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</div><h2>SL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p>A sealed container contains water at 5 °C and ice at 0 °C. This system is thermally isolated from its surroundings. What happens to the total internal energy of the system?</p>
<p>A. It remains the same.</p>
<p>B. It decreases.</p>
<p>C. It increases until the ice melts and then remains the same.</p>
<p>D. It increases.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A fixed mass of an ideal gas is trapped in a cylinder of constant volume and its temperature is varied. Which graph shows the variation of the pressure of the gas with temperature in degrees Celsius?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_16.23.05.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/10"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A mass m of ice at a temperature of –5 °C is changed into water at a temperature of 50 °C.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 90px;">Specific heat capacity of ice = <em>c</em><sub>i</sub><br>Specific heat capacity of water = <em>c</em><sub>w</sub><br>Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = <em>L</em></p>
<p>Which expression gives the energy needed for this change to occur?</p>
<p>A. 55 <em>m c</em><sub>w</sub> + <em>m L</em></p>
<p>B. 55 <em>m c</em><sub>i</sub> + 5 <em>m L</em></p>
<p>C. 5 <em>m c</em><sub>i</sub> + 50 <em>m c</em><sub>w</sub> + <em>m L</em></p>
<p>D. 5 <em>m c</em><sub>i</sub> + 50 <em>m c</em><sub>w</sub> + 5 <em>m L</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">A system consists of an ice cube placed in a cup of water. The system is thermally insulated from its surroundings. The water is originally at 20 °<span class="s1">C</span>. Which graph best shows the variation of total internal energy \(U\) of the system with time \(t\)?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-08_om_17.29.56.png" alt="N10/4/PHYSI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/09"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the definition of the <em>mole</em>?</p>
<p>A. The amount of substance that has the same mass as 6.02 \( \times \) 10<sup>23</sup> atoms of carbon-12.</p>
<p>B. The amount of substance that contains as many nuclei as the number of nuclei in 12 g of carbon-12.</p>
<p>C. The amount of substance that has the same mass as one atom of carbon-12.</p>
<p>D. The amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities as the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which of the following is an assumption made in the kinetic model of ideal gases?</p>
<p class="p1">A. Molecules have zero mass.</p>
<p class="p1">B. Forces between molecules are attractive.</p>
<p class="p1">C. Collisions between molecules are elastic.</p>
<p class="p1">D. Molecules move at high speed.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Equal masses of water at 80°C and paraffin at 20°C are mixed in a container of negligible thermal capacity. The specific heat capacity of water is twice that of paraffin. What is the final temperature of the mixture?</p>
<p>A. 30°C</p>
<p>B. 40°C</p>
<p>C. 50°C</p>
<p>D. 60°C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p style="text-align: left;">D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>In the kinetic model of an ideal gas, which of the following is <strong>not</strong> assumed?</p>
<p>A. The molecules collide elastically.</p>
<p>B. The kinetic energy of a given molecule is constant.</p>
<p>C. The time taken for a molecular collision is much less than the time between collisions.</p>
<p>D. The intermolecular potential energy of the molecules is zero.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Thermal energy is transferred to a solid. Three properties of the solid are</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">I. volume<br>II. mass<br>III. specific heat capacity.</p>
<p>Which of the above properties determine the rise in temperature of the solid?</p>
<p>A. I and III only<br>B. II and III only<br>C. II only<br>D. III only</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<div data-canvas-width="694.1737373513404">
<div data-canvas-width="694.3557484378152"> </div>
</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Tanya heats 100 g of a liquid with an electric heater which has a constant power output of 60 W. After 100 s the rise in temperature is 40 K. The specific heat capacity of the liquid in \({\text{J}}\,{\text{k}}{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\) is calculated from which of the following?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{60 \times 100}}{{0.1 \times 40}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{60 \times 0.1}}{{40}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{0.1 \times 40}}{{60}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{60}}{{40}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Molar mass is defined as</p>
<p>A. the number of particles in one mole of a substance.<br>B. \(\frac{1}{{12}}\) the mass of one atom of carbon-12.<br>C. the mass of one mole of a substance.<br>D. the number of particles in \(\frac{1}{{12}}\) of a mole of carbon-12</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following is equivalent to a temperature of 350 K?</p>
