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<h2>SL Paper 3</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Medicines have a variety of different effects on the body and act at the molecular level.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Morphine and codeine are strong analgesics. Their structures are given in section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Dose response curves are determined for each drug.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-25_om_13.15.24.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/XX"></p>
<p>Outline the significance of range “a”.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest the type of reaction used to convert morphine to codeine.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State and explain the action of opiates as painkillers.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«measures» therapeutic window/margin «of a drug»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>range of doses that produce a therapeutic effect without causing toxic effects</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “difference between ED<sub>50</sub>/minimum effective/therapeutic dose «for 50% of population» <strong>AND</strong> TD<sub>50</sub> /toxic dose «for 50% of population»”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “therapeutic index”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “lethal/fatal dose” as this is not LD<sub>50</sub>.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«nucleophilic» substitution/S<sub>N</sub></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “methylation”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>work directly on opioid/pain receptors «in brain»</p>
<p>suppress pain impulses in brain/CNS</p>
<p>resemble endorphins/enkephalins/natural chemical painkillers «produced in the brain and spinal cord»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award mark for “resemble hormones”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Solubility plays an important role in the bioavailability of drugs in the body.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why aspirin is <strong>slightly</strong> soluble in water. Refer to section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for the conversion of aspirin to a more water soluble derivative.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A student prepares aspirin from salicylic acid in the laboratory, extracts it from the reaction mixture, ensures the sample is dry and determines its melting point.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Suggest why the melting point of the student’s sample is lower and not sharp compared to that of pure aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Organic molecules can be characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy.</p>
<p>Compare and contrast the infrared peaks above 1500 cm<sup>−1</sup> in pure samples of aspirin and salicylic acid using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest producers of waste solvents.</p>
<p>State a green solution to the problem of organic solvent waste.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>presence of «large» benzene/arene ring <em><strong>AND</strong></em> non-polar/hydrophobic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>presence of «large» benzene/arene ring <em><strong>AND</strong></em> cannot form H-bond with water</p>
<p>contain COOH/carboxyl/–OH/hydroxyl «and ester group» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> polar/hydrophilic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>contain COOH/carboxyl/–OH/hydroxyl «and ester group» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> can form H-bonds with water</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “phenyl” for “benzene ring”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "carboxylic acid" for "carboxyl".</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept "alcohol" for "hydroxyl".</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OCOCH<sub>3</sub>)COOH + NaOH → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OCOCH<sub>3</sub>)COONa + H<sub>2</sub>O</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Charges (O<sup>–</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup>) not necessary to score the mark.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept net ionic equation.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any strong base in place of NaOH.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«student’s» sample impure</p>
<p>lattice disrupted/not uniform «due to presence of impurities»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>fewer interparticle/intermolecular forces «due to presence of impurities»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept converse arguments.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>One similarity:</em><br>peak at 2500–3000 «cm<sup>–1</sup>»/peak due to O–H/hydroxyl in carboxylic acids<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>peak at 1700–1750 «cm<sup>–1</sup>»/peak due to C=O/carbonyl<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>peak at 2850–3090 «cm<sup>–1</sup>»/peak due to C–H of arene</p>
<p><em>One difference:</em><br>peak at 3200–3600 «cm<sup>–1</sup>» in salicylic acid/ peak due to O–H in phenol in salicylic acid<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«two» peaks at 1700–1750 «cm<sup>–1</sup>» in aspirin <em><strong>AND</strong></em> one peak «in the same area» in salicylic acid</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “peak at 1600 cm<sup>–1</sup> for arene/benzene ring” – not in the data booklet.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “2500–3600 cm<sup>–1</sup> «overlapping absorptions of two O–H» in salicylic acid”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “stronger/broader/split peak at 1700–1750 cm<sup>–1</sup> in aspirin”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«use of» alternative solvents such as supercritical/liquid CO<sub>2</sub><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>use of water «as solvent»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>solvent-free reactions «for example, polymerization of propene»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>solid-state chemistry<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>recycle «waste» solvents<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>catalysis that leads to better/higher yield<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>reducing number of steps</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept political/regulatory solutions.</em></p>
<p><em>“catalysis” not sufficient for mark.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The structures of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are given in section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare and contrast the structures of oseltamivir and zanamivir, stating the names of functional groups.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the wavenumber of one absorbance seen in the IR spectrum of only one of the compounds, using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> ethical consideration faced by medical researchers when developing medications.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>One similarity:</em></p>
<p>both contain amido «group»</p>
<p><em>One difference:</em></p>
<p>oseltamivir contains ester «group» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> zanamivir does not<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>oseltamivir contains amino «group» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> zanamivir does not «but contains a guanidino group»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>zanamivir contains carboxyl «group» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> oseltamivir does not<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>zanamivir contains «several» hydroxyl «groups» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> oseltamivir does not<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>oseltamivir contains ester «group» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> zanamivir contains carboxyl «group»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>oseltamivir contains ester «group» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> zanamivir contains «several» hydroxyl «groups»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “both contain ether «group»” <strong>OR</strong> “both contain alkene/alkenyl «group»” <strong>OR</strong> “both contain carbonyl «group»” <strong>OR</strong> “both contain amino/amine «group»”. Latter cannot be given in combination with second difference alternative with respect to amino group.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “amide/carboxamide/carbamoyl” for “amido”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “amine” for “amino”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “carboxylic acid” for “carboxyl”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “hydroxy/alcohol” for “hydroxyl”, but not “hydroxide”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1050–1410<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>1620–1680<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>1700–1750<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2500–3000<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>3200–3600<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>2850–3090<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>3300–3500 «cm<sup>–1</sup>»</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«negative» side-effects of medication on patient/volunteers<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>effects on environment «from all materials used and produced»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>potential for abuse<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>drugs may be developed that are contrary to some religious doctrines<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>animal testing<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>risk to benefit ratio<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>appropriate consent of patient volunteers</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are both used as antivirals to help prevent the spread of the flu virus, but are administered by different methods.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Zanamivir must be taken by inhalation, not orally. Deduce what this suggests about the bioavailability of zanamivir if taken orally.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Oseltamivir does not possess the carboxyl group needed for activity until it is chemically changed in the body. Deduce the name of the functional group in oseltamivir which changes into a carboxyl group in the body. Use section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The synthesis of oseltamivir is dependent on a supply of the precursor shikimic acid, which is available only in low yield from certain plants, notably Chinese star anise. State one alternative green chemistry source of shikimic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«oral bioavailability is» low<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>drug is broken down/pH too low/unable to be absorbed from gut<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>only a small proportion of the drug «taken by mouth» reaches the target organ</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ethoxycarbonyl/carbonyl attached to oxygen</p>
<p><em>Accept “ester”. </em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>fermentation<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>microbial production</p>
<p>genetically engineered bacteria/E.coli</p>
<p>sweetgum «seeds/leaves/bark»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>pine/fir/spruce tree «needles»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong>Ginkgo biloba</em></p>
<p><em>Accept other specific examples of more plentiful plant sources.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Excess stomach acid leads to medical conditions that affect many people worldwide. These conditions can be treated with several types of medical drugs.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ranitidine (Zantac) is a drug that inhibits stomach acid production. Outline why the development of this drug was based on a detailed knowledge of the structure of histamine, shown below.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Two other drugs, omeprazole (Prilosec) and esomeprazole (Nexium), directly prevent the release of acid into the stomach. Identify the site of action in the body.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A different approach to treating excess stomach acid is to neutralize it with antacids. Formulate an equation that shows the action of an antacid that can neutralize three moles of hydrogen ions, H<sup>+</sup>, per mole of antacid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«ranitidine» blocks/inhibits histamine binding to «H2» receptor<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>ranitidine binds to same «H2» receptors «as histamine»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>competes with histamine for binding</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>proton pump<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>H<sup>+</sup> /K<sup>+</sup> ATPase enzyme</p>
<p><em>Accept “«secretary surface of» parietal cells”.<br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “stomach/stomach wall”</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>(s) + 3H<sup>+</sup> (aq) → Al<sup>3+</sup> (aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l)<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>(s) + 3HCl (aq) → AlCl<sub>3</sub> (aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Consider the structures of medicinal molecules in section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Name </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>two</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle0">functional groups that both zanamivir and oseltamivir contain.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain how zanamivir works as a preventative agent against flu viruses.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Circle the side-chain in penicillin on the structure below.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Explain, with reference to the action of penicillin, why new penicillins with different side-chains need to be produced.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State and explain the relative solubility of codeine in water compared to morphine and diamorphine.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">State the natural source from which codeine, morphine and diamorphine are obtained.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two:</em><br>«secondary» carboxamide/amido ✔<br>ether ✔<br>carbonyl ✔</p>
<p><br><em>Accept amide</em><br><em>Accept amino/amine.</em><br><em>Accept alkenyl/alkene.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept formula.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«drug» blocks/inhibits «viral» enzyme/neuraminidase/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>NA</mi></math> «activity» ✔<br>prevents virus from leaving/escaping host cells «thus cannot infect other cells» ✔</p>
<p><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept other anti-viral methods (as question is specific to Zanamivir).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" width="341" height="218"> ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept a circle that does not surround the amido group.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept a circle that only surrounds the phenol group.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>bacterial resistance «to older penicillins/antibiotics» ✔</p>
<p>prevent penicillinase/beta-lactamase/enzyme in bacterium to deactivate/open penicillin/beta-lactam ring ✔</p>
<p><br><em>Accept “antibiotic resistant bacteria” but <strong>not</strong> “antibiotic resistance” for M1.</em><br><em>Accept “reduce allergic reactions from from penicillin” for M2.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for “increased efficiency” <strong>OR</strong> “increased stability in GIT”.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “bacteria develop tolerance”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>codeine less soluble «in water» than morphine <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>more soluble than diamorphine<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>morphine > codeine > diamorphine «in terms of solubility in water» ✔</p>
<p>more/stronger/greater<span style="text-decoration: underline;"> hydrogen/H bonding</span> «due to more hydroxyl groups leads to greater solubility» ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>opium poppy/plants/seeds ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept “poppy” <strong>OR</strong> “opioid”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students scored both marks here. Some students with incorrect answers gave carboxylic acid/carboxyl, benzene/arene, and ester.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Even when a relevant number of students obtained at least one mark, the quality of the answers was in general low and many evidenced very shallow understanding just repeating information</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students scored here but a relevant percentage didn't include the amide group. Quite a few students did not know where the side chain is and circled other parts of the molecule.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many good answers for M1 but only stronger students managed to score the second one. The answers evidenced again shallow understanding that may result from independent learning. Many students gave answers related to how penicillin causes bacteria to burst which is not related to this question. Once again it shows students perhaps memorizing answers without a true understanding of concepts.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>M1 was correctly presented but most students focused on the polarity of the molecules and presented long arguments where intermolecular forces were ignored. The concept of water solubility and hydrogen bonding was largely ignored.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mostly well answered. Student who missed this question were clearly guessing with other natural products presented with the Option D material.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Penicillin is an antibiotic which contains a beta-lactam ring. Its general structure is shown below.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Outline what is meant by the term “ring strain”.</p>
