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</div><h2>HL Paper 2</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Ozone, \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\), in the upper atmosphere prevents harmful UV radiation reaching the surface of the Earth.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the shape of the ozone molecule and estimate the bond angle.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Shape:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Bond angle:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the hybridization of the central oxygen atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In terms of \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds, describe the two oxygen-oxygen bonds in the Lewis structure.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The two oxygen-oxygen bonds in ozone are in fact of equal length. Deduce why this is the case and how the length of these would compare to oxygen-oxygen bond lengths in hydrogen peroxide, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), and in the oxygen molecule, \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Shape: </em>non-linear / bent / v-shaped / angular;</p>
<p><em>Bond angle: </em>117°;</p>
<p><em>Accept values from </em><em>115° </em><em>to </em><em>119°</em> <em>/ <span style="text-decoration: underline;">just/slightly</span> less than </em><em>120°</em><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>one is just one \(\sigma \) <strong>and </strong>one has one \(\sigma \) and one \(\pi \);</p>
<p><em>Accept “both bonds comprise one </em>\(\sigma \) <em>and a shared </em>\(\pi \) <em>“/ OWTTE.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>delocalization occurs / delocalized \(\pi \)-bond / (has two) resonance structures / it is a resonance hybrid;</p>
<p>length intermediate between \({{\text{H}}_2}{{\text{O}}_2}\) and \({{\text{O}}_2}\) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students scored well on this because, in order that candidates were not too heavily penalised, ECF was applied to the later parts of the question based on the number of electron domains and bonding represented by the Lewis diagram drawn in part (a). Hence, although quite a few students incorrectly tried to reflect the delocalization of ozone in their Lewis structures in part (a), their answers to the later parts of the question were correct. In the final part quite a number of students appeared unable to deduce that hydrogen peroxide contains a single O–O bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students scored well on this because, in order that candidates were not too heavily penalised, ECF was applied to the later parts of the question based on the number of electron domains and bonding represented by the Lewis diagram drawn in part (a). Hence, although quite a few students incorrectly tried to reflect the delocalization of ozone in their Lewis structures in part (a), their answers to the later parts of the question were correct. In the final part quite a number of students appeared unable to deduce that hydrogen peroxide contains a single O–O bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students scored well on this because, in order that candidates were not too heavily penalised, ECF was applied to the later parts of the question based on the number of electron domains and bonding represented by the Lewis diagram drawn in part (a). Hence, although quite a few students incorrectly tried to reflect the delocalization of ozone in their Lewis structures in part (a), their answers to the later parts of the question were correct. In the final part quite a number of students appeared unable to deduce that hydrogen peroxide contains a single O–O bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many students scored well on this because, in order that candidates were not too heavily penalised, ECF was applied to the later parts of the question based on the number of electron domains and bonding represented by the Lewis diagram drawn in part (a). Hence, although quite a few students incorrectly tried to reflect the delocalization of ozone in their Lewis structures in part (a), their answers to the later parts of the question were correct. In the final part quite a number of students appeared unable to deduce that hydrogen peroxide contains a single O–O bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Two hydrides of nitrogen are ammonia and hydrazine, \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\). One derivative of ammonia is methanamine whose molecular structure is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_11.35.47.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/05"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Hydrazine is used to remove oxygen from water used to generate steam or hot water.</p>
<p>\[{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}} \to {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
<p>The concentration of dissolved oxygen in a sample of water is \(8.0 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ g}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Estimate the H−N−H bond angle in methanamine using VSEPR theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the electron domain geometry around the nitrogen atom and its hybridization in methanamine.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Ammonia reacts reversibly with water.<br>\[{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}^ + {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]<br>Explain the effect of adding \({{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\) ions on the position of the equilibrium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrazine reacts with water in a similar way to ammonia. (The association of a molecule of hydrazine with a second H<sup>+</sup> is so small it can be neglected.)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">\[{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{H}}_{\text{5}}^ + {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">\[{\text{p}}{K_{\text{b}}}{\text{ (hydrazine)}} = 5.77\]</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Calculate the pH of a \(0.0100{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of hydrazine.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration of hydrazine solution with dilute sulfuric acid using section 22 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, using an ionic equation, what is observed when magnesium powder is added to a solution of ammonium chloride.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the enthalpy change of reaction, \(\Delta H\), in kJ, when 1.00 mol of gaseous hydrazine decomposes to its elements. Use bond enthalpy values in section 11 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>\[{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The standard enthalpy of formation of \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(l)}}\) is \( + 50.6{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, \(\Delta {H_{{\text{vap}}}}\), of hydrazine in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). \[{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(l)}} \to {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(g)}}\] (If you did not get an answer to (f), use \( - 85{\text{ kJ}}\) but this is not the correct answer.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, showing your working, the mass of hydrazine needed to remove all the dissolved oxygen from \({\text{1000 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the volume, in \({\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), of nitrogen formed under SATP conditions. (The volume of 1 mol of gas = \({\text{24.8 d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) at SATP.)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>107°</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept 100° </em><em>to < </em><em>109.5°.</em></p>
<p><em>Literature value = </em><em>105.8°</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>tetrahedral</p>
<p>sp<sup>3</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>No ECF allowed.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>removes/reacts with \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\)</p>
<p>moves to the right/products «to replace \({\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\) ions»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept ionic equation for M1.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>K</em><sub>b</sub> = 10<sup>–5.77</sup> / 1.698 x 10<sup>–6</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>\({K_{\text{b}}} = \frac{{\left[ {{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{H}}_5^ + } \right] \times \left[ {{\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }} \right]}}{{\left[ {{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_4}} \right]}}\)</p>
<p> [OH<sup>–</sup>]<sup>2</sup> «= 1.698 × 10<sup>–6</sup> × 0.0100» = 1.698 × 10<sup>–8</sup></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>[OH<sup>–</sup>] «\( = \sqrt {1.698 \times {{10}^{ - 8}}} \)» = 1.303 × 10<sup>–4</sup> «mol dm<sup>–3</sup>»</p>
<p>pH «\( = - {\text{lo}}{{\text{g}}_{10}}\frac{{1 \times {{10}^{ - 14}}}}{{1.3 \times {{10}^{ - 4}}}}\)» = 10.1</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [3] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Give appropriate credit for other methods containing errors that do not yield correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>methyl red</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>bromocresol green</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>bromophenol blue</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>methyl orange</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>bubbles</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>gas</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>magnesium disappears</p>
<p>\({\text{2NH}}_{\text{4}}^ + {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Mg(s)}} \to {\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{{\text{2}} + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “hydrogen” without </em><em>reference to observed changes.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "smell of ammonia".</em></p>
<p><em>Accept 2H<sup>+</sup></em><em>(aq) + </em><em>Mg(s) </em>\( \to \)<em> </em><em>Mg</em><sup><em>2+</em></sup><em>(aq) + </em><em>H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g)</em></p>
<p><em>Equation must be ionic.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>bonds broken</em>:</p>
<p>E(N–N) + 4E(N–H)</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>\(158{\text{ }}\ll {\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\gg + 4 \times 391{\text{ }}\ll {\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\gg /1722{\text{ }}\ll {\text{kJ}}\gg \)</p>
<p><em>bonds formed</em>:</p>
<p>E(N\( \equiv \)N) + 2E(H–H)</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>\(945{\text{ }}\ll {\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\gg + 2 \times 436{\text{ }}\ll {\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\gg /1817{\text{ }}\ll {\text{kJ}}\gg \)</p>
<p>\(\ll \Delta H = {\text{bonds broken}} - {\text{bonds formed}} = 1722 - 1817 = \gg - 95{\text{ }}\ll {\text{kJ}}\gg \)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [3] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2 max] for +</em><em>95 </em><strong><em>«</em></strong><em>kJ</em><strong><em>»</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-20_om_14.03.34.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/05.g/M"></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>\(\Delta {H_{{\text{vap}}}} = - 50.6{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}} - {\text{(}} - 95{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\)</p>
<p>\(\ll \Delta {H_{vap}} = \gg + 44{\text{ }}\ll {\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\gg \)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [2] for correct final answer. Award </em><em>[1 max] for </em>–<em>44 </em><em>«</em><em>kJ mol<sup>–</sup></em><sup><em>1</em></sup><em>».</em></p>
<p><em>Award [2] for:</em></p>
<p><em>ΔH</em><sub><em>vap </em></sub>= –<em>50.6 kJ mol<sup>–</sup></em><sup><em>1 </em></sup><em>– (–85 J mol<sup>–</sup></em><sup><em>1</em></sup><em>) = </em>＋<em>34 </em><em>«</em><em>kJ mol<sup>–</sup></em><sup><em>1</em></sup><em>»</em><em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Award [1 max] for –</em><em>34 </em><em>«</em><em>kJ mol<sup>–</sup></em><sup><em>1</em></sup><em>».</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>total mass of oxygen \(\ll = 8.0 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ g}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}} \times 1000{\text{ d}}{{\text{m}}^3}\gg = 8.0{\text{ }}\ll {\text{g}}\gg \)</p>
<p>\({\text{n(}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{) }}\ll = \frac{{8.0{\text{ g}}}}{{32.00{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} = \gg {\text{ }}0.25{\text{ }}\ll {\text{mol}}\gg \)</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>\({\text{n(}}{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{)}} = {\text{n(}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}\)</p>
<p>\(\ll {\text{mass of hydrazine}} = 0.25{\text{ mol}} \times 32.06{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}} = \gg {\text{ }}8.0{\text{ }}\ll {\text{g}}\gg \)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [3] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(\ll {\text{n(}}{{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{)}} = {\text{n(}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}} = \frac{{8.0{\text{ g}}}}{{32.00{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}} = \gg {\text{ }}0.25{\text{ }}\ll {\text{mol}}\gg \)</p>
<p>\(\ll {\text{volume of nitrogen}} = 0.25{\text{ mol}} \times 24.8{\text{ d}}{{\text{m}}^3}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\gg = 6.2{\text{ }}\ll {\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^3}\gg \)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [1] for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">An organic compound, <strong>X</strong>, with a molar mass of approximately \({\text{88 g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) contains 54.5% carbon, 36.3% oxygen and 9.2% hydrogen by mass.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict and explain the bond lengths and bond strengths of the carbon-oxygen bonds in \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.vii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) State the meaning of the term <em>hybridization</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Describe the hybridization of the carbon atom in methane and explain how the concept of hybridization can be used to explain the shape of the methane molecule.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) Identify the hybridization of the carbon atoms in diamond and graphite and explain why graphite is an electrical conductor.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Aluminium chloride, \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{6}}}\), does not conduct electricity when molten but aluminium oxide, \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\), does. Explain this in terms of the structure and bonding of the two compounds.</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{6}}}\):</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">bond length and bond strength identical for both carbon to oxygen bonds;</p>
<p class="p1">intermediate between single and double bond length and strength;</p>
<p class="p1">due to delocalization of the electrons (in the p orbitals);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept use of Data Booklet values of bond lengths and bond enthalpies</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept diagram of delocalization or the two resonance structures for M3</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.vii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>mixing/joining together/combining/merging of (atomic) orbitals to form molecular/new orbitals (of equal energy);</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^3}\);</p>
<p class="p1">isolated C atom electron configuration \({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^2}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^2}\) / excited state C electron configuration is \({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^2}2{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{1}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\) electrons blend to form four identical hybrid orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1">hybrid orbitals lower in total energy than atomic orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1">repulsion of (identical hybrid) orbitals creates a tetrahedral shape;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept suitably annotated diagram for M2, M3 and M4.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><em>diamond</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>graphite</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^2}\);</p>
<p class="p1">(p) electrons delocalized (around layer);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Al<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub></em>:</p>
<p class="p1">covalent bonding / dimer/molecular structure;</p>
<p class="p1">no free charges when molten so not an electrical conductor;</p>
<p class="p1">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:</p>
<p class="p1">ionic / lattice structure;</p>
<p class="p1">ions free to move/mobile in molten state;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Question 7 was a popular one and well-answered in general. Part (a) required definitions which were not well known but most candidates determined the empirical and molecular formulas and correctly drew the structural formula of the carboxylic acid. Fewer candidates could correctly draw the structural formula of an ester. Identification of the stronger and longer carbon-oxygen bond was answered correctly by nearly all candidates, but explaining the bond lengths in the propanoate ion was only answered correctly by the very best candidates. Even those who realized that the electrons are delocalized did not give a complete explanation and often scored only 2 marks out of 3.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.vii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b) many candidates struggled to define hybridization, frequently referring to overlapping of orbitals. Most could state that the carbon atom in methane is \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\) hybridized and that the molecule is tetrahedral, but few gave detailed responses about electron configurations or repulsion of electron pairs. However, most candidates correctly identified the hybridization of carbon in diamond and graphite, and explained why graphite conducts electric current.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (c) few candidates knew that \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{6}}}\)<span class="s1"> </span>is a covalent compound and that \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\)<span class="s1"> </span>is ionic. Some answers mentioned many types of bonding for one compound.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Two groups of students (Group A and Group B) carried out a project* on the chemistry of some group 7 elements (the halogens) and their compounds.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">* Adapted from J Derek Woollins, (2009), Inorganic Experiments and Open University, (2008), Exploring the Molecular World.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In this project the students explored several aspects of the chemistry of the halogens. In the original preparation of ICl(l), they observed the yellow-green colour of chlorine gas, Cl<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(g), reacting with solid iodine, I<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(s).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When iodine reacts with excess chlorine, \({\text{IC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) can form. Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of \({\text{IC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{ICl}}_2^ - \) and state the name of the shape of each species.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-22_om_06.59.30.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/01.e"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the <strong>full </strong>electron configuration of iodine \((Z = 53)\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One important use of chlorine is in the synthesis of poly(chloroethene), PVC. Identify the monomer used to make PVC and state <strong>one </strong>of the uses of PVC.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Monomer:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Use:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-22_om_07.00.47.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/01.e/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>No ECF for shape if Lewis structure is incorrect.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{5}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{5}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{5}}}{\text{/1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{4}}{{\text{d}}^{{\text{10}}}}{\text{5}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{5}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{5}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>No mark for 2,8,18,18,7 or [Kr] 5s</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sup><em>4d</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>10</em></span></sup><em>5p</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>5</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow electron configurations with order of sublevels interchanged.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Electrons must be represented as superscript to award mark.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Monomer</em>:</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-22_om_07.36.21.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/01.f.iii/M"> / chloroethene /\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{CHCl}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept vinyl chloride or chloroethylene</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow C</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub><em>Cl</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Use</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">raincoats / packaging / window frames / pipes / carpets / gutters / electrical cable sheathing / covers for electrical wires / rope / bottles;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept suitable alternatives.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow glue.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow just plastic(s) or just windows.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow plastic bag.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (e) was by far one of the most disappointing questions on the entire paper with only the top-end candidates scoring all four marks. Many mistakes were seen, such as the usual mistakes of omitting lone pairs on terminal atoms and not including square brackets and the negative charge for the Lewis structure of the anion. The biggest problem however for candidates was failing to realise that for Lewis structures based on five negative charge centres or five electron domains, the lone pairs are inserted in the equatorial position and not the axial position, resulting in a T-shaped molecular geometry for \({\text{IC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)<span class="s1"> </span>and a linear shape for \({\text{ICl}}_2^ - \). Candidates may benefit in class from a careful discussion of the various angles resulting from LP-LP, LP-BP and BP-BP repulsions for such structures emanating from five electron domains. As a result of poor comprehension of this aspect of VSEPR Theory, a common incorrect molecular geometry of trigonal planar was often cited for the molecular geometry for\({\text{IC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (f), the better candidates gave the correct full electron configuration for iodine. Surprisingly some of the weaker candidates gave electron arrangements which scored no marks and a few candidates gave rather sloppy configurations, either putting subscripts instead of superscripts or not putting the number of electrons as superscripts, which was rather disconcerting to see at HL.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (iii), a large number of candidates stated chloroethane instead of chloroethene for the monomer. Plastic was often given as a use of PVC. This however was not allowed for M2 and a more precise answer was required.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Some physical properties of molecular substances result from the different types of forces between their molecules.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Resonance structures exist when a molecule can be represented by more than one Lewis structure.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Carbon dioxide can be represented by at least two resonance structures, I and II.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_16.23.50.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/07.c.i_01"></p>
