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</div><h2>SL Paper 3</h2><div class="specification">
<p>The circuit shown may be used to measure the internal resistance of a cell.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-27_om_07.51.02.png" alt="M17/4/PHYSI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/02"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The ammeter used in the experiment in (b) is an analogue meter. The student takes measurements without checking for a “zero error” on the ammeter.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>An ammeter and a voltmeter are connected in the circuit. Label the ammeter with the letter A and the voltmeter with the letter V.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In one experiment a student obtains the following graph showing the variation with current <em>I</em> of the potential difference <em>V</em> across the cell.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-27_om_08.05.10.png" alt="M17/4/PHYSI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/02b"></p>
<p>Using the graph, determine the best estimate of the internal resistance of the cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State what is meant by a zero error.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>After taking measurements the student observes that the ammeter has a positive zero error. Explain what effect, if any, this zero error will have on the calculated value of the internal resistance in (b).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>correct labelling of both instruments</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAQkAAACnCAYAAAACCalOAAAgAElEQVR4Ae2dCZRUxRWGi7jERBMUAyqLKBCMMCwy7MiqoARQjBIjJAjGnOiR5ERNQvCYSIJL3DVGjxCVuCEaFAUB44goyCI7MrIKsgTZA8iiuL2c7ybVecz08rq7uvu96XvP6ZnuelW3bv313n1Vt27dquZ5nmeUFAFFQBFIgMDXEqRrsiKgCCgCgoAqCb0RFAFFICkCqiSSwqMXFQFFQJWE3gOKgCKQFAFVEknh0YuKgCKgSkLvAUVAEUiKgCqJpPDoRUVAEVAlofeAIqAIJEVAlURSePSiIqAIHB1VCObMmWO+/e1vm5KSEjNt2jRz6NAhc8YZZ5jS0lJp0rx588yWLVvk+2mnnWY6duxotm/fbt555x1J+8Y3vmG+//3vy/e9e/ea6dOny/dvfetbplevXvL9zTffNHv27JHvzZo1M40bNzYrVqwwK1eulLSTTz7ZdOvWTb6vW7fOLF26VL7Xr1/ftG7d2nz88cemrKxM0vjTu3dv881vftPMnDnT7Ny5U9KRC/mgd9991/zrX/+S77SD9mzbts3Mnj1b0vjTtWtXafc///lP89lnn5lq1aoJX9qD8+yrr75qzjvvPKknViiPX8DhhBNOENyOOeYY07Bhw0C1L1myxBx77LGmadOmZteuXebrX/+62bFjh/n888/N9773vbg8uE5fdO7c2Xzta5Xfd5988ongB47g5Jq4F0455RTDfZANbd682XzwwQdyL8WT89///rc58cQT47Yxm3qDlj1q5MiRI4NmDlM+lAAK4vjjjzdHHXWUqVmzpqlVq5bcoMjJTXPSSSdJJ3INhUIH8DDRseTluqXjjjsulk6HWB7cAOT/zne+I2XhiyIhDb7Vq1eP5eXhsOl8h7jZSeMDL2SFR40aNSQNvjwcENeom7ykI5NfZpvOw3f00UdLG2gHee1DsmHDBvPpp5/GFI8wdvQHpcsHGZEV2rp1q9m3b5/gy++//OUv8mBPmDDBoDBQahAKkw/99eWXX0oe2gChpDdu3Cjp4PmrX/1KsJo6daqhn1GkKAT60E88PKtWrTJnn322yPDVV19JnWCOfGPGjDGPP/646dChg/QTCpcHEvzA9uDBgwZFglwHDhyQFw1leWBRwKTR1xAyr1+/XvJbOW666SbpR78ihBeygglt2b9/v5SjPnhDvHjoJwg8kAusmjRpIvypn37nhYKS/POf/2y++93vxu7hDz/8UPJZ2agLLNeuXSty23T401+0059Gee4XZApE7N1QqjoIHDx40Dtw4IDTBn311VfeLbfc4rVs2dIrLS31fv/73wv/O+64w2vTpo3XunVr78UXX5S0UaNGeS+//LJ34403erfddltMjkWLFnkDBgzwPvnkE2/JkiXezTffLNe+/PJL77777vNuuukm78477/TKysq8mjVretdee6338MMPe5dddpnwKikp8ebOnRvjx5cZM2Z43bp18+AxZMgQ79e//rXXqlUrr0mTJt6aNWs8ypx88sneDTfc4M2aNctr27atyMr/FStWeBMnTvTat2/v9ezZ07v11lu9c845R9rZoUMHr379+vJB7rVr13p9+vTxOnbs6DVv3tybPn26yIGM9rsVbOjQoV7nzp1F5i+++MIbOHCg1NmuXTvv9ddf91atWuV16tRJ0pB19uzZ3gsvvOB16dLFA+frr79eriHLmDFjvF27dnkNGzb0fvGLX3iffvqpN3z4cGnH2WefLbJSBizpE+SuXbu2t3DhQuE1YsQIwYP+WbBggYhIO+kzPvRTEKo8RgukWjRTWBFg+G2nPa5k5A36/PPPm0mTJpmFCxfKG2ju3LnmjTfekGka6Y888oi8seyoqGLdLVu2lJEP04rdu3ebZcuWyVty06ZN5vTTTzdffPGFOXz4sDn//PPN5Zdfbn7+85/LG57p1/Dhw80f//hH8+STTx7BltGCfRsyIiDfokWLZMrJCOPmm282P/jBD8y9995rXn/9dZn6LViwwDz66KOG6Sqy8gZ/7LHHzBVXXCFTvT59+si1P/zhD4bP/PnzZRrIlIZp3+23326efvppkSPe1IDRB3Xdc889ghftoU5GA4yy4MF0kLRnn302Ni1jhAsxyuAaI6Dy8nIZ7Q4bNkzKfvTRR4IdPMaOHStyMGqk7UyRadMdd9xhFi9ebF577TXDaI6+ueuuu8ysWbNkqk2fMeV++OGHpc/stPcIYCv8yLtNgkYxNLJDzQryBP7JUJMhe5SJzmUoyHTBFXHj2qmHK548yAzZ69WrJywZZt95551m9erVpl+/fjIU5+HngU6kJJCpe/fu8gBgd8C+g6Jg6Atfpgr2oUNh8JuhdqdOnWRaV7du3dh1f7tsmdq1a8dwxH5kpzT8h7AfXHzxxTIcZ7rRqlUrU6dOHUNeeKMIkYl0CBkh2jVo0CCZgjzzzDMGW5B/miqZfH/gZRUXCnXKlCmihFBoPPQosttuu00e1EsvvdQMGTLEMK3CnkRbmOb07NnTDBgwwNxyyy3Sl6Rx/cwzzxRlMX78eLE9US248hy0b99epGjRooXgiiIgjTbyAXsUCFMZlBTleJmAP9PmZJR3JYGB8f333xdjUzLBUl3D+Ne/f/9U2UJ9nfkxN9LAgQOdycnDZR+MbJgyt+Zm56Hnoa2oeHhj8oBdeeWV8kBzo3EzovgSEUZe3mC8LVE6vO2Q1xp/K5bzKzzaVFEGf35rIyEN5UJZ++CRxoPEg8c1bAPYsxht8LIiH0Rb7XceTAi+EydONKNGjTI8gKna6JcRLC666CJRPmCJDG3btpW3+yuvvGLGjRsntovmzZtLXbTx7rvvllHE3//+d7GpMBJARtqDHePaa6+VkRfyr1mzRuRFRis3ozEI+SnjJ549RnSMmlCUyIOtIxXlXUkgGEYUhj1oOmvgSyVoxesVAah4PQq/uaH8N5ULmbHkp6MkeNgZcqIUuMEY6XHT0Ud2VYEbi4f7wQcfFKMlb93BgwfLUJ0RHfl5SzIk948C+O4nDLc8JNSHgmfYz9udkRQPr82PYZAhN0Q6ZEcW8uN/f0izD4XNxyX4gAGGQxQBq1+MEFg14X7D2Eod5KG9ELzsd/vb/n/rrbdkCnPuuefKm5cpCg+lrUcY/O+PVS78BKPnnntO6uGNzWiG/p4xY4Zp0KCBufrqq2X6AC8rP1MfVsd+9rOfyXQBRUMfMSLhnidfly5dRA4MpEzdkMMqCYvT0KFDzW9+8xvz0EMPSXna++Mf/1gUC8oCnowk7AjE34ZK34MYLnKRB2PQ/fff723bti0j9m+//XZG5cJUCAzGjx+fd5E2btzovfPOO2JsHDdunPfGG294W7du9Q4fPpxUFgxvo0eP9nbv3h3LRz9MmjQp9huD4JYtW7xly5Z5K1eujKXbLxjz9u/fLz/Jd+jQIflOfspCn332mRgwwYd0CAPe4sWL5bv9s3PnTjFIYryz+bhGvfCG3nrrLe+ll14SQx7GS+THGAlt2rTJmzlzplxDJvLCC4I3n3Xr1slv2knZ7du3i8GUfBhg+e2npUuX+n9669evl3Ll5eWxdNoJLwyn8Nm8eXNMDp4Hrk2ZMiUmC3I+99xzsbwYOqH58+fL87N69Wox3pJG31CnJQzBfPyEkRnZg1I1MlbSHHlKYMkGDcnwh+W9YiPmhxjaMNS5It48vE1YWvMTb0/eZowCeMNiKDvrrLNkqTRb+5C/Hv1e9RDI+3TDDyHzIazJDMkYemU69fDzLPbvrG6g93HGYu7PNGD58uVinGJagNHKOm8VO1ba/mAIFFRJICKK4ic/+YksDWHJDqoo8Ibs0aNHsFYWUS4UBMZQRhMY6FhexPvTLrEVERTaVEcIFFxJ0A4MWm3atJGloh/96Efm1FNPTdk8lg6VKiOAMsDAZpfwKufQFEUgPQRC40zFqkffvn0Na8C4qaYivxU5Vd5iuo6LMu69SoqAKwRCoyRoUKNGjWKKgiWaZGQ3ciXLU4zXWCarCsvDxdh3YW1zqJQEIKEoWF/GYyyZosAfQKkyAmzosZuHKl/VFEUgfQRCpyRogvVMw7Ek0dQDxxSlygiwHR4ffyVFwBUCoVQSNM7aKFgejacobEwHV0CEjQ9eeclGUonkxYvQei4myqPpikA6CIRWSdAIph5sIMKYWfGBSbSRKJ3GhzlvpkqCJU9/fIMwt1FliwYCoVgCTQaV30bB0p71o7CBYShL0I0XXnjBsBMwzMRUAJ/6IIZFAo5ksq+jGD1Xw9znVUG20CsJQLY2ir/97W/iwo0fBZuJLDHKwC+ACEZhJnau5ppwv2bKwZZlJUXABQKhnm74G4iiYOqBjYIHwU+8mfEwDDvx8OaaiOnA/gwlRcAVApFREjTY2ijYi//ee+/FMGBvfJAhfKxAAb/45Uw2nSAf7UqXKKMu2OmipvmTIeBsuoFFnf3t7HcnFgFv/lwQioIAHoT3YjcjRL35eEtn2x4wIuCrJYLO+JWGTec/OLJrkzgP6RBRpIixQIBcpWAIcK/6A8UGK1U8uZwpCeL1QWzYwmaQKyVBHcy32cmI4xDEgxSFtyeKzMqM3ARBSaQkyEtAEX8gFGlsij8Wd389KYoU/WWiav/pT3+S4DlFD0YcAJwpCW5q9g0QliwfxM5RqxhwHorCPJxdmeBjFYONJxEPL/ISLk1HBPHQcZfGrlmWmwsYVsVdY3LEKVI2CT8GVkH40/T7f0cnLLUqKQKuEHA2knAlUFA+aH77RmZlg4AqYad8RIDCjkF0KvWXCPvdEB35IqskiLTMsXkQ8SjwQcCAGWZKZ3