlZ6NNeHsuWLXP+GvSW16W/jSKOiUrYvPUm6d6Cww6Onff0Uq65c+cqQfRuoO49vpi/k3b20XsKw7MvCwHlrVGjRhaKmisjXh6LV1zhX9ZCFI9aF+oG8yZWlOFtM1np015ueH0aQ3QC1XYGDO3g9YZXE2EtdMuWLdUOX6tWrZJx48apEfqsWbPkpZdekh49eigvObx3rtiAPKZMmZI7HY5G8+fPz+SeIblK8A8SIAESSJCAcSSOfG+77Tb1VueBAwfKU089pUbbGJ1jG1W8iBT28OXLl6t9sf/whz9YLWqWJ2msgmBiJEACJFCAgFHEYQ8fOnSoeqFsx44d1SoU2Kmx1BCPbjok9ZLQpG3iuvz8JAESIIGsEvhOiX1qgJ0Ke/bsqXYpRDT2F99vv/0qCLjPadZ+ytpKDGsVZ0IkQAIkEJKAUcSx4gSTafDcLEWAOUXPuJcif+ZJAiRAAq4TMJpT4CoOBx5srD99+nT1Rp/8fULwUoO2bdsmUs+knX0SKTQTJQESIIEUCRhFHGvABw8erEbiI0aM8C0W9hRPSsSTdvbxrRB/JAESIIEMETCKeL169QSL8OEOi0lOPZnpdaNOUmg5sZmhnsSikgAJlISA0SaOEsGkgslM7ES3du1awSvG6tSpozwH8QmvzaRC0s4+SZWb6ZIACZBAWgQCRRyjbiwh/NGPfiTHHHOM9OnTR1auXKns43iTT5ITj97Rf1pAmA8JkAAJZImA0ZyCimA/8WHDhqmXQ+Bt9xiJw5Uab7q/7rrr1JtqLrjggkTqTGefRLAyURIggTIiYByJY2ITE5rYyRB7pOA9mwh77bWX/OlPf5Lzzz9fnnvuucRw0CaeGFomTAIkUCYEjCK+evVqwY5onTt3rlRdjJLbtWsnS5curRRn6wc6+9giyXRIgATKlYBRxLEvCgK2QfUL2G88yYlNOvv4UedvJEACJPAdAaOIH3DAAXLYYYepiU19it53G0sPhw8fLq1bt9ZR1j/p7GMdKRMkARIoMwLGiU243Pfr10+6desm2CQf68XXrVunvsMW3rBhQ+nVq1diSJJcg55YoZkwCZAACaRIwDgSRznwFnts6I814dhHHKaVN998U371q1/JvHnz1DrypMrLic2kyDJdEiCBciFgHInrSh5//PEyceJE5bW5fft2qVmzZs57Ux+TxCedfZKgyjRJgATKiUAoEV+0aJEsXLgw9w48vAxIrxzBK9xOPPHERJjQ2ScRrEyUBEigjAgEividd96p7OKF6ty1a9fERJzOPoWo83cSIAES+D8Bo4jjbfcPPfSQevVa3759BRti5bvZY/IzqUCbeFJkmS4JkEC5EDCKOJx9tm3bJvfdd580btw49Tprk03qGTNDEiABEsgIAaOIY504Rtpff/11SapDZ5+SYLeWKZ7a8FYo2/0HvgpY7ppkwLwP+h928GQgAZcJGEW8fv360qNHD2UTh1kF29LqPcXTqBSdfdKgnFwe6CvnnXeezJw5M7lMEkz5yCOPFGz6xkACLhMwiviGDRvUGnGsTpk6daravRAXptcujot0wIABidSRzj6JYE01UYyYe/fuLVdddZVa0aRXNsX5xEgco+Q4acBUZzp/0qRJ8vTTT6fKipmRQDEEjCIOEYVb/U9/+tPc8sL8TJo1a5b/k7XvnNi0hrJkCUFw9913X2natGnJylBMxnPnzi3mNJ5DAqkTMIo43naPFz+UKtDZp1Tk7eabxaWiaZoN7dJmalWNQCW3ezjYhJ2I+vzzzwXLEJMKdPZJimy66e7YsSPdDC3k5jUZWkiOSZBAYgQqifj48eMFEzre8Mknn6g3++RvSXvxxRfLLbfc4j3U6t9ZHMFZBVAmieH9rAwkQALJEKgk4lgStnz58gq54Z2a99xzj3pBRIWIhL/QJp4w4JSSxxOVjfDpp5/aSIZpkEBZEagk4iYHm7QfMU1lKatWKPPK2GjHDz74QPDkFxTgnEaxD6LE+HIiUEnETaOmpB0s8sHCnJL2jSO/DPwen4B+kUixKUHA27RpU/ANU950p0+fLmeeeWbsfoPlhwwkkAUClUTcZIfOvxjzv9uuMJ19bBNNPz3c+OPYxLFnfdu2bdUyxTCl1xPzcVeX2Hh6CFNeHkMCcQlUEvEoI/GkR+Z09onbvKU/Hzd6U58ylXD+/PnSoUMHNbK+/fbbTYdWiMt3SKsQyS8kUGYEKol42JF4GmYOTmyWR28rZlQLE0r79u2lXbt28uSTT0qNGjVim0jKgyZrQQIVCRR09sELknXQ68ZPP/30Co/GmEA6+OCD9WHWP+nsYx1pSRKManbD+1zPOOMMJeJDhw5V+/XARh3XRFKSyjNTEkiYQCURx6ZXZ599du7NPTr/Fi1a6D9zn02aNKm0pjwXaeEPPMAqVW0AAA66SURBVIbzwrUAsoRJRLWJv/POO3LuuecqM8qwYcPUHim6+FHMMnhSjNN3OLGpqfPTdQKVRBwjIPxzIZhMOy6Uj2UIJhDFJv7qq6/KZZddpiYyhwwZUkHAkVMUUY5yrF8tijEB+aUT9jfcoN544w05/PDDBQMpBhIIS6CSTTzsiWkcR5t4GpSTzyNIEDFqxna1nTp1Um+RGjlypFSvXr1CwZBGXGGukKBjX5544gl184KQM5BAFAJOi3jQxR+lojy2dASCbOJvvfWWdOzYUa699lp5+OGHfcU6iikFNU1j4t0WUcwB3HjjjSq5cr5R2eLFdCoScFrE6exTsbGy+C3IJg4TClahXHHFFfL73//eV8BR76h9IStiiM3BrrzySjnqqKNye6Tnt/PmzZsFQv/RRx/lR/E7CYjTIk5nn+z30EI2cYyUsWf3+eefL5dffrl6IbdpDiTtSW4bE5uYpH3xxRdly5Ytgv2H8PeaNWtyjQoGGIGvX79ebfmc/+SJeKyPxyviTjnlFGnUqJGymXtNLnhZC26E4AOhRx5J7iyaKzz/cIaA0yJOZx9n+kmsguSLExLDSBmenDfddJM88sgjgeljRB/FpBLXnOJX5sBCeg6AgONlKtiPv2bNmsre37Vr1wpPGjNmzBAsocQ6eOzdj+DN96mnnpL+/fur+A8//FBtTFe7dm3p3r27bNq0SR3/8ssvq7X0SAtLgfGmLbxSMYvb/3rw8c8IBJwWcU5sRmhJhw8tZBNv2bKl3H333aFLHsVEEuXY0AWIcCCEFAEifNttt6l3deKGpVeewMeiW7duKh6jbC3e3icAjKzxovJTTz1V6tWrJ4ceeqgSfaQH5yeEPn36qJdG//KXv5QGDRrIJZdcIpMnT5bnn39exfO/8ifgtIjT2Sf7HTDIJh62hhC5UgtzmLLiCeDmm29Wpg2sd9++fbuarG3YsKF66kAaOKZXr15yyCGHyDXXXKOS1Tc6Leb4sXPnzioO+/tfeumlMmLECLWHDOYP9OodCPddd92ldm7s27evumHgJKS/YsUKdT7/K28CTot42nbQ8m7q0tRO28TjmjeimFJQ07j5FUsL+/HrFyzDfPLb3/5WmYHg7axNJqNGjZJx48ap99diaeHgwYOVyQSj8FdeeUXg5IT6nnzyyYJdGeG3MXv2bPWyaXhIYwQPO7sOGH1jwIO0YLo59thjlZ0dos9Q/gQqOfu4VGXTRJdL5WRZzAQgqHFH0WmvTvGaNcy1qxgLm/Udd9whvXv3VrZ+2LxPOOEEmThxomzYsEH22WcfwWsNUZ8HHnhAnaxH3xDuZ599VplDMNmL78cdd5xA9Ldu3apG1o899phKF/Z2rGpBePzxxwWmx549eypbOXZ+xMupMRpnKH8CTo/EaRMvjw4YZytaTQCCFvdGoNPyfn788cfer7m/tbDmfojwx/XXX68mMuHAtGrVKiXqeLWhXgsO2zj6tv6HScjFixcrO/fo0aPlyy+/VJO+uBHADo6616pVS21xce+996qS6FclLlq0SAYOHChNmzZVb9/CG7gQnnnmGalbt26EUvPQrBJwWsTjXEhZbZByK3fUVSWm+kPMwoYgcwriYeo46aSTElnJMWDAADUaxsQtnJjwogpMNi5ZssS3Chj5w/TkHbhcdNFFsm7dOrWXzKRJk2TatGlqZQrMMnCOQkA+CMOHDxds3YvjsHUB1t4zVA0CzptTgi7GqtFM2a0lhMnGzRg3gygjcdOxuBlg1Ui/fv1kzJgxlfZosUEbk5bYThcmFPThsWPHCl44fsABB/gmj6eVn/zkJxVefgGbOMwwcIKC6QR1at68uVoXjpE3AlanYGITI3aseFm4cKFgYzqGqkPAaRHHqMR0MVadZsp2TfXKizi1wI3AVl+ALRpmh/Hjx8s555wTp1gFz0VZsZxQLynEgc2aNSt4PCYs58yZUykebzXCP6wBhx09f57Im2Z+fpUS4w9lScBpEaezT3n0OVs28Sg0MPr1E/3f/e53ahQ+YcIEtd1toTSLndgslF7c3/W68Ljp8PzyI+C0iHvtg+WHvurUKIotuxCVuKtTUIb7779fCTg8JPHaN1OwYQIypc84ErBFwKmJzXzRxppXhmwTgCkl3wRQTI2wgsNvZO2Xlp/pBfu0wHZ8ww03yIUXXuh3Gn8jgUwScErE880n+rVwmSTLQisCmJC0EcIKOPKCKcQ7+l+6dKlykIHTzK233mqjOEyDBJwh4JSI51OJ+gidfz6/l54ARNzGZkxRlypq0V+wYIGcdtppasUGlvjtueeepYfCEpCARQJOizhXp1hs6RIlBXOKFtS4RYiaDpbbYb00NpiCm3sUAfeO5OOWm+eTQJIEnBZxP9tmkjCYdjIEbDxRwUQSRcSxRhsONm3atFH7kugNo8LW0MaKmrB58TgSiEPAaRHHxc8RUZzmdePcKJOShUocZbUIvBxh/27VqpXa+S+qgKMMdDIr1BL83TUCTos4zSmudZfo5YnqaVkoB4h4mElSjNixr0jr1q3F74XLhdLn7ySQVQJOrxPPX62SVchVudy23O47deqkJiiDWELssecItoOlSSSIFuPLgYDTIp6/brwcgFfFOoQZQQdxwRtu8C8o4G1BcKWPK+A04wWRZrwrBJwWcYzEaZt0pasUXw4bSwzD5o6Np2yEuDcBG2VgGiQQhoDTNnGMhqKsSAhTYR6TPoEstiEHD+n3E+ZYHAGnRdzG0rTisPAsmwSirCyxmS/TIoGqQMBpEefqlPLogjZs4uVBgrUgAfsEnLaJYwSXxUdx+82U3RQh4HhZwcqVK9Wba/AdK1ZsfoKOTrOYv/3oYq05AwlkgYDTIq6dfTjJlIWu5F9GiOugQYPUP/8j3P0Vb9FhIAHXCTgt4jSnuN59gsuH14tt3749+MAIR+DpLI2JR5qBIjQKDy0ZAadFnM4+JesX1jKuXbu2tbSYEAmQQGUCzk9sVi4yfyEBEiABEtAEnBZxOvvoZuInCZAACfgTcFrE6ezj32j8lQRIgAQ0AadFnM4+upn4SQIkQAL+BJwWca5O8W80/koCJEACmoDTIk5nH91M/CQBEiABfwJOi7h29vEvOn8lARIgARJwWsRpTmEHJQESIAEzAadFnM4+5sZjLAmQAAk4LeIYiTOQAAmQAAkUJuC0iNPZp3DDMYYESIAEQMBpEaezDzspCZAACZgJOC3idPYxNx5jSYAESMBpEefqFHZQEiABEjATcFrE6exjbjzGkgAJkIDTIk5nH3ZQEiABEjATcFrEaU4xNx5jSYAESMBpEaezDzsoCZAACZgJOC3idPYxNx5jSYAESMBpEaezDzsoCZAACZgJOC3idPYxNx5jSYAESMBpEaezDzsoCZAACZgJOC3iXJ1ibjzGkgAJkIDTIk5nH3ZQEiABEjATcFrE6exjbjzGkgAJkIDTIk5zCjsoCZAACZgJOC3idPYxNx5jSYAESMBpEaezDzsoCZAACZgJOC3idPYxNx5jSYAESMBpEaezDzsoCZAACZgJOC3idPYxNx5jSYAESMBpEefqFHZQEiABEjATcFrE6exjbjzGkgAJkIDTIk5nH3ZQEiABEjATcFrEaU4xNx5jSYAESMBpEaezDzsoCZAACZgJOC3idPYxNx5jSYAESMBpEaezDzsoCZAACZgJOC3idPYxNx5jSYAESMBpEaezDzsoCZAACZgJOC3iXJ1ibjzGkgAJkIDTIk5nH3ZQEiABEjATcFrE6exjbjzGkgAJkIDTIk5zCjsoCZAACZgJOC3idPYxNx5jSYAESMBpEaezDzsoCZAACZgJOC3idPYxNx5jSYAESMBpEaezDzsoCZAACZgJOC3idPYxNx5jSYAESMBpEefqFHZQEiABEjATcFrE6exjbjzGkgAJkIDTIk5nH3ZQEiABEjATcFrEaU4xNx5jSYAESMBpEaezDzsoCZAACZgJOC3idPYxNx5jSYAESMBpEaezDzsoCZAACZgJOC3idPYxNx5jSYAESMBpEaezDzsoCZAACZgJOC3iXJ1ibjzGkgAJkMBuLiOgs4/LrcOykQAJ2CewU774cLY8//xUWb5pf+nU4zw55dAGxmycHonT2cfYdowkARIoMwLb/jlLftu1i1x758My9sPNsn/d/QJr6LSI05wS2H48gARIoFwI7PyXjOh7mzz17hcih1wkt/Y+VxrvuXtg7ZwWcTr7BLYfDyABEigLAjvlg1cGy+Tn3pZ/y4+l05VnydWtjwxVM6dFnM4+odqQB5EACWSdwH9XyPjBw2XKVpE923aQ3/c8W8JOWDot4nT2yXrPZPlJgASCCXwjb4y4X557+WORPbpIr6vPlGa1g80oOl2nRZzOPrqZ+EkCJFC2BP6zVKY+85IslT3k4E4ny40XnBipqk6LOJ19IrUlDyYBEnCawHaZ++JjcscNt8uwae/JTlXWnTJ37HB5bdZnIrXOkqsubSP7VotWibBml2ipWjqaq1MsgWQyJEACpSfwzUoZ+7s7ZeC8L0Umfik7nrheep6yr8waO0H+ilH4+SfLVe2OilxOp0fidPaJ3J48gQRIwFUCuzaRXkMHSrdmtUVWDpdb7npGXn1zgsyZvkJkjw5yeZfjIo/CUVWnRZzOPq72RpaLBEggOoFqcnDLi6VXvxukXS2Rr2Y/JpdefI9M3CpS+/SfSI+OraIn6bqI05xSVJvyJBIgAWcJ7CpHd7xFrryxg+wjG+Szz74UkWPkrNaN5YCItnBdRadG4hh55wesUGEgARIggfIhsLuc26ef9Gx70P+rdNip8ssLT5QiNTz0evLy4ceakAAJkECJCdSsfaT0fPQFOWbhGtnjwCOk7UHBe6QUKnK1nTt3/n+lS6Ej+DsJkAAJkICzBJwypzhLiQUjARIgAUcJUMQdbRgWiwRIgATCEKCIh6HEY0iABEjAUQIUcUcbhsUiARIggTAEKOJhKPEYEiABEnCUAEXc0YZhsUiABEggDAGKeBhKPIYESIAEHCVAEXe0YVgsEiABEghD4H/v6zS1qcgnvAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<p><em>Accept double-headed arrows.