<p>(ii) On the diagram above, label with asterisk/s (*) the carbon atom/s that experience ring strain.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Some antibiotic-resistant bacteria produce a beta-lactamase enzyme which destroys penicillin activity. Suggest how adding clavulanic acid to penicillin enables the antibiotic to retain its activity.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<p>(ii) Populations of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have increased significantly over the last 60 years. Outline why antibiotics such as penicillin should not be prescribed to people suffering from a viral infection.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p>bond angles smaller/distorted<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>instability resulting from abnormal bond angles<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>bond angles «approximately» 90° instead of 109.5°/120°</p>
<p><em>Accept “109/110°” for “109.5°”</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p>asterisks (*) on all 3 lactam ring carbon atoms</p>
<p><em>Must mark all 3 carbon atoms.<br>Ignore asterisks on the RHS carbon atoms of the five-membered ring.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p>beta-lactam/four-membered ring «in clavulanic acid» reacts with enzyme/beta lactamase</p>
<p><em>Accept “acts as enzyme inhibitor/suicide substrate/preferentially binds to enzyme”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p>antibiotics not effective against viruses<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>viruses have no cell wall/cell structure/target structures to attack</p>
<p>increasing exposure of bacteria «to antibiotic» increases resistance</p>
<p><em>Accept “antibiotics kill beneficial bacteria” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A number of drugs have been developed to treat excess acidity in the stomach.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Two drugs are ranitidine (Zantac) and omeprazole (Prilosec). Outline how they function to reduce stomach acidity.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>0.500 g of solid anhydrous sodium carbonate, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(s), is dissolved in 75.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>−3</sup> sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>(aq). Assume the volume does not change when the salt dissolves.</p>
<p>HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) + H<sup>+</sup>(aq) p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 10.35.</p>
<p>Calculate the pH of the buffer solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Ranitidine:</em><br>Blocks/binds H2-histamine receptors «in cells of stomach lining»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>prevents histamine molecules binding to H2-histamine receptors «and triggering acid secretion»</p>
<p><em>Omeprazole:</em><br>inhibits enzyme/gastric proton pump which secretes H<sup>+</sup> ions «into gastric juice»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “H2 receptor antagonist” for M1.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>[Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>] = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.500{\text{ g}}}}{{105.99{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}} \times 0.075{\text{ d}}{{\text{m}}^3}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.500</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>105.99</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>0.075</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>=» 0.0629 «mol<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>−3</sup>»</p>
<p>«pH = p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> + log<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{[{\text{conj base]}}}}{{[{\text{conj acid}}]}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>conj base]</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>conj acid</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>»</p>
<p>«pH = 10.35 – 0.201 =» 10.15</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Alternative method involving K<sub>a</sub> may be used to deduce pH in M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>-2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Aspirin is formed by reacting salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride. The structure of aspirin is given in section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" 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" width="404" height="144"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Deduce the structural formula of the by-product of this reaction.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Aspirin crystals are rinsed with water after recrystallization to remove impurities.<br>Suggest why </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>cold</strong> </span><span class="fontstyle0">water is used.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">The solubility of aspirin is increased by converting it to an ionic form. Draw the structure of the ionic form of aspirin.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Comment on the risk of overdose when taking aspirin as an analgesic, referring to the following values, for a person weighing <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>70</mn><mo> </mo><mi>kg</mi></math>:</span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Minimum therapeutic dose <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></math></span></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Estimated minimum lethal dose <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mo>=</mo><mn>15</mn><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi></math></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJkAAABbCAYAAABgfCcFAAAGgklEQVR4Ae2cy1HlMBBFSYo4SIIUCIEIiIAACIA9e9asWbNl+6YOM7dGGMk/LFltX1W5/LBkqX37WGrLMlcXJytQWYGryvW7eitwMWSGoLoChqy6xG7AkJmB6goYsuoSu4EQkL29vV3e39+z3vr4+LiQ//n5mc33wf0VCAHZ1dXV5e7uLqvW09PThXxAc+pTAUPWp18OZZUhO5Q7+7wYQ9anXw5lVRjIrq+vv+IyYrN0u7m5cUzWOZJhICO4H9sc+PdLWhjI/HTZL0RTlhmyKYWc/2sFDNmvJXQFUwoYsimFdsp/fX29MNGsrfTGYyfzFjVryBbJVb8wMOmJefig8/DwUN+ACi2EgIy7+eXlJXv5PFWSzzvM6IlrYKoGuB4fH7+uiXeyXDsPPhyPCFoIyKLDM9d+AAKk5+fnH6cA2+3t7Vc+N1WkZMg68haAMVSWEkMpZYAtUgoJGUIfLTHsc1339/ejl0aZaNcf0lvRRB6l5l+mIJsaChWbzamzlzKGrBNPCLKpwF5xWSdmzzLDkM2SqX4hAnt66LGYbE6Z+pYub8GQLdes2hnEY4CWe7qkUT19Tg2p1QxcWbEhWyncFqcxL5bO5A+nKfibRDkBNjWcbmHX1nUYsq0VnVkfcGmNXHpKChq9WrqVVqKk5/f425Dt4BUBBmRpTyZTAI1ZfoZFwGLPu8yoyZA19lwJMCAqvTprbOLmzRmyzSUtV1gCDLgYFqcmYss1951jyBr5Zwow5r8U6DcyqVkzhqyB1GcGDHkNWWXIzg6YITNglRX4W717skoyuwf7L6wh+6/FZr8M2HcpDdl3PX79lwH7KWFIyH5eRj9HmKEfzuRrHuzI0xRjHjBkY+qsyKMnSz9qOTtgSFiEDKFYSJcKlmqOmOS3TmqXtvm9V2LiFBu05SZSDdhf7xQh46UsrzpKa5daLwPGiWozXZnAIr/WsPG5WmoDvxkih1ph71mHyPTmDwEZgGnZMe/36CHYtMgPB5d63PRit/itdV3YA2z0ZOyxYeym3KLtqHWEgEyADXsKRBdoLRbzqXfP9U7Aph4tN3RGBWQLu7uHjKEQ5+HYXMKhOB8n10769wGl4Zll02yG7LsnJiEjrsCJw02Cf69u+79wWi/DEHawOS1ToKiYhgYJW9qnzZXKrDmuemVH6eMKlRvu17RZOkd1k89N57RMgUnIiHX0mJ7uFScta255aUHGfu8EZGOfrO1tX6/tT0JWcq6mE2pfGMuSce7YqlGe7njarJ30BFlqh94WvVo96Zbs6O1495ARRAMZDs4F3JrwbNHDaPoid+NhpyDM2dmb41va0z1kiCGQGKJTB9LLybEterIUpDRGpOcSgI7ZfuIbAjLMTmfZ6bUEF71cizkySQfkaduKTRWvpTeBzjn7vggZPQN3ZamHwOmt71psITajXTZ+7/E9IiABtuxgzxCazo/Ruw2PnRW2ImRnFWSr6wZEejd6uhS+reqPVI8hq+gtel6DNrLUp6L2v64ax0VJBs2QNWH17KDF6RISHCL1ZDL7zKAZMlHQYH9W0AxZA7jSJs4ImiFLCWj0+2ygGbJGYA2bORNohmzo/YZ/nwU0Q9YQqlxTZwDNkOU83/iYQBt+p8D7T45Ffy1lyBoDNac5XqzrGwrmBPVqquViALWbsxfwyc+tq8uVN2Q5VXY8pk/8gIyVLjiSVR5y+rC3q2Wq2svVb8hyqgQ5BlA4N7dyQ+vYWMvWYs2aIQv0gnwJ3xoiSzGYPg8c+95hSXtjZQ3ZASHT+jOGxlICvjHnl85bc1ztMDQON8HumGyNsjueoziHOGwsqbdLywiILfaqd05dhkxqBdkLsinH6SGg9mUJMuwZbvpoZspW2einSymx8545MRw7NlxiIoE/W+0kyHLtzL0hdG5IyGT80fYaCgEulzRp68A/p46PzVJAwT9TGEPQPIUxS8L1hcaGEeIC8unCj5DUWzEkEvtwfZqgbTVHho6nGy7PBBkO5vWRAnyuHbgArcUkrG5U2i/Fh9hBHjfEnBQiJjsbZHMcF6mMIYvkraC2hoGMYJi4a7hpzuYoMVlQjkbNDgOZAtHS3pCN+nnXzDCQMYfEk9ZwU4BsyHblaLTxMJCVnnSONoUx6q2gmYYsqOMimW3IInkrqK2GLKjjIpkdAjLisdI6K2adyW85Gx7JwT3YGgKyHoSyDesVMGTrtfOZMxUwZDOFcrH1Chiy9dr5zJkK/AEkdbG+52LxhAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CH</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mi>COOH</mi></math> ✔</p>
<p><br><em>Accept full <strong>OR</strong> condensed structural formula.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>to avoid dissolving the crystals/aspirin ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept “to avoid loss of product” <strong>OR </strong>“aspirin is less soluble in cold water”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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">✔</p>
<p><br><em>Accept a positive metal ion next to the <math class="wrs_chemistry" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi><mi>O</mi><msup><mi>O</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">-</mo></msup></math> such as “<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>N</mi><msup><mi>a</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">+</mo></msup><mo mathvariant="italic">/</mo><msup><mi>K</mi><mo mathvariant="italic">+</mo></msup></math>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>−</mo><mi>O</mi><mi>N</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>/</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>O</mi><mi>K</mi></math>” without showing the charges.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept notations such as “<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>O</mi><msup><mi>O</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math>” <strong>OR</strong> “<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>N</mi><mi>a</mi></math>” <strong>OR</strong> “<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>K</mi></math>” but not “<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi><msup><mi>O</mi><mo>-</mo></msup></math>” <strong>OR</strong> “<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>N</mi><mi>a</mi></math>” <strong>OR</strong> “<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>R</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>K</mi></math>”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>low/medium risk «of overdosing» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>«estimated» lethal dose is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>30</mn></math> times/much larger than therapeutic dose </p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>30</mn></math> times the dose results in chance of dying ✔</p>
<p><em>Accept “<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn mathvariant="italic">30</mn></math> and low/medium risk due to large therapeutic index”.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “low/medium risk <strong>AND</strong> large therapeutic window”.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn mathvariant="italic">30</mn></math> times the dose” alone for the mark.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A well answered question. Most candidates chose to enter the full structure. Some incorrect answers gave the aspirin product or the salicylic acid rather than the acetic acid.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>While there were many good answers it was worrying to correct as many where the student clearly didn't establish a connection between solubility and purification. Many incorrect responses indicated the cold water was to "stay below the melting point of the aspirin" rather than relate it to the solubility of the final product.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Not well answered. Students evidenced familiarity with the content but failed to provide correct structures. Showing lines used to represent covalent bonds to show an ionic interaction, using convention for complexes, showing only one ion were some of the many mistakes. Many students also had an incorrect product having the aspirin lose the -OH group from the carboxylic acid or the entire carboxylic acid functional group rather than just the H<sup>+</sup>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This is a topic that continues to challenge students and "low/medium risk AND large therapeutic window" was worryingly common. There were also many students who did not calculate the ratio correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The buffer formed by carbon dioxide, CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) and hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq), plays an important role in maintaining the pH of blood.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the pH of the buffer from the following data and section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub>(CO<sub>2</sub>) = 6.34</p>
<p>[HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq)] = 1.40 × 10<sup>−2</sup> mol<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>−3</sup></p>
<p>[CO<sub>2</sub>(aq)] = 1.25 × 10<sup>−3</sup> mol<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>dm<sup>−3</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the effect of a large amount of aspirin on the pH of blood.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«pH = p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> + log<sub>10</sub> <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\left( {\frac{{\left[ {{\text{HC}}{{\text{O}}_3}^ - } \right]}}{{\left[ {{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}} \right]}}} \right) = 6.34 + {\log _{10\;}}(11.2) = 6.34 + 1.05">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>HC</mtext>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>C</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mtext>O</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>6.34</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>log</mi>
<mrow>
<mn>10</mn>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>11.2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>6.34</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1.05</mn>
</math></span>» = 7.39</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>H<sup>+</sup> from aspirin reacts with HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> to form CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>H<sup>+</sup>(aq) + HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq) <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext=" \rightleftharpoons ">
<mo stretchy="false">⇌</mo>
</math></span> CO<sub>2</sub>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>reverse reaction favoured «to use up some of the H<sup>+</sup> added»</p>
<p>pH decreases</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>No mark for “stating aspirin is a weak acid that dissociates partially to produce H<sup>+</sup>” without reference to reaction with HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>− </sup>or to the equation.</em></p>
<p><em>Reversible arrows not required for the mark.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “small pH change when small amount of H<sup>+</sup> is added”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are antiviral drugs used to prevent flu.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the names of <strong>two</strong> functional groups that <strong>both</strong> compounds contain, using section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how oseltamivir and zanamivir can stop the spread of the flu virus in the body.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>amido</p>
<p>ether</p>
<p>carbonyl</p>
<p><em>Accept “amide/carboxamide”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “alkenyl/alkene”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “amino/amine”.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[Max 2 Marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>by preventing the virus from leaving the host cell</p>
<p>by inhibiting viral enzymes/neuraminidases «needed to release virus»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The production of many pharmaceutical drugs involves the use of solvents.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> problem associated with chlorinated organic solvents as chemical waste.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the principles of green chemistry can be used to solve the environmental problems caused by organic solvents.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any of:</em></p>
<p>«most are» toxic «to living organisms»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>incomplete combustion/incineration can produce toxic products/dioxins/phosgene<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>carcinogenic</p>
<p>«some can be» greenhouse gases</p>
<p>ozone-depleting</p>
<p>can contribute to formation of «photochemical» smog</p>
<p>accumulate in groundwater<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>have limited biodegradability</p>
<p>cost/hazards of disposal</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “harmful to the environment”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “pollutes water”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>use organic solvent-free synthetic methods<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>use water as a solvent<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>based on atom economy<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>recover/reuse solvents</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Aspirin is one of the most widely used drugs in the world.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Aspirin was synthesized from 2.65 g of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid) (<em>M</em><sub>r</sub> = 138.13) and 2.51 g of ethanoic anhydride (<em>M</em><sub>r</sub> = 102.10).</p>
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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amounts, in mol, of each reactant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, in g, the theoretical yield of aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>two</strong> techniques which could be used to confirm the identity of aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how aspirin can be converted to water-soluble aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare, giving a reason, the bioavailability of soluble aspirin with aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>n(salicylic acid) = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{2.65{\text{ g}}}}{{138.13{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2.65</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>138.13</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>» 0.0192 «mol»</p>
<p><em><strong>AND</strong></em></p>
<p>n(ethanoic anhydride) = «<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{2.51{\text{ g}}}}{{102.10{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2.51</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>102.10</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>» 0.0246 «mol»</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«mass = 0.0192 mol x 180.17 g<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\,">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</math></span>mol<sup>–1</sup> =» 3.46 «g»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award ECF mark <strong>only</strong> if limiting reagent determined in (i) has been used.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>melting point</p>
