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<h2>HL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p>Blood clotting involves a cascade of reactions. Which statement describes the blood-clotting process?</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">A. Red blood cells release clotting factors that result in the production of fibrin.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">B. Clotting factors trigger the conversion of the inactive thrombin to prothrombin.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">C. Insoluble fibrinogen is converted into soluble fibrin.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">D. Fibrin forms a mesh that traps platelets and blood cells.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>About half of candidates answered this question correctly, but the discrimination index was rather low. Answer D was clearly correct, but many candidates chose A or B instead. A was incorrect because red blood cells do not release clotting factors. B was incorrect because thrombin is not converted to prothrombin. As ever, candidates are advised to read all the possible choices.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is produced by type II pneumocytes?</p>
<p>A. Epinephrine</p>
<p>B. Elastase</p>
<p>C. Pulmonary surfactant</p>
<p>D. Alpha 1-antitrypsin</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which structural feature enables saltatory conduction?</p>
<p>A. Nodes of Ranvier between Schwann cells</p>
<p>B. Na<sup>+</sup> channels under Schwann cells</p>
<p>C. K<sup>+</sup> channels under Schwann cells</p>
<p>D. Sodium–potassium pumps under Schwann cells</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Some strains of the pathogenic bacterium <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> have developed mechanisms that protect them against foreign DNA. What effect does this have on the evolution of antibiotic resistance in these strains of <em>S. aureus</em>?</p>
<p>A. Slower evolution, as bacteria with the antibiotic resistance gene will not reproduce</p>
<p>B. Slower evolution, as the antibiotic resistance gene from other species will not be accepted</p>
<p>C. Faster evolution, as mutations within a population are less likely to occur</p>
<p>D. Faster evolution, as antibiotic resistance genes can only be passed to individuals of the same species</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>Answered correctly by 50 % of the candidates that understood that by not accepting the antibiotic resistance gene, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> will be slow to develop resistance to the antibiotic.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The graph shows the changing membrane potential during a nerve impulse. Which letter indicates when the potassium channels open?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br>