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Structure I - follows octet rule:</em></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em>Structure II - does not follow octet rule:</em></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept dots, crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«structure I» formal charge on Br = +2</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>«structure II» formal charge on Br = 0/+1 ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>structure II is preferred <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>it produces formal charge closer to 0 ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Ignore any reference to formal charge on oxygen.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Geometry:</em><br>trigonal/pyramidal ✔</p>
<p><em>Reason:</em><br>three bonds <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>one lone pair<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>four electron domains ✔</p>
<p><em>O−Br−O angle:</em><br>107° ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “charge centres” for “electron domains”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept answers in the range 104–109°.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + 6e<sup>−</sup> + 6H<sup>+</sup> (aq) → Br<sup>−</sup> (aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<p>correct reactants and products ✔</p>
<p>balanced equation ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept reversible arrows.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + 6Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) + 6H<sup>+</sup> (aq) → Br<sup>−</sup> (aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l) + 6Fe<sup>3+</sup> (aq) ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>E</em><sup>Θ</sup><sub>reaction</sub> = «+1.44 V – 0.77 V =» 0.67 «V» ✔</p>
<p>Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup> = «–n<em>FE</em><sup>Θ</sup><sub>reaction</sub> = – 6 × 96500 C mol<sup>–1</sup> × 0.67 V =» –3.9 × 10<sup>5</sup> «J» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>both are paramagnetic ✔</p>
<p>«both» contain unpaired electrons ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept orbital diagrams for both ions showing unpaired electrons.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Cobalt forms the transition metal complex [Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (H<sub>2</sub>O)Cl]Br.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Trends in physical and chemical properties are useful to chemists.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the melting points of the group 1 metals (Li → Cs) decrease down the group whereas the melting points of the group 17 elements (F → I) increase down the group.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the shape of the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the charge on the complex ion and the oxidation state of cobalt.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe, in terms of acid-base theories, the type of reaction that takes place between the cobalt ion and water to form the complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any three of:</em></p>
<p><em>Group 1:</em><br>atomic/ionic radius increases</p>
<p>smaller charge density</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>force of attraction between metal ions and delocalised electrons decreases</p>
<p><em>Do not accept discussion of attraction between valence electrons and nucleus for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “weaker metallic bonds” for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Group 17:</em><br>number of electrons/surface area/molar mass increase</p>
<p>London/dispersion/van der Waals’/vdw forces increase</p>
<p><em>Accept “atomic mass” for “molar mass”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[Max 3 Marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«distorted» octahedral</p>
<p><em>Accept “square bipyramid”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Charge on complex ion:</em> 1+/+<br><em>Oxidation state of cobalt:</em> +2</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Lewis «acid-base reaction»</p>
<p>H2O: electron/e<sup>–</sup> pair donor</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>Co<sup>2+</sup>: electron/e<sup>–</sup> pair acceptor</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The overall equation for the production of hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CH<sub>4</sub> (g) + NH<sub>3</sub> (g) +<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mn>3</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></math>O<sub>2</sub> (g) → HCN (g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (g)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State why NH<sub>3</sub> is a Lewis base.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the pH of a 1.00 × 10<sup>−2</sup> mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous solution of ammonia.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">p<em>K</em><sub>b</sub> = 4.75 at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify whether a 1.0 dm<sup>3</sup> solution made from 0.10 mol NH<sup>3</sup> and 0.20 mol HCl will form a buffer solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the shape of one sigma (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>σ</mtext></math>) and one pi (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi></math>) bond.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the number of sigma and pi bonds in HCN.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the hybridization of the carbon atom in HCN.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why hydrogen chloride, HCl, has a lower boiling point than hydrogen cyanide, HCN.