<p>Calculate the formal charge on each oxygen atom in the two structures.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_16.25.45.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/07.c.i_02"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce, giving a reason, the more likely structure.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Absorption of UV light in the ozone layer causes the dissociation of oxygen and ozone.</p>
<p>Identify, in terms of bonding, the molecule that requires a longer wavelength to dissociate.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Carbon and silicon are elements in group 14.</p>
<p>Explain why CO<sub>2</sub> is a gas but SiO<sub>2</sub> is a solid at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_16.59.05.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/07.c.i/M"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for any two correctly filled </em><em>cells.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>structure I <strong><em>AND </em></strong>no formal charges</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>structure I <strong><em>AND </em></strong>no charge transfer <strong>«</strong>between atoms<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>O<sub>3</sub> has bond between single and double bond <strong><em>AND </em></strong>O<sub>2</sub> has double bond</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>O<sub>3</sub> has bond order of 1.5 <strong><em>AND </em></strong>O<sub>2</sub> has bond order of 2</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>bond in O<sub>3</sub> is weaker/longer than in O<sub>2</sub></p>
<p> </p>
<p>O<sub>3</sub> requires longer wavelength</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>M1: Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “ozone has one </em><em>single and one double bond”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CO<sub>2</sub> <strong>«</strong>non-polar<strong>» «</strong>weak<strong>» </strong>London/dispersion forces/instantaneous induced dipole-induced dipole forces between molecules</p>
<p>SiO<sub>2</sub> network/lattice/3D/giant <strong>«</strong>covalent<strong>» </strong>structure</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>M1: The concept of “between” is </em><em>essential.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Bonds can be formed in many ways.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Bonds can be formed in many ways.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The equilibrium for a mixture of NO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> gases is represented as:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2NO<sub>2</sub>(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(g)</p>
<p>At 100°C, the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, is 0.21.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss the bonding in the resonance structures of ozone.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce one resonance structure of ozone and the corresponding formal charges on each oxygen atom.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The first six ionization energies, in kJ mol<sup>–1</sup>, of an element are given below.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-21_om_08.29.16.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/04.c"></p>
<p>Explain the large increase in ionization energy from IE<sub>3</sub> to IE<sub>4</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>At a given time, the concentration of NO<sub>2</sub>(g) and N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(g) were 0.52 and \(0.10{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) respectively.</p>
<p>Deduce, showing your reasoning, if the forward or the reverse reaction is favoured at this time.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Comment on the value of Δ<em>G</em> when the reaction quotient equals the equilibrium constant, <em>Q</em> = <em>K</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>lone pair on p orbital «of O atom» overlaps/delocalizes with pi electrons «from double bond»</p>
<p>both O–O bonds have equal bond length<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>both O–O bonds have same/1.5 bond order<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>both O–O are intermediate between O–O <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>O=O </p>
<p>both O–O bonds have equal bond energy</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “p/pi/\(\pi \) electrons are delocalized/not localized”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1:</strong></em></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>FC: –1 <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>+1 <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>0</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></em></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>FC: 0 <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>+1 <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>–1</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept structure that represents 1.5 bonds.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not penalize missing lone pairs if already penalized in 3(b).</em></p>
<p><em>If resonance structure is incorrect, no ECF.</em></p>
<p><em>Any one of the structures with correct formal charges for <strong>[2 max]</strong>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em><br>IE<sub>4</sub>: electron in lower/inner shell/energy level<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>IE<sub>4</sub>: more stable/full electron shell</p>
<p>IE<sub>4</sub>: electron closer to nucleus<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>IE<sub>4</sub>: electron more tightly held by nucleus</p>
<p>IE<sub>4</sub>: less shielding by complete inner shells</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “increase in effective nuclear charge” for M2.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«<em>Q</em><sub>c</sub> = \(\frac{{0.10}}{{{{0.52}^2}}}\) =» 0.37<br>reaction proceeds to the left/NO<sub>2</sub>(g) «until Q = <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>reverse reaction «favoured»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not award M2 without a calculation for M1 but remember to apply ECF.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Δ<em>G</em> = 0<br>reaction at equilibrium<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>rate of forward and reverse reaction is the same<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>constant macroscopic properties</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The element boron has two naturally occurring isotopes, \(^{{\text{10}}}{\text{B}}\) and \(^{{\text{11}}}{\text{B}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Phosphorus forms two chlorides, \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Apply the Aufbau principle to state the <strong>full </strong>electron configuration for an atom of phosphorus.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the Lewis structures for \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;">\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)\(\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \)\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict the shapes and the bond angles in the two molecules.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_12.11.34.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.c.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the type of hybridization present in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare the melting points of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) and explain the difference.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define an <em>acid </em>according to the Lewis theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the acid–base character of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) according to the Lewis theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the delocalization of \(\pi \) electrons using the \({{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) molecule as an example, including <strong>two </strong>facts that support the delocalization.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{1}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{2}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{6}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{3}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_12.08.24.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.c.ii/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Penalize missing lone pairs on chlorine only once.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_12.40.42.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.c.iii/M"></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Shape and bond angle must be consistent with the number of electron domains given in the diagram in (ii).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\) (hybridization);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) has higher melting point than \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) has stronger intermolecular/London/dispersion/van der Waals’ forces;</p>
<p class="p1">(because of) more electrons/greater mass;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept the opposite argument for <em>PCl<sub>3</sub></em></em><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for answers suggesting PCl<sub>3</sub></em> <em>has higher melting point because it is polar and PCl<sub>5</sub></em> <em>is not.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">electron pair acceptor;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Lewis base;</p>
<p class="p1">has non-bonding/lone pair of electrons;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>No ECF from (i).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">overlap of \(p\) orbitals / \(p\) electrons of double/\(\pi \) bond and non-bonding/lone pair on oxygen interact / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">\(\pi \) electrons not localized / different resonance structures possible /</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-13_om_13.01.55.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.e/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p2">both bonds/O–O and O=O have equal length / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p2">both bonds/O–O and O=O have equal bond energy <em>/ OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The electron configuration of phosphorus was successfully answered (even by apparently weaker candidates) and there were many good answers for the Lewis structures. Candidates would do well to draw the “dots” clearly remembering that their answer will be scanned. They should group the electron dots neatly in pairs (much easier for the examiner to count, for one thing) or use a line to represent an electron pair. The usual errors occurred namely missing lone pairs on P and/or Cl atoms.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The electron configuration of phosphorus was successfully answered (even by apparently weaker candidates) and there were many good answers for the Lewis structures. Candidates would do well to draw the “dots” clearly remembering that their answer will be scanned. They should group the electron dots neatly in pairs (much easier for the examiner to count, for one thing) or use a line to represent an electron pair. The usual errors occurred namely missing lone pairs on P and/or Cl atoms.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The shapes and angles in (iii) were patchy but there were also some impressive answers.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">About half knew that \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\) was the answer to (iv) and in (v) about half based their explanation on the dipole moment in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\). (One mark was allowed for those who recognized that \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) would be polar whilst \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) would not – thus suggesting that \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) had the higher melting point.) Candidates were expected to know the order of melting points as this had been studied in 13.1.1. Very few were able to write a balanced equation for the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">About half knew that \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\) was the answer to (iv) and in (v) about half based their explanation on the dipole moment in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\). (One mark was allowed for those who recognized that \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) would be polar whilst \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) would not – thus suggesting that \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) had the higher melting point.) Candidates were expected to know the order of melting points as this had been studied in 13.1.1. Very few were able to write a balanced equation for the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\) with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many failed to note that a Lewis acid is an electron <em>pair </em>acceptor and the definition was often muddled with that of Brønsted-Lowry.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some, in (d) (ii), treated the P and Cl atoms separately.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (e) there was little discussion of overlap of \(p\)<em> </em>orbitals, some of resonance but hardly any evidence in terms of equal bond length and equal bond strength. The bonding in an ozone molecule was not well-understood.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structures, state the shape and predict the bond angles for the following species.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the following Born-Haber cycle:</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_07.05.32.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.b"></p>
<p class="p1">The magnitudes for each of the enthalpy changes (<strong>a </strong>to <strong>e</strong>) are given in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\) but their signs (+ or –) have been omitted.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{NH}}_2^ - \)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{Xe}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the names for the enthalpy changes <strong>c </strong>and <strong>d</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce which <strong>two </strong>of the enthalpy changes <strong>a </strong>to <strong>e </strong>have negative signs.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the value for the enthalpy of formation of potassium bromide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the quantitative value for the lattice enthalpy of calcium bromide is larger than the value for the lattice enthalpy of potassium bromide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare the formation of a sigma \((\sigma )\) and a pi \((\pi )\) bond between two carbon atoms in a molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify how many sigma and pi bonds are present in propene, \({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce all the bond angles present in propene.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how the concept of hybridization can be used to explain the bonding in the triple bond present in propyne.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_09.12.53.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.a.i/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1">trigonal pyramid;</p>
<p class="p1">in the range of 100–108°;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_09.19.10.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.a.ii/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Must include minus sign for the mark. </em></p>
<p class="p1">bent/V–shaped;</p>
<p class="p1">in the range of 100–106°;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-14_om_09.22.20.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/06.a.iii/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1">square planar;</p>
<p class="p1">90°;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize once only if electron pairs are missed off outer atoms.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><strong>c</strong>: atomization (enthalpy);</p>
<p class="p3"><strong>d</strong>: electron affinity;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><strong>d </strong>and <strong>e</strong>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\Delta {H_{\text{f}}} = 90.0 + 418 + 112 + (-342) + ( - 670)\);</p>
<p class="p1">\( =<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- 392{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{a}}^{2 + }}\) is smaller than \({{\text{K}}^ + }\) <strong>and</strong> \({\text{C}}{{\text{a}}^{2 + }}\) has more charge than \({{\text{K}}^ + }\) / \({\text{C}}{{\text{a}}^{2 + }}\) has a greater charge density;</p>
<p class="p1">so the attractive forces between the ions are stronger;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept ‘stronger ionic bonds’ </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if reference is made to atoms or molecules instead of ions.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">sigma bonds are formed by end on/axial overlap of orbitals with electron density between the two atoms/nuclei;</p>
<p class="p1">pi bonds are formed by sideways overlap of parallel p orbitals with electron density above <strong>and </strong>below internuclear axis/\(\sigma \) bond;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept suitably annotated diagrams</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">8 sigma/\(\sigma \) ;</p>
<p class="p1">1 pi/\(\pi \) ;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">109°/109.5°;</p>
<p class="p1">120°;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">sp hybridization;</p>
<p class="p1">1 sigma and 2 pi;</p>
<p class="p2">sigma bond formed by overlap between the two sp hybrid orbitals (on each of the two carbon atoms) / pi bonds formed by overlap between remaining p orbitals (on each of the two carbon atoms) / diagram showing 2 sp hybrid orbitals and 2 p orbitals;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This question was the most popular of the Section B questions. Part (a) was generally well answered with many candidates drawing clear Lewis structures and applying their knowledge of VSEPR theory well. Common errors included the omission of lone electron pairs on outer atoms, and the omission of a bracket and charge on the ion. Incorrect angular values were common. Some candidates described shapes and bond angles in terms of the ‘parent shape’. Good candidates explained the answers well and scored full marks. Weaker candidates simply wrote two answers; for example, ‘tetrahedral bent’ and could not be awarded marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was the most popular of the Section B questions. Part (a) was generally well answered with many candidates drawing clear Lewis structures and applying their knowledge of VSEPR theory well. Common errors included the omission of lone electron pairs on outer atoms, and the omission of a bracket and charge on the ion. Incorrect angular values were common. Some candidates described shapes and bond angles in terms of the ‘parent shape’. Good candidates explained the answers well and scored full marks. Weaker candidates simply wrote two answers; for example, ‘tetrahedral bent’ and could not be awarded marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was the most popular of the Section B questions. Part (a) was generally well answered with many candidates drawing clear Lewis structures and applying their knowledge of VSEPR theory well. Common errors included the omission of lone electron pairs on outer atoms, and the omission of a bracket and charge on the ion. Incorrect angular values were common. Some candidates described shapes and bond angles in terms of the ‘parent shape’. Good candidates explained the answers well and scored full marks. Weaker candidates simply wrote two answers; for example, ‘tetrahedral bent’ and could not be awarded marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b) many candidates incorrectly identified the process converting liquid bromine molecules to gaseous bromine atoms as vaporization.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deducing the enthalpy changes with negative signs proved challenging for many although, with follow through marks credit was earned for the calculation of the enthalpy of formation of potassium bromide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some teachers commented on the G2 forms that the energy cycle diagram was strange, however, the stages of the Born-Haber cycle were clearly given and candidates should be familiar with those.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Very few candidates could explain why calcium bromide has a larger lattice enthalpy than potassium bromide. Many referred to atoms instead of ions, and tried to answer this in terms of the electronegativity of the metals.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (c) was answered well by some candidates who produced clear and well annotated diagrams as part of their answers. Many candidates however omitted mention of orbitals when trying to describe the formation of sigma and pi bonds or to explain hybridization. There were many diagrams which had no annotations and were difficult to interpret.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (c) was answered well by some candidates who produced clear and well annotated diagrams as part of their answers. Many candidates however omitted mention of orbitals when trying to describe the formation of sigma and pi bonds or to explain hybridization. There were many diagrams which had no annotations and were difficult to interpret.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (c) was answered well by some candidates who produced clear and well annotated diagrams as part of their answers. Many candidates however omitted mention of orbitals when trying to describe the formation of sigma and pi bonds or to explain hybridization. There were many diagrams which had no annotations and were difficult to interpret.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (c) was answered well by some candidates who produced clear and well annotated diagrams as part of their answers. Many candidates however omitted mention of orbitals when trying to describe the formation of sigma and pi bonds or to explain hybridization. There were many diagrams which had no annotations and were difficult to interpret.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ethanol is a primary alcohol that can be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI). Distinguish between the reaction conditions needed to produce ethanal and ethanoic acid.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Ethanal:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Ethanoic acid:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the oxidation number of carbon in ethanol and ethanal.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Ethanol:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Ethanal:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the half-equation for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the overall redox equation for the reaction of ethanol to ethanal with acidified potassium dichromate(VI).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ethanol can be made by reacting aqueous sodium hydroxide with bromoethane.</p>
<p class="p1">Explain the mechanism for this reaction, using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the orders of reaction of the reactants and the overall rate expression for the reaction between 2-bromobutane and aqueous sodium hydroxide using the data in the table.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-03_om_07.27.54.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/07.ci"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the rate constant, \(k\), with its units, using the data from experiment 3.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the molecularity of the rate-determining step in this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">2-bromobutane exists as optical isomers.</p>