<p>mass spectrometry/MS</p>
<p>high-performance liquid chromatography/HPLC</p>
<p>NMR/nuclear magnetic resonance</p>
<p>X-ray crystallography</p>
<p>elemental analysis «for elemental percent composition»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “spectroscopy” instead of “spectrometry” where mentioned but <strong>not</strong> “spectrum”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “infra-red spectroscopy/IR” <strong>OR</strong> “ultraviolet «-visible» spectroscopy/UV/UV-Vis”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “gas chromatography/GC”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “thin-layer chromatography/TLC” as an alternative to “HPLC”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>react with NaOH</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “NaHCO<sub>3</sub>” or “Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>” instead of “NaOH”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept chemical equation <strong>OR</strong> name for reagent used.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«marginally» higher <em><strong>AND</strong></em> increase rate of dispersion<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«marginally» higher <em><strong>AND</strong></em> increase absorption in mouth/stomach «mucosa»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«approximately the» same <em><strong>AND</strong></em> ionic salt reacts with HCl/acid in stomach to produce aspirin again</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not accept “«marginally» higher <strong>AND</strong> greater solubility in blood”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>New drugs undergo thorough clinical trials before they are approved.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the difference between the therapeutic index in animal studies and the therapeutic index in humans.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the method of drug administration that gives the maximum bioavailability.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>in animal studies <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{LD50}}}}{{{\text{ED50}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>LD50</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>ED50</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> in humans <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{TD50}}}}{{{\text{ED50}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>TD50</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>ED50</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>in animal studies lethal dose/LD50 <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>in humans toxic dose/TD50</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>intravenous/IV «injection»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>injection into the bloodstream</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Some analgesics are derived from compounds found in plants.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Aspirin is a mild analgesic derived from salicylic acid found in willow bark.</p>
<p>Describe how mild analgesics function.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The strong analgesics morphine and codeine are opiates. Outline how codeine can be synthesized from morphine. The structures of morphine and codeine are in section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why opiates are addictive.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>prevents/interferes with the production of prostaglandins</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>prevents/interferes with the production of substances responsible for</p>
<p>inflammation/pain/fever</p>
<p>at the site of injury/source of pain</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>react with CH<sub>3</sub>I/methyl iodide «in alkaline solution»</p>
<p><em>Accept “react with CH3Cl/methyl chloride” <strong>OR</strong> “react with methyl halide”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept name or formula of a suitable specific methylating reagent (eg trimethylphenylammonium chloride etc.).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “hydroxy/alcohol” but <strong>not </strong>“hydroxide” for “hydroxyl”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>interact with opioid receptors in the brain</p>
<p>alter the structure of brain cells</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>alter the way the brain works «so that it only works normally when the opiates are present»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>prevents transmission of pain impulses inside the brain</p>
<p>release dopamine «that the person craves»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>give a feeling of pleasure/euphoria «that the person craves»</p>
<p>withdrawal symptoms «prevent patient from terminating drug use»</p>
<p><em>Accept specific withdrawal symptoms.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[Max 2 Marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Antiviral drugs are designed to take different approaches to fighting viruses.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how oseltamivir (Tamiflu<sup>®</sup>) works.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Oseltamivir was commercially produced from shikimic acid, a precursor which is a metabolite in micro-organisms and plants.</p>
<p>Outline how green chemistry was used to develop the precursor for oseltamivir in order to overcome a shortage of the drug during the flu season.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the administration of antibiotics to humans and animals can affect the environment.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«drug» blocks/inhibits «viral» enzyme/neuraminidase/NA «activity»</p>
<p>prevents virus from leaving/escaping host cells «thus cannot infect other cells»</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong><em>ALTERNATIVE 1:</em></strong><br>«using» genetically modified/GM <em>E. Coli</em>/bacteria/microorganisms</p>
<p><em>E. Coli</em>/bacteria biosynthesis<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><em>E. Coli</em>/bacteria «overfed by glucose» undergo fermentation<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>cells of the bacteria «are broken down to» form precursor/shikimic acid</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></em><br>use readily available cyclic ester/lactone</p>
<p>forms «the correct stereoisomer of oseltamivir» in a shorter number of chemical steps</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “planting more Chinese star anise” or “other plant sources of shikimic acid”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«can develop antibiotic» resistance in bacteria/microorganisms<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>changes in microbial/bacterial population</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept secondary effects, such as reduced biodiversity of aquatic/soil ecosystems, denitrification of soil (due to decline in nitrogen-fixing bacteria). No mark for just stating “water contamination”.</em></p>
<p><em>No mark for just stating “failure of aquatic/marine environment”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Consider the following antacids:</span></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="485" height="109"></p>
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Show that antacid </span><strong><span class="fontstyle2">X </span></strong><span class="fontstyle0">is more effective, per tablet, than antacid </span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>Y</strong>.</span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>same reactant mole ratio «in both equations»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mi>Mg</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>OH</mi><msub><mo>)</mo><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>HCl</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>«</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>MgCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>»</mo></math> <em><strong>AND</strong></em><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CaCO</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>HCl</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>«</mo><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>CaCl</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mi>aq</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>CO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mmultiscripts><mi>Mg</mi><mprescripts></mprescripts><mo>𝑛</mo></mmultiscripts><mo>(</mo><mi>OH</mi><msub><mo>)</mo><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>200</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>58</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>32</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>43</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> <em><strong>AND</strong></em><br><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mmultiscripts><mi>CaCO</mi><mn>3</mn><mprescripts></mprescripts><mo>𝑛</mo></mmultiscripts><mo>=</mo><mo>«</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>220</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>100</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>09</mn></mrow></mfrac><mo>=</mo><mo>»</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>20</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo></math> ✔</p>
<p>«tablet of» X neutralizes <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>6</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>86</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mi>HCl</mi></math> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> «tablet of» Y neutralizes <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>40</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>«</mo><mi>mol</mi><mo>»</mo><mo> </mo><mi>HCl</mi></math> ✔</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[3]</strong> for correct final statement <strong>AND</strong> values in M3.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Very poorly answered. Many students scored at least 1 point. This was usually M2 by determining the mols<br>of each antacid present. However, many students totally ignored the corresponding balanced chemical equations or entered wrong ones. A worrying number of candidates didn't therefore use the correct molar ratio to calculate the values in M3. Showing the calculations and how X is more effective than Y was the point of the question.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Radioisotopes are used to diagnose and treat various diseases. Explain the low environmental impact of most medical nuclear waste.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>emits weak ionising radiation</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>low activity/radioactivity</p>
<p>can be stored until material becomes inactive <strong>AND</strong> then disposed with normal waste</p>
<p>«isotopes» have short lives</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>exist for a short period of time</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for “low-level waste/LLW”.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[Max 2 Marks]</strong></em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Excess acid in the stomach can cause discomfort and more serious health issues.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how ranitidine (Zantac) reduces stomach acid production.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The pH is maintained in different fluids in the body by the use of buffers.</p>
<p>Calculate the pH of a buffer solution of 0.0200 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> carbonic acid, H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, and 0.400 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>. The p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> of carbonic acid is 6.35.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>blocks/binds to H2/histamine receptors «in cells of stomach lining»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>prevents histamine binding to H2/histamine receptors «and triggering acid secretion»<br><br>prevents parietal cells from releasing/producing acid</p>
<p><em>Accept "H2-receptor antagonist/H2RA" <strong>OR</strong> "blocks/inhibits action of histamine" for M1.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1</strong></em></p>
<p>pH = «p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> + log <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{\left[ {{{\text{A}}^ - }} \right]}}{{\left[ {{\text{HA}}} \right]}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>A</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>HA</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 6.35 + log (<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.400}}{{0.0200}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.400</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0200</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>)</p>
<p>«pH =» 7.65</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2</strong></em></p>
<p><em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 4.5 x 10<sup>–7</sup></p>
<p>«<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 0.400 x <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{\left[ {{{\text{H}}^ + }} \right]}}{{0.0200}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>H</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0200</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>, [H<sup>+</sup>] =» 2.3 x 10<sup>–8</sup> «mol dm<sup>–3</sup>»</p>
<p>«pH =» 7.64</p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “pH = 8”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Molecules of antibiotics often contain a beta-lactam ring. Explain the importance of the betalactam ring in the action of penicillin, using section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>ring is «sterically» strained</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>angles of 90° instead of 109.5/109/120° angles</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>angles smaller than 109.5/109/120°/tetrahedral/trigonal planar/triangular planar angle</p>
<p>ring breaks up/opens/reacts «easily»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>amido/amine group «in ring» is «highly» reactive</p>
<p>binds to/reacts with/interferes with/inactivates transpeptidase</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>binds to/reacts with/interferes with/inactivates enzyme responsible for bacterial cell wall formation/cross-linking</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Penicillins and aspirin are important medicines.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how penicillin combats bacterial infections.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how penicillins may be modified to increase their effectiveness.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of reaction used to synthesize aspirin from salicylic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why aspirin is <strong>not </strong>stored in a hot, humid location.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>irreversibly<strong>» </strong>binds/bonds to enzyme/transpeptidase</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>inhibits enzyme/transpeptidase <strong>«</strong>in bacteria<strong>» </strong>that produces cell walls</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>prevents cross-linking of bacterial cell walls</p>
<p> </p>
<p>cells absorb water <strong><em>AND </em></strong>burst</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>cells cannot reproduce</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>modify side chain</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>condensation</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>esterification</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>nucleophilic substitution/nucleophilic displacement/S<sub>N</sub>2</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept just </em><em>“substitution/displacement”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>water causes hydrolysis</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>aspirin reacts with water</p>
<p> </p>
<p>heat increases the rate of hydrolysis</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>heat increases the rate of the reaction with water</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “aspirin will convert into </em><em>salicylic/ethanoic acid”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “aspirin dissolves in </em><em>water” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“aspirin absorbs water/is </em><em>hygroscopic”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The mild analgesic aspirin can be prepared in the laboratory from salicylic acid.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">(CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O + HOC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>COOH → CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>COOH + CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Salicylic acid Aspirin </p>
<p> </p>
<p>After the reaction is complete, the product is isolated, recrystallized, tested for purity and the experimental yield is measured. A student’s results in a single trial are as follows.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>Literature melting point data: aspirin = 138–140 °C</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the percentage experimental yield of the product after recrystallization. The molar masses are as follows: <em>M</em>(salicylic acid) = 138.13 g mol<sup>−1</sup>, <em>M</em>(aspirin) = 180.17 g mol<sup>−1</sup>. (You do not need to process the uncertainties in the calculation.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why isolation of the crude product involved the addition of ice-cold water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Justify the conclusion that recrystallization increased the purity of the product, by reference to <strong>two</strong> differences between the melting point data of the crude and recrystallized products.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State why aspirin is described as a mild analgesic with reference to its site of action.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1:</strong></em><br>«theoretical yield = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1.552\,{\text{g}}}}{{138.13\,{\text{g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1.552</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>138.13</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 180.17 g mol<sup>−1</sup> =» 2.024 «g»</p>