t7psNfVkyioDDD3E8q25EIRFZJ+PcnMPVwGZb+SIii9ctGno6W1CptmBGIrJLI9E0b5s7wy0ZIdb/ruf9asu+EY1dSBFwiEFklkehAF5fgFJKXy1O9CtkOrTv6CER2dcOe7Bz9LnDbAjxR7cE2bjkrt2JFILJKggNQlSojgK3Gb6+pnENTFIH0EIisksBbUakyAthqorDZrbLkmhJWBCJrk8iHz0FYOy2ZXJzfqUoiGUJ6LV0EIqskorChK93OcJG/4vF+Lngqj+JGILLTjV69ehV3zyVoPad8c2q3kiLgCoHIKglcj5UqI8BGt1WrVlW+oCmKQIYIRFZJ6OpG/B7HJVvtNfGx0dTMEIisktD9CfE7HFuNLoHGx0ZTM0MgsoZLolNFndiM5fpogJKSEo2NEPUbI2TyR1ZJtG/fPmRQpi9OgwYNDB+XxPJnVd/X4hIv5ZUagchON1I3TXMoAoqACwQiqyQ4UFipMgJr1641S5curXxBUxSBDBGI7HSDh+Gss86KDdfLy8sNPgIQcSHxPMRfwJ4ZSqQm8kNsgtq7d698b9KkibE7LhctWmQOHjwo6QT0JdjuunXrYsFr2brdvHlzMQzOnz9f/mNXaNOmjSEmZcUzL5gSYXNYvHhx7JhCytst4PCwgW6JD1qzZk1Du+y5Ithd4E2wGjZtMZWgPviygoGRcu7cubH00tJSs3DhQkOblBQBVwhEVkn06dNHQutbIDgWz1r1bfxLzqCwu0VtGvnxSrSuy/6zLUi3qybWoMiDanlQB0TYPNKoj+82jB6Kwua1+fjP0YQ83JB/eZIw7rYeKwdyWh72GmVJs0rC1gc/fzr52rVrJxHLpTL9owg4QKCa58jK9cQTT+Q1WraDtisLRUCMvLfffrsZPnz4EQpcofk/ApG1Sfy/CfpNEVAEcomAKolcoqu8FYEqgIAqiSrQidoERSCXCKiSyCW6ylsRqAIIqJKoAp2oTVAEcolAZJdAcwlKoXlzoviGDRvkQGH8Jjh8iOVPlj7xBWnWrJkcyowfh5IikGsEVEnkGuE0+S9btszg1IV/Bg5dPXr0MPhTsFKNkuCkcQ4afv/998X3gqMFateunWYtml0RCI6AKongWOUs5549e+ShZ5Rw5plnymlkiXa5Vq9ePeZlitfo6tWrzfLly029evXET8XvaJUzgZVxUSGgSqLA3f3uu++a6dOnmx/+8Ifm3HPPTUsa3LvxsIReeeUVM2fOHDNkyBB1CkoLRc2cCgE1XKZCKIfX2esxb948c80115hGjRplVdPFF19siCWxZMmSrPhoYUWgIgKqJCoiksffbPAaOnSoqVGjhpNa2fjF5jBHnvZOZFIm0UdAlUSB+hDjJAFn7GYuV2J06NDBjBs3zmDnUFIEXCCgSsIFimny2LRpk2EVo2XLlmmWTJ2d7eatWrUyEydOTJ1ZcygCARBQJREAJNdZiAHRuXNn12xj/IhNwTZzYmEoKQLZIqBKIlsE0yzPGaacGYIPRC6J0QRTGiVFIFsEVElki2Ca5Ykc1aJFi6SlRo8eberUqSNTEn9GHKlYKg1CROHCS/Pjjz8Okl3zKAIJEXCmJIi4ZKM6JaytyC/w0BJOL1V4uauuukqiXhEMxU8vvfSSady4sT8p4Xf6on79+mrATIjQfy/gfMa9ayOHpchelJedKQneWHr0XvJ7iHB37MMgzF0yIpTdwIEDxUHKxsAkniVKItUoxM+3bt26EgfTn6bfKyOA5yr7ZZTiI+DE4xK34FGjRkkg18cee8w0bdo0fm1FnnrgwAFREkFg6N+/v3nggQfE+AieGzduNEQIv+eee4IUlzzEy8TVe//+/YHLFFvGRx55xPBhVeiGG24otuYHaq8TJUEk5x07dsjnt7/9rbngggsCVV5smRgVnHPOOYGajYv2hRdeaFasWCFKF9dtIoDbiN9BmBC496mnnnLmrBWkzijlYfp37733it0GBaxKIkHvEQg3W9q8ebPXvXt3b9CgQd6mTZuyZVdlyx84cMCbNGlS4PaVlZV51113nbdr1y6vpKTEGz9+fOCyZNy6dau3cuXKtMoUW+apU6d6paWl3uTJk4ut6YHb62Qkwdz3pz/9qRjk2I2oFB8BdnYSJwL7QhAjb/fu3c1f//pXc+utt8rWcfZnpEPbtm3TUUQKwHr37i07cPv27ZsiZ/Fedma4PHz4cOygmeKFM3nLUQzEfsBXIgiRnyExtgkURKLt44l44UylVvtE6Pw3nX0u3Lv2zJbkuYvzqjMlUZzwpd9qAsgQNCYoderUSVZDhg0bFrSI5EO5MGLBIKekCGSDgCqJbNDLoCzxH/CV2LdvX6DSHBqDwdMeDRiokDFy/B/HF6Zabg3KT/MVLwKqJPLc90SWYks3QWJyRVu2bJFVEULbKSkC2SKgSiJbBDMoT3AYDgHGsJgLeu2110yXLl3UHpELcIuQpyqJAnV6v3795G3vunqcrpiapONP4VoG5Ve1EFAlUaD+POWUUyQKNuHmMDK6IKYZeL+mu1Tqom7lUXURUCVRwL5t06aNuEw/+uijgQ2ZicQlFN7TTz8t0ww2LCkpAq4Q0LvJFZIZ8sF2wLIo+wc4Y8NGvw7KDtvGyy+/LCsg1113nfAKWlbzKQJBEFAlEQSlHOdhPwfxI6ZNmyYjil69egWqkQ1jU6ZMMZzkhbJRUgRygYAqiVygmgHPWrVqmSuvvNJ8+OGHZvbs2QYFwJZxfB38PhWMOtiWTxwEPDBx3aaskiKQKwRUSeQK2Qz5coIXH0vE6Dh48KD8RDEQXRvloaQI5AsBVRL5QjrDeogJwUdJESgUArq6USjktV5FICIIOFMS7DbUpbeI9LqKqQikgUBG0w02HHHADAY0FANbn9nWvH37djNjxgxDRCR+4zBETEd+KykCikA0EUhbSaxatcpwEjZuvxxTF8+yzt589iWsWbPGsI+AMyBKS0ujiZBKrQgUOQKBlQQWdnYu4rxDFB+W5hIRowuiVfFh/R5nn507d0rMxkRlNF0RUATCiUAgmwQRl4mCzTkOQ4YMSaogKjYThcFeAqYmY8aMkfX/inn0tyKgCIQXgZQjCU6Nmjdvnhk8eLA56aSTMmoJ6/qcPLV+/XpTVlYmB+X6fQEyYqqFFAFFIC8IJB1JMIIgECuH22aqIPytwIZxySWXmPLycn+yflcEFIEQI5BUSbz44ovmoosuEi8/l21AWXDOgZIioAiEH4GESoIpBsfXBz1MJp2mcqI2cRT8exLSKa95FQFFIH8IxFUSGBlXr15tBgwYEFgSAqc888wzZuTIkXKSV7KCKB8iM7E8qmcwJkNKrykChUcgrpJYu3at4Zi5dJygZs2aZa6++mo5fObtt99O2bIzzjhD+LPjUUkRUATCi0BcJcGoIN2TuPCFYKlz6NChZtmyZYFajEMWqydKioAiEF4E4ioJVjWYEgQlDoEZN26cueyyy0zHjh0DKwkMmNTFCUpKioAiEE4E4iqJE044IS1pN2/eLEbInj17SqwDFAz7O1IRjlbUtXfv3lRZ9boioAgUCIG4SiIdWwRyT5gwwYwYMSJ2ylTDhg0DHz5z+umny2iiQO3XahUBRSAFAnE9LtM9PHXmzJlm8uTJsrJh6+N4uQsuuCCmOGx6xf/sFj106FDFZP2tCCgCIUEg7kiCaUBQwh5BLAlOZ7Yf4jRiZ8AFOxWhkAjJpqQIKALhRCCukuDBD0p4TlY0crIywhZypiGpaM+ePeb4449PlU2vKwKKQIEQiKskiNTMqCAIEaj1mmuuOSIrU4gnn3zSNGvWLKkBc//+/WK0TLbt/AjG+kMRUATyjkDceQUrDkSZOvXUU1MKdOGFF8bNQ3qia7bA0qVLJeZExZGIva7/FQFFoPAIxB1JMFXgAc4lMVL54IMPTIsWLXJZjfJWBBSBLBGIqySITUnsB3veQ5Z1xC2OVyYrIDVq1Ih7XRMVAUUgHAjEVRI8vDhGTZw4MSeOTrhis4GMbehKhUHA1UnmhZFea80nAnGVBAKwnZv4lGPHjjXp+k2kasCiRYvMpZdeKt6WqfLqdbcILF682Fx//fUSq9QtZ+VWVRFIqCRoMN6QHTp0MHPmzHHWfkLx44eRji+Gs8qLmNHWrVvNQw89ZPr06SPxRjlHVEkRCIJAUiUBg/bt2xvC6LMsmi2xBZ1oVxpeP1skg5cnSvnvfvc7065dO/PLX/5SjjoIemp58Fo0Z1VGIO4SaMUGX3755XLSNfNY4kAwFUlnJLBhwwbz3nvvyUE9xJzgZGyl3COwY8cO07t3b8MUw1L16tVNt27d7E/