<p class="p2">State the essential feature of optical isomers.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">2-bromobutane exists as optical isomers.</p>
<p class="p1">Outline how a polarimeter can distinguish between these isomers.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the formation of \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) <span class="s1">bonds in an alkene.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The two most abundant isotopes of bromine have the mass numbers 79 and 81.</p>
<p class="p1">Calculate the relative abundance of \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) using table 5 of the data booklet, assuming the abundance of the other isotopes is negligible.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Ethanal</em>: distill off product as it forms;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept distillation.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ethanoic acid</em>: (heat under) reflux / use excess oxidizing agent;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Ethanol: </em>–2/–II;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ethanal: </em>–1/–I;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept 2–, 1– but penalize once only.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{OH}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CHO}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + } + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Half-equation required. Do not accept </em>\({C_2}{H_5}OH + 2[O] \to C{H_3}CHO + {H_2}O\).</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept e for </em>\({e^ - }\)<em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{3C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{OH(aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{8}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{r}}^{{\text{3}} + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CHO(l)}} + {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">correct reactants and products;</p>
<p class="p1">correct balancing;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>M2 can only be scored if M1 correct.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-03_om_07.20.00.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/07.b/M"></p>
<p class="p1">curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in \({\text{H}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\) to C;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in </em>\(H{O^ - }\)<em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1">curly arrow showing Br leaving;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept curly arrow either going from bond between C and Br to Br in bromoethane or in the transition state.</em></p>
<p class="p1">representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and partial bonds;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalize if HO and Br are not at 180° to each other.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award M3 if OH----C bond is represented.</em></p>
<p class="p1">formation of organic product \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{OH}}\) <strong>and </strong>\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3 max] </em></strong><em>for correct </em>\({S_N}1\)<em> mechanism.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{[NaOH] / [O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{]}}\) is 1/first order <strong>and </strong>\({\text{[}}{{\text{C}}_4}{{\text{H}}_9}{\text{Br]}}\) is 1/first order;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{rate }} = k{\text{[O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{][}}{{\text{C}}_4}{{\text{H}}_9}{\text{Br] / rate}} = k{\text{[NaOH][}}{{\text{C}}_4}{{\text{H}}_9}{\text{Br]}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Square brackets must be used for M2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\left( {\frac{{1.02 \times {{10}^{ - 4}}}}{{0.25 \times 0.25}} = } \right)0.0016/1.6 \times {10^{ - 3}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\,{{\text{s}}^{ - 1}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept </em>\({M^{ - 1}} {s^{ - 1}}\)<em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore order of units.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Must use experiment 3 data.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">bimolecular/2;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept dimolecular.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">chiral/asymmetric carbon / carbon attached to 4 different groups / non-super imposable mirror images;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">enantiomers rotate plane of (plane-) polarized light;</p>
<p class="p1">in opposite directions (by equal amounts);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Sigma bonds</em>:</p>
<p class="p2"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-03_om_07.47.32.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/07.f.1/M"></p>
<p class="p2">result from head-on/end-on overlap of orbitals / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Accept axial overlap of orbitals.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Accept “symmetric orbital” with respect to same plane / OWTTE.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Pi bonds</em>:</p>
<p class="p2"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-03_om_07.48.03.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/07.f.2/M"></p>
<p class="p2">result from sideways overlap of orbitals / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “antisymmetric orbitals” with respect to (defining) plane (containing at least one atom) / OWTTE.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(79.91 = 79x + 81(1 - x)\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award M1 for any suitable calculation.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(abundance \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}} = \)) 54.5%;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The idea of “reflux” was usually given for the production of ethanoic acid in (a) but ethanal was less clear. We accept that perhaps we should have phrased (a) (ii), “Determine the <em>average </em>oxidation number of carbon in …” In practice, this was one of the best answered parts and caused few difficulties. Few had any idea how to attempt the half-equation in (iii) and the overall equation in (iv). Although the mechanism in (b) has been set on numerous occasions, candidates are still not taking care over the start and finish of the curly arrows and the intermediate is drawn poorly. It must have partial bonds and the sign must be outside the square brackets. Some candidates offered an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) mechanism. In (c) (ii), the orders were usually successfully deduced but many omitted to give the overall rate expression. In part (ii), quite a number of candidates unaccountably ignored the instruction and used any experiment but No 3. The units were frequently wrong or omitted. The molecularity was answered satisfactorily. In (d), candidates frequently stated that the molecules have mirror images but not that these mirror images are non-superposable. “Chiral” was a popular correct answer. There seemed to be little understanding of a polarimeter with some suggesting that the crystals themselves rotate. In (e) the equations were poor and few were able to identify the reagent. Most descriptions in (f) would have been improved with a careful and clear diagram. Part (g), the relative abundance of \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) was well done except by those who tried to do it “by inspection”; this usually led to the wrong answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The idea of “reflux” was usually given for the production of ethanoic acid in (a) but ethanal was less clear. We accept that perhaps we should have phrased (a) (ii), “Determine the <em>average </em>oxidation number of carbon in …” In practice, this was one of the best answered parts and caused few difficulties. Few had any idea how to attempt the half-equation in (iii) and the overall equation in (iv). Although the mechanism in (b) has been set on numerous occasions, candidates are still not taking care over the start and finish of the curly arrows and the intermediate is drawn poorly. It must have partial bonds and the sign must be outside the square brackets. Some candidates offered an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) mechanism. In (c) (ii), the orders were usually successfully deduced but many omitted to give the overall rate expression. In part (ii), quite a number of candidates unaccountably ignored the instruction and used any experiment but No 3. The units were frequently wrong or omitted. The molecularity was answered satisfactorily. In (d), candidates frequently stated that the molecules have mirror images but not that these mirror images are non-superposable. “Chiral” was a popular correct answer. There seemed to be little understanding of a polarimeter with some suggesting that the crystals themselves rotate. In (e) the equations were poor and few were able to identify the reagent. Most descriptions in (f) would have been improved with a careful and clear diagram. Part (g), the relative abundance of \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) was well done except by those who tried to do it “by inspection”; this usually led to the wrong answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The idea of “reflux” was usually given for the production of ethanoic acid in (a) but ethanal was less clear. We accept that perhaps we should have phrased (a) (ii), “Determine the <em>average </em>oxidation number of carbon in …” In practice, this was one of the best answered parts and caused few difficulties. Few had any idea how to attempt the half-equation in (iii) and the overall equation in (iv). Although the mechanism in (b) has been set on numerous occasions, candidates are still not taking care over the start and finish of the curly arrows and the intermediate is drawn poorly. It must have partial bonds and the sign must be outside the square brackets. Some candidates offered an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) mechanism. In (c) (ii), the orders were usually successfully deduced but many omitted to give the overall rate expression. In part (ii), quite a number of candidates unaccountably ignored the instruction and used any experiment but No 3. The units were frequently wrong or omitted. The molecularity was answered satisfactorily. In (d), candidates frequently stated that the molecules have mirror images but not that these mirror images are non-superposable. “Chiral” was a popular correct answer. There seemed to be little understanding of a polarimeter with some suggesting that the crystals themselves rotate. In (e) the equations were poor and few were able to identify the reagent. Most descriptions in (f) would have been improved with a careful and clear diagram. Part (g), the relative abundance of \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) was well done except by those who tried to do it “by inspection”; this usually led to the wrong answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The idea of “reflux” was usually given for the production of ethanoic acid in (a) but ethanal was less clear. We accept that perhaps we should have phrased (a) (ii), “Determine the <em>average </em>oxidation number of carbon in …” In practice, this was one of the best answered parts and caused few difficulties. Few had any idea how to attempt the half-equation in (iii) and the overall equation in (iv). Although the mechanism in (b) has been set on numerous occasions, candidates are still not taking care over the start and finish of the curly arrows and the intermediate is drawn poorly. It must have partial bonds and the sign must be outside the square brackets. Some candidates offered an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) mechanism. In (c) (ii), the orders were usually successfully deduced but many omitted to give the overall rate expression. In part (ii), quite a number of candidates unaccountably ignored the instruction and used any experiment but No 3. The units were frequently wrong or omitted. The molecularity was answered satisfactorily. In (d), candidates frequently stated that the molecules have mirror images but not that these mirror images are non-superposable. “Chiral” was a popular correct answer. There seemed to be little understanding of a polarimeter with some suggesting that the crystals themselves rotate. In (e) the equations were poor and few were able to identify the reagent. Most descriptions in (f) would have been improved with a careful and clear diagram. Part (g), the relative abundance of \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) was well done except by those who tried to do it “by inspection”; this usually led to the wrong answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The idea of “reflux” was usually given for the production of ethanoic acid in (a) but ethanal was less clear. We accept that perhaps we should have phrased (a) (ii), “Determine the <em>average </em>oxidation number of carbon in …” In practice, this was one of the best answered parts and caused few difficulties. Few had any idea how to attempt the half-equation in (iii) and the overall equation in (iv). Although the mechanism in (b) has been set on numerous occasions, candidates are still not taking care over the start and finish of the curly arrows and the intermediate is drawn poorly. It must have partial bonds and the sign must be outside the square brackets. Some candidates offered an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) mechanism. In (c) (ii), the orders were usually successfully deduced but many omitted to give the overall rate expression. In part (ii), quite a number of candidates unaccountably ignored the instruction and used any experiment but No 3. The units were frequently wrong or omitted. The molecularity was answered satisfactorily. In (d), candidates frequently stated that the molecules have mirror images but not that these mirror images are non-superposable. “Chiral” was a popular correct answer. There seemed to be little understanding of a polarimeter with some suggesting that the crystals themselves rotate. In (e) the equations were poor and few were able to identify the reagent. Most descriptions in (f) would have been improved with a careful and clear diagram. Part (g), the relative abundance of \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) was well done except by those who tried to do it “by inspection”; this usually led to the wrong answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The idea of “reflux” was usually given for the production of ethanoic acid in (a) but ethanal was less clear. We accept that perhaps we should have phrased (a) (ii), “Determine the <em>average </em>oxidation number of carbon in …” In practice, this was one of the best answered parts and caused few difficulties. Few had any idea how to attempt the half-equation in (iii) and the overall equation in (iv). Although the mechanism in (b) has been set on numerous occasions, candidates are still not taking care over the start and finish of the curly arrows and the intermediate is drawn poorly. It must have partial bonds and the sign must be outside the square brackets. Some candidates offered an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) mechanism. In (c) (ii), the orders were usually successfully deduced but many omitted to give the overall rate expression. In part (ii), quite a number of candidates unaccountably ignored the instruction and used any experiment but No 3. The units were frequently wrong or omitted. The molecularity was answered satisfactorily. In (d), candidates frequently stated that the molecules have mirror images but not that these mirror images are non-superposable. “Chiral” was a popular correct answer. There seemed to be little understanding of a polarimeter with some suggesting that the crystals themselves rotate. In (e) the equations were poor and few were able to identify the reagent. Most descriptions in (f) would have been improved with a careful and clear diagram. Part (g), the relative abundance of \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) was well done except by those who tried to do it “by inspection”; this usually led to the wrong answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The idea of “reflux” was usually given for the production of ethanoic acid in (a) but ethanal was less clear. We accept that perhaps we should have phrased (a) (ii), “Determine the <em>average </em>oxidation number of carbon in …” In practice, this was one of the best answered parts and caused few difficulties. Few had any idea how to attempt the half-equation in (iii) and the overall equation in (iv). Although the mechanism in (b) has been set on numerous occasions, candidates are still not taking care over the start and finish of the curly arrows and the intermediate is drawn poorly. It must have partial bonds and the sign must be outside the square brackets. Some candidates offered an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) mechanism. In (c) (ii), the orders were usually successfully deduced but many omitted to give the overall rate expression. In part (ii), quite a number of candidates unaccountably ignored the instruction and used any experiment but No 3. The units were frequently wrong or omitted. The molecularity was answered satisfactorily. In (d), candidates frequently stated that the molecules have mirror images but not that these mirror images are non-superposable. “Chiral” was a popular correct answer. There seemed to be little understanding of a polarimeter with some suggesting that the crystals themselves rotate. In (e) the equations were poor and few were able to identify the reagent. Most descriptions in (f) would have been improved with a careful and clear diagram. Part (g), the relative abundance of \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) was well done except by those who tried to do it “by inspection”; this usually led to the wrong answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The idea of “reflux” was usually given for the production of ethanoic acid in (a) but ethanal was less clear. We accept that perhaps we should have phrased (a) (ii), “Determine the <em>average </em>oxidation number of carbon in …” In practice, this was one of the best answered parts and caused few difficulties. Few had any idea how to attempt the half-equation in (iii) and the overall equation in (iv). Although the mechanism in (b) has been set on numerous occasions, candidates are still not taking care over the start and finish of the curly arrows and the intermediate is drawn poorly. It must have partial bonds and the sign must be outside the square brackets. Some candidates offered an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) mechanism. In (c) (ii), the orders were usually successfully deduced but many omitted to give the overall rate expression. In part (ii), quite a number of candidates unaccountably ignored the instruction and used any experiment but No 3. The units were frequently wrong or omitted. The molecularity was answered satisfactorily. In (d), candidates frequently stated that the molecules have mirror images but not that these mirror images are non-superposable. “Chiral” was a popular correct answer. There seemed to be little understanding of a polarimeter with some suggesting that the crystals themselves rotate. In (e) the equations were poor and few were able to identify the reagent. Most descriptions in (f) would have been improved with a careful and clear diagram. Part (g), the relative abundance of \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) was well done except by those who tried to do it “by inspection”; this usually led to the wrong answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The idea of “reflux” was usually given for the production of ethanoic acid in (a) but ethanal was less clear. We accept that perhaps we should have phrased (a) (ii), “Determine the <em>average </em>oxidation number of carbon in …” In practice, this was one of the best answered parts and caused few difficulties. Few had any idea how to attempt the half-equation in (iii) and the overall equation in (iv). Although the mechanism in (b) has been set on numerous occasions, candidates are still not taking care over the start and finish of the curly arrows and the intermediate is drawn poorly. It must have partial bonds and the sign must be outside the square brackets. Some candidates offered an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) mechanism. In (c) (ii), the orders were usually successfully deduced but many omitted to give the overall rate expression. In part (ii), quite a number of candidates unaccountably ignored the instruction and used any experiment but No 3. The units were frequently wrong or omitted. The molecularity was answered satisfactorily. In (d), candidates frequently stated that the molecules have mirror images but not that these mirror images are non-superposable. “Chiral” was a popular correct answer. There seemed to be little understanding of a polarimeter with some suggesting that the crystals themselves rotate. In (e) the equations were poor and few were able to identify the reagent. Most descriptions in (f) would have been improved with a careful and clear diagram. Part (g), the relative abundance of \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) was well done except by those who tried to do it “by inspection”; this usually led to the wrong answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The idea of “reflux” was usually given for the production of ethanoic acid in (a) but ethanal was less clear. We accept that perhaps we should have phrased (a) (ii), “Determine the <em>average </em>oxidation number of carbon in …” In practice, this was one of the best answered parts and caused few difficulties. Few had any idea how to attempt the half-equation in (iii) and the overall equation in (iv). Although the mechanism in (b) has been set on numerous occasions, candidates are still not taking care over the start and finish of the curly arrows and the intermediate is drawn poorly. It must have partial bonds and the sign must be outside the square brackets. Some candidates offered an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) mechanism. In (c) (ii), the orders were usually successfully deduced but many omitted to give the overall rate expression. In part (ii), quite a number of candidates unaccountably ignored the instruction and used any experiment but No 3. The units were frequently wrong or omitted. The molecularity was answered satisfactorily. In (d), candidates frequently stated that the molecules have mirror images but not that these mirror images are non-superposable. “Chiral” was a popular correct answer. There seemed to be little understanding of a polarimeter with some suggesting that the crystals themselves rotate. In (e) the equations were poor and few were able to identify the reagent. Most descriptions in (f) would have been improved with a careful and clear diagram. Part (g), the relative abundance of \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) was well done except by those who tried to do it “by inspection”; this usually led to the wrong answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The idea of “reflux” was usually given for the production of ethanoic acid in (a) but ethanal was less clear. We accept that perhaps we should have phrased (a) (ii), “Determine the <em>average </em>oxidation number of carbon in …” In practice, this was one of the best answered parts and caused few difficulties. Few had any idea how to attempt the half-equation in (iii) and the overall equation in (iv). Although the mechanism in (b) has been set on numerous occasions, candidates are still not taking care over the start and finish of the curly arrows and the intermediate is drawn poorly. It must have partial bonds and the sign must be outside the square brackets. Some candidates offered an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) mechanism. In (c) (ii), the orders were usually successfully deduced but many omitted to give the overall rate expression. In part (ii), quite a number of candidates unaccountably ignored the instruction and used any experiment but No 3. The units were frequently wrong or omitted. The molecularity was answered satisfactorily. In (d), candidates frequently stated that the molecules have mirror images but not that these mirror images are non-superposable. “Chiral” was a popular correct answer. There seemed to be little understanding of a polarimeter with some suggesting that the crystals themselves rotate. In (e) the equations were poor and few were able to identify the reagent. Most descriptions in (f) would have been improved with a careful and clear diagram. Part (g), the relative abundance of \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) was well done except by those who tried to do it “by inspection”; this usually led to the wrong answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The idea of “reflux” was usually given for the production of ethanoic acid in (a) but ethanal was less clear. We accept that perhaps we should have phrased (a) (ii), “Determine the <em>average </em>oxidation number of carbon in …” In practice, this was one of the best answered parts and caused few difficulties. Few had any idea how to attempt the half-equation in (iii) and the overall equation in (iv). Although the mechanism in (b) has been set on numerous occasions, candidates are still not taking care over the start and finish of the curly arrows and the intermediate is drawn poorly. It must have partial bonds and the sign must be outside the square brackets. Some candidates offered an \({{\text{S}}_{\text{N}}}{\text{1}}\) mechanism. In (c) (ii), the orders were usually successfully deduced but many omitted to give the overall rate expression. In part (ii), quite a number of candidates unaccountably ignored the instruction and used any experiment but No 3. The units were frequently wrong or omitted. The molecularity was answered satisfactorily. In (d), candidates frequently stated that the molecules have mirror images but not that these mirror images are non-superposable. “Chiral” was a popular correct answer. There seemed to be little understanding of a polarimeter with some suggesting that the crystals themselves rotate. In (e) the equations were poor and few were able to identify the reagent. Most descriptions in (f) would have been improved with a careful and clear diagram. Part (g), the relative abundance of \(^{{\text{79}}}{\text{Br}}\) was well done except by those who tried to do it “by inspection”; this usually led to the wrong answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Carbon and silicon belong to the same group of the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the delocalization of pi (\(\pi \)) electrons and explain how this can account for the structure and stability of the carbonate ion, \({\text{CO}}_3^{2 - }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the meaning of the term <em>hybridization</em>. State the type of hybridization shown by the carbon atoms in carbon dioxide, diamond, graphite and the carbonate ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the electrical conductivity of molten sodium oxide and liquid sulfur trioxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Samples of sodium oxide and solid sulfur trioxide are added to separate beakers of water. Deduce the equation for each reaction and predict the electrical conductivity of each of the solutions formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(^{{\text{60}}}{\text{Co}}\)/Co-60/cobalt-60 <strong>and </strong>radiotherapy/sterilization of medical supplies/radiation treatment of food sterilizations/industrial radiography/density measurements in industry/(medical/radioactive) tracer;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow treatment of cancer.