<p>A. –623°C<br>B. –77°C<br>C. +77°C<br>D. +623°C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A liquid-in-glass thermometer is in thermal equilibrium with some hot water. The thermometer is left in the water. The water cools to the temperature of the surroundings. Which of the following is <strong>unlikely to be true</strong> for the thermometer?</p>
<p>A. It is in thermal equilibrium with the water.<br>B. It is in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings.<br>C. It is at the same temperature as the water.<br>D. It has the same thermal capacity as the water.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A solid of mass <em>m</em> is initially at temperature Δ<em>T</em> below its melting point. The solid has specific heat capacity <em>c</em> and specific latent heat of fusion <em>L</em>. How much thermal energy must be transferred to the solid in order to melt it completely?</p>
<p>A. <em>mL</em>+<em>mc</em><br>B. <em>mc</em>+<em>mL</em>Δ<em>T</em><br>C. <em>mc</em>Δ<em>T</em>+<em>L</em>Δ<em>T</em><br>D. <em>mc</em>Δ<em>T</em>+<em>mL</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A pure solid is heated at its melting point. While it is melting the</p>
<p>A. mean kinetic energy of the molecules of the solid increases.<br>B. mean potential energy of the molecules of the solid increases.<br>C. temperature of the solid increases.<br>D. temperature of the solid decreases.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following is an assumption of the kinetic model of an ideal gas?</p>
<p>A. The gas is at high pressure.</p>
<p>B. There are weak forces of attraction between the particles in the gas.</p>
<p>C. The collisions between the particles are elastic.</p>
<p>D. The energy of the particles is proportional to the absolute temperature.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p style="text-align: left;">C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">A container holds 40 g of argon-40 \(\left( {_{{\text{18}}}^{{\text{40}}}{\text{Ar}}} \right)\) and 8 g of helium-4 \(\left( {_{\text{2}}^{\text{4}}{\text{He}}} \right)\).</p>
<p class="p1">What is the \(\frac{{{\text{number of atoms of argon}}}}{{{\text{number of atoms of helium}}}}\) in the container?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{1}{2}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{2}{9}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{2}{1}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{9}{2}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The following can be determined for a solid substance.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">I. The average kinetic energy \({E_{{{\rm{K}}_{{\rm{ave}}}}}}\) of the molecules<br>II. The total kinetic energy \({E_{{{\rm{K}}_{{\rm{tot}}}}}}\) of the molecules<br>III. The total potential energy \({E_{{{\rm{P}}_{{\rm{tot}}}}}}\) of the molecules</p>
<p>Which is/are equal to the internal energy of this solid substance?</p>
<p>A. I only<br>B. I and III only<br>C. II only<br>D. II and III only</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Energy is supplied at a constant rate to a fixed mass of a material. The material begins as a solid. The graph shows the variation of the temperature of the material with time. </p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAdkAAADNCAYAAAD0dwo7AAAaA0lEQVR4Ae3dD2zUZZ7H8c+UjSta66ZKcEayGpe0aJa1F7DrXblr+RO6eEfilV13NVIM1fWyW+QglgrInh5/hLa3BEE9RRr+dHFd3QnkiJW6NuWgWba2igu5hYlu1g12vI00u7UHapaZy2/aKVOYaWem85v5/Xk3MTP9zfN7nuf7+jb5+jzzMOMJh8Nh8YMAAggggAACGRfIy3iPdIgAAggggAACEQGKLH8ICCCAAAIImCRAkTUJNpPdnjhxQoFAIJNd0hcCCCCAQBYEPLwnmwXlcQxx4cIFlZeXy+fz6cCBA+PoiVsRQAABBLIt8JVsD8h4qQm0trbqnXfeidzU2dmpsrKy1DqgNQIIIIBAzgRYyeaMfuyBo6vYioqK4e1iVrNju9ECAQQQsIoA78laJRNx5mGsYo0Ce/fdd6u6ujrSwljN8oMAAgggYA8BVrIWzVN0FdvS0qJTp05FZjl58mQ1Njby3qxFc8a0EEAAgcsFWMleLmKR36Or2KKiouEZRd+PZTU7TMITBBBAwNICFFkLpsdYxW7evFkPP/zwFbOrq6uLrGaveIELCCCAAAKWE6DIWi4lUrxVbHSarGajEjwigAAC1hegyFowR8ePH4+7io1O9amnntKRI0eiv/KIAAIIIGBRAQ4+WTQxsdPy+/2RX6uqqmIv8xwBBBBAwOICrGQtniCmhwACCCBgX4GYIhvSQOCwmtbsVyBk34BSnvlAQG81bdSewOcp38oNCCCAAAIIjCYQU2T71LVrrep63FRsQurv2q0lde/r4mhKvIYAAggggEAaAjFFNo27uQUBBBBAAAEEEgoMFdlP1V7/Hc1t6JHaalQ8Yabq2z8dvCkUVM+ees32eOQx/ptdr+b2gAaiXfa3q97nU2XT6zrctES+SDufZtfvU0/wUwXe2qolvsF7fUueU1fwy8E7o/ftfEvHt15+31CboTFCwS7tqa8cHN9j9N2s9kB/9FX1t6+Rz1Op+p2bh8Yamr8xd3/T8PieEfeG1N/+pKbNfUZBvaaa4ony1berPzIvz+DzaIwy2hpjRF0Mr5kRi53RmH1r1N5v7LN/qWDPPtXP9g3Nt1L1ze0KDLhpD34YjicIIICAqwWGiuyNmrPlTb29aoY0f5fOXOzWljk3SqGP5H9kvha2f11ber9QOHxRn71wh448uEjL/R/pUtkIqq1up9pvW61AOKyLvXv0t131mumbrY2nSrX5bFjhz05qg/5T9z55SB8P3xhU2w9X6gX9UD0XjTbtWqYWzXzgOfUMFaXQx349MqNG7Tf9RL1Gm/BpvVDcqQcr1sj/cWwxbtO+Y16tDlzUxd5X9cPSPPX89BEtPDhRP+4x5h5W+OI7WjfhVc19dJd6BqSCORt0+u3V8up72nXmgnq3zFFBKn8OHW/oWGGdAuEv1NvxqEoL/qqP/Ss1Y+GvdNOWHl00xvzsP1R8ZLkqlh+IiTuVQWiLAAIIIGBXgVG2i0Pq73hRtc23a8PaGpV6r5KUp/xpi7W9ZaFaa19UR2TlNhi6d1W91lZNU77Ryvs3mlfqk+av0NrlZfIao+RP1azy2xVs7daZmFWdd+nT2jTcZpqq1tZr1Zmf6RddfZI+Vcezm9Q8PaYfFWja0i1qWXxctc8eU3Q9K83Q4iX/qGn5ecrzfkPfCJ3QL376iRYv+f7Q3I2J3ayKh76v+R2/1vu9sQU6zfR5F2rJd+9Qvq6St+gW5fcf07O1fk3fsFrLS72K4OZ/U0u3b9Pi1k16tmNodyDN4bgNAQQQQMBeAqMU2T51H25T0DtVt95kFNjoT57yp0zV9GCbDncbhXA8P15NL7tjsAhHu8n3qXh6r/Yd/q36+3+rw/t65C25VTeNmGm+phTfpuC+X6k7ptBHu4g8FszRlt5ubSntU7vfL+Pfmvqb6zW3uEZtIxpm6peQ+rt/pX1Bn0puvXGwwEa7jo0peo1HBBBAAAHHC4woXXGjDT6juddPGHp/cfC91QlXFCqvphf7IqvYuH2kcTF44g/6ZOjIb7Bhrq6PvicceZyo4prXxui1X6eba+S7rlhzt/9GfzZaf22BXuh+SfP1e505O/yu8hj9pPpyjxrmThrh5Zlwu2ragql2RHsEEEAAAZsLfGXM+Rvv0bYuVVGicnxpv3bMrlJpEFm9TjDu8Gr+rna1Lp02cnU43FkoZst4+KJCgde1vKZLC375B+2sumXoXuMAU5tOSiq51DTDz4z3d/dqadHVGe6X