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why transition metal cyanide complexes are coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>donates «lone/non-bonding» pair of electrons ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Kb</em> = 10<sup>-4.75</sup> /1.78 x 10<sup>-5</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><em>Kb</em> = <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mfrac><msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msup><mi>OH</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></mfenced><mn>2</mn></msup><mfenced open="[" close="]"><msub><mi>NH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mfenced></mfrac></math> ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>[OH<sup>–</sup>] = « <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msqrt><mfenced><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>75</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></msqrt></math> =» 4.22 × 10<sup>–4</sup> «(mol dm<sup>–3</sup>)» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>pOH« = –log<sub>10</sub> (4.22 × 10<sup>–4</sup>)» = 3.37<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>pH = «14 – 3.37» = 10.6<br><em><strong><br>OR</strong></em><br><br>[H<sup>+</sup>]« =<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>00</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>22</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac></math>» = 2.37 × 10<sup>–11</sup><br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>pH« = –log<sub>10</sub> 2.37 × 10<sup>–11</sup>» = 10.6 ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[3]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>no <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>is not a weak acid conjugate base system</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>no <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>weak base «totally» neutralized/ weak base is not in excess</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>no <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>will not neutralize small amount of acid ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “no <strong>AND</strong> contains 0.10 mol NH<sub>4</sub>Cl + 0.10 mol HCl”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Sigma (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>σ</mi></math>):</em></p>
<p> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Pi (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>π</mi></math>):</em></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept overlapping p-orbital(s) with both lobes of equal size/shape.</em></p>
<p><em>Shaded areas are not required in either diagram.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Sigma (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mtext>σ</mtext></math>): 2 <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>Pi (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">π</mi></math>): 2 ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>sp ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HCN has stronger dipole–dipole attraction ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept reference to H-bonds.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any three from:</em></p>
<p>partially filled d-orbitals ✔</p>
<p>«CN- causes» d-orbitals «to» split ✔</p>
<p>light is absorbed as electrons transit to a higher energy level «in d–d transitions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>light is absorbed as electrons are promoted ✔</p>
<p>energy gap corresponds to light in the visible region of the spectrum ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “colour observed is the complementary colour” for M4.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The main error was the omission of lone electron "pair", though there was also a worrying amount of very confused answers for a very basic chemistry concept where 40% provided very incorrect answers.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Rather surprisingly, many students got full marks for this multi-step calculation; others went straight to the pH/pKa acid/base equation so lost at least one of the marks: students often seem less prepared for base calculations, as opposed to acid calculations.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Poorly answered revealing little understanding of buffering mechanisms, which is admittedly a difficult topic.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This proved to be the most challenging question (10%). It was a good question, where candidates had to explain a huge difference in boiling point of two covalent compounds, requiring solid understanding of change of state where breaking bonds cannot be involved). Yet most considered the triple bonds in HCN as the cause, suggesting covalent bonds break when substance boil, which is very worrying. Others considered H-bonds which at least is an intermolecular force, but shows they are not too familiar with the conditions necessary for H-bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question appears frequently in exams but with slightly different approaches. In general candidates ignore the specific question and give the same answers, failing in this case to describe why complexes are coloured rather than what colour is seen. These answers appear to reveal that many candidates don't really understand this phenomenon, but learn the answer by heart and make mistakes when repeating it, for example, stating that the ‘d-orbitals of the ligands were split’- an obvious misconception. The average mark was 1.6/3, with a MS providing 4 ideas that would merit a mark</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The properties of elements can be predicted from their position in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why Si has a smaller atomic radius than Al.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur is lower than that of phosphorus.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the condensed electron configurations for Cr and Cr3<sup>+</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="768" height="190"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe metallic bonding and how it contributes to electrical conductivity.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving a reason, which complex ion [Cr(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> or [Cr(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> absorbs higher energy light. Use section 15 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>[Cr(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> forms a green solution. Estimate a wavelength of light absorbed by this complex, using section 17 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of sulfur tetrafluoride, SF<sub>4</sub>, and sulfur dichloride, SCl<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest, giving reasons, the relative volatilities of SCl<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nuclear charge/number of protons/Z/Z<sub>eff</sub> increases «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✓</p>