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow “just used in medicine”.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">\(^{{\text{57}}}{\text{Co}}\)/Co-57/cobalt-57 <strong>and </strong>medical tests/label for vitamin B<span class="s1">12 </span>uptake;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow “just used in medicine”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">mixing/combining/merging of (atomic) orbitals to form new orbitals (for bonding);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow molecular or hybrid instead of new.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow answers such as changing shape/symmetries of atomic orbitals.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Carbon dioxide: </em>sp;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Diamond: </em>\({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Graphite: </em>\({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Carbonate ion: </em>\({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Molten sodium oxide: </em>conducts because of free moving/mobile ions in molten state;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Sulfur trioxide: </em>doesn’t conduct because no free moving/mobile charged particles/it has neutral molecules;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for stating molten sodium oxide conducts but sulfur trioxide </em><em>doesn’t.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award M2 for “just sulfur trioxide does not conduct because it is </em><em>molecular.”</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{\text{O(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \to {\text{2NaOH(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(l)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">both solutions conduct;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(d) was poorly answered since candidates were unable to logically structure their response often a description of pi bonding alone was given.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(e) usually was well done, although the precise meaning of hybridization was rarely given. Sometimes an incorrect hybridization of \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{4}}}\) was given for diamond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (f), most candidates were unable to state that molten sodium oxide is able to conduct electricity because the current is carried by mobile ions (not delocalized electrons). Most did not realise that molten sulfur trioxide consists of neutral molecules and therefore does not conduct an electric current.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most were able to write the balanced chemical equations but then were not able to state that both solutions conduct. Many often gave the incorrect formula for sodium oxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25 and magnesium-26, with abundances of 77.44%, 10.00% and 12.56% respectively.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>A graph of the successive ionization energies of magnesium is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_17.46.25.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The graph below shows pressure and volume data collected for a sample of carbon dioxide gas at 330 K.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_19.19.59.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.e"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium correct to <strong>two</strong> decimal places.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Predict the relative atomic radii of the three magnesium isotopes, giving your reasons.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Explain the increase in ionization energy values from the 3rd to the 8th electrons.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Explain the sharp increase in ionization energy values between the 10th and 11th electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form an ionic compound, magnesium oxide. Describe how the ions are formed, and the structure and bonding in magnesium oxide.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Carbon reacts with oxygen to form a covalent compound, carbon dioxide. Describe what is meant by a covalent bond.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) State why magnesium and oxygen form an ionic compound while carbon and oxygen form a covalent compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Predict the type of hybridization of the carbon and oxygen atoms in \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Sketch the orbitals of an oxygen atom in \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) on the energy level diagram provided, including the electrons that occupy each orbital.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_19.10.24.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.d.ii"></p>
<p>(iii) Define the term electronegativity.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Explain why oxygen has a larger electronegativity than carbon.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw a best-fit curve for the data on the graph.</p>
<p>(ii) Use the data point labelled <strong>X</strong> to determine the amount, in mol, of carbon dioxide gas in the sample.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Most indicators are weak acids. Describe qualitatively how indicators work.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Identify a suitable indicator for a titration between a weak acid and a strong base, using Table 16 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \(\left( {\frac{{(77.44 \times 24) + (10.00 \times 25) + (12.56 \times 26)}}{{100}}} \right)\);</p>
<p>24.35;</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Two decimal places are required for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not award any marks for 24.31 without showing method (as the value can be copied from the Data Booklet).</em></p>
<p>(ii) same atomic radii / 160 pm;</p>
<p>isotopes only differ by number of neutrons/size of nucleus / radius determined by electron shells and number of protons / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Accept neutrons do not affect distance of electrons / OWTTE.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) decreasing repulsion between electrons / radius decreases as electrons are removed;</p>
<p><em>Accept increasing positive charge on ion attracts electrons more strongly.</em></p>
<p>(ii) 10<sup>th</sup> electron is in second energy level/shell while 11<sup>th</sup> electron is in first energy level/shell / 10<sup>th</sup> is removing electron from electronic arrangement 2,1 while 11<sup>th</sup> ionization energy is removing electron from electronic arrangement 2;</p>
<p>11<sup>th</sup> electron removed is much closer to the nucleus / 11<sup>th</sup> electron removed from a (much) lower energy level/shell;</p>
<p><em>Accept opposite statement for 10<sup>th</sup></em> <em>electron.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) magnesium (atom) gives two electrons to oxygen (atom) / oxygen (atom) takes two electrons from magnesium (atom) / magnesium (atom) loses two electrons <strong>and </strong>oxygen (atom) gains two electrons;</p>
<p>3-dimensional/3-D arrangement of ions / lattice of ions;</p>
<p>(electrostatic) attraction between oppositely charged ions/\({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) and \({{\text{O}}^{2 - }}\);</p>
<p>(ii) electrostatic attraction between a pair of electrons and (positively charged) nuclei;</p>
<p><em>Accept a/two pairs of shared electrons.</em></p>
<p>(iii) difference in <span style="text-decoration: underline;">electronegativity</span> is larger between Mg and O/smaller between C and O;</p>
<p><em>Accept reference to a numerical value of difference in electronegativity such as above and below 1.80.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) C: sp hybridization;</p>
<p>O: \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) hybridization;</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if the answer is sp without specifying C or O atoms.</em></p>
<p>(ii) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-21_om_19.15.25.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/08.d.ii/M"></p>
<p>three \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbitals <strong>and </strong>one p-orbital at higher energy;</p>
<p>\({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbitals contain: two, two and one electron <strong>and </strong>p-orbital contains one electron;</p>
<p><em>Do not allow ECF from (d)(i).</em></p>
<p>(iii) ability of atom/nucleus to attract bonding/shared pair of electrons / attraction of nucleus for bonding/shared pair of electrons / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>(iv) (same number of shells but) increase in nuclear charge/atomic number/number of protons increases electronegativity / O has more protons than C;</p>
<p><em>Accept oxygen has a higher effective nuclear charge.</em></p>
<p>decrease in radius along the period increases electronegativity / O has smaller radius than C;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) smooth curve through the data;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept a curve that passes through </em><strong><em>all </em></strong><em>of the points or an answer that joins the points using lines.</em></p>
<p>(ii) \(p = 21 \times {10^5}/2.1 \times {10^6}{\text{ (Pa)}}/2.1 \times {10^3}{\text{ (kPa)}}\) <strong>and</strong></p>
<p>\(V = 50 \times {10^{ - 6}}/5.0 \times {10^{ - 5}}{\text{ }}({{\text{m}}^3})/5.0 \times {10^{ - 2}}{\text{ }}({\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^3})\);</p>
<p>\(\left( {n = \frac{{pV}}{{RT}}} \right)\frac{{2.1 \times {{10}^6} \times 5.0 \times {{10}^{ - 5}}}}{{8.31 \times 330}}\);</p>
<p>\(n = 0.038{\text{ (mol)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>For M3 apply ECF for correct computation of the equation the student has written, unless more than one mistake is made prior this point.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) equilibrium between HIn and \({\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }/{\text{HIn}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - } + {{\text{H}}^ + }\);</p>
<p>the colours of HIn and \({\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }\) are different;</p>
<p>if added to acid, the equilibrium shifts to the left and the colour of HIn is seen / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>if added to base/alkali, the equilibrium shifts to the right and the colour of \({\text{I}}{{\text{n}}^ - }\) is seen / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>(ii) phenolphthalein;</p>
<p><em>Accept phenol red.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Most candidates were able to calculate the relative atomic mass to the correct number of decimal places.</p>
<p>(ii) Only strong candidates were able to predict the same radius for the isotopes and gave correct reasoning. However, the majority of candidates predicted that a larger number of neutrons resulted is a smaller radius, reflecting a poor understanding of atomic structure.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Very few candidates were able to explain the increase in successive ionization energies for electrons removed from the same sub-shell. Many candidates gave incorrect reasoning. </p>
<p>(ii) The increase between the 10<sup>th</sup> and 11<sup>th</sup> ionization energies of magnesium was explained correctly by about half of the candidates. Few candidates scored the first mark by identifying the correct shells or sub-shells the electrons are removed from. </p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Well answered by many candidates. A few candidates were confusing ionic with covalent bonding, and some referred to a linear MgO molecule in an ionic lattice.</p>
<p>(ii) Few candidates were able to describe the covalent bond precisely. Those who didn’t score usually didn’t make any reference to pairs of electrons.</p>
<p>(iii) Many candidates obtained this mark with satisfactory arguments. It was disappointing to see the abundance of answers based on “is a metal with a non-metal” or “both are non-metals”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) A few candidates identified sp hybridization based on a linear structure. Only the strongest candidates were able to give the correct hybridization for oxygen as well.</p>
<p>(ii) This was the most challenging question on the paper. It was rare to see a correct answer. It seems candidates did not have a good understanding of hybridization.</p>
<p>(iii) Less than half the candidates were able to define electronegativity precisely. Many candidates did not relate it to the pair of electrons in a covalent bond, and simply talked about attracting electrons, which was not sufficient for the mark.</p>
<p>(iv) Many candidates gained the first mark by stating that oxygen has more protons than carbon. But very few candidates identified the second factor, which is the smaller radius of oxygen.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) More than half of the candidates drew a smooth curve that was central to the data points. Errors included straight lines, curves joining all data points, or a curve that was not central to the points.</p>
<p>(ii) A very well answered question. Some candidates converted the units of <em>p </em>and <em>V </em>incorrectly and others did not read the scales of the graph correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Many candidates could explain the behaviour of indicators, but there were also some poor answers that did not acknowledge the importance of equilibrium in the action of an indicator.</p>
<p>(ii) Most candidates suggested a suitable indicator.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nitrogen and silicon belong to different groups in the periodic table.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structures, state the shapes and predict the bond angles for the following species.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the molecule \({\text{HCON}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish in terms of electronic structure, between the terms <em>group </em>and <em>period</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the maximum number of orbitals in the \(n = 2\) energy level.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{SiF}}_6^{2 - }\)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{NO}}_2^ + \)</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain, using diagrams, why \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is a polar molecule but \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) is a non-polar molecule.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the term <em>hybridization</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds form.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the type of hybridization of the carbon and nitrogen atoms in \({\text{HCON}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Group</em>: number of valence/outer energy level electrons same;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Period</em>: electrons are in same valence/outer energy level;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept number of energy levels containing electrons occupied.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept shell for energy level.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">4;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow the mark if the correct individual orbitals (e.g. 2s etc.) are listed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_07.38.24.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.b.i/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1">octahedral/octahedron/square bipyramidal;</p>
<p class="p1">90<span class="s1">° / 90° </span><strong>and </strong>180<span class="s1">°</span>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_07.45.27.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.b.ii/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1">linear;</p>
<p class="p1">180°;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow dots, crosses or lines in Lewis structures.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize missing charge, missing bracket once only in (i) and (ii). </em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Lone pairs required for BOTH (i) and (ii). </em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(N{O_2}\):</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_07.52.54.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.d_1/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for correct representation of the bent shape </em><strong><em>and [1] </em></strong><em>for showing the net dipole moment, or explaining it in words (unsymmetrical distribution of charge). </em></p>
<p class="p1">\(C{O_2}\):</p>
<p class="p2"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_07.54.14.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.d_2/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for correct representation of the linear shape </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>for showing the two equal but opposite dipoles or explaining it in words (symmetrical distribution of charge).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>For both species, allow either arrow or arrow with bar for representation of dipole moment.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow correct partial charges instead of the representation of the vector dipole moment.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore incorrect bonds.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Lone pairs not needed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">mixing/joining together/combining/merging of atomic orbitals to form molecular /new orbitals / orbitals of equal energy;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(sigma \) <em>bond</em>:</p>
<p>end-on/axial overlap with electron density between the two atoms/nuclei;</p>
<p>\(\pi \) <em>bond</em>:</p>
<p>sideways/parallel overlap with electron density above <strong>and </strong>below internuclear axis/\(sigma \) bond;</p>
<p><em>Marks can be scored from a suitable diagram.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for stating end-on/axial overlap for </em>\(sigma \)<em> and sideways/parallel overlap for </em>\(\pi \)<em> only i.e. without mentioning electron density OR stating electron density between the two atoms/nuclei for </em>\(sigma \)<em> above and below internuclear axis/</em>\(sigma \)<em> bond for </em>\(\pi \)<em> i.e. without mentioning overlap.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-18_om_08.26.53.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.f.iv/M"></em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Correct answer is actually sp<sup>2</sup> for nitrogen because of delocalization/planar geometry.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept </em><em>sp<sup>3</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (a) was very poorly answered which was surprising at HL. Most candidates described groups correctly but only a small majority stated that for a period the electrons are in the same valence level.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (ii) was well answered.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">For (b) VSEPR theory in general was well answered. The most common mistakes involved candidates failing to include square brackets or lone pairs of electrons or charges. Four G2 comments stated that expanded octets are not on the syllabus. However, AS 14.1.1 states explicitly that candidates should be able to predict the shape and bond angles of species of five and six negative charge centres. Four examples are included in the teachers note, including \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\), but it has to emphasized again, as in previous subject reports that examples should not be confined in teaching programmes to just these four examples. Even \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\) is a clear example of an expanded octet type structure, as is \({\text{SiF}}_6^{2 - }\), as asked in this question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There were five other G2 comments again stating the fact that \({\text{NO}}_2^ + \) is off-syllabus. Based on AS 4.2.7, this example is clearly on the syllabus as the AS states that candidates should be able to predict the shape and bond angles of species of two, three and four negative charge centres. All the examples in the teachers note should be covered at a minimum in the teaching programme, but these are not the only examples.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">There were seven G2 comments referring to (d); some respondents felt that the candidates had to answer the question by determining the shape of both \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and\({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)<span class="s1"> </span>using VSEPR Theory. This is a classic example of candidates reading the question carefully and not making unnecessary assumptions in relation to what is being asked. Only three marks are allocated to this question and hence this should be another clue as to suggest that the answer can be given in a concise manner. All candidates had to do was determine the fact that both species are XY<span class="s1">2 </span>species (not XYZ even) and hence can only be one of two geometries, either linear or bent. \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) must be non-polar since it is a linear geometry and hence the two dipole moments cancel each other out, yielding a net dipole moment of zero. In the case of \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), the geometry must be bent, and therefore there is a net dipole moment meaning it is a polar molecule. A simple diagram of the two species with the two bond dipole moments in each case and the resultant net dipole moment (in the case of \({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\)) would have scored both marks. There was no need to show lone pairs of electrons or isolated electrons etc. to answer this question, as candidates were not asked to write Lewis structures etc. Some candidates wasted time here trying to work these out and even some candidates thought that there might even be a mistake in the question and tried to answer the question with \({\text{NO}}_2^ - \), because this is an example given in the teachers note in AS 14.3.1, based on delocalization.</p>