7hBAAAEE7CaQqHRKKtTMyvnynnxXp6IngiPRhTTQs1WzPfepedwf4BDUyTO9l04qG/0P9OrMSZ8WV35LBQXfUuVin052/o+Cw4eljEZ/Vk/TP8lT2ZzggzNCGjj7gU7qdpV9c3JMcf6rPvvzGP9XENna9aaRxzwVzJynxd7fqfPU/8YcCjNi6lLT7KmqbD498noao3ALAggggIB9BGKK7OD7nINT/1wDAyEVVDyqHQuOqHbNzqF/emN8KtQBrX/8Oanxcd2XgdVasGGLNvpPDxbagVNqXrZc+xas0WMVN0q6URWPrdGC1n/Tmm2dQ4W2XwF/gx6vkxo3VSVYYUcL3jHt23106L4vFezaqTW1z+nSxu3Q+8uRoEM6P3BeobxbNev7sxTc9zO9ftooyIMxb1y/O+a+BAkumKXHdpSrtfYn2tYVHCyoA6flX79OdfqxNt1XFFPwE/TBZQQQQAABxwjEFNmrNXXBI1r95ZMqnnCbFv3iA4XyblHVtl+qpfyPqvd9VR7PBF1XcVCTlr2q/StLM/AerFcVq76ru37/jIqM91qvu19HpjepY9u9unloZnk336ttHdtU/sm/yzfBeE/4elUcLNSy7p1aOeNriRNRMEv/+l9bVPrrJUP3zdAT/32jlhx4TatiFqp5UytVv/ovqim+Vtcu+rk+CF2tovs2qG3lX/Xk7dfL45mihbv+T4vWrdX8xKMNvXKVbq7apI6Wcn1SP0MTIjF9TwcnParu/T/WjPwY7jH7ogECCCCAgN0FcvctPMaHPkx7UCc2jPZ+q915MzN/voUnM470ggACCGRbgKVVtsUZDwEEEEDANQIUWdekmkARQAABBLItMPY/4TFrRpEPi+g1q3f6RQABBBBAIOcCrGRzngImgAACCCDgVAGKrFMzS1wIIIAAAjkXoMjmPAVMAAEEEEDAqQIUWadmlrgQQAABBHIuQJHNeQqYAAIIIICAUwUosk7NLHEhgAACCORcgCKb8xQwAQQQQAABpwpQZJ2aWeJCAAEEMiDQ19enzs7ODPTkzi4osu7MO1EjgAACowoEAgFt2rRJN9xwgz788MNR2/JiYoHcfeJT4jnxCgIIIIBADgQuXLigd999V42NjZHRq6urdf78eU2cODEHs3HGkBRZZ+SRKBBAAIG0BYwt4UOHDmnHjh2qqKhQXV2dysrK0u6PGy8JsF18yYJnCCCAgKsEYreE+/v7ZXytZkNDAwU2g38FrGQziElXCCCAgNUF2BLOboYostn1ZjQEEEAgJwJsCeeEXRTZ3LgzKgIIIJAVAWNL+PXXX9eBAwdkHGR68803VVhYmJWxGUQUWf4IEEAAAacJGFvCR48e1fPPPx8J7Uc/+pFWrFjBKeEcJJqVbA7QGRIBBBAwQ8DYEt6/f7/27t0bOSX81FNPqaSkxIyh6DNJAYpsklA0QwABBKwqcOLEiUhx7ejoYEvYYkmiyFosIUwHAQQQSEYg3pbw008/zZZwMnhZbEORzSI2QyGAAALjFWBLeLyC2b2fIptdb0ZDAAEE0hJgSzgttpzfRJHNeQqYAAIIIBBfgC3h+C52ukqRtVO2mCsCCLhCgC1h56SZIuucXBIJAgjYXIAtYZsnMM70KbJxULiEAAIIZEuALeFsSedmHIpsbtwZFQEEXC7AlrA7/gAosu7IM1EigIBFBNgStkgisjQNimyWoBkGAQTcK8CWsHtzT5F1b+6JHAEETBZgS9hkYBt0T5G1QZKYIgII2Esgdku4traWr5ezV/oyOluKbEY56QwBBNwqcPmWcF1dnfgsYbf+NVyKO+/SU54hgAACCKQqcPbsWe3YsUPXXHONuru71dDQEPmC9LKyMj6sP1VMB7ZnJevApBISAgiYL9DZ2amDBw/K+Ho5Y0v43LlzKiwsNH9gRrCVAEXWVulisgggkEsBY0u4tbU18qXoxjzYEs5lNuwxNtvF9sgTs0QAgRwKxG4Jnz59mi3hHObCbkOzkrVbxpgvAghkTYAt4axRO3YgiqxjU0tgCCCQjgBbwumocU8iAbaLE8lwHQEEXCXAlrCr0p21YFnJZo2agRBAwIoCbAlbMSvOmRNF1jm5JBIEEEhSgC3hJKFoNm4BtovHTUgHCCBgFwG2hO2SKefMk5Wsc3JJJAggkECALeEEMFw2XYAiazoxAyCAQC4E2BLOhTpjXi7AdvHlIvyOAAK2FmBL2Nbpc9zkWck6LqUEhIA7BdgSdmferR41RdbqGWJ+CCCQUCB2S3jSpEl66KGHIh95mPAGXkAgywJsF2cZnOEQQGD8AoFAYPjr5Xp7eyOFdefOnTK+Xo4fBKwkwErWStlgLgggMKqAsSW8e/duvf/++3riiSf4erlRtXjRCgIUWStkgTkggEBCgb6+vsh3tm7evFl33nlnZEuYFWtCLl6wmADbxRZLCNNBAIFBgeiW8A033CBjS7ilpUVsCfPXYTcBVrJ2yxjzRcDhAmwJOzzBLguPIuuyhBMuAlYUYEvYillhTpkQYLs4E4r0gQACaQmwJZwWGzfZSICVrA2S9corr0Rm+d5770Ue169fPzzrdevWDT+PfRLbxrieyXaZ7CvR3MycfzbHNKyMVdqf/vQn3X///bEpcv3z1tZWTgm7/q/A+QCecDgcdn6Y9o7Q7/dHAqiqqrJ3IC6d/b333qt58+bJ5/O5VCB+2JMnT+bftcan4aqDBFjJOiiZhGI9AWM71Pipra213uSYEQIImC7Ae7KmEzOAmwXa2tpUXV3tZgJiR8DVAqxkXZ1+gjdTwPhc3WXLlkU+lcjMcegbAQSsK8BK1rq5YWY2Fzh69Kg2btyowsJCm0fC9BFAIF0Bimy6ctyHwBgCzz//vO65554xWvEyAgg4WYAi6+TsElvOBKIHnkpKSnI2BwZGAIHcC1Bkc58DZuBAAQ48OTCphIRAGgIcfEoDjVsQGE2AA0+j6fAaAu4SYCXrrnwTbRYEOPCUBWSGQMAmAhRZmySKadpHgANP9skVM0XAbAGKrNnC9O8qAQ48uSrdBIvAmAIU2TGJaIBA8gIceEreipYIuEGAg09uyDIxZkWAA09ZYWYQBGwlwErWVulislYW4MCTlbPD3BDIjQBFNjfujOpAAQ48OTCphITAOAUosuME5HYEDAEOPPF3gAAC8QQosvFUuIZAigIceEoRjOYIuESAg08uSTRhmifAgSfzbOkZAbsLsJK1ewaZf84FOPCU8xQwAQQsK0CRtWxqmJhdBDjwZJdMMU8Esi9Akc2+OSM6SIADTw5KJqEgYIIARdYEVLp0jwAHntyTayJFIB0BDj6lo8Y9CEjiwBN/BgggMJYAK9mxhHgdgQQCHHhKAMNlBBAYFqDIDlPwBIHUBDjwlJoXrRFwowBF1o1ZJ+ZxC3DgadyEdICAKwQosq5IM0FmWoADT5kWpT8EnCnAwSdn5pWoTBTgwJOJuHSNgMMEWMk6LKGEY74AB57MN2YEBJwiQJF1SiaJI2sCHHjKGjUDIWB7AYqs7VNIANkU4MBTNrUZCwH7C1Bk7Z9DIsiiAAeesojNUAg4QICDTw5IIiFkR6Cvr0/Lli3TuXPnsjMgoyCAgO0FWMnaPoUEkC2Bjo4Obdy4UYWFhdkaknEQQMDmAhRZmyeQ6WdPYO/evbrnnnuyNyAjIYCA7QUosrZPIQFkQ+DEiRORYUpKSrIxHGMggIBDBCiyDkkkYZgr8MYbb6i6utrcQegdAQQcJ8DBJ8ellIAyLWAceFq7di0HnjINS38IuECAlawLkkyI4xPgwNP4/LgbATcLUGTdnH1iT0qAA09JMdEIAQTiCFBk46BwCYGoAAeeohI8IoBAOgIU2XTUuMc1Ahx4ck2qCRQBUwQ4+GQKK506QSB64On8+fNOCIcYEEAgBwKsZHOAzpD2EDAOPG3fvl0TJ060x4SZJQIIWE6AlazlUnLlhF555ZXIxffeey/yuH79+hGN1q1bN+L36C/ptjPuz3SfifozxjLmGX29p6dHP/jBD5Sfnx8NI2ePTU1N2r17d87GZ2AEELC/gCccDoftH4azI/D7/ZEAq6qqHB3ojh079PLLL2vlypWWKLKff/65HnjgAUebExwCCJgrwErWXF96T1Kgs7NTxj+VOXTokKZMmZLkXTRDAAEErC3Ae7LWzo8rZmcU2BUrVshYsVNgXZFygkTANQIUWdek2pqBUmCtmRdmhQACmRGgyGbGkV7SEKDApoHGLQggYCsBiqyt0uWcyVJgnZNLIkEAgcQCFNnENrxikgAF1iRYukUAAcsJUGQtlxJnT4gC6+z8Eh0CCIwUoMiO9OA3EwUosCbi0jUCCFhSgCJrybQ4b1IUWOfllIgQQGBsAT6MYmwjWoxTwCiws2bNkvGxkPw72HFicjsCCNhKgJWsrdJlv8lGC+yxY8dUUlJivwCYMQIIIDAOAYrsOPC4dXSBs2fPRj7JySiwZWVlozfmVQQQQMCBAhRZBybVCiEZBdb4QoOtW7dSYK2QEOaAAAI5EaDI5oTd2YNSYJ2dX6JDAIHkBSiyyVvRMgkBCmwSSDRBAAHXCFBkXZNq8wOlwJpvzAgIIGAvAYqsvfJl2dlSYC2bGiaGAAI5FKDI5hDfKUNTYJ2SSeJAAIFMC1BkMy3qsv4osC5LOOEigEBKAhTZlLhoHCtAgY3V4DkCCCBwpQBF9koTriQhEC2wtbW1/DvYJLxoggAC7hSgyLoz7+OKOlpgq6urZfzHDwIIIIBAfAGKbHwXriYQuHDhgozVq1FcjUd+EEAAAQQSC1BkE9vwymUCRoF97LHHNG/ePArsZTb8igACCMQToMjGU+HaFQLRAnvnnXdSYK/Q4QICCCAQX4AiG9+FqzECFNgYDJ4igAACKQhQZFPAcmNTCqwbs07MCCCQKQGKbKYkHdgPBdaBSSUkBBDIqgBFNqvc9hmMAmufXDFTBBCwrgBF1rq5ydnMKLA5o2dgBBBwmABF1mEJzUQ4W7duFaeIMyFJHwgg4HaBr7gdgPivFDA+aGLKlClXvsAVBBBAAIGUBFjJpsTljsYUWHfkmSgRQMB8AYqs+caMgAACCCDgUgGKrEsTT9gIIIAAAuYLUGTNN2YEBBBAAAGXClBkXZp4wkYAAQQQMF+AImu+MSMggAACCLhUgCLr0sQTNgIIIICA+QIUWfONGQEBBBBAwKUCFFmXJp6wEUAAAQTGFli1apX8fr+Mj5tN54cim44a9yCAAAIIuELg4Ycf1vHjx1VeXp5WsaXIuuLPhCARQAABBNIRKCoqUkNDg1paWtIqthTZdNS5BwEEEEDAVQLpFlu+IMAmfybGdgU/CCCAAAK5F7j77rsjk1i0aJHuuusuvfTSSyopKYk7MYpsXBZrXSwtLbXWhJgNAggg4HKBQCAQEfD5fLrmmmsSalBkE9JY5wXjW3H4Zhzr5IOZIICAewU6OzvV2NgYATh27JjKyspGxaDIjsrDiwgggAACCEixxbWurm7M4ho1o8hGJXhEAAEEEEDgMoF0i2u0G4psVIJHBBBAAAEELhM4cuSIUlm5Xna7POFwOHz5RX5HAAEEEEAAgfEL8O9kx29IDwgggAACCMQVoMjGZeEiAggggAAC4xegyI7fkB4QQAABBBCIK0CRjcvCRQQQQACBrAoMBPRW00btCXw+OGzotJorffLVt6s/qxPJ7GAcfMqsJ70hgAACCKQsEFJ/+5OaNvcDbTizV0uLrk65B6vewErWqplhXggggAACthegyNo+hQSAAAII2Fkguop9RkG9ppriiYNbxCO2i402a+Tz/LOa/H41LZkuj8cjj6dS9Xu6FOw3tpqXyBe5Nl1LtnYqGIoxCQXVs6desyOve+SZXa/m9oAGYpqY9ZQia5Ys/SKAAAIIJCGQp4I5G3T67dXy6nvadeaCerfMUUHcOw+obnu3blvbqXD4C/W+/Xfqeujb8k3bqFP/sFlnwxf12e8elxr/RU8e+EiROhv6SP5H5mth+9e1pfcLhY02L9yhIw8u0nL/UJu4Y2XmIkU2M470ggACCCBgusAMrVq3UlVFRgm+St6Zf69Sr1fzN6zW8lKv8pSn/KJvq3z6ObX+5kMNKKT+jhdV23y7NqytUan3KsloM22xtrcsVGvti+roj13yZj4AimzmTekRAQQQQMASAn3qPtymoHeqbr3JKLDRnzzlT5mq6cE2He7ui1405ZHPLjaFlU4RQAABBDIvcJuKp+Sn3m3wGc29/pk4981Q/K9aj9M0zUsU2TThuA0BBBBAwCYC83fpTOtSFeVg7zYHQ9okKUwTAQQQQMDmAoWaWTlf3pPv6lTwy5hYQhro2arZnvvUHP3wi5hXM/mUIptJTfpCAAEEEEhDYOg90sidIZ0fOD94MjiNnkbekqeCike1Y8ER1a7Zqa5IoQ1pIHBA6x9/Tmp8XPeZ/MEXFNmRGeE3BBBAAIEcCORNrVT96r+opvhaXbvo5/ogU4d+825R1bZfqqX8j6r3fVUezwRdV3FQk5a9qv0rS5XGO7wp6fCxiilx0RgBBBBAAIHkBVjJJm9FSwQQQAABBFISoMimxEVjBBBAAAEEkhegyCZvRUsEEEAAAQRSEqDIpsRFYwQQQAABBJIXoMgmb0VLBBBAAAEEUhKgyKbERWMEEEAAAQSSF/h/EYuPtHWRF48AAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt></p>
<p>The specific heat capacities of the solid, liquid and gaseous forms of the material are c<sub>s</sub> c<sub>l</sub> and c<sub>g</sub> respectively. What can be deduced about the values of c<sub>s</sub> c<sub>l</sub> and c<sub>g</sub>? </p>
<p>A. c<sub>s</sub> > c<sub>g</sub> > c<sub>l</sub> <br>B. c<sub>l</sub> > c<sub>s</sub> > c<sub>g <br></sub>C. c<sub>l</sub> > c<sub>g</sub> > c<sub>s</sub> <br>D. c<sub>g</sub> > c<sub>s</sub> > c<sub>l</sub></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The mole is defined as</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{1}{{12}}\) the mass of an atom of the isotope carbon-12.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as the number of atoms in 12 g of the isotope carbon-12.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>the mass of one atom of the isotope carbon-12.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>the amount of a substance that contains as many nuclei as the number of nuclei in 12 g of the isotope carbon-12.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">D was a common distracter indicating that many candidates were unfamiliar with expressions such as ‘a mole of water’ or ‘a mole of marbles’.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>An ideal gas of <em>N </em>molecules is maintained at a constant pressure <em>p</em>. The graph shows how the volume <em>V </em>of the gas varies with absolute temperature <em>T</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>What is the gradient of the graph?</p>
<p>A. \(\frac{N}{p}\)</p>
<p>B. \(\frac{NR}{p}\)</p>
<p>C. \(\frac{{N{k_{\rm{B}}}}}{p}\)</p>
<p>D. \(\frac{N}{{Rp}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">A temperature of 23 K is equivalent to a temperature of</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( - 300\) °C.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( - 250\) °C.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( + 250\) °C.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( + 300\) °C.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A block of iron of mass 10 kg and temperature 10°C is brought into contact with a block of iron of mass 20 kg and temperature 70°C. No energy transfer takes place except between the two blocks. What will be the final temperature of both blocks?</p>
<p>A. 30°C<br>B. 40°C<br>C. 50°C<br>D. 60°C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<div class="page" title="Page 13">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><span style="font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial';"> </span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the units of the ratio<span class="Apple-converted-space"> \(\frac{{{\text{specific heat capacity of copper}}}}{{{\text{specific latent heat of vaporization of copper}}}}\)?</span></p>
<p><span class="Apple-converted-space">A. </span>no units</p>
<p><span class="Apple-converted-space">B. k</span></p>
<p><span class="Apple-converted-space">C. k<sup>–1</sup></span></p>
<p><span class="Apple-converted-space">D. k<sup>–2</sup></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Two objects are in thermal contact and are at different temperatures. What is/are determined by the temperatures of the two objects?</p>
<p class="p1">I. The direction of thermal energy transfer between the objects</p>
<p class="p1">II. The quantity of internal energy stored by each object</p>
<p class="p1">III. The process by which energy is transferred between the objects</p>
<p class="p1">A. I only</p>
<p class="p1">B. II only</p>
<p class="p1">C. I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Many candidates seemed to think that when two bodies of different temperatures are placed in thermal contact, then the “process” of energy transferral depends upon the temperatures involved. However, thermal contact involves thermal energy transfer by conduction only so cannot depend upon the temperatures.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">When 1800 J of energy is supplied to a mass <em>m </em>of liquid in a container, the temperature of the liquid and the container changes by 10 K. When the mass of the liquid is doubled to 2<em>m</em>, 3000 J of energy is required to change the temperature of the liquid and container by 10 K. What is the specific heat capacity of the liquid in \({\text{J}}\,{\text{k}}{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\)?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{60}}{m}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{120}}{m}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{180}}{m}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{240}}{m}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Think units.</p>