<p>«experimental yield = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1.124{\rm{g}}}}{{2.024{\rm{g}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1.124</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2.024</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100 =» 55.53 «%»</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></em><br>«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1.552\,{\text{g}}}}{{138.13\,{\text{g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1.552</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>138.13</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>»= 0.01124 «mol salicylic acid/aspirin theoretical» <em><strong>AND</strong></em></p>
<p>«<span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1.124\,{\text{g}}}}{{180.17\,{\text{g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1.124</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>180.17</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mtext>mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span>»= 0.006239 «mol aspirin experimental»</p>
<p>«experimental yield = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.006239{\rm{mol}}}}{{0.01124{\rm{mol}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.006239</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.01124</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> x 100 =» 55.51 «%»</p>
<p><em>Accept answers in the range 55.4 % to 55.7 %.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>low temperature gives greater difference between solubility of aspirin and impurities<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>«product» crystallizes out from cold solution/«ice-cold water/lower temperature» speeds up crystallization process<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>aspirin/product has low solubility «in water» at low temperatures</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>intercepts pain stimulus at source/acts at site of pain<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>interferes with production of pain sensitizing substances/prostaglandins «at site of pain»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>recrystallized melting point is higher<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>recrystallized melting point is closer to pure substance/literature value</p>
<p>smaller range of values</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Many drugs, including aspirin, penicillin, codeine and taxol, have been modified from compounds that occur naturally.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Aspirin is often taken to reduce pain, swelling or fever. State one other use of aspirin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by the bioavailability of a drug.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how the bioavailability of aspirin may be increased.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare and contrast the IR spectrum of aspirin with that of salicylic acid, using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
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X55JDCaMFtNWzu1895/UzhRX7kmfuM3undnj/aumpt503BG3daL6iVactdJPTfLNJusmoOztaNngxputZc43aiZ8x/TmsvrVFE+Qw/uPuH49KdME25foq0ZTrfrG/13a2f/Lq3ydMrWGD9pPusrm6VF3/+hVqpVdyTmw0K1XajT0/+80E8lGXmS86BVcw5+LTkOE5/UobuatKnuo96AnVFNjhc3qW7TY6o5+Y+aZc6DiV/TwTmt6tnygG5NnLl+TWZofniJLpvfM/HxJu0+MfKt5jkqd+8qu12PbH9FzbfsUbV9rk1cqD23LNPeZ79stck8LKjq1V/RXZ7tlnydY2W3qubZ7ep95KLWJ+b4DQqtv6hHUuehe45m/5Jvn+fmeD71cCuRggACCCCAQEkJBMynXJk9DgQCiXsDSqr3JdlZ68u+3v079b/ZlP1TlpJ0odN5EUh8Sd5ivftsRG+O6YlLeamdQhBAAAEEEEDgCgl4xQpF/snEFdKiWAQQQAABBBBAAAEEEBhVgGBiVCIyIIAAAggggAACCCCAQDYBljllUyENAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEUgIsc0pRsIEAAggggAACCCCAAAL5EGCZUz4UKQMBBBBAAAEEEEAAgRIUIJgowUGnywgggAACCCCAAAII5EOAYCIfipSBAAIIIIAAAggggEAJChBMlOCg02UEEEAAAQQQQAABBPIhQDCRD0XKQAABBBBAAAEEEECgBAUIJkpw0OkyAggggAACCCCAAAL5ECCYyIciZSCAAAIIIIAAAgggUIICBBMlOOh0GQEEEEAAAQQQQACBfAgQTORDkTIQQAABBBBAAAEEEChBAYKJEhx0uowAAggggAACCCCAQD4ECCbyoUgZCCCAAAIIIIAAAgiUoADBRAkOOl1GAAEEEEAAAQQQQCAfAgQT+VCkDAQQQAABBBBAAAEESlCAYKIEB50uI4AAAggggAACCCCQDwGCiXwoUgYCCCCAAAIIIIAAAiUoQDBRgoNOlxFAAAEEEEAAAQQQyIcAwUQ+FCkDAQQQQAABBBBAAIESFCCYKMFBp8sIIIAAAggggAACCORDgGAiH4qUgQACCCCAAAIIIIBACQoQTJTgoNNlBBBAAAEEEEAAAQTyIUAwkQ9FykAAAQQQQAABBBBAoAQFCCZKcNDpMgIIIIAAAggggAAC+RAgmMiHImUggAACCCCAAAIIIFCCAgQTJTjodBkBBBBAAAEEEEAAgXwIEEzkQ5EyEEAAAQQQQAABBBAoQQGCiRIcdLqMAAIIIIAAAggggEA+BAgm8qFIGQgggAACCCCAAAIIlKAAwUQJDjpdRgABBBBAAAEEEEAgHwIEE/lQpAwEEEAAAQQQQAABBEpQgGCiBAedLiOAAAIIIIAAAgggkA8Bgol8KFIGAggggAACCCCAAAIlKEAwUYKDTpcRQAABBBBAAAEEEMiHAMFEPhQpAwEEEEAAAQQQQACBEhQgmCjBQafLCCCAAAIIIIAAAgjkQ4BgIh+KlIEAAggggAACCCCAQAkKXDPBRHygXfWBgELhiIa8BjJ+XO31IQVCaxUZinvk+lAD7YsUCFQpHDnrkUe61usTVpKYC+YJcK3PdfpnDnIhvjcy9xK/gApybHhv5L3RujxifiZP07xdg1quRfYjYBiGYbY5EAjI2iyyLtBcBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQuJICXrHCNfPJxJXEo2wEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBwCxBMuE1IQQABBBBAAAEEEEAAAR8CBBM+kMiCAAIIIIAAAggggAACbgGCCbcJKQgggAACCCCAAAIIIOBDgGDCBxJZEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAwC1AMOE2IQUBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQR8CBBM+EAiCwIIIIAAAggggAACCLgFCCbcJqQggAACCCCAAAIIIICADwGCCR9IZEEAAQQQQAABBBBAAAG3AMGE24QUBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQ8CFAMOEDiSwIIIAAAggggAACCCDgFiCYcJuQggACCCCAAAIIIIAAAj4ECCZ8IJEFAQQQQAABBBBAAAEE3AIEE24TUhBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQMCHAMGEDySyIIAAAggggAACCCCAgFuAYMJtQgoCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgj4ECCY8IFEFgQQQAABBBBAAAEEEHALEEy4TUhBAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABHwIEEz6QyIIAAggggAACCCCAAAJuAYIJtwkpCCCAAAIIIIAAAggg4EOAYMIHElkQQAABBBBAAAEEEEDALUAw4TYhBQEEEEAAAQQQQAABBHwIEEz4QCILAggggAACCCCAAAIIuAUIJtwmpCCAAAIIIIAAAggggIAPAYIJH0hkQQABBBBAAAEEEEAAAbcAwYTbhBQEEEAAAQQQQAABBBDwIUAw4QOJLAgggAACCCCAAAIIIOAWIJhwm5CCAAIIIIAAAggggAACPgQIJnwgkQUBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQTcAtdMMBEfaFd9IKBQOKIhdz+TKfHjaq8PKRBaq8hQ3CPXhxpoX6RAoErhyFmPPNK1Xp+wksRcME+Aa32u0z9zkAvxvZG5l/gFVJBjw3sj743W5RHzM3ma5u0a1HItsh8BwzAMs82BQEDWZpF1geYigAACCCCAAAIIIIDAlRTwihWumU8mriQeZSOAAAIIIIAAAggggIBbgGDCbUIKAggggAACCCCAAAII+BAgmPCBRBYEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBwCxBMuE1IQQABBBBAAAEEEEAAAR8CBBM+kMiCAAIIIIAAAggggAACbgGCCbcJKQgggAACCCCAAAIIIOBDgGDCBxJZEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAwC1AMOE2IQUBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQR8CBBM+EAiCwIIIIAAAggggAACCLgFCCbcJqQggAACCCCAAAIIIICADwGCCR9IZEEAAQQQQAABBBBAAAG3AMGE24QUBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQ8CFAMOEDiSwIIIAAAggggAACCCDgFiCYcJuQggACCCCAAAIIIIAAAj4ECCZ8IJEFAQQQQAABBBBAAAEE3AIEE24TUhBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQMCHAMGEDySyIIAAAggggAACCCCAgFuAYMJtQgoCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgj4ECCY8IFEFgQQQAABBBBAAAEEEHALEEy4TUhBAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABHwIEEz6QyIIAAggggAACCCCAAAJuAYIJtwkpCCCAAAIIIIAAAggg4EOAYMIHElkQQAABBBBAAAEEEEDALUAw4TYhBQEEEEAAAQQQQAABBHwIEEz4QCILAggggAACCCCAAAIIuAUIJtwmpCCAAAIIIIAAAggggIAPAYIJH0hkQQABBBBAAAEEEEAAAbcAwYTbhBQEEEAAAQQQQAABBBDwIUAw4QOJLAgggAACCCCAAAIIIOAWIJhwm5CCAAIIIIAAAggggAACPgQIJnwgkQUBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQTcAgQTbhNSEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAwIcAwYQPJLIggAACCCCAAAIIIICAW4Bgwm1CCgIIIIAAAggggAACCPgQIJjwgUQWBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQcAsQTLhNSEEAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEfAgQTPpDIggACCCCAAAIIIIAAAm4Bggm3CSkIIIAAAggggAACCCDgQ+AaCCbiGh7oUVd7WPMCAQUS/0OaF96mPX1RxX0gXM0s8YF21QcWqX3gw6tZ7TjqMl33qXXtLg1YiMm2VykcOTuO8sZ6iFl/l8LzQskxrW9PtWOsJeU1/1BE4VBI9e3HPebWhxpoX6RAaK0iQ4Ux+4pnzuVjpPzMmz/13M5HPz9CGcMD2t/6nHYU/HvQR+gjhyKAAAIIXDWBIg8mLisaWa8FFc3ac65GL1+IyTAMGbE+tX7uvLoWVKp27X5FC+Oa7qoNan4qOqfDbd/SU30jQU/ZrCbtM3rVUjM1P1XkKiU+oN3NK9Qx4wWdjhky9jVpVlHM1hs1q2m3jMENqplUFA3ONQrFt8/XvHHP7eLr6HhbHNfQ4e1qfOpfFRtvERyHAAIIIIBAmsB1adtFthnXcN9WPVT7Y83ofF3bGj6p1KVbWVCVDSu19ZPlWlC1UuuqHPuLrKcl3dypN2tiamBLWoLOj0WAeTMWLfIigAACCCAwboEivkw7p8O7f6Seun9Q+IG0QCJFUaYJlUv09Oob1L7iZfWYS07sJSrb9uvwjpFlUaHG57V/YCh1pLkRjx7WjnB92rKpdkUceTIOSLy4rGhfl1ob51jHBRSYF1Z7ZEDDGZn/XeeO/stIvlCjWven5zGXYUTUnqrfo5zhAUXSl3c567L6Oy/8vVRdofBO/ThcpUD9VkV+tVWNIWtp2LywdqSWhZ1VJPxF1W7sk7qXqqI8ubTJvczJ2U5zeVm6U1xDkbUKBRZpW6QnzXOOGlv3aWA4+0dGiXrK79DS7qiiG2s1OWAvrfJbn53fRjf7UzWy9Mj3PHCMpzlOb76jM3axWX86ljn5ritbYUMaiLSPLPUK1CvcHklzs/pljuXhjpF8rvlkl31Z73WtUCjbEqxEO51u9nHWT5/zrf6KnV+5x9973qT3I/vcTua4pDPv/M/UuRIIZJun5pxIs3aNSXpd9raz3c7zOW0cPc9Jq6x4VH1p713Z318cbUzNB/N8XKfba/9RUb2qpRUfUygc0VDW94mIzHfEeLRPXa2NCqWWkDrnoDXfi2Lppj0e/EQAAQQQyKuAYf2TzBVCRfTv/AFjdVBGcPUB47xns2PG+QNrjKAqjdUH3jcM6xipzljdecy4YB4XO20cWFNnqHqz0XshligpdrrTaArONh7e/JYxmEg6bxxrazKCweVG5+lLHrXFjAu9m43q4MPG5kODRrKkS8bggf9qVOtLxqbe3yfL7m8z6iRDqXwx40J/p7G6+lNG9aZDyTZdOGRsqq40Hm47knxt2OUsNNr6/5Cs/8IRo+3h2Ubw4ReMQ4Nmmy4Zg4deMB4OBkfKsfsbbDLajp03jNjvjP4TJ4wDqysNc7xHjj1v9HeuyWinYbyfzFfXZvQnO2PEEm23LI2YceHYduPhdKfYoHFo88NGMNVf21+GqtcYnf3JkYoNdhtr0vubTTR2zGirC6aN71jqs9toF2z1JbjGOHA+5nMeWOOZPlcuHDM6V9cZUtCoaztmjbFdh/3zD0Z/20JDY6rLPjb9pz3nRuZTbPAtY/PDs9PmqtUvBY3q1Z1Gf2L+2nPFOeesuZOYE7ONps5Tae23xsluc3oz7O2xzLd0s3yeX6PON/N8ds4buwPpP73m9mjz9JJxunO5EUydu4Zh2C5NncZp6zxJrymxPer5bI/jKOdk7JTR2ZR+zo+cEyPjabUxNQbOPPY5mfZekvV94rxh2O1OvQ8ahq9z1wVAAgIIIIDAtSDgFSukIgivDIXa+eSFba6LOrPl9i9OK5/1SzMzALHz2L9c3RcaSYNkeuax6Toe+xMXN59KXXwm2537Yi6Zx25Peh32tn3x5wxuHH3J2l+rf67AyNl+K59nMGHld11EpR9nt8fj4j6tbLtnqZ+ui8I81GdfLGd1sdtqu1v1OYPVxLG55l32YCJz3jjrSvV6ZCNRj3OeGFYgZNdvWdv9so92tDFzPv3e6N30JUMZ9h59tcuzzyPXnHH0YwyumfWbFY3WBmt/zvn2UYMJ5zy1xtK2crimeBLpzmNTe60g3J5XI+kjW/Y4Os/ndBOHdepgK92eA67zxsxolZ/oR5Zyco2bXW6qPodJKp0NBBBAAIFrXcArVijiZU75+oCmTBOmz9QcnVT/6WFp6Nfa19Gn4J23aVqGzgRNr5ihaMdP1Zv1KT1TVdPSq8GWKp2J7FFXV5e6urYpXFujpd0XHY29Q3fP/vORezxktSHarX2951QWmq37qt/SurbXdTjyepblVefUu69b0Tmf1ezg9WllO/qStse16Tp2tP45Skg4DWrO3Z9WMIuTjpzQaY9lTFKyrtx58lmfo6ysLx12dv8qQpqQnn9CSBVzbkpPGZnk0lkAABFbSURBVMe2oy5XCXEN9f5UHVHnPJGUqF860j/oWDqXVkjOPDfrr/6mQXXdP9FbJ6yb6xN9lZbUf0aT0ooZ2fwo883R1/GeX/Z4jGu+jfRkXFuJufxHa0xCuvO2qWnnrj0mg+rY9+vE0iBnHaOfz9YROc/Js8lzPjhTt03Lcs5b7x3xE7/QK93SnIx5m3xvGttDDMo0qWaDBgef1dwzP7fez36s9vD9qlj6qrOLvEYAAQQQKGGBjMvAYnIom3ab7gxGc19UpTqU5QIgtS/7RnKtvv2oWfPnx0b5JRrX8PEdagxNVkXtizr0gXk/wJ+p/qUutdWNcvHnbMKEuVq1t0c7P/d7da5/XLUVkxVIX5sdP6tT7w46j0p7Pah3T531eHRpWrZsm9ETOnXmcrY9GWnxM6f0bjQjKfOFz3IyD/J+VXD1eTc1D3su68ypE8rJ++4pncl+y8mo9ZfNrNWypmNa1/YLDckKXCq+rkVzp2Q/9grMt7GeX1d7/LNDmKl92lh7y8g9Uea9BNb9PZ7HjHY+ex5o7UicS5eSL6L/qNrJ5Rn1l1csVfdoZYxn//BRtTf+pSZWPKTvH/q/ksp0c/1G9bYt1Jj+EDCeujkGAQQQQKBoBIo2mNCkz6h+SaWiOS+qrL+oButUX+VxoZR1qIKqazummPmYWed/r0d+mo+kfHKN9s/v1OnYPrU0fUUNDferJnRR/UdyXRZmbYA0YZZqGh5Ty88GZcQG1dt5n86sq1X1+h4NlU3VbXeGPA40k8cePKUKc/3lM7UnYyMZzGUkZb7wWU7mQd6vCq4+76bmYc/1mnbbTAVzlOT+5CxHZueusk/oC19fICU+ZTP/4n1Qc5bM119N8Hg7yPt8G/v5dbXH30k28nqh2vr/4H5fMAwNttR4fLJjfnqR43weKTz7VuJcuiG5r65N/eajkp3vS3l/ZPOHGtj9HS3df686T5/Sz1oeU0NDgxpqbtX5/pPZ20kqAggggEBJCnhcPRSDxRTNXfR1VXc/r5bXfpvlr/Dmo2M7tH7jJTW9sEzVfp/5nwhSQjry9m8c30/xgfpav6yA15enDQ+q/4hcy37iFz6Q+yverCVVKea4hk+f0BGvoCfxqNtH1JgKnqaoqr5OwSPv6Gg0/VMEqxzNUMX0jMU5qZpSG65lSMM63X9SwSVfUJUfK0+nZDmaM1PTvS5OU40Yw4av+q6zlqyNoVyvrHZ9zuVEiXF2LlvzKmS86WWaVPUFLQke09tHf5c5t+15lrGMZaz1lGnS3Ae0sqJbP3rlVb3Rcau+es9tmUt3MorMw3yzy7Ndx3p+eR53heab3d7Uz1xjclit82bm+CLDVCHJDdf5bO3PeU5O9T7n+57XPOtpSmUzP6+vuj4JHc8Tl2xXx1LK+P/TB2etT0kc3eIlAggggEBpChRxMGE++nW5dh34ik4++GU9mv6oUfPxiV2btXzBJmnNZj2b9dGxXgM+VdVPrNX8N5/R2i1vWwHFkAa6NmrVU9KmDQ3ZvzzNutjp7nhFPdYFfjz6trasfUbtrg8m+rRx/WZ1JR41ay6P6lDz4r2abwU9yUew1ivcddxaF28+WvLn2ndYalpWq5ll5sXgQ3r2voNasXabDifqs8vZropNq7Ro1o1eHUymR7dr/XOvWY8ZHdLx9rAWd/y1XnjiHuuvq9Z9DYncH2p4+I+O8qZo7qPNus/hlChn4zRvJ0cp/l/6qy95MTWojh1v6Hjing1z7DZrvfmY2zH9s+ZBx5Nqbj+aHIfh4+p6rkUbXeM5poL9ZZ5UpUefnas3V3xbWw5b3+RuLjtpflIbK57ShkWzclz8+6hiwmf0N0tmqP3xFdo854u6Z2au+ZKH+ZZq0jjPL/kb/1Q1OTdGm9seB0+6R0+8cK9jTI6ra/3TekrLPcdk9PPZqi/nOVmmSdXL9MJ8xzk/8JrWr9oq2ed82QzNDy9TxcYWfTfyXiIQjUf/l7Z3vKPqRJ6b0gLuuC4OX8wMVlNdtwLI7le0vSdZjuJRHd7yba1oP5rKxQYCCCCAAAJFHEyYg3e9gjXP6MDgdjVMiWjZRGstcXmlVh2arIa9fTqw4T7HDcKjD3rZrQ9oS88W3XvmOwqVm/dLTFb1nilq7t2mlZU3exQwVdV//6K2z/2FakM3JNY0T//mL/WJxhfVubrSccwD2tRcpZPP3a1AoFwTayKas6NTW6wv3iubtVjbe5fplj0LNTHxfPdyTazeo1uaXx4JjCbMVtPWTu28998UTtRXronf+I3u3dmjvavmZt407Kg98bJ6iZbcdVLPzTLNJqvm4Gzt6Nmghlvtmztv1Mz5j2nN5XWqKJ+hB3efcFx0lGnC7Uu0NcPpdn2j/27t7N+lVZ5O2RrjJ81nfWWztOj7P9RKteqOxHxYqLYLdXr6nxf6qSQjT3IetGrOwa8lx2Hikzp0V5M21X3UG7AzqvF4MUm3Nz2vnp336ky4UuXmPJj4X9R/7xb1731SlR/5U58bNbP+b9UUDKruq5/XzNHeCT7qfEvr5fjOL5/jn1aP9+Zoc9vryOt1a8MGx5gs1J5blql313LPMfF1PptVjnZOln1SDVsc53zifeEV7Vppn/Pme+Ia7epdrNj6uxLzpjzUqtgju1J5ymbWK7zmvJZWfFwff/B/6ETWr8I2g5dm7d1+p35ZOz05/6Z/Uz//RKNe61ydtgRvPJ96ePmSjgACCCBQjAIB8zFWZsMDgUBiHW4xdoI2j0XA+tKud/9O/W82Zf+UZSzFkbdoBcy/mM+vfkfL/vfmtCCyaLtTxA3nnCziwaPpCCCAQMkIeMUKo/09smSA6CgCJSUQf08927t0eeXDqkt9GlVSAnQWAQQQQAABBPIgQDCRB0SKQKB4BKxlKeV3aX2sSS//56rRl8QVT+doKQIIIIAAAghcZQGWOV1lcKpDAAEEEEAAAQQQQKDYBFjmVGwjRnsRQAABBBBAAAEEEChwAZY5FfgA0TwEEEAAAQQQQAABBApVgGCiUEeGdiGAAAIIIIAAAgggUOACBBMFPkA0DwEEEEAAAQQQQACBQhUgmCjUkaFdCCCAAAIIIIAAAggUuADBRIEPEM1DAAEEEEAAAQQQQKBQBQgmCnVkaBcCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgUuQDBR4ANE8xBAAAEEEEAAAQQQKFQBgolCHRnahQACCCCAAAIIIIBAgQsQTBT4ANE8BBBAAAEEEEAAAQQKVYBgolBHhnYhgAACCCCAAAIIIFDgAgQTBT5ANA8BBBBAAAEEEEAAgUIVIJgo1JGhXQgggAACCCCAAAIIFLgAwUSBDxDNQwABBBBAAAEEEECgUAUIJgp1ZGgXAggggAACCCCAAAIFLkAwUeADRPMQQAABBBBAAAEEEChUAYKJQh0Z2oUAAggggAACCCCAQIELEEwU+ADRPAQQQAABBBBAAAEEClWAYKJQR4Z2IYAAAggggAACCCBQ4AIEEwU+QDQPAQQQQAABBBBAAIFCFSCYKNSRoV0IIIAAAggggAACCBS4AMFEgQ8QzUMAAQQQQAABBBBAoFAFCCYKdWRoFwIIIIAAAggggAACBS5AMFHgA0TzEEAAAQQQQAABBBAoVAGCiUIdGdqFAAIIIIAAAggggECBCxBMFPgA0TwEEEAAAQQQQAABBApVgGCiUEeGdiGAAAIIIIAAAgggUOACBBMFPkA0DwEEEEAAAQQQQACBQhUgmCjUkaFdCCCAAAIIIIAAAggUuADBRIEPEM1DAAEEEEAAAQQQQKBQBQgmCnVkaBcCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgUuQDBR4ANE8xBAAAEEEEAAAQQQKFQBgolCHRnahQACCCCAAAIIIIBAgQsQTBT4ANE8BBBAAAEEEEAAAQQKVYBgolBHhnYhgAACCCCAAAIIIFDgAtdMMBEfaFd9IKBQOKIhL/T4cbXXhxQIrVVkKO6R60MNtC9SIFClcOSsRx7pWq9PWEliLpgnwLU+1+mfOciF+N7I3Ev8AirIseG9kfdG6/KI+Zk8TfN2DWq5FtmPgGEYhtnmQCAga7PIukBzEUAAAQQQQAABBBBA4EoKeMUK18wnE1cSj7IRQAABBBBAAAEEEEDALUAw4TYhBQEEEEAAAQQQQAABBHwIEEz4QCILAggggAACCCCAAAIIuAUIJtwmpCCAAAIIIIAAAggggIAPAYIJH0hkQQABBBBAAAEEEEAAAbcAwYTbhBQEEEAAAQQQQAABBBDwIUAw4QOJLAgggAACCCCAAAIIIOAWIJhwm5CCAAIIIIAAAggggAACPgQIJnwgkQUBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQTcAgQTbhNSEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAwIcAwYQPJLIggAACCCCAAAIIIICAW4Bgwm1CCgIIIIAAAggggAACCPgQIJjwgUQWBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQcAsQTLhNSEEAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEfAgQTPpDIggACCCCAAAIIIIAAAm4Bggm3CSkIIIAAAggggAACCCDgQ4BgwgcSWRBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQMAtQDDhNiEFAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEfAgQTPhAIgsCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgi4BQgm3CakIIAAAggggAACCCCAgA8BggkfSGRBAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABtwDBhNuEFAQQQAABBBBAAAEEEPAhQDDhA4ksCCCAAAIIIIAAAggg4BYgmHCbkIIAAggggAACCCCAAAI+BAgmfCCRBQEEEEAAAQQQQAABBNwCBBNuE1IQQAABBBBAAAEEEEDAhwDBhA8ksiCAAAIIIIAAAggggIBbgGDCbUIKAggggAACCCCAAAII+BAgmPCBRBYEEEAAAQQQQAABBBBwC1wzwUR8oF31gYBC4YiG3P1MpsSPq70+pEBorSJDcY9cH2qgfZECgSqFI2c98kjXen3CShJzwTwBrvW5Tv/MQS7E90bmXuIXUEGODe+NvDdal0fMz+RpmrdrUMu1yH4EDMMwzDYHAgFZm0XWBZqLAAIIIIAAAggggAACV1LAK1a4Zj6ZuJJ4lI0AAggggAACCCCAAAJuAYIJtwkpCCCAAAIIIIAAAggg4EOAYMIHElkQQAABBBBAAAEEEEDALUAw4TYhBQEEEEAAAQQQQAABBHwIEEz4QCILAggggAACCCCAAAIIuAUIJtwmpCCAAAIIIIAAAggggIAPAYIJH0hkQQABBBBAAAEEEEAAAbcAwYTbhBQEEEAAAQQQQAABBBDwIUAw4QOJLAgggAACCCCAAAIIIOAWIJhwm5CCAAIIIIAAAggggAACPgQIJnwgkQUBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQTcAgQTbhNSEEAAAQQQQAABBBBAwIcAwYQPJLIggAACCCCAAAIIIICAW4Bgwm1CCgIIIIAAAggggAACCPgQIJjwgUQWBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQcAsQTLhNSEEAAQQQQAABBBBAAAEfAgQTPpDIggACCCCAAAIIIIAAAm4Bggm3CSkIIIAAAggggAACCCDgQ4BgwgcSWRBAAAEEEEAAAQQQQMAtQDDhNiEFAQQQQAABBBBAAAEEfAgQTPhAIgsCCCCAAAIIIIAAAgi4BQgm3CakIIAAAggggAACCCCAgA8BggkfSGRBAAEEEEAAAQQQQAABtwDBhNuEFAQQQAABBBBAAAEEEPAhQDDhA4ksCCCAAAIIIIAAAggg4BYgmHCbkIIAAggggAACCCCAAAI+BAgmfCCRBQEEEEAAAQQQQAABBNwCBBNuE1IQQAABBBBAAAEEEEDAhwDBhA8ksiCAAAIIIIAAAggggIBbgGDCbUIKAggggAACCCCAAAII+BAIGIZhBAIBH1nJggACCCCAAAIIIIAAAqUsYBhGRvevM185EzNy8AIBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQQQyCLAMqcsKCQhgAACCCCAAAIIIIDA6AIEE6MbkQMBBBBAAAEEEEAAAQSyCPx/+wWO1i74nQYAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how penicillin combats bacterial infections.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline <strong>two </strong>consequences of prescribing antibiotics such as penicillin unnecessarily.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how penicillins may be modified to increase their effectiveness.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Morphine and codeine are strong analgesics. Outline how strong analgesics function.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why codeine is more widely used than morphine as an analgesic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>anticoagulant</p>
<p>lower risk of heart attack/strokes</p>
<p>prevent recurrence of heart attack/stroke</p>
<p>prevents cancer of colon/oesophagus/stomach</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “prevents/reduces blood clots” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“blood thinner”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>fraction/proportion/percentage <strong>«</strong>of administered dosage<strong>» </strong>that reaches target <strong>«</strong>part of human body<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>fraction/ proportion/percentage <strong>«</strong>of administered dosage<strong>» </strong>that reaches blood <strong>«</strong>plasma<strong>»</strong>/systemic circulation</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “the ability of the drug to be </em><em>absorbed by the body” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“the extent to </em><em>which the drug is absorbed by the body”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “the amount/quantity of </em><em>the drug absorbed”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>intravenous<strong>» </strong>injection/IV</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “parenterally”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “react with alkali/NaOH” </em><strong><em>OR</em></strong><em> “convert to ionic form/salt”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>One absorption found in both spectra:</em></p>
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>1050–1410 cm<sup>–1</sup> <strong>«</strong>C–O in alcohols, esters, ethers<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>1700–1750 cm<sup>–1</sup> <strong>«</strong>C=O in carboxylic acids, esters<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>2500–3000 cm<sup>–1</sup> <strong>«</strong>O–H in carboxylic acids<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>2850–3090 cm<sup>–1</sup> <strong>«</strong>C–H in alkanes, alkenes, arenes<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>One absorption found in only one of the spectra:</em></p>