<p class="p1">The very best candidates did draw dipole moments, as the question did ask for diagrams, when explaining polarity, as opposed to simply a description in words.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Hybridization was usually well answered in part (ii), but sometimes candidates did not score the mark due to lack of specific subject vocabulary.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Although candidates often had some understanding of sigma and pi bonding, very few mentioned electron density in (iii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">For (iv) one G2 comment stated that the hybridization of N in \({\text{HCON}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) will in fact be \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) due to the planar nature of the \({\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) group here in this example, which is in fact correct, although it is unlikely that candidates at this level would know this. Nearly all candidates gave \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\) hybridization for N, which they based on a perceived pyramidal type geometry, like in ammonia. For this reason, during GA, we decided to allow both hybridizations, even though the correct answer is actually \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) in this example.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Two chemistry students wished to determine the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. They measured the initial and the highest temperature reached when anhydrous magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(s)}}\), was dissolved in water. They presented their results in the table below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-11_om_16.47.13.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.a"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The students repeated the experiment using 6.16 g of solid hydrated magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}} \bullet {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(s)}}\), and \({\text{50.0 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of water. They found the enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H_2}\) , to be \( + {\text{18 kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
<p>The enthalpy of hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium sulfate is difficult to determine experimentally, but can be determined using the diagram below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-11_om_17.02.53.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of anhydrous magnesium sulfate.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change, \(\Delta {H_1}\), for anhydrous magnesium sulfate dissolving in water, in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). State your answer to the correct number of significant figures.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Determine the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), for the hydration of solid anhydrous magnesium sulfate, \({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) The literature value for the enthalpy of hydration of anhydrous magnesium sulfate is \( - 103{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Calculate the percentage difference between the literature value and the value determined from experimental results, giving your answer to <strong>one </strong>decimal place. (If you did not obtain an answer for the experimental value in (b)(i) then use the value of \( - 100{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), but this is <strong>not </strong>the correct value.)</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Another group of students experimentally determined an enthalpy of hydration of \( - 95{\text{ kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Outline two reasons which may explain the variation between the experimental and literature values.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium sulfate is one of the products formed when acid rain reacts with dolomitic limestone. This limestone is a mixture of magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate.</p>
<p>(i) State the equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the carbonate ion, giving the shape and the oxygen-carbon-oxygen bond angle.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Lewis (electron dot) structure:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Shape:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Bond angle:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) There are three possible Lewis structures that can be drawn for the carbonate ion, which lead to a resonance structure. Explain, with reference to the electrons, why all carbon-oxygen bonds have the same length.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Deduce the hybridization of the carbon atom in the carbonate ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \(n{\text{(MgS}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{)}} = \left( {\frac{{3.01}}{{120.37}} = } \right)0.0250{\text{ (mol)}}\);</p>
<p>(ii) energy released \( = 50.0 \times 4.18 \times 9.7 \times 2027{\text{ (J)}}/2.027{\text{ (kJ)}}\);</p>
<p>\(\Delta {H_1} = - 81{\text{ (kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>if 53.01 is used giving an answer of –86 (kJ mol</em><sup><em>–1</em></sup><em>).</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for +81/81/+86/86 (kJ mol</em><sup><em>−1</em></sup><em>).</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for –81000/–86000 if units are stated as J mol</em><sup><em>−1</em></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow answers to 3 significant figures.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \(\Delta H{\text{ (}} = \Delta {H_1} - \Delta {H_2}{\text{)}} = - 99{\text{ (kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if –86 is used giving an answer of –104 (kJ mol</em><sup><em>–1</em></sup><em>).</em></p>
<p>(ii) \(\frac{{(103 - 99)}}{{103}} \times 100 = 3.9\% \);</p>
<p><em>Accept answer of 2.9% if –100 used but only if a value for (b)(i) is not present.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if –104 is used giving an answer of 1.0% .</em></p>
<p><em>Accept correct answers which are not to 1 decimal place.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) not completely anhydrous / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>\({\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}\) is impure;</p>
<p>heat loss to the atmosphere/surroundings;</p>
<p>specific heat capacity of solution is taken as that of pure water;</p>
<p>experiment was done once only so it is not scientific;</p>
<p>density of solution is taken to be \({\text{1 g}}\,{\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\);</p>
<p>mass of \({\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\) ignored in calculation;</p>
<p>uncertainty of thermometer is high so temperature change is unreliable;</p>
<p>literature values determined under standard conditions, but this experiment is not;</p>
<p>all solid not dissolved;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) \({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{MgC}}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} \to {\text{MgS}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>CO</em><sub><em>3</em></sub><em>.</em></p>
<p>(ii) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-11_om_17.31.57.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.d.ii/M"> ;</p>
<p><em>Accept crosses, lines or dots as electron pairs.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any correct resonance structure.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[0] </em></strong><em>if structure is drawn without brackets and charge.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[0] </em></strong><em>if lone pairs not shown on O atoms.</em></p>
<p><em>shape: </em>trigonal/triangular planar;</p>
<p><em>bond angle: </em>120° ;</p>
<p><em>Accept answers trigonal/triangular planar and 120°</em> <em>if M1 incorrect, but no </em><em>other answers should be given credit.</em></p>
<p>(iii) (pi/\(\pi \)) electrons are delocalized/spread over more than two nuclei / charge spread (equally) over all three oxygens;</p>
<p>(iv) \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The use of 3.01 for the mass in the expression in \(Q = mc\Delta T\) was common, candidates were able to score in the subsequent parts and many did so, although there was often a confusion between the value Q and the required answer for \(\Delta H\). In part c) most candidates understood the error due to heat loss, but few scored the second mark, usually quoting an answer involving an error generally that was far too vague. The inability to construct a balanced equation was disappointing, many lost credit for giving \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) as a product. The score for the structure of the carbonate ion was often lost due to the failure to show that a charge is present on the ion, however, the shape and bond angle were known well, as was delocalisation and hybridisation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The use of 3.01 for the mass in the expression in \(Q = mc\Delta T\) was common, candidates were able to score in the subsequent parts and many did so, although there was often a confusion between the value Q and the required answer for \(\Delta H\). In part c) most candidates understood the error due to heat loss, but few scored the second mark, usually quoting an answer involving an error generally that was far too vague. The inability to construct a balanced equation was disappointing, many lost credit for giving \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) as a product. The score for the structure of the carbonate ion was often lost due to the failure to show that a charge is present on the ion, however, the shape and bond angle were known well, as was delocalisation and hybridisation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The use of 3.01 for the mass in the expression in \(Q = mc\Delta T\) was common, candidates were able to score in the subsequent parts and many did so, although there was often a confusion between the value Q and the required answer for \(\Delta H\). In part c) most candidates understood the error due to heat loss, but few scored the second mark, usually quoting an answer involving an error generally that was far too vague. The inability to construct a balanced equation was disappointing, many lost credit for giving \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) as a product. The score for the structure of the carbonate ion was often lost due to the failure to show that a charge is present on the ion, however, the shape and bond angle were known well, as was delocalisation and hybridisation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The use of 3.01 for the mass in the expression in \(Q = mc\Delta T\) was common, candidates were able to score in the subsequent parts and many did so, although there was often a confusion between the value Q and the required answer for \(\Delta H\). In part c) most candidates understood the error due to heat loss, but few scored the second mark, usually quoting an answer involving an error generally that was far too vague. The inability to construct a balanced equation was disappointing, many lost credit for giving \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) as a product. The score for the structure of the carbonate ion was often lost due to the failure to show that a charge is present on the ion, however, the shape and bond angle were known well, as was delocalisation and hybridisation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Phosphoryl chloride, \({\text{POC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\), is a dehydrating agent.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">\({\text{POC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\left( {\text{g}} \right)\) decomposes according to the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2POC}}{{\text{l}}_3}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2PC}}{{\text{l}}_3}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">POCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>can be prepared by the reaction of phosphorus pentachloride, PCl<sub><span class="s1">5 </span></sub>, with tetraphosphorus decaoxide, P<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>O<sub><span class="s1">10</span></sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and Cl<sup>–</sup><span class="s1"> </span>can act as ligands in transition metal complexes such as Ni(PCl<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>)<sub><span class="s1">4 </span></sub>and [Cr(H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O)<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>Cl<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>].</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict and explain the sign of the entropy change, \(\Delta S\), for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the standard entropy change for the reaction, \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\), in \({\text{J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), using the data below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_07.31.10.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.a.ii"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>standard enthalpy change of formation</em>, \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, \(\Delta {H^\Theta }\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), using the data below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_07.42.10.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.a.iv"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the standard free energy change for the reaction, \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\), in \({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\), at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the temperature, in K, at which the reaction becomes spontaneous.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of POCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>(with P as the central element) and PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and predict the shape of each molecule, using the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR).</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the Cl–P–Cl bond angle in PCl<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of PCl<sub><span class="s1">5</span></sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict the shape of this molecule, using the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify all the different bond angles in PCl<sub><span class="s1">5</span></sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">PCl<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>Br<sub><span class="s1">2 </span></sub>has the same molecular shape as PCl<sub><span class="s1">5</span></sub>. Draw the three isomers of PCl<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>Br<sub><span class="s1">2 </span></sub>and deduce whether each isomer is polar or non-polar.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>ligand</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the complex [Cr(H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O)<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>Cl<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>] is coloured.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">2 mol (g) going to 3 mol (g)/increase in number of particles, therefore entropy increases/\(\Delta S\) positive / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept if numbers of moles of gas are given below the equation.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\left( {\Delta {S^\Theta } = [(2)(311.7) + (205.0)] - (2)(325.0) = } \right)( + )178.4{\text{ }}({\text{J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}})\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">heat/enthalpy change/required/absorbed when <span style="text-decoration: underline;">1</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">mol</span> of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states/at 100 kPa/10<sup><span class="s1">5 </span></sup>Pa/1 bar;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow 1.01 </em>\( \times \) <em>10</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>5 </em></span></sup><em>Pa</em>/<em>101 kPa</em>/<em>1 atm.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow under standard conditions or standard temperature and pressure.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Temperatures not required in definition, allow if quoted (for example, </em><em>298 K/ 25 °C</em><span class="s3"> </span><em>– most common) but pressure value must be correct if stated.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\left( {\Delta {H^\Theta } = [(2)( - 288.1)] - [(2)( - 542.2)]) = } \right)( + )508.2{\text{ }}({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}})\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\left( {\Delta {G^\Theta } = \Delta {H^\Theta } - T\Delta {S^\Theta } = (508.2) - (298)\left( {\frac{{178.4}}{{1000}}} \right) = } \right){\text{ ( + )}}455.0{\text{ }}({\text{kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}})\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(T > \left( {\frac{{\Delta {H^\Theta }}}{{\Delta {S^\Theta }}} = \frac{{508.2}}{{\left( {\frac{{178.4}}{{1000}}} \right)}} = } \right){\text{ }}2849{\text{ (K)}}/2576\) (°C);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow temperatures in the range 2848–2855 K.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept T </em>= <em>2849(K) .</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>No ECF for temperatures T in the range 0–100 K.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_08.00.07.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.b.i/M"></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">allow any bond angle in the range 100° to less than 109° (experimental value is100°);</p>
<p class="p1">due to four negative charge centres/four electron pairs/four electron domains (one of which is a lone pair)/tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs/domains;</p>
<p class="p1">extra repulsion due to lone pair electrons / lone pairs occupy more space (than bonding pairs) so Cl–P–Cl bond angle decreases from 109.5° / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_08.06.45.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.c.i/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow any combination of dots/crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalise missing lone pairs on Cl if already penalised in (b)(i).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">trigonal/triangular bipyramidal;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow ECF from Lewis structures with incorrect number of </em><em>negative charge centres.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">120°<span class="s1"> </span><strong>and </strong>90°/180°;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore other bond angles such as 240°</em><span class="s1"> </span><em>and 360°</em><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Apply list principle if some correct and incorrect angles given.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_08.15.17.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/05.c.iv/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for correct structure </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>molecular polarity.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for correct representations of all three isomers.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Lone pairs not required.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">species with lone/non-bonding pair (of electrons);</p>
<p class="p1">which bonds to metal ion (in complex) / which forms dative (covalent)/coordinate bond to metal ion (in complex);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">unpaired electrons in d orbitals / d sub-level partially occupied;</p>
<p class="p1">d orbitals split (into two sets of different energies);</p>
<p class="p1">frequencies of (visible) light absorbed by electrons moving from lower to higher d levels;</p>
<p class="p1">colour due to remaining frequencies / complementary colour transmitted;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow wavelength as well as frequency.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept colour emitted.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to calculate the entropy, enthalpy and free energy changes but made mistakes with the correct definition of enthalpy of formation’. Many referred to the gaseous state which suggests some confusion with bond enthalpies. Many were comfortable with writing Lewis structures and shapes of molecules, or some give incomplete explanations, not referring to the number of electron domains for example. Not many students could write a balanced equation for the reaction between PCl<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>and H<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O (A.S. 13.1.2 of the guide). In part (d) even though many knew that a ligand has a lone pair of electrons, they missed the second mark for ‘bonding to metal ion’.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>In acidic solution, ions containing titanium can react according to the half-equation below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">\({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = - 0.06{\text{ V}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>In the diagram below, <strong>A</strong> and <strong>B</strong> are inert electrodes and, in the aqueous solutions, all ions have a concentration of \({\text{1 mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_08.07.03.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.d"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Sodium, silicon and sulfur are elements in period 3 of the periodic table that all form oxides.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Although carbon and silicon both belong to group 4 of the periodic table, carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide are different in many ways.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>standard electrode potential</em>, \({E^\Theta }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the initial and final oxidation numbers of titanium and hence deduce whether it is oxidized or reduced in this change.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_07.45.44.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.b.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Considering the above equilibrium, predict, giving a reason, how adding more acid would affect the strength of the \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) ion as an oxidizing agent.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In the two experiments below, predict whether a reaction would occur and deduce an equation for any reaction that takes place. Refer to Table 14 of the Data Booklet if necessary.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>KI(aq) is added to a solution containing \({\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) ions:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Zn (s) is added to a solution containing \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) and \({{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\) ions:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Using Table 14 of the Data Booklet, state the balanced half-equation for the reaction that occurs at electrode <strong>A</strong> and whether it involves oxidation or reduction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the cell potential in V.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>On the diagram above label with an arrow</p>
<p>• the direction of electron flow in the wire</p>