9rwikRCCQkuDGYh8Gy5ac0LVgwQIJSsNW70SE1ybGyeXLl4tSUCNlIqRyl85SNk5tXbt2jW2iI0o5q1dKikBQBAIpCcusWrVqpkePHnIyF5u6pk6dKid5ceo1+zdQDIw2MHRie8Apq0mTJuJ5aXno//wiAP4EAsJFfuPGjWkHE8qvtFpbGBFIS0nYBjRu3NjwIWAMy5krV66UreF16tQRpdC8eXMxeKa75dzy1//uEFi4cKEZNmyY2CMGDRoUyIvWXe3KqSogkJGSsA3HEYoPNgocr0pKSnTUYMEJyf8tW7aYtm3bijQc08g5rkqKQDoIZKUk/BWx0cvFCoifp37PHIGPPvrIEJC4e/fuMSYodAyZSopAOgikXAJNh5nmDQcCxPMYP368+EQE2aQXDqlVirAioEoirD2ToVyM6DBScmaKBvPJEEQtdgQCqiSOgCP6P/BHYYt+ukciRL/l2oJcIaBKIlfIFoAvfilEKSfYj5Ii4AoBVRKukCwwHxzcOEWNE+CVFAGXCKiScIlmgXjh9o5zG3YInNqUFAGXCOgd5RLNAvDiOIJ//OMfhv01uM8rKQKuEXDmJ+FaMOUXDAFicwwePFj3YwSDS3NlgIAqiQxAS1SESF4ceZhrYg8Nu3DXrVsnm+7YmRs0unlF2dh3w85ceCopAvEQUCURD5UM03bt2mXOO++8DEsHL3bMMceIe/WJJ54odohsIoext4ODlDQITXD8iy2nKgmHPc4Gt6ZNmzrkGJ8Vxx2wV+bGG280jASyITbpZToKyaZeLRsdBNRw6bCv0jn5LNNq8ah89tlnxeU6WwWBDKogMu2J4imnI4mI9fXcuXMNW741cEzEOi7C4jodSXC8XzFTro1/06ZNMzVr1nSuIIq53+izXPdb1J8JZyMJ3IGJyExcxWIlDIC5Ik5UwxaR6ujEdOtnirRt27aiNVwy3eLQaqXECDhTEuwXmD59ukSpSlxd1b6Sq9PR8agkNsRVV13l/K2HMxZxMFkxKUZCSXB0RDGPplL1ezVPLVepMAp8/dVXXzV9+/YNnD9IRmKFEu2a4DG58KjEnZuzVYpVSQTpg2LP42wkUexA0v5c6NslS5aY/v375xRe/CxUSeQU4kgzd2q4jDQSIRSeaOQNGzYMoWQqUjEhoEoipL1tDZWExFdSBAqJgE43HKLPsP3zzz/PiiPnlpSVlcmW7yuuuELOMsmlk1a28mbVWC0cCQTUcOmwm0aPHi3nkGTKkvV6DJVY2uvXr5+1wgkiB3aUESNGaByKIGAVaR5VEiHr+MmTJ5t+/fqFTCoVp5gRUJtEiHofj0rO6lRSBMKEgNokQtAbePzhr3DaaaflZRdpCJqsIkQIAR1JFLiz2Ko9duxY06pVKzmOT/cRFLhDtPpKCKiSqARJ/hJYySCa1fnnn6/nZOQPdq0pTQRUSaQJmMvs5eXlplGjRoZT2JUUgbAioEqigD2zfv1607Vr1wJKoFUrAqkRUMNlaoyc57CGytatWzvnrQwVAdcI6EjCNaIp+O3evTtmqKxbt26K3HpZESg8Aqok8tgHaqjMI9halTME1OPSGZSpGXHi9759+/S8ztRQaY4QIaAjiTx1BqH9du7cqQoiT3hrNe4QUCXhDsuEnAg/x3mdeuJ3Qoj0QogRUCWR487hVK+nnnrKXHLJJebYY4/NcW3KXhFwj4AqCfeYxjhiqJwwYYLEvaxXr14sXb8oAlFCQA2XOeytN9980zRo0MBwoK+SIhBVBFRJ5KjnCOaCobJWrVo5qkHZKgL5QUCVRH5w1loUgcgioDaJyHadCq4I5AcBVRL5wVlrUQQii8B/AOoWT/Gi97QAAAABSURBVCVjPKmvAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>V = E – Ir</em></p>
<p>large triangle to find gradient and correct read-offs from the line<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>use of intercept <em>E</em> = 1.5 V and another correct data point</p>
<p>internal resistance = 0.60 Ω</p>