<p>3200–3600 cm<sup>–1</sup> <strong>«</strong>O–H in alcohols, phenols<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if candidate states bonds </em><em>(C</em><em>=</em><em>O in both, O–H in salicylic acid only) </em><em>but doesn’t quote wavelength ranges.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept a second/additional absorption at </em><em>1700–1750 cm</em><sup><em>–1 </em></sup><em>from the C</em><em>=</em><em>O in ester.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>ring is <strong>«</strong>sterically<strong>» </strong>strained</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>ring breaks up/opens/reacts <strong>«</strong>easily<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>amide/amido group <strong>«</strong>in ring<strong>» </strong>is <strong>«</strong>highly<strong>» </strong>reactive</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>«</strong>irreversibly<strong>» </strong>binds/bonds to enzyme/transpeptidase</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>inhibits enzyme/transpeptidase <strong>«</strong>in bacteria<strong>» </strong>that produces cell walls</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>prevents cross-linking of bacterial cell walls</p>
<p> </p>
<p>cells absorb water <strong><em>AND </em></strong>burst</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>cells cannot reproduce</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for “interferes with </em><em>cell wall production”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “cell membrane” instead </em><em>of “cell wall”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>leads to <strong>«</strong>bacterial<strong>» </strong>resistance/proportion of resistant bacteria increases</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>leads to penicillinase-producing bacteria</p>
<p>damage to/contamination of bodies of water/ecosystems</p>
<p>destroys useful/beneficial bacteria</p>
<p>destroyed bacteria replaced by more harmful bacteria</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “endocrine disruptor”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “increased cost </em><em>of developing antibiotics”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>modify side chain</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>temporarily bind to/block/interfere with receptor sites in brain</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>prevent transmission of pain impulses within CNS/central nervous system</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>codeine has a wider therapeutic window</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “codeine has lower activity” </em><strong><em>OR</em></strong><em> “codeine has lower risk of overdose” </em><strong><em>OR</em></strong><em> “codeine is less potent” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“codeine </em><em>has less side-effects”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “lower abuse potential for </em><em>codeine” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“less addictive </em><strong><em>«</em></strong><em>than </em><em>morphine</em><strong><em>»</em></strong><em>” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“codeine has a lower </em><em>bioavailability” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“available without </em><em>prescription” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“cheaper”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Antiviral medications such as zanamivir (Relenza) are commonly available for consumer use.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the names of <strong>two </strong>functional groups present in zanamivir using section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Distinguish between bacteria and viruses.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>hydroxyl</p>
<p>carboxyl/carbonyl</p>
<p>ether</p>
<p>amido/carbonyl</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “alcohol/hydroxy” for “hydroxyl”, </em><em>“carboxylic acid” for “carboxyl” and </em><em>“amide/carboxamide” for “amido”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “amino/amine” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“imine/imino” </em><em>but these are not correct as they are </em><em>part of the guanidino group.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “alkenyl/alkene/carbon to carbon </em><em>double bond” but </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>“C=C” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“carbon </em><em>double bond”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “carbonyl” only once.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “heterocyclic ring” for “ether”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>bacteria perform living functions <strong>«</strong>on their own<strong>» </strong><strong><em>AND </em></strong>viruses do not <strong>«</strong>without host cell<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p>bacteria have cell walls <strong><em>AND </em></strong>viruses do not</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>bacteria do not have a capsid <strong><em>AND </em></strong>viruses do</p>
<p> </p>
<p>bacteria larger than viruses</p>
<p>bacteria reproduce by fission/budding <strong><em>AND </em></strong>viruses reproduce within a living host cell</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept examples of living functionsexcretion, </em><em>reproduction etc for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “bacteria have </em><em>flagella/cytoplasm/ribosome </em><strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>virus </em><em>can have head/protein tail/double </em><em>stranded RNA/single stranded DNA”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept other specific structural </em><em>differences for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “asexual reproduction for </em><em>bacteria” for M4.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Opiates are strong analgesics.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why diamorphine (heroin) crosses the blood–brain barrier more easily than morphine.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the analgesic action of an opiate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the meaning of the bioavailability of a drug.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>blood-brain barrier is hydrophobic/non-polar/made of lipids ✔</p>
<p>morphine has hydroxyl/OH «groups»/is more polar <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>diamorphine has ester/ethanoate/OCOCH<sub>3</sub>/acetate «groups»/is less polar/is lipid soluble ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “fats” for “lipid”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “alcohol/hydroxy” for “hydroxyl” but <strong>not </strong>“hydroxide”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “non-polar” for “less polar” in M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«temporarily» binds to «opioid» receptor sites <span style="text-decoration: underline;">in the brain/CNS</span></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>«temporarily» suppresses pain impulses in/to the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">brain/CNS</span> ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>fraction/proportion/percentage of «administered dosage» enters blood/plasma/circulation ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “fraction/proportion/percentage of «administered dosage» that reaches target «part of human body»”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Antiviral drugs are a major research focus.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are used against flu viruses. Explain how these drugs function.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Shikimic acid, the precursor for oseltamivir (Tamiflu), was originally extracted from star anise, and is now produced using genetically modified <em>E. coli </em>bacteria.</p>
<p>Suggest <strong>one </strong>difficulty associated with synthesizing oseltamivir (Tamiflu) from star anise.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>blocks/inhibits neuraminidase/NA/<strong>«</strong>viral<strong>» </strong>enzyme which allows viruses to pass through cell membrane</p>
<p>prevent virus from leaving/escaping host cell <strong>«</strong>thus it cannot infect other cells<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>limited supply of star anise/plant</p>
<p><strong>«</strong>star anise<strong>» </strong>takes time to grow</p>
<p>time-consuming/multi-step extraction</p>
<p>low concentration in plan</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “low yield for </em><em>extraction/conversion” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“requires </em><em>environmentally damaging solvents”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Drug testing is necessary to determine safe and effective doses.</p>
<p>Distinguish between the lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) and the toxic dose (TD<sub>50</sub>).</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p><em>LD</em><sub><em>50</em></sub><em>:</em> amount/dose that kills 50% of the population</p>
<p><em>TD</em><sub><em>50</em></sub><em>: </em>amount/dose that negatively affects/produces toxic effects in 50% of the population</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for “LD</em><sub><em>50 </em></sub><em>used in animal </em><em>trials </em><strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>TD</em><sub><em>50 </em></sub><em>used in human studies”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Excess stomach acid can be counteracted by a range of medications.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>An antacid tablet contains 680 mg of calcium carbonate, CaCO<sub>3</sub>, and 80 mg of magnesium carbonate, MgCO<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p>State the equation for the reaction of magnesium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the amount, in mol, of hydrochloric acid neutralized by <strong>one antacid </strong><strong>tablet</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how omeprazole (Prilosec) reduces stomach acidity.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>MgCO<sub>3</sub>(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + MgCl<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>CO</em><sub><em>3</em></sub><em>”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>n(HCl) = 2 n(CaCO<sub>3</sub>) + 2 n(MgCO<sub>3</sub>)</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>n(HCl) = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{2 \times 0.680\;\ll {\text{g}}\gg }}{{100.09\;\ll {\text{g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\gg }} + \frac{{2 \times 0.080\;\ll {\text{g}}\gg }}{{84.32\;\ll {\text{g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\gg }}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>0.680</mn>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>≪</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>≫</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100.09</mn>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>≪</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>g mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>≫</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
<mo>+</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>0.080</mn>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>≪</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>g</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>≫</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>84.32</mn>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>≪</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>g mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>≫</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>«</strong>n(HCl) = 0.0136 mol + 0.0019 mol =<strong>» </strong>0.016 <strong>«</strong>mol<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for correctly </em><em>calculating amount of acid neutralized </em><em>by just CaCO</em><sub><em>3 </em></sub><em>(0.014 </em><strong><em>«</em></strong><em>mol</em><strong><em>»</em></strong><em>) or </em><em>MgCO</em><sub><em>3 </em></sub><em>(0.002 </em><strong><em>«</em></strong><em>mol</em><strong><em>»</em></strong><em>).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>inhibits the secretion of stomach acid/H<sup>+</sup></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>active metabolites<strong>» </strong>bind <strong>«</strong>irreversibly<strong>» </strong>to <strong>«</strong>receptors of the<strong>» </strong>proton pump</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “PPI/proton pump inhibitor”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>award mark for “binds to </em><em>H2/histamine receptors”. (Ranitidine </em><em>mode of action.)</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “H</em><sup><em>+</em></sup><em>/K</em><sup><em>+ </em></sup><em>ATPase” for “proton pump”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The structure of penicillin is shown in section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the internal bond angles in the β-lactam ring and the expected bond angles for the same atoms in an open structure.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how the open β-lactam ring kills bacteria.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline <strong>one</strong> effect of over-prescription of penicillin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how the structure of penicillin can be changed to combat this effect.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why human cells are not affected by penicillin.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em>Accept “109º”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«irreversibly» binds/bonds to enzyme/transpeptidase</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>inhibits enzyme/transpeptidase «in bacteria» that produces cell walls</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>prevents cross-linking of bacterial cell walls ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>cells absorb water <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>burst</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>cells cannot reproduce ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “reacts with” for “bonds to” for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “cell membrane” for “cell wall” for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “cells burst due to osmotic pressure” for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “bacteria” for “cells” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>leads to «bacterial» resistance «to antibiotics»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>makes antibiotics less effective</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>increased side effects due to larger dosages/over time ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>increases proportion of resistant bacteria ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>destroys useful/beneficial bacteria</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>destroyed bacteria replaced by more harmful bacteria ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p>resistant bacteria pass on their mutation to next generation ✔</p>
<p>damage to ecosystems ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “superbugs such as MRSA develop” but superbug must be identified.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “immune” for resistant but do <strong>not</strong> accept “tolerance”</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«modify» side-chain ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “«modify» R”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>no cell walls</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>humans do not have transpeptidase ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Buffer systems control pH in the body.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the pH of a buffer solution that is 0.0100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> sodium hydrogen carbonate and 0.0200 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> sodium carbonate, using section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><em>K</em><sub>a</sub> (hydrogen carbonate ion) = 4.8 × 10<sup>−11</sup></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate, the active ingredient in some antacids, with stomach acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest a technique for measuring the percentage mass of calcium carbonate in this type of antacid tablet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1:</strong></em></p>
<p><em>Using: pH = pK<sub>a</sub> + log </em><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\left( {\frac{{\left[ {{A^ - }} \right]}}{{\left[ {HA} \right]}}} \right)">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>−</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span></p>
<p><em>pK</em><sub>a</sub> = 10.32 ✔</p>
<p>pH = «10.32 + log <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\left( {\frac{{0.0200}}{{0.0100}}} \right)">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0200</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0100</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span> =» 10.62 ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></em></p>
<p>[H<sup>+</sup>] «= <em>K</em><sub>a</sub> × <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\left( {\frac{{0.0100}}{{0.0200}}} \right)">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0100</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.0200</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</math></span>» = 2.4 × 10<sup>−11</sup> ✔</p>
<p>pH = 10.62 ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept answers for M2 between 10.6 and 10.7.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for pH = 10.02.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CaCO<sub>3</sub> (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl<sub>2</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) + CO<sub>2</sub> (g)</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>CaCO<sub>3</sub> (s) + 2H<sup>+</sup> (aq) → Ca<sup>2+</sup> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) + CO<sub>2</sub> (g) ✔</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«back» titration</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>thermal decomposition</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>atomic absorption/AA ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “gravimetric analysis”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept description of a technique without proper term given for the technique</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Describe the proper disposal of low-level radioactive waste in hospitals.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span class="fontstyle0">Outline a green chemistry solution for problems generated by the use of organic solvents.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>store until material becomes inactive/radiation levels drop ✔</p>
<p>dispose with other waste<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>dispose in landfills ✔</p>