<p>• the direction in which the positive ions flow in the salt bridge.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare the properties of the three oxides by completing the table below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_08.18.33.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.e.i"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sulfur dioxide is a significant contributor to acid deposition. Identify a major, man-made source of this pollutant.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>As well as the oxide above, sodium forms a peroxide that contains the peroxide ion, \({\text{O}}_2^{2 - }\). Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the peroxide ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the differences in the hybridization of these group 4 elements and the precise nature of the bonds that they form with the oxygen atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Xenon, although a noble gas, forms an oxide, \({\text{Xe}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), that has a structure related to that of \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\). Compare the geometry around the silicon atoms in \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) with the geometry around the xenon atoms in \({\text{Xe}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\), using the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>potential of the half-cell / reduction half-reaction under standard conditions measured relative to standard hydrogen electrode/SHE;</p>
<p><em>Allow instead of standard conditions, solute concentration of 1 mol dm<sup>–3</sup> or 1 bar/1 atm (pressure) for gases.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_07.47.37.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.b.i/M"></p>
<p><em>+ sign must be present. Do not award mark for incorrect notation 4, 4+, 3, 3+ etc.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not award M2 if inconsistent with M1.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>increases / makes it stronger;</p>
<p>(more \({{\text{H}}^ + }\) would) drive/shift equilibrium to the right/towards products (accepting more electrons);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>KI(aq) is added to a solution containing Ti<sup>3+</sup>(aq) ions:</em></p>
<p>no reaction;</p>
<p><em>Zn(s) is added to a solution containing TiO<sup>2+</sup>(aq) and H</em><sup><em>+</em></sup><em>(aq) ions:</em></p>
<p>\({\text{Zn(s)}} + {\text{2Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{Z}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2T}}{{\text{i}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p>correct reactants <strong>and </strong>products;</p>
<p>balanced equation;</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept equilibrium arrow.</em></p>
<p>reduction;</p>
<p><em>Do not apply ECF.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(( + 0.77 - ( - 0.06)) = ( + )0.83{\text{ (V)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Do not accept –0.83 V.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>wire and salt bridge <strong>both</strong> have arrows from B to A;</p>
<p><em>Accept arrows above or below each provided it is obvious which they refer to.</em></p>
<p><em>Apply ECF from part (i).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_08.30.59.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.e.i/M"></p>
<p><em>For any parts (properties) where mark not awarded, award <strong>[1]</strong> for every three correct responses.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(combustion of) coal / diesel;</p>
<p><em>Accept “burning of fossil fuels”, “industrial processes” or “combustion/car engines”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept “Contact process”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_08.36.50.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.e.iii/M_01"></p>
<p>e-pairs correct;</p>
<p>charges in correct positions;</p>
<p><em>Accept lines, or pairs of dots or crosses, for electron pairs.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-25_om_08.37.54.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.e.iii/M_02"></em><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>C is sp hybridized <strong>and</strong> Si is \({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\) hybridized;</p>
<p>C–O bond in \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) has one \(\sigma \)-bond and one \(\pi \)-bond;</p>
<p>Si–O bond in \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) has one \(\sigma \)-bond only;</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for last two marking points for “C–O double bond and Si–O single bond”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>silicon-oxygen bonds will have a tetrahedral distribution;</p>
<p>xenon-oxygen bonds will have a square planar distribution;</p>
<p>xenon dioxide has <strong>two</strong> non-bonding/lone pairs of electrons;</p>
<p><em>Award any of the above marks if clearly indicated in suitable diagrams.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The required definition and the effect of acid on the oxidizing power of \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) was often well done, though it proved a challenge for some candidates, and most could interpret the change in terms of oxidation numbers. Very few candidates could use \({E^\Theta }\) values to predict whether a reaction with another half-cell would occur and even less could correctly combine the half-equations to produce a balanced equation for the overall reaction. Relatively few candidates managed to gain full marks for the questions relating to the voltaic cell illustrated, with the different parts appearing to be of approximately equal difficulty. The nature of the period 3 oxides was generally well appreciated, though often the effect on pH was expressed as, for example, “basic” rather than “increases”. In spite of the efficiency of modern plants many considered the contact process to be a major source of sulfur dioxide pollution, rather than combustion of coal and other “high sulfur” fossil fuels. The comparison of the structure of silicon dioxide to those of carbon and xenon dioxides was poorly done, the root cause often being a lack of awareness of the structure of silicon dioxide. Many candidates could however write correct equations for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The required definition and the effect of acid on the oxidizing power of \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) was often well done, though it proved a challenge for some candidates, and most could interpret the change in terms of oxidation numbers. Very few candidates could use \({E^\Theta }\) values to predict whether a reaction with another half-cell would occur and even less could correctly combine the half-equations to produce a balanced equation for the overall reaction. Relatively few candidates managed to gain full marks for the questions relating to the voltaic cell illustrated, with the different parts appearing to be of approximately equal difficulty. The nature of the period 3 oxides was generally well appreciated, though often the effect on pH was expressed as, for example, “basic” rather than “increases”. In spite of the efficiency of modern plants many considered the contact process to be a major source of sulfur dioxide pollution, rather than combustion of coal and other “high sulfur” fossil fuels. The comparison of the structure of silicon dioxide to those of carbon and xenon dioxides was poorly done, the root cause often being a lack of awareness of the structure of silicon dioxide. Many candidates could however write correct equations for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The required definition and the effect of acid on the oxidizing power of \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) was often well done, though it proved a challenge for some candidates, and most could interpret the change in terms of oxidation numbers. Very few candidates could use \({E^\Theta }\) values to predict whether a reaction with another half-cell would occur and even less could correctly combine the half-equations to produce a balanced equation for the overall reaction. Relatively few candidates managed to gain full marks for the questions relating to the voltaic cell illustrated, with the different parts appearing to be of approximately equal difficulty. The nature of the period 3 oxides was generally well appreciated, though often the effect on pH was expressed as, for example, “basic” rather than “increases”. In spite of the efficiency of modern plants many considered the contact process to be a major source of sulfur dioxide pollution, rather than combustion of coal and other “high sulfur” fossil fuels. The comparison of the structure of silicon dioxide to those of carbon and xenon dioxides was poorly done, the root cause often being a lack of awareness of the structure of silicon dioxide. Many candidates could however write correct equations for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The required definition and the effect of acid on the oxidizing power of \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) was often well done, though it proved a challenge for some candidates, and most could interpret the change in terms of oxidation numbers. Very few candidates could use \({E^\Theta }\) values to predict whether a reaction with another half-cell would occur and even less could correctly combine the half-equations to produce a balanced equation for the overall reaction. Relatively few candidates managed to gain full marks for the questions relating to the voltaic cell illustrated, with the different parts appearing to be of approximately equal difficulty. The nature of the period 3 oxides was generally well appreciated, though often the effect on pH was expressed as, for example, “basic” rather than “increases”. In spite of the efficiency of modern plants many considered the contact process to be a major source of sulfur dioxide pollution, rather than combustion of coal and other “high sulfur” fossil fuels. The comparison of the structure of silicon dioxide to those of carbon and xenon dioxides was poorly done, the root cause often being a lack of awareness of the structure of silicon dioxide. Many candidates could however write correct equations for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The required definition and the effect of acid on the oxidizing power of \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) was often well done, though it proved a challenge for some candidates, and most could interpret the change in terms of oxidation numbers. Very few candidates could use \({E^\Theta }\) values to predict whether a reaction with another half-cell would occur and even less could correctly combine the half-equations to produce a balanced equation for the overall reaction. Relatively few candidates managed to gain full marks for the questions relating to the voltaic cell illustrated, with the different parts appearing to be of approximately equal difficulty. The nature of the period 3 oxides was generally well appreciated, though often the effect on pH was expressed as, for example, “basic” rather than “increases”. In spite of the efficiency of modern plants many considered the contact process to be a major source of sulfur dioxide pollution, rather than combustion of coal and other “high sulfur” fossil fuels. The comparison of the structure of silicon dioxide to those of carbon and xenon dioxides was poorly done, the root cause often being a lack of awareness of the structure of silicon dioxide. Many candidates could however write correct equations for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The required definition and the effect of acid on the oxidizing power of \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) was often well done, though it proved a challenge for some candidates, and most could interpret the change in terms of oxidation numbers. Very few candidates could use \({E^\Theta }\) values to predict whether a reaction with another half-cell would occur and even less could correctly combine the half-equations to produce a balanced equation for the overall reaction. Relatively few candidates managed to gain full marks for the questions relating to the voltaic cell illustrated, with the different parts appearing to be of approximately equal difficulty. The nature of the period 3 oxides was generally well appreciated, though often the effect on pH was expressed as, for example, “basic” rather than “increases”. In spite of the efficiency of modern plants many considered the contact process to be a major source of sulfur dioxide pollution, rather than combustion of coal and other “high sulfur” fossil fuels. The comparison of the structure of silicon dioxide to those of carbon and xenon dioxides was poorly done, the root cause often being a lack of awareness of the structure of silicon dioxide. Many candidates could however write correct equations for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The required definition and the effect of acid on the oxidizing power of \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) was often well done, though it proved a challenge for some candidates, and most could interpret the change in terms of oxidation numbers. Very few candidates could use \({E^\Theta }\) values to predict whether a reaction with another half-cell would occur and even less could correctly combine the half-equations to produce a balanced equation for the overall reaction. Relatively few candidates managed to gain full marks for the questions relating to the voltaic cell illustrated, with the different parts appearing to be of approximately equal difficulty. The nature of the period 3 oxides was generally well appreciated, though often the effect on pH was expressed as, for example, “basic” rather than “increases”. In spite of the efficiency of modern plants many considered the contact process to be a major source of sulfur dioxide pollution, rather than combustion of coal and other “high sulfur” fossil fuels. The comparison of the structure of silicon dioxide to those of carbon and xenon dioxides was poorly done, the root cause often being a lack of awareness of the structure of silicon dioxide. Many candidates could however write correct equations for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The required definition and the effect of acid on the oxidizing power of \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) was often well done, though it proved a challenge for some candidates, and most could interpret the change in terms of oxidation numbers. Very few candidates could use \({E^\Theta }\) values to predict whether a reaction with another half-cell would occur and even less could correctly combine the half-equations to produce a balanced equation for the overall reaction. Relatively few candidates managed to gain full marks for the questions relating to the voltaic cell illustrated, with the different parts appearing to be of approximately equal difficulty. The nature of the period 3 oxides was generally well appreciated, though often the effect on pH was expressed as, for example, “basic” rather than “increases”. In spite of the efficiency of modern plants many considered the contact process to be a major source of sulfur dioxide pollution, rather than combustion of coal and other “high sulfur” fossil fuels. The comparison of the structure of silicon dioxide to those of carbon and xenon dioxides was poorly done, the root cause often being a lack of awareness of the structure of silicon dioxide. Many candidates could however write correct equations for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The required definition and the effect of acid on the oxidizing power of \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) was often well done, though it proved a challenge for some candidates, and most could interpret the change in terms of oxidation numbers. Very few candidates could use \({E^\Theta }\) values to predict whether a reaction with another half-cell would occur and even less could correctly combine the half-equations to produce a balanced equation for the overall reaction. Relatively few candidates managed to gain full marks for the questions relating to the voltaic cell illustrated, with the different parts appearing to be of approximately equal difficulty. The nature of the period 3 oxides was generally well appreciated, though often the effect on pH was expressed as, for example, “basic” rather than “increases”. In spite of the efficiency of modern plants many considered the contact process to be a major source of sulfur dioxide pollution, rather than combustion of coal and other “high sulfur” fossil fuels. The comparison of the structure of silicon dioxide to those of carbon and xenon dioxides was poorly done, the root cause often being a lack of awareness of the structure of silicon dioxide. Many candidates could however write correct equations for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The required definition and the effect of acid on the oxidizing power of \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) was often well done, though it proved a challenge for some candidates, and most could interpret the change in terms of oxidation numbers. Very few candidates could use \({E^\Theta }\) values to predict whether a reaction with another half-cell would occur and even less could correctly combine the half-equations to produce a balanced equation for the overall reaction. Relatively few candidates managed to gain full marks for the questions relating to the voltaic cell illustrated, with the different parts appearing to be of approximately equal difficulty. The nature of the period 3 oxides was generally well appreciated, though often the effect on pH was expressed as, for example, “basic” rather than “increases”. In spite of the efficiency of modern plants many considered the contact process to be a major source of sulfur dioxide pollution, rather than combustion of coal and other “high sulfur” fossil fuels. The comparison of the structure of silicon dioxide to those of carbon and xenon dioxides was poorly done, the root cause often being a lack of awareness of the structure of silicon dioxide. Many candidates could however write correct equations for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The required definition and the effect of acid on the oxidizing power of \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) was often well done, though it proved a challenge for some candidates, and most could interpret the change in terms of oxidation numbers. Very few candidates could use \({E^\Theta }\) values to predict whether a reaction with another half-cell would occur and even less could correctly combine the half-equations to produce a balanced equation for the overall reaction. Relatively few candidates managed to gain full marks for the questions relating to the voltaic cell illustrated, with the different parts appearing to be of approximately equal difficulty. The nature of the period 3 oxides was generally well appreciated, though often the effect on pH was expressed as, for example, “basic” rather than “increases”. In spite of the efficiency of modern plants many considered the contact process to be a major source of sulfur dioxide pollution, rather than combustion of coal and other “high sulfur” fossil fuels. The comparison of the structure of silicon dioxide to those of carbon and xenon dioxides was poorly done, the root cause often being a lack of awareness of the structure of silicon dioxide. Many candidates could however write correct equations for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The required definition and the effect of acid on the oxidizing power of \({\text{Ti}}{{\text{O}}^{2 + }}\) was often well done, though it proved a challenge for some candidates, and most could interpret the change in terms of oxidation numbers. Very few candidates could use \({E^\Theta }\) values to predict whether a reaction with another half-cell would occur and even less could correctly combine the half-equations to produce a balanced equation for the overall reaction. Relatively few candidates managed to gain full marks for the questions relating to the voltaic cell illustrated, with the different parts appearing to be of approximately equal difficulty. The nature of the period 3 oxides was generally well appreciated, though often the effect on pH was expressed as, for example, “basic” rather than “increases”. In spite of the efficiency of modern plants many considered the contact process to be a major source of sulfur dioxide pollution, rather than combustion of coal and other “high sulfur” fossil fuels. The comparison of the structure of silicon dioxide to those of carbon and xenon dioxides was poorly done, the root cause often being a lack of awareness of the structure of silicon dioxide. Many candidates could however write correct equations for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the structure and bonding in \({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the molecules \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The structure of <em>cis</em>-but-2-ene-1,4-dioic acid is shown below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-07_om_13.26.13.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/09.d"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the electrical conductivities of these two chloride compounds in their liquid state.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest, giving your reasons, the approximate pH values of the solutions formed by adding each chloride compound separately to distilled water.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\)</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\)</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the acid-base character of the oxides of each of the elements from sodium to chlorine in period 3.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the equations for the separate reactions of sodium oxide and phosphorus(V) oxide with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of both molecules.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict the shapes of the two molecules, giving the Br–P–Br bond angle in \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and the F–S–F bond angles in \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-07_om_13.18.11.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/09.c.ii"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why both \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\) are polar.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the covalent bond between carbon and hydrogen in the molecule above and how it is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the hybridization of the oxygen atoms labelled \(\alpha \) and \(\beta \)<span class="s1">.</span></p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\(\alpha \)<span class="s1">:</span></p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\(\beta \)<span class="s1">:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe sigma \((\sigma )\) and pi \((\pi )\) bonds between atoms.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\(\sigma \) bond:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\(\pi \) <span class="s1">bond:</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the number of sigma \((\sigma )\) and pi \((\pi )\) <span class="s1">bonds present in a molecule of <em>cis</em>-but-2-ene-1,4-dioic acid.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) conducts electricity <span class="s1"><strong>and</strong></span> \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) does not;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) is ionic <span class="s1"><strong>and </strong></span>\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) is covalent/molecular;</p>
<p class="p1">ions/charged particles can move in \({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) / no free charged particles in \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><span class="s1"><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong></span><em>if all three points correct for one substance but not other.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(MgC{l_{\text{2}}}\)<em>:</em></p>
<p class="p1">\(4 \leqslant {\text{pH}} \leqslant 6.9\);</p>
<p class="p1">high charge density/high charge <strong>and </strong>small size of \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) makes \({[{\text{Mg}}{({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}})_{\text{6}}}{\text{]}}^{2 + }}\) hydrolyse / polarizes water to produce \({{\text{H}}^ + }\);</p>
<p class="p1">\(PC{l_3}\)<em>:</em></p>
<p class="p1">\(0 \leqslant {\text{pH}} \leqslant 4\);</p>