<p class="p1">The units of the answer are given as \({\text{J}}\,{\text{k}}{{\text{g}}^{ - 1}}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}\), which means that we need to divide energy by temperature (and mass, but that is already present in each response). C was the most popular option, but this is 120 (obtained by dividing 1800 J by 10 K and totally ignoring the container) so it must be incorrect. Thus it would be reasonable to subtract the energies given before dividing by 10 K – giving the correct answer B.</p>
<p class="p1">Alternatively the candidate can write down the two relevant heat exchange equations and subtract them, but this takes longer.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Under what conditions of density and pressure is a real gas best described by the equation of state for an ideal gas?</p>
<p>A. Low density and low pressure</p>
<p>B. Low density and high pressure</p>
<p>C. High density and low pressure</p>
<p>D. High density and high pressure</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A sealed container contains a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gas.<br>The ratio \(\frac{{{\text{mass of an oxygen molecule}}}}{{{\text{mass of a nitrogen molecule}}}}\) is \(\frac{8}{7}\).</p>
<p>The ratio \(\frac{{{\text{average kinetic energy of oxygen molecules}}}}{{{\text{average kinetic energy of nitrogen molecules}}}}\) is</p>
<p>A. 1.</p>
<p>B. \(\frac{7}{8}\).</p>
<p>C. \(\frac{8}{7}\).</p>
<p>D. dependent on the concentration of each gas.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">In the kinetic model of an ideal gas, it is assumed that</p>
<p class="p1">A. the forces between the molecules of the gas and the container are always zero.</p>
<p class="p1">B. the intermolecular potential energy of the molecules of the gas is constant.</p>
<p class="p1">C. the kinetic energy of a given molecule of the gas is constant.</p>
<p class="p1">D. the momentum of a given molecule of the gas is constant.</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">The intermolecular potential energy of the molecules in an ideal gas is assumed to be zero at all times i.e. constant.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The specific latent heat of a substance is defined as the energy required at constant temperature to</p>
<p>A. change the phase.<br>B. change the phase of 1 kg.<br>C. change the phase of 1 m<sup>3</sup>.<br>D. change the phase of 1 kg every second.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<div data-canvas-width="694.1737373513404">
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<p>A fixed mass of an ideal gas in a closed container with a movable piston initially occupies a volume <em>V</em>. The position of the piston is changed, so that the mean kinetic energy of the particles in the gas is doubled and the pressure remains constant.</p>
<p>What is the new volume of the gas?</p>
<p>A. \(\frac{V}{4}\)</p>
<p>B. \(\frac{V}{2}\)</p>
<p>C. 2<em>V</em></p>
<p>D. 4<em>V</em></p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<p>A sealed cylinder of length <em>l </em>and cross-sectional area <em>A </em>contains <em>N </em>molecules of an ideal gas at kelvin temperature <em>T</em>.</p>
<p> <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_16.26.56.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/SPM/ENG/TZ1/12"></p>
<p>What is the force acting on the area of the cylinder marked <em>A </em>due to the gas?</p>
<p>A.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> \(\frac{{NRT}}{l}\)</span></p>
<p>B.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> \(\frac{{NRT}}{{lA}}\)</span></p>
<p>C.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> \(\frac{{N{k_B}T}}{{lA}}\)</span></p>
<p>D.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> \(\frac{{N{k_B}T}}{l}\)</span></p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following is equivalent to a temperature of –100°C?</p>
<p>A. –373 K</p>
<p>B. –173 K</p>
<p>C. 173 K</p>
<p>D. 373 K</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the temperature, in K, that is equivalent to 57°C?</p>
<p>A. 220<br>B. 273<br>C. 330<br>D. 430</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<p>The volume of an ideal gas in a container is increased at constant temperature. Which of the following statements is/are correct about the molecules of the gas?</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">I. Their average speed remains constant.<br>II. The frequency of collisions of molecules with unit area of the container wall decreases.<br>III. The force between them decreases.</p>
<p>A. I only<br>B. I and II only<br>C. I and III only<br>D. II and III only</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
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<div class="page" title="Page 2">
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