<p><br><em>Only award M2 if M1 correct.</em><br><em>Accept “dispose by incineration” for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«use of» alternative solvents such as supercritical/liquid <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" class="wrs_chemistry"><msub><mi>CO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept political or regulatory solutions.</em><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>use of water «as solvent»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>solvent-free reactions «for example, polymerization of propene»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>solid-state chemistry<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>recycle «waste» solvents<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>catalysis that leads to better/higher yield<br><em>“catalysis” alone not sufficient for mark.</em><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>reducing number of steps ✔</p>
<p><br><br></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Mostly well answered. Some students lost a mark due to not giving a complete answer. In Spanish quite a few students referred to isotopes 'decomposing' and therefore lost their mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many correct answers. The most common correct answer was using water as a solvent. Some students lost the mark with responses like " less dangerous organic solvents", "alternative solvents (but not giving a specific example)" or "proper disposal of organic solvents".</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Mild heartburn is treated with antacids such as calcium carbonate.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Formulate an equation for the neutralization of stomach acid with calcium carbonate, CaCO<sub>3</sub> (s).</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the volume of CO<sub>2</sub> (g), in dm<sup>3</sup>, produced at STP, when 1.00 g of CaCO<sub>3</sub> (s) reacts completely with stomach acid.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>M<sub>r</sub></em> CaCO<sub>3</sub> = 100.09</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Acid secretion can be regulated by other types of drugs such as omeprazole and ranitidine. Outline how each of these drugs acts to reduce excess stomach acid. </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Omeprazole:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Ranitidine:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">CaCO<sub>3</sub> (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + CaCl<sub>2</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Accept balanced ionic equations involving “H<sup>+</sup>” or “H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>”.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Do <strong>not</strong> accept “H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>n</em> CaCO<sub>3</sub> = « <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{1.00{\text{ g}}}}{{100.09{\text{ g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1.00</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100.09</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g mo</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>l</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =» 0.00999 «mol» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">volume CO<sub>2</sub> = «0.00999 mol × 22.7 dm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup> = » 0.227 «dm<sup>3</sup>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept 0.224 «dm<sup>3</sup>» if 22.4 dm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>–1 </sup>is used as molar volume.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Omeprazole</em>:<br>inhibits enzyme/«gastric» proton pump «which secretes H<sup>+</sup> ions into gastric juice»<br><em><strong>OR</strong> <br></em>inhibits the H<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase system <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Ranitidine</em>:<br>inhibits/blocks H2/histamine receptors «in cells of stomach lining»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>prevents histamine binding to H2/histamine receptors «and triggering acid secretion» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept “H2-receptor antagonist” for M2.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About two-thirds of the candidates could write an equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with an acid. It was refreshing to find that “<em>H</em><sub>2</sub><em>CO</em><sub>3</sub>” was only rarely encountered as a product.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was encouraging that over half the students were able to calculate the volume of gas produced from a given mass of calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students correctly remembered the modes of action of Omeprazole and Ranitidine, though needless to say a few confused these and weaker students thought they acted like conventional antacids.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Drug synthesis often involves solvents.</p>
<p>Identify a common hazardous solvent and a Green solvent that could replace it.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p><em>Hazardous solvent:</em></p>
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>methanal/formaldehyde</p>
<p>methanol</p>
<p>chlorinated solvent/carbon tetrachloride/methylene chloride/dichloromethane</p>
<p>diethyl ether/ethoxyethane</p>
<p> </p>
<p>benzene</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>methyl benzene/toluene</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>1,2/1,3/1,4<strong>» </strong>dimethylbenzene/<strong>«</strong>ortho/o-/meta/m-/para/p-<strong>» </strong>xylene</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Green solvent:</em></p>
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>water</p>
<p><strong>«</strong>supercritical/liquid<strong>» </strong>carbon dioxide/supercritical fluids</p>
<p>ethanol <strong>«</strong>only if replacing a hazardous solvent<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>propan-2-ol/2-propanol/isopropanol <strong>«</strong>only if replacing a hazardous solvent<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>propanone/acetone <strong>«</strong>only if replacing a hazardous solvent<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>ethyl ethanoate/ethyl acetate <strong>«</strong>only if replacing a hazardous solvent<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>organic carbonates/dimethyl carbonate/diethyl carbonate/ethylene</p>
<p>carbonate/propylene carbonate</p>
<p>ionic liquids</p>
<p>fluorous solvents</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept correct names (either IUPAC or </em><em>generic) or formulas.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept inorganic acids such as </em><em>HCl, H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>SO</em><sub><em>4</em></sub><em>, etc.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any specific chlorinated solvent.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept other hazardous solvents.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept any solvent given as </em><strong><em>both </em></strong><em>hazardous and green.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for combination “Hazardous </em><em>solvent: dimethylformamide/DMF/N,N-dimethylmethanamide” </em><strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>“Green </em><em>solvent: methanol </em><strong><em>«</em></strong><em>only if replacing a </em><em>hazardous solvent</em><strong><em>»</em></strong><em>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept other green solvents but </em><strong><em>not</em></strong><em> “solvents from biomass/food waste”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The structures of morphine, diamorphine and codeine are given in section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why diamorphine passes more readily than morphine through the blood-brain barrier.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest a reagent used to prepare diamorphine from morphine.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> reason why codeine is available without prescription in some countries whilst morphine is administered under strict medical supervision.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>diamorphine has ester/ethanoate/acetate «groups» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> morphine has hydroxyl «groups»</p>
<p>diamorphine/ester/ethanoate/acetate groups less polar</p>
<p>diamorphine more soluble in lipids</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “alcohol/hydroxy” for “hydroxyl” but not “hydroxide”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “diamorphine non-polar”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept converse statements.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ethanoic/acetic anhydride<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>ethanoyl/acetyl chloride</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other possible reagents, such as ethanoic/acetic acid or acetyl bromide.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept chemical formulas.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>morphine has a smaller therapeutic window</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept converse statements.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “codeine has lower activity” <strong>OR</strong> “codeine has lower risk of overdose” <strong>OR</strong> “codeine is less potent”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “lower abuse potential for codeine” <strong>OR</strong> “codeine less addictive” <strong>OR</strong> “codeine has a lower bioavailability”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Opium and its derivatives have been used for thousands of years as strong analgesics.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain how opiates act to provide pain relief.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Discuss how the difference in structure of two opiates, codeine and morphine, affect their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Use section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«temporarily» bond/bind to «opioid» receptors in the brain/CNS <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">block the transmission of pain impulses <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«codeine crosses blood–brain barrier more easily»<br>morphine has more hydroxyl/OH «groups than codeine» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>codeine/ether group is less polar<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em> hydroxyl/OH «groups in morphine» H-bond to water <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> Note: </span></em></strong><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Award<strong> [1 max]</strong> if no statement or an incorrect statement about the blood–brain barrier.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates correctly remembered the mode of action strong analgesics, though some had difficulty expressing it clearly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates identified the relevant structural difference from the data booklet structures and could use these to explain the difference in the ability of the drugs to reach the brain, though some were confused as to whether this was favoured by aqueous solubility. This again was more frequently discussed in terms of polarity than the ability of –OH groups to form hydrogen bonds.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Aspirin can be obtained from salicylic acid.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Unreacted salicylic acid may be present as an impurity in aspirin and can be detected in the infrared (IR) spectrum.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img 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" width="392" height="175"></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Name the functional group and identify the absorption band that differentiates salicylic acid from aspirin. Use section 26 of the data booklet.</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Name: </span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Absorption band:</span></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Name</em>:<br>hydroxyl <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Absorption band</em>:<br>3200–3600 «cm<sup>–1</sup>» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept “phenol” <strong>OR</strong> “alcohol” but <strong>not</strong> “hydroxide”.</span></em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Many students could correctly identify a difference between the given structures and state a region in the IR spectrum where this would absorb.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> reasons why chlorinated solvents should neither be released into the atmosphere nor incinerated (burnt).</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>«weak» C–Cl bonds break/produce radicals ✔</p>
<p>contribute to ozone depletion ✔</p>
<p>contribute to «photochemical» smog ✔</p>
<p>cause cancers ✔</p>
<p>damage respiratory system ✔</p>
<p>cause organ failure ✔</p>
<p>produce toxic chemicals/phosgene/dioxins ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “chlorinated solvents are toxic”.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Excess acid in the stomach can cause breakdown of the stomach lining.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline how ranitidine (Zantac) inhibits stomach acid production.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline <strong>two</strong> advantages of taking ranitidine instead of an antacid which neutralizes excess acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Some antacids contain carbonates.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the pH of a buffer solution which contains 0.160 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> and 0.200 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, using section 1 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">p<em>K<sub>a</sub></em> (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) = 10.32</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">blocks/binds H2/histamine receptors «in cells of stomach lining»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>prevents histamine molecules binding to H2/histamine receptors «and triggering acid secretion» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any two of:</em><br>ranitidine can be effective in treating ulcers «but antacid is not» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">ranitidine can prevent long-term damage «from overproduction of acid and antacid does not» <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">ranitidine has a long-term effect «and antacid has short-term effect only» <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">ranitidine does not affect ionic balance in body «and antacid does» <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">ranitidine does not produce bloating/flatulence <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Note: </strong>Accept “ranitidine stops the over production of acid in the stomach while antacids neutralize the excess acid giving temporary relief”.</span></em></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«pH = p<em>K<sub>a</sub> </em>+ log <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{[}}{{\text{A}}^ - }]}}{{[{\text{HA]}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>[</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>A</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>−</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow>
<mtext>HA]</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> = 10.32 + log <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.160}}{{0.200}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.160</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.200</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> = 10.32 – 0.097»</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«pH =»10.22 <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was not very well answered even though it has been seen in previous scripts. Some students were not through enough in their answers to receive a mark while others confused the action of ranitidine which blocks H2 receptors with omeprazole which is a proton pump inhibitor.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>While most students were awarded at least one of the two marks possible for this question some of the descriptions were too vague or incomplete to receive a mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was in general a well answered question. Most candidates who did not receive the mark inverted the concentration of the conjugate base/concentration of the acid in the calculation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">This question is about antiviral drugs.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Oseltamivir, used for the treatment of severe flu, is inactive until converted in the liver to its active carboxylate form.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Draw a circle around the functional group that can be converted to the carboxylate by hydrolysis.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" 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" width="329" height="226"></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest a reason for using a phosphate salt of oseltamivir in oral tablets.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Anti-HIV drugs, such as zidovudine, often become less effective over time.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain the development of resistant virus strains in the presence of antiviral drugs.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" width="292" height="206"> <strong>[<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">✔</span>]</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>Note:</strong> <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept circles that include the alkyl side chain.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">more soluble «in water» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">viruses undergo «rapid» mutation <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> mutation causes a change in viral protein<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em> drug to no longer binds to virus <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept “rapid reproduction «allows resistant viruses to multiply»”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students erroneously identified the amide as the required group, failing to realise that its hydrolysis would give the carboxylate ion of the side chain lost to the drug.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About a third of the candidates realised that producing a salt would increase the drug’s aqueous solubility, though many just stated “<em>increased bioavailability</em>” without explaining how this came about.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Another question where well argued responses were rare, though many students gained credit for mentioning the ease of mutation and the speed of reproduction of viruses.