<p>same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>P has «three» unpaired electrons in 3p sub-level <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>S has one full 3p orbital «and two 3p orbitals with unpaired electrons»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>P: [Ne]3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sub>x</sub><sup>1</sup>3p<sub>y</sub><sup>1</sup>3p<sub>z</sub><sup>1</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>S: [Ne]3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup>3p<sub>y</sub><sup>1</sup>3p<sub>z</sub><sup>1</sup> ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Accept orbital diagrams for 3p sub-level for M1. Ignore other orbitals or sub-levels.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>repulsion between paired electrons in sulfur «and therefore easier to remove» ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Accept “removing electron from S gives more stable half-filled sub-level" for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Cr:</em><br>[Ar] 4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Cr<sup>3+</sup>:</em><br>[Ar] 3d<sup>3</sup> ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “[Ar] 3d<sup>5</sup>4s<sup>1</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “[Ar] 3d<sup>3</sup>4s<sup>0</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for two correct full electron configurations “1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> <strong>AND</strong> 1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>3</sup>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [1 max]</strong> for 4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>5</sup> <strong>AND</strong> 3d<sup>3</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction ✓</p>
<p>between «a lattice of» cations/positive «metal» ions <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«a sea of» delocalized electrons ✓</p>
<p>mobile electrons responsible for conductivity<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>electrons move when a voltage/potential difference/electric field is applied ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “nuclei” for “cations/positive ions” in M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “mobile/free” for “delocalized” electrons in M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “electrons move when connected to a cell/battery/power supply” <strong>OR</strong> “electrons move when connected in a circuit” for M3.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>[Cr(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> CN<sup>−</sup>/ligand causes larger splitting «in d-orbitals compared to OH<sup>−</sup>»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>[Cr(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>CN<sup>−</sup>/ligand associated with a higher Δ/«crystal field» splitting energy/energy difference «in the spectrochemical series compared to OH<sup>−</sup> » ✓</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “[Cr(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> <strong>AND</strong> «CN<sup>−</sup>» strong field ligand”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>any value or range between 647 and 700 nm ✓</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>SF<sub>4</sub>/SCl<sub>2</sub> structure does not have to be 3-D for mark.<br><br>Penalize missing lone pairs of electrons on halogens once only.<br><br>Accept any combination of dots, lines or crosses for bonds/lone pairs.<br><br>Accept “non-linear” for SCl<sub>2</sub> molecular geometry.<br><br>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for two correct electron domain geometries, e.g. trigonal bipyramidal for SF<sub>4</sub> and tetrahedral for SCl<sub>2</sub>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sub>2</sub>O forms hydrogen bonding «while SCl<sub>2</sub> does not» ✓</p>
<p>SCl<sub>2</sub> «much» stronger London/dispersion/«instantaneous» induced dipole-induced dipole forces ✓</p>
<p><em><strong><br>Alternative 1:</strong></em><br>H<sub>2</sub>O less volatile <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>hydrogen bonding stronger «than dipole–dipole and dispersion forces» ✓</p>
<p><em><strong><br>Alternative 2:</strong></em><br>SCl<sub>2</sub> less volatile <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>effect of dispersion forces «could be» greater than hydrogen bonding ✓</p>
<p><em><br>Ignore reference to Van der Waals.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “SCl<sub>2</sub> has «much» larger molar mass/electron density” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Copper forms two chlorides, copper(I) chloride and copper(II) chloride.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Two electrolysis cells were assembled using graphite electrodes and connected in series as shown.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Copper(I) chloride undergoes a disproportionation reaction, producing copper(II) chloride and copper.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Cu<sup>+</sup> (aq) → Cu (s) + Cu<sup>2+</sup> (aq)</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Dilute copper(II) chloride solution is light blue, while copper(I) chloride solution is colourless.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the electron configuration of the Cu<sup>+</sup> ion.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Copper(II) chloride is used as a catalyst in the production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">4HCl (g) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (g)</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the standard enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for this reaction, using section 12 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The diagram shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and potential energy profile for the reaction without a catalyst.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Annotate both charts to show the activation energy for the catalysed reaction, using the label <em>E</em><sub>a (cat)</sub>.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" 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" width="657" height="313"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain how the catalyst increases the rate of the reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Solid copper(II) chloride absorbs moisture from the atmosphere to form a hydrate of formula CuCl<sub>2</sub>•<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math>H<sub>2</sub>O.