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<p> As many teachers noted there was no correct answer to this question as the word ‘average’ was omitted from the stem leading a significant number of candidates to opt for D. This question was, therefore, discounted from both SL and HL.</p>
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A container that contains a fixed mass of an ideal gas is at rest on a truck. The truck now moves away horizontally at a constant velocity. What is the change, if any, in the internal energy of the gas and the change, if any, in the temperature of the gas when the truck has been travelling for some time?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-12_om_09.27.13.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/12"></p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A mass of 0.20 kg of water at 20°C is mixed with 0.40 kg of water at 80°C. No thermal energy is transferred to the surroundings. What is the final temperature of the mixture?</p>
<p>A. 30°C<br>B. 40°C<br>C. 50°C<br>D. 60°C</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The graph shows how the temperature of a liquid varies with time when energy is supplied to the liquid at a constant rate <em>P</em>. The gradient of the graph is <em>K </em>and the liquid has a specific heat capacity <em>c</em>.</p>
<p> <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-12_om_09.24.20.png" alt="M18/4/PHYSI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/11"></p>
<p>What is the mass of the liquid?</p>
<p>A. \(\frac{P}{{cK}}\)</p>
<p>B. \(\frac{{PK}}{c}\)</p>
<p>C. \(\frac{{Pc}}{K}\)</p>
<p>D. \(\frac{{cK}}{P}\)</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Oil with volume <em>V</em> has specific heat capacity <em>c</em> at temperature <em>T</em>. The density of oil is <em>ρ</em>. Which of the following is the thermal capacity of the oil?</p>
<p>A. <em>ρcV<br></em></p>
<p>B. \(\frac{{cV}}{\rho }\)</p>
<p>C. <em>ρcVT</em></p>
<p>D. \(\frac{{cV}}{{\rho T}}\)</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<div class="page" title="Page 2">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">A</div>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
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<p>What is the mass of carbon-12 that contains the same number of atoms as 14 g of silicon-28?</p>
<p>A. 6 g<br>B. 12 g<br>C. 14 g<br>D. 24 g</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What does the constant <em>n</em> represent in the equation of state for an ideal gas <em>pV = nRT</em>?</p>
<p>A. The number of atoms in the gas</p>
<p>B. The number of moles of the gas</p>
<p>C. The number of molecules of the gas</p>
<p>D. The number of particles in the gas</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The temperature of an object is -153°C. Its temperature is raised to 273°C. What is the temperature change of the object?</p>
<p>A. 699 K<br>B. 426 K<br>C. 153 K<br>D. 120 K</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Carbon has a relative atomic mass of 12 and oxygen has a relative atomic mass of 16. A sample of 6 g of carbon has twice as many atoms as</p>
<p class="p1">A. 32 g of oxygen.</p>
<p class="p1">B. 8 g of oxygen.</p>
<p class="p1">C. 4 g of oxygen.</p>
<p class="p1">D. 3 g of oxygen.</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">In the table below, which row shows the correct conversion between the Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-08_om_11.09.53.png" alt="N09/4/PHYSI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/09"></p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Two pulses are travelling towards each other.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">What is a possible pulse shape when the pulses overlap?</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>An ideal gas is contained in a thermally insulated cylinder by a freely moving piston.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>The gas is compressed by the piston and as a result the temperature of the gas increases. What is the explanation for the temperature rise?</p>
<p>A. The rate of collision between the molecules increases.<br>B. Energy is transferred to the molecules by the moving piston.<br>C. The molecules of the gas are pushed closer together.<br>D. The rate of collision between the molecules and the walls of the cylinder increases.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>The weaker candidates were opting for D. But D does not answer the question which asks for an explanation for the temperature rise.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>An ideal gas has an absolute temperature <em>T</em>. The average random kinetic energy of the molecules of the gas is</p>
<p>A. independent of <em>T</em>.</p>
<p>B. equal to <em>T</em>.</p>
<p>C. proportional to <em>T</em>.</p>
<p>D. inversely proportional to <em>T</em>.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The total potential energy and random kinetic energy of the molecules of an object is equal to the</p>
<p>A. heat energy in the object.</p>
<p>B. internal energy of the object.</p>
<p>C. thermal energy in the object.</p>