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Medicines and drugs are tested for effectiveness and safety.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Distinguish between therapeutic window and therapeutic index in humans. </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Therapeutic window:</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Therapeutic index:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State <strong>one</strong> advantage of using morphine as an analgesic.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why diamorphine (heroin) is more potent than morphine using section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Therapeutic window:</em><br>range of dosage «over which a drug» provides the therapeutic/desired effect without causing adverse/toxic effects <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Therapeutic index</em>:<br>toxic dose of drug for 50 % of population divided by minimum effective dose for 50 % of population<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{TD50}}}}{{{\text{ED}}50}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>TD50</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>ED</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>50</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> M1 may be scored from a correctly labelled diagram.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “difference between ED50/minimum effective/therapeutic dose «for 50% of population» <strong>AND</strong> TD50/toxic dose «for 50% of population»” for M1.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Do <strong>not</strong> accept reference to lethal dose used in therapeutic index in animal studies.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">blocks pain impulses/binds with «opioid» receptors in <span style="text-decoration: underline;">brain/CNS</span><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>effective against strong pain<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>sedate patients to reduce trauma <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Accept “effective against pain after surgery/cancer/following serious injury”.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “relieves anxiety/stress associated with severe/terminal illness”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">morphine has «two» hydroxyl groups <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>diamorphine has «two» ester/ethanoate/acetate groups<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>molecule of diamorphine is less polar than morphine<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>groups in morphine are replaced with less polar/non-polar groups in diamorphine <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«less polar molecules» cross the blood–brain barrier faster/more easily<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>diamorphine is more soluble in non-polar environment of CNS/central nervous system than morphine <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Accept “alcohol/hydroxy” for “hydroxyl” but not ”hydroxide”. </span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “fats” for “lipid”. </span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “heroin” for “diamorphine”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students receive one mark for this question and therapeutic window was probably the more successfully mark. Teachers need to remind students not to refer to lethal dose for therapeutic index. Some students forgot to mention the 50/50 % when explaining therapeutic index or inverted the ration as ED50/TD50.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was not a particularly well answered question even though it has been seen in previous exams. Many students confused it with the idea of solubility and passing through the blood brain barrier which was 1(b) (ii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was reasonably well answered with many students receiving at least one of the two marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Viruses and bacteria both cause diseases and are frequently confused.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> way in which viruses differ from bacteria.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline <strong>two</strong> different ways in which antiviral medications work.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>bacteria perform living functions «on their own and viruses do not without host cell»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>bacteria have cell walls «and viruses do not»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>bacteria do not have a capsid «and viruses do»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>bacteria larger than viruses</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>bacteria reproduce by fission/budding «and viruses reproduce within a living host cell»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>bacteria affected by antibiotics «while viruses are not» ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “bacteria have flagella/ cytoplasm/ribosome «and virus can have head/protein tail/double stranded RNA/single stranded DNA»”, “asexual reproduction for bacteria”, other specific structural differences between bacteria and viruses, and examples of living functions that bacteria perform (such as excretion, reproduction etc.) that viruses do not.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>prevents virus attaching to host cell ✔</p>
<p>alters cell’s genetic material/DNA «so that virus cannot use it to multiply» ✔</p>
<p>blocks enzyme activity in the host cell «so that virus cannot use it to multiply» ✔</p>
<p>prevents removal of protein coat/capsid ✔</p>
<p>prevents injection of viral DNA/RNA into cell ✔</p>
<p>prevents release of «replicated» viruses from host cell ✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “prevents synthesis of virus by host cell”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “alters RNA/DNA/genetic material of virus”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “mimics nucleotides”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (<em>S. aureus</em>) infections have been successfully treated with penicillin and penicillin derivatives.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the feature in penicillin responsible for its antibiotic activity.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The widespread use of penicillin and its derivatives has led to the appearance of resistant <em>S. aureus</em> strains.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline how these bacteria inactivate the antibiotics.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline how the structure of penicillin has been modified to overcome this resistance.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«four-membered» beta-lactam ring <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note:</strong> Accept a diagram showing a structural representation of the beta-lactam ring.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">produce penicillinase/enzyme that deactivates penicillin <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">side-chain changed «preserving beta-lactam ring» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Accept “R group changed”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students could identify the beta-lactam ring as the structural feature responsible for penicillin’s activity.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The action of penicillinase/beta-lactamase was less well known with only about a third of students gaining this mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most students were also aware that changing to the side chain of penicillin is often used to counter resistance, though many benefitted from the decision to accept “<em>R</em>-” without any mention of the data booklet structure.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">A student synthesized aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, in a school laboratory.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; display: block;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="203" height="273"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">0.300 g of crude aspirin was dissolved in ethanol and titrated with sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH (aq).</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NaOH (aq) + C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (in ethanol) → NaC<sub>9</sub>H<sub>7</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Predict <strong>one</strong> absorption band present in an infrared (IR) spectrum of aspirin, using section 26 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the mass of aspirin which reacted with 16.25 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> NaOH solution.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Determine the percentage purity of the synthesized aspirin.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline how aspirin can be chemically modified to increase its solubility in water.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State why aspirin should not be taken with alcohol.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline <strong>two</strong> factors which must be considered to assess the greenness of any chemical process.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any one of:</em><br>1050–1410 «<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">cm</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–</span>1</sup> due to C–O» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">1700<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–</span>1750 «<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">cm</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–</span>1</sup> due to C=O in acids and esters» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2500<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–</span>3000 «<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">cm</span><sup style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 11.6px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;"><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–</span>1</sup> due to O–H in acids» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">2850<span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–</span>3090 «cm<sup><span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">–</span>1</sup> due to C–H in alkanes and arenes» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">n(aspirin) «= n(NaOH) = <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{16}}{\text{.25 c}}{{\text{m}}^3}}}{{1000}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>16</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>.25 c</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mtext>m</mtext>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1000</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 0.100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> » = 1.625 × 10<sup>–3</sup> «mol» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">m(aspirin) «= 1.625 × 10<sup>–3</sup> mol × 180.17 g mol<sup>–1</sup> » = 0.293 «g» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">« <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{{\text{0}}{\text{.293 g}}}}{{0.300{\text{ g}}}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>0</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mtext>.293 g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>0.300</mn>
<mrow>
<mtext> g</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> × 100% » = 97.7 «%» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">convert to a salt<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>react with sodium hydroxide/NaOH <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Accept other reactions forming soluble salts. </span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “to ionize” but <strong>not</strong> “more polar”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">synergistic effect/increased toxicity<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>increased risk of stomach/intestines bleeding/ulcers/heartburn<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>increased risk of liver toxicity/damage<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>increased risk of nausea/vomiting <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any two of:</em><br>energy requirements «during production» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">use of toxic materials «during production» <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">use of solvents «that are not recycled» <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">emission of toxic by-products <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">quantity of waste produced<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>atom economy <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">Note: </strong>Accept “E-factor/carbon efficiency/% of carbon in reactants vs products” for M1.</span></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept references to materials being/not being recycled for M3.</span></em></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a very well answered question. Even weak candidates were able to identify one correct wavenumber.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a fairly well answered question with most students receiving both marks and many receiving one mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a reasonably well answered question but quite a few students still struggled with what should have been a basic calculation, even when using ECF from the previous question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was reasonably answered by most students although some candidates confused the modification of aspirin into an ionic salt with the modification of the side chain of penicillin.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was well answered.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was not very well answered by some students. Some students gave vague answers or responses not related to the concept of Green chemistry.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Antiviral medications have recently been developed for some viral infections.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline <strong>one</strong> way in which antiviral drugs work.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Discuss <strong>two</strong> difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any one of:</em><br>alter cell’s genetic material «so that virus cannot use it to multiply» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">prevent viruses from multiplying by blocking enzyme activity within host cell<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>inhibit the synthesis of viral components by blocking enzymes inside the cell <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">prevent viruses from entering «host» cell<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>bind to cellular receptors targeted by viruses<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>bind to virus-associated proteins/VAPs which target cellular receptors<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br> prevents removal of protein coat/capsid OR prevents injection of viral DNA/RNA into cell <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">prevent/hinder the release of viruses from the cell <strong style="color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong>Note</strong>: Accept “prevents synthesis of virus by host cell”. </span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “alters RNA/DNA/genetic material of virus”. </span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “mimics nucleotides”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any two of:</em><br>viruses lack cell structure «so difficult to target with drugs» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">HIV is a retrovirus<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HIV genetic material is in the form of RNA instead of DNA <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">HIV affects/destroys helper/T-cells which are necessary to fight infection <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">HIV has great genetic diversity so difficult to produce «a» vaccine <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">anti-retroviral agents are expensive so not everyone/country can afford them <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">socio-cultural issues deter people from seeking treatment/prevention/diagnosis<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br> lack of education/conversation/stigma associated with being HIV-positive <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> mutation of virus/HIV <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> virus/HIV metabolism linked to that of host cell <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> drugs harm host cell as well as virus/HIV <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> HIV difficult to detect/remains dormant <span style="display: inline !important;float: none;background-color: #ffffff;color: #000000;font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size: 14px;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;font-weight: bold;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;text-decoration: none;text-indent: 0px;white-space: normal;">[✔]</span></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Candidates responded fairly well to this question. Students who did not receive a mark were either too vague or discussed anti-bacterial methods.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were awarded at least one of the two marks possible for this question. Some student responses were too vague or discussed the social and political issues surrounding the AIDS crisis. There were also some responses that did not refer to a virus but AIDS.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Body fluids have different pH values.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Identify the compound responsible for the acidity of gastric juice, and state whether it is a strong or weak acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">An antacid contains calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Write the equation for the reaction of magnesium carbonate with excess stomach acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline how ranitidine reduces stomach acidity.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Calculate the pH of a buffer solution which contains 0.20 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> ethanoic acid and 0.50 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> sodium ethanoate. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> (ethanoic acid) = 4.76</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">hydrochloric acid/HCl «(aq)» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>strong «acid» ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">MgCO<sub>3</sub> (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl<sub>2</sub> (aq) + CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept ionic equation.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">blocks/binds to H2-histamine receptors «in cells of stomach lining»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>prevents histamine molecules binding to H2-histamine receptors «and triggering acid secretion»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>prevents parietal cells from releasing/producing acid ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Do <strong>not</strong> accept “antihistamine” by itself.<br>Accept “H2-receptor antagonist/H2RA” <strong>OR</strong> “blocks/inhibits action of histamine”.<br>Accept “blocks receptors in parietal cells «from releasing/producing acid»”.<br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “proton pump/ATPase inhibitor”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = 4.76»<br>«pH = p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> + log <span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\left( {\frac{{\left[ {{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }} \right]}}{{\left[ {{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{COOH}}} \right]}}} \right)"><mfenced><mfrac><mrow><mo>[</mo><msub><mtext>CH</mtext><mn>3</mn></msub><msup><mtext>COO</mtext><mo>−</mo></msup><mo>]</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>[</mo><msub><mtext>CH</mtext><mn>3</mn></msub><mtext>COOH</mtext><mo>]</mo></mrow></mfrac></mfenced></math></span>»<br>«pH = 4.76 + 0.40 =» 5.16 ✔</span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Infectious diseases can be caused by bacteria or viruses.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">State <strong>one</strong> difference between bacteria and viruses.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Discuss <strong>two</strong> difficulties, apart from socio-economic factors, associated with finding a cure for AIDS.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The discovery of penicillins contributed to the development of antibiotics.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain how the beta-lactam ring is responsible for the antibiotic properties of penicillin. Refer to section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any one of:</em><br>bacteria perform living functions «on their own and viruses do not without host cell»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>bacteria have cell walls «and viruses do not»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>bacteria do not have a capsid «and viruses do»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>bacteria larger than viruses<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>bacteria reproduce by fission/budding «and viruses reproduce within a living host cell»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>bacteria affected by antibiotics «while viruses are not» ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"> NOTE: Accept “bacteria have flagella/cytoplasm/ribosome «and virus can have head/protein tail/double stranded RNA/single stranded DNA»”<br></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “asexual reproduction” for bacteria.<br></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept other specific structural differences between bacteria and viruses, and examples of living functions that bacteria perform (such as excretion, reproduction etc.) that viruses do not.<br></span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “bacteria are living and viruses are not”</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any two of:</em><br>HIV difficult to detect/remains dormant ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">HIV mutates rapidly/quickly ✔<br><em>NOTE: Do <strong>not</strong> accept “AIDS mutates” without mention of the HIV/virus.</em></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">HIV replicates rapidly/quickly ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">HIV destroys «T-» helper cells/white blood cells/lymphocytes<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HIV attacks immune system ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">HIV has several «significantly different» strains/subtypes ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept “virus” for “HIV”.<br>Penalize the use of “AIDS” for “HIV” once only.<br>Accept “HIV metabolism linked to that of host cell” <strong>OR</strong> “drugs harm host cell as well as HIV”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">ring is «sterically» strained<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>angles of 90° instead of 109.5/109/120° angles<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>angles smaller than 109.5/109/120°/tetrahedral/trigonal planar/triangular planar angle ✔<br><em>NOTE: Accept arguments using correct descriptions of hybridization for M1.</em><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>ring breaks up/opens/reacts «easily»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>amido/amide group «in ring» is «highly» reactive ✔</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br>«irreversibly» binds/bonds to enzyme/transpeptidase<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>inhibits enzyme/transpeptidase «in bacteria» that produces cell walls<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>prevents cross-linking of «bacterial» cell walls ✔<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>NOTE: Do <strong>not</strong> accept "breaks/binds to cell walls" – a reference to the enzyme is needed for alternatives 1 and 2 for M3. <br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “cell membrane” for “cell wall” for M3.</em><br></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Codeine, morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are derived from opium.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">S</span><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">tate the names of <strong>two</strong> functional groups present in all three molecules, using section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Explain why diamorphine has greater potency than morphine.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any two of:</em><br>benzene/aromatic ring ✔<br>«tertiary» amino «group» ✔<br>ethenylene/1,2-ethenediyl «group» ✔<br>ether «group» ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Accept “phenyl” for “benzene ring” although there are no phenyl groups as the benzene ring in this compound is a part of a polycyclic structure.<br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “arene” or “benzene” alone.<br>Accept “amine” for “amino «group»”.<br>Accept “alkenyl/alkene/vinylene” for ethenylene/1,2-ethenediyl «group».</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any three of:</em><br>morphine has «two» hydroxyl «groups» <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>diamorphine has «two» ester/ethanoate/acetate «groups» ✔<br></span></p>
<p><em>NOTE: Accept “heroin” for “diamorphine”. </em><br><em>Accept formulas. </em><br><em>Accept “hydroxy” for “hydroxyl” but <strong>not</strong> “hydroxide”. </em><br><em>Accept “acyl” for “ester «groups»”.</em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><br></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">morphine is more polar than diamorphine<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>groups in morphine are replaced with less polar/non-polar groups in diamorphine ✔<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>NOTE: Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “diamorphine is non-polar” for M2.</em><br></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">morphine is «more» soluble in blood «plasma»<br><em>NOTE: Accept “water” for “blood”.</em><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>diamorphine is «more» soluble in lipids<br><em>NOTE: Accept “fats” for “lipid”.</em><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>diamorphine is more soluble in non-polar environment of CNS/central nervous system than morphine ✔</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">diamorphine crosses the blood–brain barrier/BBB «easily» ✔</span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">The structure of aspirin is shown in section 37 of the data booklet.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><img style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; display: block;" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="161" height="171"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest <strong>one</strong> reactant used to prepare aspirin from salicylic acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Aspirin, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OCOCH<sub>3</sub>)COOH, is only slightly soluble in water.</span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline, including an equation, how aspirin can be made more water-soluble. Use section 37 in the data booklet.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em>NOTE: <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept condensed structural formulas.<br>Accept “ethanoic acid/acetic acid/CH<sub>3</sub>COOH”.<br>Accept “C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>3</sub>” <strong>OR</strong> “C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>OCl”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">react with sodium hydroxide/NaOH/«strong» base<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>convert to «ionic» salt ✔<br><em>NOTE: Accept other suitable bases (eg, KOH/NaHCO<sub>3</sub>/Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) with corresponding equation for chosen base for M2. <br>Accept “CaCO<sub>3</sub>”, although calcium salicylate is not water soluble. <br>Accept ionic equation.</em><br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OCOCH<sub>3</sub>)COOH (s) + NaOH (aq) → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OCOCH<sub>3</sub>)COONa (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) ✔<br><em>NOTE: Award <strong>[2]</strong> for M2.</em><br></span></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Disposal of chemical waste is a growing problem in industry.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline the impact of antibiotic waste on the environment.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Suggest a concern about the disposal of solvents from drug manufacturing.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">«leads to bacterial» resistance «to antibiotics»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>destroys useful/beneficial bacteria<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>useful/beneficial/less harmful bacteria replaced with «more» harmful bacteria ✔</span></p>
<p><em>NOTE: <span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept "affects/disturbs micro-ecosystems".</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><em>Any one of:</em><br>«most are» toxic «to living organisms»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>incomplete combustion/incineration can produce toxic products/dioxins/phosgene<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>carcinogenic/can cause cancer ✔<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">accumulate in groundwater<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>have limited biodegradability ✔<br></span></p>
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">cost of disposal ✔</span></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">NOTE: Do <strong>not</strong> accept “harmful to the environment”.<br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “pollutes water”.<br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “hazard of disposal”.<br>Accept “ozone depletion” only if there is some reference to chlorinated solvents.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Excess acid in the stomach is often treated with calcium carbonate.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate a chemical equation for the neutralization of stomach acid with calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount, in mol, of stomach acid neutralized by an antacid tablet containing 0.750 g calcium carbonate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how omeprazole (Prilosec) regulates pH in the stomach.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2HCl(aq) + CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s) → H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + CaCl<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionic equation:</em></p>
<p><em>2H</em><sup><em>+</em></sup><em>(aq) +</em><em> </em><em>CO</em><em><sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup></em><em>(aq) →</em><em> </em><em>CO</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g) +</em><em> </em><em>H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>O(l)</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong><span class="mjpage"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="\frac{{0.750 \times 2}}{{100.09}}">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0.750</mn>
<mo>×</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>100.09</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</math></span> =<strong>» </strong>0.0150 <strong>«</strong>mol HCl<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>inhibits the secretion of stomach acid/H<sup>+</sup></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>active metabolites<strong>» </strong>bind <strong>«</strong>irreversibly<strong>» </strong>to <strong>«</strong>receptors of the<strong>» </strong>proton pump</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “hydrogen/H/H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>” for “H</em><sup><em>+</em></sup><em>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “PPI/proton pump inhibitor” for </em><em>M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “H</em><sup><em>+</em></sup><em>/K</em><sup><em>+ </em></sup><em>ATPase” for “proton </em><em>pump”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Methadone, a synthetic opioid, binds to opioid receptors in the brain.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare and contrast the functional groups present in methadone and diamorphine (heroin), giving their names. Use section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Methadone is sometimes used to help reduce withdrawal symptoms in the treatment of heroin addiction. Outline <strong>one</strong> withdrawal symptom that an addict may experience.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Similarity</em>:</p>
<p>both contain «at least one» benzene/aromatic ring<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>both contain amino «group» </p>
<p><em>Difference:</em></p>
<p>diamorphine has one benzene/aromatic ring <em><strong>AND</strong></em> methadone has two phenyl «groups»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>diamorphine has one vinylene/ethenylene/1,2-ethenediyl «group» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> methadone has no vinylene/ethenylene/1,2-ethenediyl «group» <br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>diamorphine has one ether «group» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> methadone has no ether «group»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>diamorphine has «two» ethanoate/acetate «groups» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> methadone has no ethanoate/acetate «groups»</p>
<p><em>Accept “both contain carbonyl «groups»”. <br>Accept “amine” for “amino «group»”. <br>Accept “phenyl” for “benzene ring” in M1 and M2 although there are no phenyl groups in diamorphine, as the benzene ring in this compound is a part of a polycyclic structure. <br>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “arene” or “benzene” alone in M1 and M2. <br>Accept “alkenyl/alkene” for “vinylene/ethenylene/1,2-ethenediyl” and “ester” for “ethanoate/acetate”. <br>Accept “methadone has a ketone/carbonyl <em><strong>AND</strong></em> diamorphine does not/has an ester/ethanoate/acetate”.<br>Accept “diamorphine is a heterocycle/heterocyclic compound <em><strong>AND</strong></em> methadone is not a heterocycle/heterocyclic compound”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>feeling depressed/anxious/irritable<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>craving for opioids/heroin<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>experience fever/cold sweats/nausea/vomiting/insomnia/muscle pain/cramps/diarrhea/increased rate of respiration/increased heartbeat/lacrimation</p>
<p><em>Accept listed symptoms (eg, depression, anxiety, fever etc.). <br>Some of the most common symptoms are listed here – there may be other valid ones. Accept “headaches”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are both opioids.</p>
<p>Explain why diamorphine is more potent than morphine using section 37 of the data booklet.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>morphine has hydroxyl/OH groups/is more polar <strong><em>AND </em></strong>diamorphine has ester/ethanoate/acetate groups/is less polar/is lipid soluble</p>
<p>crossing blood brain barrier is easier for non-polar/less polar compounds/for lipid soluble compounds</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “alcohol/hydroxy” for “hydroxyl” </em><em>but </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>“hydroxide”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "fats" for "lipid".</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Most of the nuclear waste generated in a hospital is low-level waste (LLW).</span></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline what is meant by low-level waste.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Outline the disposal of LLW.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">small/low amounts of radiation <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>for a short time <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;"><strong> Note:</strong> Accept “weakly ionizing radiation” instead of “small amounts of radiation”.</span></em></p>
<p><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Accept “short half-lives” instead of “for a short time”.</span></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">stored in shielded containers until radiation drops «to a safe level» <strong>[✔]</strong></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates just listed items that low-level nuclear waste was likely to comprise, rather than giving two of its radiation characteristics (low activity, non-penetrating radiation, short half-life).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>There appeared to be very limited awareness of the need to store low-level waste in shielded containers until the radiation falls to a negligible level.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>