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A student heated a sample of hydrated copper(II) chloride, in order to determine the value of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math>. The following results were obtained:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Mass of crucible = 16.221 g<br>Initial mass of crucible and hydrated copper(II) chloride = 18.360 g<br>Final mass of crucible and anhydrous copper(II) chloride = 17.917 g</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the value of <em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math></em>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State how current is conducted through the wires and through the electrolyte.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Wires: </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Electrolyte:</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write the half-equation for the formation of gas bubbles at electrode 1.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Bubbles of gas were also observed at another electrode. Identify the electrode and the gas.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Electrode number (on diagram):</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Name of gas: </span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the half-equation for the formation of the gas identified in (c)(iii).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the enthalpy of solution of copper(II) chloride, using data from sections 18 and 20 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The enthalpy of hydration of the copper(II) ion is −2161 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the cell potential at 298 K for the disproportionation reaction, in V, using section 24 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Comment on the spontaneity of the disproportionation reaction at 298 K.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, Δ<em>G</em><sup>θ</sup>, to two significant figures, for the disproportionation at 298 K. Use your answer from (e)(i) and sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest, giving a reason, whether the entropy of the system increases or decreases during the disproportionation.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce, giving a reason, the sign of the standard enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup>, for the disproportionation reaction at 298 K.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict, giving a reason, the effect of increasing temperature on the stability of copper(I) chloride solution.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Describe how the blue colour is produced in the Cu(II) solution. Refer to section 17 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce why the Cu(I) solution is colourless.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">When excess ammonia is added to copper(II) chloride solution, the dark blue complex ion, [Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>, forms.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the molecular geometry of this complex ion, and the bond angles within it.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Molecular geometry:</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Bond angles: </span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Examine the relationship between the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis definitions of a base, referring to the ligands in the complex ion [CuCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iv).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">[Ar] 3d<sup>10</sup><br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> 3d<sup>10</sup> ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Δ<em>H</em><sup>θ</sup> = ΣΔ<em>H</em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><sup><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">θ</span></sup></span><sub>f</sub> (products) − ΣΔ<em>H</em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><sup><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">θ</span></sup></span><sub>f</sub> (reactants) ✔<br>Δ<em>H</em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><sup><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">θ</span></sup></span> = 2(−241.8 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>») − 4(−92.3 «kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>») = −114.4 «kJ» ✔</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> NOTE: Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="296" height="255"></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>E</em><sub>a (cat)</sub> to the left of <em>E</em><sub>a</sub> ✔ </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img 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" width="296" height="250"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">peak lower <em><strong>AND</strong> E</em><sub>a (cat)</sub> smaller ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«catalyst provides an» alternative pathway ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«with» lower <em>E</em><sub>a</sub><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>higher proportion of/more particles with «kinetic» <em>E</em> ≥ <em>E</em><sub>a(cat)</sub> «than <em>E</em><sub>a</sub>» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">mass of H<sub>2</sub>O = «18.360 g – 17.917 g =» 0.443 «g» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>mass of CuCl<sub>2</sub> = «17.917 g – 16.221 g =» 1.696 «g» ✔</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">moles of H<sub>2</sub>O = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.443{\text{g}}}}{{18.02{\text{g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}"><mfrac><mrow><mn>0.443</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>g</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>18.02</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>g mo</mtext><msup><mtext>l</mtext><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac></math></span>=» 0.0246 «mol»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>moles of CuCl<sub>2</sub> =<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">«</span><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1.696{\text{g}}}}{{134.45{\text{g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}"><mfrac><mrow><mn>1.696</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>g</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>134.45</mn><mo> </mo><mtext>g mo</mtext><msup><mtext>l</mtext><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac></math></span>= » 0.0126 «mol» ✔<br></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«water : copper(II) chloride = 1.95 : 1»<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«<em><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math></em> =» 2 ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept «<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>x</mi></math> =» 1.95.