<p>D. work stored in the object.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>This is a question straight from the Guide which states that internal energy consists of the<br>intermolecular potential energy of the molecules of a substance plus their random kinetic<br>energy.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Two objects are in thermal contact, initially at different temperatures. Which of the following determines the transfer of thermal energy between the objects?</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">I. The mass of each object<br>II. The thermal capacity of the objects<br>III. The temperature of the objects</p>
<p>A. I only</p>
<p>B. I and II only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. III only</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A 1.0 kW heater supplies energy to a liquid of mass 0.50 kg. The temperature of the liquid changes by 80 K in a time of 200 s. The specific heat capacity of the liquid is 4.0 kJ kg<sup>–1</sup> K<sup>–1</sup>. What is the average power lost by the liquid?</p>
<p>A. 0</p>
<p>B. 200 W</p>
<p>C. 800 W</p>
<p>D. 1600 W</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Under what conditions of pressure and temperature does a real gas approximate to an ideal gas?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The graph shows the variation with time <em>t</em> of the temperature <em>T</em> of two samples, X and Y. X and Y have the same mass and are initially in the solid phase. Thermal energy is being provided to X and Y at the same constant rate.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>What is the correct comparison of the specific latent heats <em>L</em><sub>X</sub> and <em>L</em><sub>Y</sub> and specific heat capacities in the liquid phase <em>c</em><sub>X</sub> and <em>c</em><sub>Y</sub> of X and Y?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>D</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which of the following is <strong>not</strong> an assumption of the kinetic model of ideal gases?</p>
<p>A. All particles in the gas have the same mass.</p>
<p>B. All particles in the gas have the same speed.</p>
<p>C. The duration of collisions between particles is very short.</p>
<p>D. Collisions with the walls of the container are elastic.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The pressure of a fixed mass of an ideal gas in a container is decreased at constant temperature. For the molecules of the gas there will be a decrease in </p>
<p>A. the mean square speed.<br>B. the number striking the container walls every second. <br>C. the force between them. <br>D. their diameter.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A solid piece of tungsten melts into liquid without a change in temperature. Which of the following is correct for the molecules in the liquid phase compared with the molecules in the solid phase?</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Thermal energy is added at a constant rate to a substance which is solid at time \(t = 0\). The graph shows the variation with \(t\) of the temperature \(T\).</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-08_om_17.33.00.png" alt="N10/4/PHYSI/SPM/ENG/TZ0/10"></p>
<p class="p1">Which of the statements are correct?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The specific latent heat of fusion is greater than the specific latent heat of vaporization.</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The specific heat capacity of the solid is less than the specific heat capacity of the liquid.</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Neither I nor II</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>C</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
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<p>The energy of the molecules of an ideal gas is</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<li>
<p>thermal only.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>thermal and potential.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>potential and kinetic.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>kinetic only.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<div class="page" title="Page 2">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">D</div>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
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<p>Many candidates opted for C. It should be stressed that the molecules of an ideal gas are regarded as having zero potential energy. This caught out many candidates in paper two as well and clearly needs to be reiterated to the candidates.</p>
</div>
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</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The internal energy of any substance is made up of the</p>
<p>A. total random kinetic and potential energy of its molecules.<br>B. total potential energy of its molecules.<br>C. total random kinetic energy of its molecules.<br>D. total vibrational energy of its molecules.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<div class="page" title="Page 8">
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<p><span style="font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial';">A minority of candidates at both levels opted for response C believing that internal energy is only the kinetic energy of any substance; this is only true for ideal gases. </span></p>