<p class="p1">(reacts with water to) form \({\text{H}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{l}}}{\text{/}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept </em>\(H3P{O_4}\)<em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Na, Mg (oxides): </em>basic</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Al (oxide): </em>amphoteric</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept amphiprotic.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Si to Cl (oxides): </em>acidic</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for all three listed sets correct.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for one or two listed sets correct.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for stating oxides become more acidic towards right/Cl or more </em><em>basic towards left/Na.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalize if reference is to Ar instead of Cl.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalize for incorrect formulas of oxides.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_2}{\text{O}}({\text{s}}) + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}({\text{l}}) \to {\text{2NaOH(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{P}}_4}{{\text{O}}_{10}}({\text{s}}) + {\text{6}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}({\text{l}}) \to {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{P}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept </em>\({P_2}{O_5}(s) + 3{H_2}O(l) \to 2{H_3}P{O_4}(aq)\)<em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award marks if incorrect formulas of the oxides are used.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-07_om_13.14.58.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/09.c.i/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalize lone pairs missing on Br and F once only.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-07_om_13.19.11.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/09.c.ii/M"></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">P–Br and S–F bonds are polar / bonds in both molecules are polar;</p>
<p class="p1">non-symmetrical distribution of electron cloud / polar bonds/dipoles do not cancel because of non-symmetrical shape;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>M2 may also be scored with a suitable diagram showing the vectorial addition of the individual S</em>–<em>F dipole moments to show a net dipole moment centred along the axis between the </em>\({F_{eq}}\)–<em>S</em>–\({F_{eq}}\) <em>bond.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>EITHER</em></p>
<p class="p1">(electrostatic) attraction between (positively charged) nuclei and a pair of electrons;</p>
<p class="p1">formed as a result of electron sharing (between the carbon and hydrogen nuclei);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>OR</em></p>
<p class="p1">sigma bond formed by overlap of atomic orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1">s orbital from H and \({\text{p/s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) from carbon;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\alpha \)<em>: </em>\({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{3}}}\) <strong>and </strong>\(\beta \)<em>: </em>\({\text{s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept if numbers are given as subscripts.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\sigma \)<em> bond:</em></p>
<p class="p1">end-on / axial overlap of two orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1">\(\pi \) <em>bond:</em></p>
<p class="p1">sideways overlap of two (parallel) p orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept suitable diagrams for both marks.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">11 \(\sigma \) <span class="s1"><strong>and </strong></span>3 \(\pi \);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew about the relative conductivities of magnesium chloride and phosphorous trichloride and were able to relate it to bonding. The third mark was however more problematic as many continue to equate conductivity to mobile electrons rather than ions. The pH of solutions of aqueous chlorides was not generally well known with only a small number of candidates gaining full marks. An explanation of the acidity of magnesium in terms of the charge density of the \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) ion proved to be particularly challenging. One teacher commented that the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and water is not mentioned in the guide but it is included in the teacher note to Assessment statement 13.1.1 of the current guide (although it is not in the new guide which will be assessed for the first time in May 2016). The acidity of the period 3 oxides was generally well known but many struggled to give balanced equations to describe the reactions of sodium and phosphorous(V) oxide with water, with many confusing the reaction of sodium oxide with that of sodium giving hydrogen as a product. Most candidates were able to give correct Lewis structure and shapes and bond angles but marks were lost, as in previous session due to missing lone pairs either on the central atoms or the Br and F atoms. It should be noted that it is difficult to award ECF marks in these questions so students need to avoid careless errors. Many struggled to give a complete explanation of the polarity of the two compounds as although the molecule was identified as being asymmetrical, few stated that the P–Br and S–F bonds are polar. Only a minority of students stated that a covalent bond was an attraction between nuclei and a pair of electrons and many were unable to identify the s-orbital from hydrogen and the \({\text{p/s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbital from carbon as the overlapping orbitals in the covalent bond. The hybridisation of oxygen was generally well known as was sigma and pi bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew about the relative conductivities of magnesium chloride and phosphorous trichloride and were able to relate it to bonding. The third mark was however more problematic as many continue to equate conductivity to mobile electrons rather than ions. The pH of solutions of aqueous chlorides was not generally well known with only a small number of candidates gaining full marks. An explanation of the acidity of magnesium in terms of the charge density of the \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) ion proved to be particularly challenging. One teacher commented that the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and water is not mentioned in the guide but it is included in the teacher note to Assessment statement 13.1.1 of the current guide (although it is not in the new guide which will be assessed for the first time in May 2016). The acidity of the period 3 oxides was generally well known but many struggled to give balanced equations to describe the reactions of sodium and phosphorous(V) oxide with water, with many confusing the reaction of sodium oxide with that of sodium giving hydrogen as a product. Most candidates were able to give correct Lewis structure and shapes and bond angles but marks were lost, as in previous session due to missing lone pairs either on the central atoms or the Br and F atoms. It should be noted that it is difficult to award ECF marks in these questions so students need to avoid careless errors. Many struggled to give a complete explanation of the polarity of the two compounds as although the molecule was identified as being asymmetrical, few stated that the P–Br and S–F bonds are polar. Only a minority of students stated that a covalent bond was an attraction between nuclei and a pair of electrons and many were unable to identify the s-orbital from hydrogen and the \({\text{p/s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbital from carbon as the overlapping orbitals in the covalent bond. The hybridisation of oxygen was generally well known as was sigma and pi bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew about the relative conductivities of magnesium chloride and phosphorous trichloride and were able to relate it to bonding. The third mark was however more problematic as many continue to equate conductivity to mobile electrons rather than ions. The pH of solutions of aqueous chlorides was not generally well known with only a small number of candidates gaining full marks. An explanation of the acidity of magnesium in terms of the charge density of the \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) ion proved to be particularly challenging. One teacher commented that the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and water is not mentioned in the guide but it is included in the teacher note to Assessment statement 13.1.1 of the current guide (although it is not in the new guide which will be assessed for the first time in May 2016). The acidity of the period 3 oxides was generally well known but many struggled to give balanced equations to describe the reactions of sodium and phosphorous(V) oxide with water, with many confusing the reaction of sodium oxide with that of sodium giving hydrogen as a product. Most candidates were able to give correct Lewis structure and shapes and bond angles but marks were lost, as in previous session due to missing lone pairs either on the central atoms or the Br and F atoms. It should be noted that it is difficult to award ECF marks in these questions so students need to avoid careless errors. Many struggled to give a complete explanation of the polarity of the two compounds as although the molecule was identified as being asymmetrical, few stated that the P–Br and S–F bonds are polar. Only a minority of students stated that a covalent bond was an attraction between nuclei and a pair of electrons and many were unable to identify the s-orbital from hydrogen and the \({\text{p/s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbital from carbon as the overlapping orbitals in the covalent bond. The hybridisation of oxygen was generally well known as was sigma and pi bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew about the relative conductivities of magnesium chloride and phosphorous trichloride and were able to relate it to bonding. The third mark was however more problematic as many continue to equate conductivity to mobile electrons rather than ions. The pH of solutions of aqueous chlorides was not generally well known with only a small number of candidates gaining full marks. An explanation of the acidity of magnesium in terms of the charge density of the \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) ion proved to be particularly challenging. One teacher commented that the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and water is not mentioned in the guide but it is included in the teacher note to Assessment statement 13.1.1 of the current guide (although it is not in the new guide which will be assessed for the first time in May 2016). The acidity of the period 3 oxides was generally well known but many struggled to give balanced equations to describe the reactions of sodium and phosphorous(V) oxide with water, with many confusing the reaction of sodium oxide with that of sodium giving hydrogen as a product. Most candidates were able to give correct Lewis structure and shapes and bond angles but marks were lost, as in previous session due to missing lone pairs either on the central atoms or the Br and F atoms. It should be noted that it is difficult to award ECF marks in these questions so students need to avoid careless errors. Many struggled to give a complete explanation of the polarity of the two compounds as although the molecule was identified as being asymmetrical, few stated that the P–Br and S–F bonds are polar. Only a minority of students stated that a covalent bond was an attraction between nuclei and a pair of electrons and many were unable to identify the s-orbital from hydrogen and the \({\text{p/s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbital from carbon as the overlapping orbitals in the covalent bond. The hybridisation of oxygen was generally well known as was sigma and pi bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew about the relative conductivities of magnesium chloride and phosphorous trichloride and were able to relate it to bonding. The third mark was however more problematic as many continue to equate conductivity to mobile electrons rather than ions. The pH of solutions of aqueous chlorides was not generally well known with only a small number of candidates gaining full marks. An explanation of the acidity of magnesium in terms of the charge density of the \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) ion proved to be particularly challenging. One teacher commented that the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and water is not mentioned in the guide but it is included in the teacher note to Assessment statement 13.1.1 of the current guide (although it is not in the new guide which will be assessed for the first time in May 2016). The acidity of the period 3 oxides was generally well known but many struggled to give balanced equations to describe the reactions of sodium and phosphorous(V) oxide with water, with many confusing the reaction of sodium oxide with that of sodium giving hydrogen as a product. Most candidates were able to give correct Lewis structure and shapes and bond angles but marks were lost, as in previous session due to missing lone pairs either on the central atoms or the Br and F atoms. It should be noted that it is difficult to award ECF marks in these questions so students need to avoid careless errors. Many struggled to give a complete explanation of the polarity of the two compounds as although the molecule was identified as being asymmetrical, few stated that the P–Br and S–F bonds are polar. Only a minority of students stated that a covalent bond was an attraction between nuclei and a pair of electrons and many were unable to identify the s-orbital from hydrogen and the \({\text{p/s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbital from carbon as the overlapping orbitals in the covalent bond. The hybridisation of oxygen was generally well known as was sigma and pi bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew about the relative conductivities of magnesium chloride and phosphorous trichloride and were able to relate it to bonding. The third mark was however more problematic as many continue to equate conductivity to mobile electrons rather than ions. The pH of solutions of aqueous chlorides was not generally well known with only a small number of candidates gaining full marks. An explanation of the acidity of magnesium in terms of the charge density of the \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) ion proved to be particularly challenging. One teacher commented that the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and water is not mentioned in the guide but it is included in the teacher note to Assessment statement 13.1.1 of the current guide (although it is not in the new guide which will be assessed for the first time in May 2016). The acidity of the period 3 oxides was generally well known but many struggled to give balanced equations to describe the reactions of sodium and phosphorous(V) oxide with water, with many confusing the reaction of sodium oxide with that of sodium giving hydrogen as a product. Most candidates were able to give correct Lewis structure and shapes and bond angles but marks were lost, as in previous session due to missing lone pairs either on the central atoms or the Br and F atoms. It should be noted that it is difficult to award ECF marks in these questions so students need to avoid careless errors. Many struggled to give a complete explanation of the polarity of the two compounds as although the molecule was identified as being asymmetrical, few stated that the P–Br and S–F bonds are polar. Only a minority of students stated that a covalent bond was an attraction between nuclei and a pair of electrons and many were unable to identify the s-orbital from hydrogen and the \({\text{p/s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbital from carbon as the overlapping orbitals in the covalent bond. The hybridisation of oxygen was generally well known as was sigma and pi bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew about the relative conductivities of magnesium chloride and phosphorous trichloride and were able to relate it to bonding. The third mark was however more problematic as many continue to equate conductivity to mobile electrons rather than ions. The pH of solutions of aqueous chlorides was not generally well known with only a small number of candidates gaining full marks. An explanation of the acidity of magnesium in terms of the charge density of the \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) ion proved to be particularly challenging. One teacher commented that the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and water is not mentioned in the guide but it is included in the teacher note to Assessment statement 13.1.1 of the current guide (although it is not in the new guide which will be assessed for the first time in May 2016). The acidity of the period 3 oxides was generally well known but many struggled to give balanced equations to describe the reactions of sodium and phosphorous(V) oxide with water, with many confusing the reaction of sodium oxide with that of sodium giving hydrogen as a product. Most candidates were able to give correct Lewis structure and shapes and bond angles but marks were lost, as in previous session due to missing lone pairs either on the central atoms or the Br and F atoms. It should be noted that it is difficult to award ECF marks in these questions so students need to avoid careless errors. Many struggled to give a complete explanation of the polarity of the two compounds as although the molecule was identified as being asymmetrical, few stated that the P–Br and S–F bonds are polar. Only a minority of students stated that a covalent bond was an attraction between nuclei and a pair of electrons and many were unable to identify the s-orbital from hydrogen and the \({\text{p/s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbital from carbon as the overlapping orbitals in the covalent bond. The hybridisation of oxygen was generally well known as was sigma and pi bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew about the relative conductivities of magnesium chloride and phosphorous trichloride and were able to relate it to bonding. The third mark was however more problematic as many continue to equate conductivity to mobile electrons rather than ions. The pH of solutions of aqueous chlorides was not generally well known with only a small number of candidates gaining full marks. An explanation of the acidity of magnesium in terms of the charge density of the \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) ion proved to be particularly challenging. One teacher commented that the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and water is not mentioned in the guide but it is included in the teacher note to Assessment statement 13.1.1 of the current guide (although it is not in the new guide which will be assessed for the first time in May 2016). The acidity of the period 3 oxides was generally well known but many struggled to give balanced equations to describe the reactions of sodium and phosphorous(V) oxide with water, with many confusing the reaction of sodium oxide with that of sodium giving hydrogen as a product. Most candidates were able to give correct Lewis structure and shapes and bond angles but marks were lost, as in previous session due to missing lone pairs either on the central atoms or the Br and F atoms. It should be noted that it is difficult to award ECF marks in these questions so students need to avoid careless errors. Many struggled to give a complete explanation of the polarity of the two compounds as although the molecule was identified as being asymmetrical, few stated that the P–Br and S–F bonds are polar. Only a minority of students stated that a covalent bond was an attraction between nuclei and a pair of electrons and many were unable to identify the s-orbital from hydrogen and the \({\text{p/s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbital from carbon as the overlapping orbitals in the covalent bond. The hybridisation of oxygen was generally well known as was sigma and pi bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew about the relative conductivities of magnesium chloride and phosphorous trichloride and were able to relate it to bonding. The third mark was however more problematic as many continue to equate conductivity to mobile electrons rather than ions. The pH of solutions of aqueous chlorides was not generally well known with only a small number of candidates gaining full marks. An explanation of the acidity of magnesium in terms of the charge density of the \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) ion proved to be particularly challenging. One teacher commented that the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and water is not mentioned in the guide but it is included in the teacher note to Assessment statement 13.1.1 of the current guide (although it is not in the new guide which will be assessed for the first time in May 2016). The acidity of the period 3 oxides was generally well known but many struggled to give balanced equations to describe the reactions of sodium and phosphorous(V) oxide with water, with many confusing the reaction of sodium oxide with that of sodium giving hydrogen as a product. Most candidates were able to give correct Lewis structure and shapes and bond angles but marks were lost, as in previous session due to missing lone pairs either on the central atoms or the Br and F atoms. It should be noted that it is difficult to award ECF marks in these questions so students need to avoid careless errors. Many struggled to give a complete explanation of the polarity of the two compounds as although the molecule was identified as being asymmetrical, few stated that the P–Br and S–F bonds are polar. Only a minority of students stated that a covalent bond was an attraction between nuclei and a pair of electrons and many were unable to identify the s-orbital from hydrogen and the \({\text{p/s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbital from carbon as the overlapping orbitals in the covalent bond. The hybridisation of oxygen was generally well known as was sigma and pi bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew about the relative conductivities of magnesium chloride and phosphorous trichloride and were able to relate it to bonding. The third mark was however more problematic as many continue to equate conductivity to mobile electrons rather than ions. The pH of solutions of aqueous chlorides was not generally well known with only a small number of candidates gaining full marks. An explanation of the acidity of magnesium in terms of the charge density of the \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) ion proved to be particularly challenging. One teacher commented that the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and water is not mentioned in the guide but it is included in the teacher note to Assessment statement 13.1.1 of the current guide (although it is not in the new guide which will be assessed for the first time in May 2016). The acidity of the period 3 oxides was generally well known but many struggled to give balanced equations to describe the reactions of sodium and phosphorous(V) oxide with water, with many confusing the reaction of sodium oxide with that of sodium giving hydrogen as a product. Most candidates were able to give correct Lewis structure and shapes and bond angles but marks were lost, as in previous session due to missing lone pairs either on the central atoms or the Br and F atoms. It should be noted that it is difficult to award ECF marks in these questions so students need to avoid careless errors. Many struggled to give a complete explanation of the polarity of the two compounds as although the molecule was identified as being asymmetrical, few stated that the P–Br and S–F bonds are polar. Only a minority of students stated that a covalent bond was an attraction between nuclei and a pair of electrons and many were unable to identify the s-orbital from hydrogen and the \({\text{p/s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbital from carbon as the overlapping orbitals in the covalent bond. The hybridisation of oxygen was generally well known as was sigma and pi bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates knew about the relative conductivities of magnesium chloride and phosphorous trichloride and were able to relate it to bonding. The third mark was however more problematic as many continue to equate conductivity to mobile electrons rather than ions. The pH of solutions of aqueous chlorides was not generally well known with only a small number of candidates gaining full marks. An explanation of the acidity of magnesium in terms of the charge density of the \({\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}\) ion proved to be particularly challenging. One teacher commented that the reaction of \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{3}}}\) and water is not mentioned in the guide but it is included in the teacher note to Assessment statement 13.1.1 of the current guide (although it is not in the new guide which will be assessed for the first time in May 2016). The acidity of the period 3 oxides was generally well known but many struggled to give balanced equations to describe the reactions of sodium and phosphorous(V) oxide with water, with many confusing the reaction of sodium oxide with that of sodium giving hydrogen as a product. Most candidates were able to give correct Lewis structure and shapes and bond angles but marks were lost, as in previous session due to missing lone pairs either on the central atoms or the Br and F atoms. It should be noted that it is difficult to award ECF marks in these questions so students need to avoid careless errors. Many struggled to give a complete explanation of the polarity of the two compounds as although the molecule was identified as being asymmetrical, few stated that the P–Br and S–F bonds are polar. Only a minority of students stated that a covalent bond was an attraction between nuclei and a pair of electrons and many were unable to identify the s-orbital from hydrogen and the \({\text{p/s}}{{\text{p}}^{\text{2}}}\) orbital from carbon as the overlapping orbitals in the covalent bond. The hybridisation of oxygen was generally well known as was sigma and pi bonding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There is concern about damage done to the ozone layer in the stratosphere by jet-propelled aircraft.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate two equations to show how nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, catalyses the destruction of ozone.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why the loss of ozone is an international environmental concern.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{NO}} \bullet {\text{(g)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} \bullet {\text{(g)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p>\({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} \bullet {\text{(g)}} + {\text{O}} \bullet {\text{(g)}} \to {\text{NO}} \bullet {\text{(g)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>\({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} \bullet {\text{(g)}} + {{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{NO}} \bullet {\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Allow representation of radicals without </em>\( \bullet \)<em> if consistent throughout.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«loss of ozone» allows UV radiation to penetrate atmosphere/reach earth</p>