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Award<strong> [3]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Wires</em>:<br>«delocalized» electrons «flow» ✔<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Electrolyte</em>:<br>«mobile» ions «flow» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2Cl<sup>−</sup> → Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2e<sup>−</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Cl<sup>−</sup> → <span class="mjpage"><math alttext="\frac{1}{2}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </math></span>Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + e<sup>−</sup> ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> NOTE: Accept e for e<sup>−</sup>.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«electrode» 3 <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>oxygen/O<sub>2</sub> ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept chlorine/Cl<sub>2</sub>.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 4H<sup>+</sup> (aq) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) + 4e<sup>–</sup> ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept 2Cl<sup>–</sup> (aq) → Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2e<sup>–</sup>.<br>Accept 4OH<sup>−</sup> → 2H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2</sub> + 4e<sup>−</sup></span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">enthalpy of solution = lattice enthalpy + enthalpies of hydration «of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup>» ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«+2824 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup> − 2161 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup> − 2(359 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>) =» −55 «kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>» ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept enthalpy cycle. <br>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>E</em><sup>θ</sup> = «+0.52 – 0.15 = +» 0.37 «V» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">spontaneous <em><strong>AND</strong> E</em><sup>θ</sup> positive ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Δ<em>G</em><sup>θ</sup> = «−<em>nFE</em> = −1 mol × 96 500 C Mol<sup>–1</sup> × 0.37 V=» −36 000 J/−36 kJ ✔</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> NOTE: Accept “−18 kJ mol<sup>–1</sup> «per mole of Cu<sup>+</sup>»”.<br></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Do <strong>not</strong> accept values of n other than 1.<br></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Apply SF in this question.<br></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept J/kJ or J mol<sup>−1</sup>/kJ mol<sup>−1</sup> for units.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2 mol (aq) → 1 mol (aq) <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>decreases ✔</span></p>
<p><em>NOTE: <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “solid formed from aqueous solution <strong>AND</strong> decreases”.<br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept 2 mol <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">→</span> 1 mol without (aq).</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Δ<em>G</em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><sup><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">θ</span></sup></span> </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">< 0</span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <strong>AND</strong> </span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Δ</span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>S</em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><sup><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">θ</span></sup></span> < 0 <strong>AND</strong> Δ<em>H</em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><sup><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">θ</span></sup></span></span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> < 0</span><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br><strong>OR</strong><br></span></em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Δ<em>G</em></span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><sup><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">θ</span></sup></span> + <em>T</em>Δ<em>S</em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><sup><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">θ</span></sup></span> < 0 <strong>AND</strong> Δ<em>H</em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><sup><span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">θ</span></sup></span> < 0 ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>T</em>Δ<em>S</em> more negative «reducing spontaneity» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>stability increases ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept calculation showing non-spontaneity at 433 K.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«ligands cause» d-orbitals «to» split ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">light absorbed as electrons transit to higher energy level «in d–d transitions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>light absorbed as electrons promoted ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">energy gap corresponds to «orange» light in visible region of spectrum ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">colour observed is complementary ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">full «3»d sub-level/orbitals<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no d–d transition possible «and therefore no colour» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">octahedral <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>90° «180° for axial» ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept square-based bi-pyramid.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any <strong>two </strong>of:</em><br>ligand/chloride ion Lewis base <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>donates e-pair ✔<br>not Brønsted–Lowry base <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>does not accept proton/H<sup>+</sup> ✔<br>Lewis definition extends/broader than Brønsted–Lowry definition ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iv).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(iv).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(v).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e(vi).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f(iv).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Fast moving helium nuclei (<sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup>) were fired at a thin piece of gold foil with most passing undeflected but a few deviating largely from their path. The diagram illustrates this historic experiment.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Figure from PPLATO / FLAP (Flexible Learning Approach To Physics), http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/pplato2/h-flap/</em><br><em>phys8_1.html#top 1996 The Open University and The University of Reading.</em></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest what can be concluded about the gold atom from this experiment.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Subsequent experiments showed electrons existing in energy levels occupying various orbital shapes.</p>