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A liquid is initially at its freezing point. Energy is removed at a uniform rate from the liquid until it freezes completely.<br>Which graph shows how the temperature <em>T</em> of the liquid varies with the energy <em>Q</em> removed from the liquid?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A thin-walled cylinder of weight <em>W</em>, open at both ends, rests on a flat surface. The cylinder has a height <em>L</em>, an average radius <em>R</em> and a thickness <em>x</em> where <em>R</em> is much greater than <em>x</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">What is the pressure exerted by the cylinder walls on the flat surface?</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">A. \(\frac{W}{{2\pi Rx}}\)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">B. \(\frac{W}{{\pi {R^2}x}}\)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">C. \(\frac{W}{{\pi {R^2}}}\)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">D. \(\frac{W}{{\pi {R^2}L}}\)</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A heater of constant power heats a liquid of mass <em>m</em> and specific heat capacity <em>c</em>. The graph below shows how the temperature of the liquid varies with time.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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" alt></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">The gradient of the graph is k and no energy is lost to the surroundings. What is the power of the heater?<br>A. <em>kmc</em></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">B. \(\frac{k}{{mc}}\)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">C. \(\frac{mc}{{k}}\)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">D. \(\frac{1}{{kmc}}\)</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
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<p>A</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
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[N/A]
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<p>A substance is heated at constant power. The graph shows how the temperature <em>T</em> of the substance varies with time <em>t</em> as the state of the substance changes from liquid to gas.</p>
<p> <img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" 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" alt></p>
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<p>What can be determined from the graph?</p>
<p>A. The specific heat capacity of the gas is smaller than the specific heat capacity of the liquid.</p>
<p>B. The specific heat capacity of the gas is larger than the specific heat capacity of the liquid.</p>
<p>C. The specific latent heat of fusion of the substance is less than its specific latent heat of vaporization.</p>
<p>D. The specific latent heat of fusion of the substance is larger than its specific latent heat of vaporization.</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
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<p>B</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
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[N/A]
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<p>A fixed mass of water is heated by an electric heater of unknown power <em>P</em>. The following quantities are measured</p>
<p>I. mass of water<br>II. increase in water temperature<br>III. time for which water is heated.</p>
<p>In order to calculate <em>P</em>, the specific heat capacity of the water is required. Which are also required?</p>
<p>A. I and II only<br>B. I and III only<br>C. II and III only<br>D. I, II and III</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
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<p>D</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
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<p><span style="font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial';"> </span></p>
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<p>The specific latent heat is the energy required to change the phase of</p>
<p>A. one kilogram of a substance.<br>B. a substance at constant temperature.<br>C. a liquid at constant temperature.<br>D. one kilogram of a substance at constant temperature.</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
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<p>D</p>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
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<p><span style="font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial';">Candidates are required to learn definitions. There are conditions (such as changing pressure) where the temperature of a body changing phase may alter. If this is the case then the specific latent heat does not apply. </span></p>
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<p>A sample of solid copper is heated beyond its melting point. The graph shows the variation of temperature with time.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>During which stage(s) is/are there an increase in the internal energy of the copper?</p>
<p>A. P, Q and R</p>
<p>B. Q only</p>
<p>C. P and R only</p>
<p>D. Q and R only</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p style="text-align: left;">A</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Molecules leave a boiling liquid to form a vapour. The vapour and the liquid have the same temperature.</p>
<p>What is the change of the average potential energy and the change of the average random kinetic energy of these molecules when they move from the liquid to the vapour?</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>B</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br>