<p><em>For MP1 – do not award if only \(R = \frac{V}{I}\) is used.</em></p>
<p><em>For MP2 points at least 1A apart must be used.</em></p>
<p><em>For MP3 accept final answers in the range of 0.55 Ω to 0.65 Ω.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>a non-zero reading when a zero reading is expected/no current is flowing<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>a calibration error</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>OWTTE</em><br><em>Do not accept just “systematic error”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>the error causes «all» measurements to be high/different/incorrect</p>
<p>effect on calculations/gradient will cancel out<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>effect is that value for <em>r</em> is unchanged</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for statement of “no effect” without valid argument.</em></p>
<p><em>OWTTE</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>An electrical circuit is used during an experiment to measure the current <em>I</em> in a variable resistor of resistance <em>R</em>. The emf of the cell is e and the cell has an internal resistance <em>r</em>.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>A graph shows the variation of \(\frac{1}{I}\) with <em>R</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Show that the gradient of the graph is equal to \(\frac{1}{e}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the value of the intercept on the <em>R</em> axis.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>ε</em> = <em>IR + Ir</em>»</p>
<p>\(\frac{1}{I} = \frac{R}{\varepsilon } + \frac{r}{\varepsilon }\)</p>
<p>identifies equation with <em>y</em> = <em>mx + c</em></p>
<p><em>«</em>hence <em>m</em> = \(\frac{1}{\varepsilon }\)<em>»</em></p>
<p><em>No mark for stating data booklet equation</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept working where r is ignored or ε = IR is used</em></p>
<p><em>OWTTE</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«–» <em>r</em></p>
<p><em>Allow answer in words</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>