<p>Sketch diagrams of 1s, 2s and 2p.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron configuration of copper.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Copper is a transition metal that forms different coloured complexes. A complex [Cu(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2+ </sup>(aq) changes colour when excess Cl<sup>− </sup>(aq) is added.</p>
<p>Explain the cause of this colour change, using sections 3 and 15 from the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Most <sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup> passing straight through:</em></p>
<p>most of the atom is empty space<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>the space between nuclei is much larger than <sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup> particles<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>nucleus/centre is «very» small «compared to the size of the atom» ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Very few <sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup> deviating largely from their path:</em></p>
<p>nucleus/centre is positive «and repels <sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup> particles»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>nucleus/centre is «more» dense/heavy «than <sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup> particles and deflects them»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>nucleus/centre is «very» small «compared to the size of the atom» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept the same reason for both <strong>M1</strong> and <strong>M2</strong>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “most of the atom is an electron cloud” for <strong>M1</strong>.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept only “nucleus repels <sup>4</sup>He<sup>2+</sup> particles” for <strong>M2</strong>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="372" height="174"></p>
<p>1s <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>2s as spheres ✔</p>
<p>one or more 2p orbital(s) as figure(s) of 8 shape(s) of any orientation (p<sub>x</sub>, p<sub>y</sub> p<sub>z</sub>) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>10</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>[Ar] 4s<sup>1</sup>3d<sup>10</sup> ✔</p>
<p><em><br>Accept configuration with 3d before 4s.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>chloride is lower in the spectrochemical series ✔</p>
<p>«ligand cause» decreased/lesser splitting «in d-orbitals compared to H<sub>2</sub>O» ✔</p>
<p><br>frequency/energy of light absorbed is decreased<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>wavelength of light absorbed is increased ✔</p>
<p><em><br></em><em>Accept <strong>·</strong>chloride a weaker ligand than water/produces a smaller energy difference than water for <strong>M1</strong>.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for mentioning splitting of orbitals is changed <strong>AND</strong> frequency/ wavelength/energy of light absorbed</em><br><em>are different/changed without mentioning correct decrease or increase.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">This question is about iron.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Deduce the <strong>full</strong> electron configuration of Fe<sup>2+</sup>.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why, when ligands bond to the iron ion causing the d-orbitals to split, the complex is coloured.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State the nuclear symbol notation, <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{\text{Z}}^{\text{A}}{\text{X}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>Z</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>A</mtext>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>X</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span>, for iron-54.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Mass spectrometry analysis of a sample of iron gave the following results:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="images/6d.PNG" alt width="269" height="186"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the relative atomic mass, A<sub>r</sub>, of this sample of iron to two decimal places.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">An iron nail and a copper nail are inserted into a lemon.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="images/6e.PNG" alt width="400" height="250"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why a potential is detected when the nails are connected through a voltmeter.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the standard electrode potential, in V, when the Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) | Fe (s) and Cu<sup>2+</sup> (aq) | Cu (s) standard half-cells are connected at 298 K. Use section 24 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate ΔG<sup>θ</sup>, in kJ, for the spontaneous reaction in (f)(i), using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate a value for the equilibrium constant, K<sub>c</sub>, at 298 K, giving your answer to two significant figures. Use your answer to (f)(ii) and section 1 of the data booklet. </span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">(If you did not obtain an answer to (f)(ii), use −140 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>, but this is not the correct value.)</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> 3d<sup>6</sup> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«frequency/wavelength of visible» light absorbed by electrons moving between d levels/orbitals <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">colour due to remaining frequencies<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>complementary colour transmitted <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{}_{{\text{26}}}^{{\text{54}}}{\text{Fe}}">
<msubsup>
<mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>26</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>54</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mtext>Fe</mtext>
</mrow>
</math></span> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«A<sub>r</sub> =» 54 × 0.0584 + 56 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">×</span> 0.9168 + 57 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">×</span> 0.0217 + 58 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">×</span> 0.0031</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em><strong>OR</strong></em></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«A<sub>r</sub> =» 55.9111 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«A<sub>r</sub> =» 55.91 <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Note: </strong>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept data booklet value (55.85).</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">lemon juice is the electrolyte<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>lemon juice allows flow of ions<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>each nail/metal forms a half-cell with the lemon juice <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any one of:</em><br>iron is higher than copper in the activity series<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>each half-cell/metal has a different redox/electrode potential <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">iron is oxidized<br><strong><em>OR</em></strong><br>Fe → Fe<sup>2+</sup> + 2e<sup>−</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Fe → Fe<sup>3+</sup> + 3e<sup>−</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>iron is anode/negative electrode of cell <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong><br></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">copper is cathode/positive electrode of cell<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>reduction occurs at the cathode<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2H<sup>+</sup> + 2e<sup>−</sup> → H<sub>2</sub> <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>electrons flow from iron to copper <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong><br></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«E<sup>θ</sup> = +0.34 V −(−0.45 V) = +»0.79 «V» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«ΔG</span><sup>θ</sup> <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">= −nFE<sup>θ</sup> = −2mol × 96 500 C mol<sup>−1</sup> <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">×</span> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.79{\text{ J }}{{\text{C}}^{ - 1}}}}{{1000}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.79</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> J </mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>C</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» −152 «kJ» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note: </strong>Accept range 150−153 kJ.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«ln<em>K<sub>c</sub></em> = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" - \frac{{\Delta {G^\theta }}}{{RT}} = - \frac{{ - 152 \times {{10}^3}{\text{ Jmo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}{{8.31{\text{J}}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}} \times 298{\text{K}}}}">
<mo>−</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>θ</mi>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>152</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext> Jmo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>8.31</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext>J</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>298</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext>K</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 61.38 <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>K</em> = 4.5 × 10<sup>26</sup> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note: </strong>Accept answers in range 2.0 <span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">×</span> 10<sup>26</sup> to 5.5 <span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">×</span> 10<sup>26</sup>.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Do <strong>not</strong> award M2 if answer not given to two significant figures.</span></em></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>If −140 kJmol<sup>−1</sup> used, answer is 3.6 <span style="text-align: left;color: #000000;text-indent: 0px;letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;text-decoration: none;display: inline !important;white-space: normal;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;">×</span> 10<sup>24</sup></em>.</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Done fairly well with common mistakes leaving in the 4s<sup>2</sup> electrons as part of Fe<sup>2+</sup> electron configuration, or writing 4s<sup>1</sup> 3d<sup>5</sup></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was poorly answered and showed a clear misconception and misunderstanding of the concepts. Most of the candidates failed to explain why the complex is coloured and based their answers on the emission of light energy when electrons fall back to ground state and not on light absorption by electrons moving between the split d-orbitals and complementary colour transmitted of certain frequencies.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates wrote the nuclear notation for iron as Z over A.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question on average atomic mass was the best answered question on the exam. A few candidates did not write the answer to two decimal places as per instructions.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Very few candidates scored M1 regarding the lemon juice role as electrolyte. Some earned M2 but a lot of answers were too vague, such as ‘electrons move through the circuit’, <em>etc</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only 50 % of candidates earned this relatively easy mark on calculate EMF from 2 half-cell electrode potentials.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Average performance; typical errors were using the incorrect value for n, the number of electrons, or not using consistent units and making a factor of 1000 error in the final answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was left blank by quite a few candidates. Common errors included not using correct units, or more often, calculation error in converting ln <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> into <em>K</em><sub>c</sub> value.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f(iii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>