<p>UV radiation causes skin cancer<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>UV radiation causes tissue damage</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Draw the Lewis structures, predict the shape and deduce the bond angles for xenon tetrafluoride and the nitrate ion.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-01_om_08.31.46.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/04"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-01_om_08.32.45.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/04/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electron pairs. </em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Many candidates had difficulties with the Lewis structure of the nitrate ion, putting too many electrons around the nitrogen atom or omitting the negative charge. They did better with XeF<span class="s1">4</span>, giving correct shape and bond angles. Some candidates lost marks for omitting lone pairs from the F atoms, and some had only 4 negative charge centres around Xe. Some teachers expressed concern that only exceptions to rules were being examined, but both \({\text{NO}}_3^ - \) and \({\text{Xe}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{4}}}\) are listed as examples to use in the teacher‘s notes.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium carbide, CaC<sub>2</sub>, is an ionic solid.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the nature of ionic bonding.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how the relative atomic mass of a sample of calcium could be determined from its mass spectrum.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When calcium compounds are introduced into a gas flame a red colour is seen; sodium compounds give a yellow flame. Outline the source of the colours and why they are different.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons why solid calcium has a greater density than solid potassium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why solid calcium is a good conductor of electricity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch a graph of the first six ionization energies of calcium.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calcium carbide reacts with water to form ethyne and calcium hydroxide.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CaC<sub>2</sub>(s) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(g) + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p>Estimate the pH of the resultant solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how sigma (σ) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds are formed.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the number of σ and \(\pi \) bonds in a molecule of ethyne.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrostatic attraction <strong><em>AND </em></strong>oppositely charged ions</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>multiply relative intensity by <strong>«</strong><em>m</em>/<em>z</em><strong>» </strong>value of isotope</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>find the frequency of each isotope</p>
<p> </p>
<p>sum of the values of products/multiplication <strong>«</strong>from each isotope<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>find/calculate the weighted average</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for stating “m/z values of </em><em>isotopes </em><strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>relative </em><em>abundance/intensity” but not stating </em><em>these need to be multiplied.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>promoted<strong>»</strong> electrons fall back to lower energy level</p>
<p>energy difference between levels is different</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “Na and Ca have different </em><em>nuclear charge” for M2.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>stronger metallic bonding</p>
<p>smaller ionic/atomic radius</p>
<p> </p>
<p>two electrons per atom are delocalized</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>greater ionic charge</p>
<p> </p>
<p>greater atomic mass</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept just “heavier” or “more </em><em>massive” without reference to atomic </em><em>mass.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>delocalized/mobile electrons <strong>«</strong>free to move<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.26.19.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/02.e/M"></p>
<p>general increase</p>
<p>only one discontinuity between “IE2” and “IE3”</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pH > 7</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept any specific pH value or range </em><em>of values above 7 and below 14.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>sigma (σ</em><em>)</em><em>:</em></p>
<p>overlap <strong>«</strong>of atomic orbitals<strong>» </strong>along the axial/internuclear axis</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>head-on/end-to-end overlap <strong>«</strong>of atomic orbitals<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>pi (\(\pi \))</em><em>:</em></p>
<p>overlap <strong>«</strong>of p-orbitals<strong>» </strong>above and below the internuclear axis</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>sideways overlap <strong>«</strong>of p-orbitals<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award marks for suitable diagrams.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>sigma (σ</em><em>)</em><em>:</em> 3</p>
<p><strong><em>AND</em></strong></p>
<p><em>pi (</em>\(\pi \)<em>)</em><em>:</em> 2</p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">SF<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>, SF<sub><span class="s1">4 </span></sub>and SF<sub><span class="s1">6 </span></sub>have different shapes. Draw their Lewis structures and use the VSEPR theory to predict the name of the shape of each molecule.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-03_om_05.19.02.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/02"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-03_om_05.20.13.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/02/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Penalise missing lone pairs on fluorine atoms once in correct structures only.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>For Lewis structures candidates are not expected to draw exact shapes of molecules.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow ECF for wrong Lewis structures.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept dots or crosses instead of lines.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">This question was generally well answered and many high scores were seen. Common errors included the omission of non-bonding pairs of electrons on fluorine atoms and sometimes on sulfur. The shape of SF<sub><span class="s1">4 </span></sub>was not well known but candidates were able to write correctly the name of the shape for SF<sub><span class="s1">2 </span></sub>and SF<sub><span class="s1">6</span></sub>.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Hydrazine, N<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>, is a valuable rocket fuel.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The equation for the reaction between hydrazine and oxygen is given below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{l)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}({\text{g)}} \to {{\text{N}}_2}({\text{g)}} + 2{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The reaction between \({{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{aq)}}\) and \({\text{HCl(aq)}}\) can be represented by the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{aq)}} + 2{\text{HCl(aq)}} \to {{\text{N}}_2}{\text{H}}_6^{2 + }({\text{aq)}} + 2{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }({\text{aq)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure for N<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">4 </span></sub>showing all valence electrons.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State and explain the H–N–H bond angle in hydrazine.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Hydrazine and ethene, C<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>, are hydrides of adjacent elements in the periodic table. The boiling point of hydrazine is much higher than that of ethene. Explain this difference in terms of the intermolecular forces in each compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The enthalpy change of formation, \(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta \), of liquid hydrazine is \({\text{50.6 kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\). Use this value, together with data from Table 12 of the Data Booklet, to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Use the bond enthalpy values from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the enthalpy change for this reaction.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Identify the calculation that produces the most accurate value for the enthalpy change for the reaction given and explain your choice.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate \(\Delta {S^\Theta }\) for the reaction using the data below and comment on its magnitude.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-26_om_09.01.06.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/07.c"></p>
<p class="p1">(v) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Calculate \(\Delta {G^\Theta }\) for the reaction at 298 K.</p>
<p class="p1">(vi) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Predict, giving a reason, the spontaneity of the reaction above at both high and low temperatures.</p>
<div class="marks">[16]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The reaction between \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{(aq)}}\) and HCl(aq) can be represented by the following equation.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{N}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}({\text{aq)}} + 2{\text{HCl(aq)}} \to {{\text{N}}_2}{\text{H}}_6^{2 + }({\text{aq)}} + 2{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }({\text{aq)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Identify the type of reaction that occurs.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Predict the value of the H–N–H bond angle in \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}^{{\text{2}} + }\).</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Suggest the type of hybridization shown by the nitrogen atoms in \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}^{{\text{2}} + }\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-26_om_08.49.44.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/07.a/M"></span>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept x’s, dots or lines for electron pairs</em></p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>H–N–H \( < \) 109 / any angle between 104° and 109°;</p>
<p class="p1">due to four centres of electron charge / four electron pairs (one of which is a lone \({{\text{e}}^ - }\) pair);</p>
<p class="p1">extra repulsion due to lone electron pairs;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow ECF for wrong Lewis structures.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">weaker van der Waals’/London/dispersion/intermolecular forces in ethene;</p>
<p class="p1">stronger (intermolecular) hydrogen bonding in hydrazine;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>If no comparison between strengths then </em><strong><em>[1 max]</em></strong>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\Delta H_{\text{r}}^\Theta = \Sigma \Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta {\text{ products}} - \Sigma \Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta {\text{ reactants}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Can be implied by working</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">\(\Delta H_{\text{f}}^\Theta {\text{(}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l))}} = - 286{\text{ (kJ)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\(\Delta H_{\text{r}}^\Theta = 2( - 286) - 50.6 = - 622.6{\text{ (kJ)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>bonds broken: 4N–H, N–N, O=O / \( + {\text{2220 (kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">bonds formed: N\(\equiv\)N, 4O-H / \( - 2801{\text{ (kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\( - 581{\text{ (kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>value based on \(\Delta {H_{\text{f}}}\) more accurate;</p>
<p class="p1">\(\Delta {H_{\text{f}}}\) accurate for compounds in reaction;</p>
<p class="p1">bond energy calculation assumes average bond energies;</p>
<p class="p1">(bond energy calculation) only applies to gaseous states / ignores intermolecular bonds;</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\Delta {S^\Theta } = \Sigma {S^\Theta }{\text{ (products)}} - \Sigma {S^\Theta }{\text{ (reactants)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Can be implied by working</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">\( = 191 + (2 \times 69.9) - 205 - 121 = + 4.8{\text{ (J}}\,{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">small value since number of mol of g on both sides the same;</p>
<p class="p1">(v) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\Delta {G^\Theta } = - 622.6 - 298(0.0048)\);</p>
<p class="p1">\( = - 624.0{\text{ (kJ}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow 623.9 to 624.1</em>.</p>
<p class="p1">(vi) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>all reactions are spontaneous;</p>
<p class="p1">\(\Delta G\) is negative (at high temperatures and low temperatures);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>acid-base/neutralization;</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>109°/109.5°;</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>sp<sup>3</sup>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>No ECF if bond angle incorrect in (ii).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The Lewis structure for hydrazine proved to be difficult for some in (a). Incorrect answers had double bonds appearing between the two nitrogen atoms or lone pairs missing. Those who could draw the correct structure in (i) gave the correct bond angle, but the explanation was often incomplete. Few mentioned either the four electron domains around the central atom or the extra repulsion of the lone pair.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (b) most candidates knew that hydrogen bonding was present in hydrazine and Van der Waals‟ forces in ethene but failed to give a comparison of the relative strength of the intermolecular forces.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some candidates struggled to calculate the enthalpy changes from enthalpy changes of formation in (c) (i) as they were unable to relate the enthalpy change of combustion of hydrogen to the enthalpy change of formation of water.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The bond energy and entropy calculations were more successful with many candidates benefitting from ECF from their incorrect Lewis structures in (a). It was encouraging to see many correct unit conversions for the calculation of \(\Delta G\). A number of candidates incorrectly described the combination of hydrazine and hydrochloric acid as a redox reaction, but many were able to identify the bond angle and hybridization in \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}^{{\text{2}} + }\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Consider the structure and bonding in \({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{5}}}\).</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">For each of the species \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) and \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\):</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State and explain the difference in the electrical conductivity in the liquid state of the two chlorides.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) deduce the Lewis structure.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) predict the shape and bond angle.</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) predict and explain the molecular polarity.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_06.27.58.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.c"></p>
<div class="marks">[8]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare the formation of sigma (\(\sigma \)) and pi (\(\pi \)) bonds between the carbon atoms in a molecule of ethyne.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_2}\) conducts <strong>and </strong>\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_5}\) does not;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_2}\) ionic <strong>and </strong>\({\text{PC}}{{\text{l}}_5}\) covalent/molecular/(consists of) molecules;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for MgCl</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2 </em></span></sub><em>conducts </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>ionic.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for PCl</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>5 </em></span></sub><em>does not conduct </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>covalent/molecular/(consists of molecules).</em></p>
<p class="p1">ions can move in liquid (in \({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_2}\)) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_06.29.11.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.c/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow ECF in this question from incorrect Lewis structure.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for stating that </em><em>PBr<sub>3</sub> is polar and </em><em>SF<sub>6</sub> is non-polar without giving </em><em>a reason or if explanations are incorrect.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow polar bonds do not cancel for PBr</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>3 </em></span></sub><em>and polar bonds cancel for SF</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>6</em></span></sub><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow asymmetric molecule as reason for PBr</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>3 </em></span></sub><em>or symmetric molecule for </em><em>SF</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>6 </em></span></sub><em>as reason alone.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\sigma \) <em>bond:</em></p>
<p class="p1">end-on/axial overlap with electron density between the two carbon atoms/nuclei / end-on/axial overlap of orbitals so shared electrons are between atoms / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">\(\pi \) <em>bond:</em></p>
<p class="p1">sideways/parallel overlap of p orbitals with electron density above <strong>and </strong>below internuclear axis/\(\sigma \) bond / sideways/parallel overlap of p orbitals so shared electrons are above <strong>and</strong> below internuclear axis/\(\sigma \) bond / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Marks can be scored from a suitable diagram.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for stating end-on/axial overlap for \(\sigma \) and sideways/parallel overlap for \(\pi \) only i.e. without mentioning electron density </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>stating electron density between the two atoms/nuclei for </em>\(\sigma \)<em> and above and below internuclear axis for </em>\(\pi \)<em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-03_om_06.43.49.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/06.d.i/M"></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was usually well answered.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The Lewis structures were usually well drawn but some omitted the lone pairs. The shapes were also usually correct, though some stated that the shape of \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) is tetrahedral which is incorrect. The electron domain geometry of \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) is tetrahedral as there are four negative charge centres or four electron domains, but the molecular geometry and hence the shape is trigonal/triangular pyramidal. It is worth emphasising this difference between electron domain geometry and molecular geometry in discussions of shape in VSEPR Theory. As regards the bond angles, a few forgot the fact that the lone pair on the P occupies more space and hence the angle drops below 109.5 degrees. Many simply wrote 107 degrees, which is the bond angle in ammonia. An important point to make here is that every trigonal pyramidal geometry does not have a bond angle equivalent to that of ammonia, 107 degrees, which is a point often misunderstood by candidates. In fact, many factors can come into play here including lone pairs and electronegativity considerations. In fact, the experimental bond angle for \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) is 101 degrees and candidates would have scored the mark if they gave any value in the range 100 to less than 109.5 degrees. Candidates are not required to know experimental values but should not make sweeping conclusions that all trigonal pyramidal geometries have 107 degree bond angles, which certainly is not the case. For \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\), 90 and 120 bond angles were often incorrectly given. The most disappointing part of this sub-section however was the poor explanations of polarity. Some of the top candidates did however give complete explanations and referred to the polar PBr bonds and the fact that as the molecule is not symmetrical there is an asymmetric distribution of the electron cloud. It was nice to see vectorial addition of bond dipoles supporting this type of explanation resulting in a clearly defined and drawn net dipole moment in the case of \({\text{PB}}{{\text{r}}_{\text{3}}}\) leading to its polar nature and similar arguments and drawings in the case of the non-polar of \({\text{S}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Very few candidates scored both marks on sigma and pi bonds.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Geometrical isomerism and optical isomerism are two sub-groups of stereoisomerism in organic chemistry.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Compound <strong>P </strong>has the following three-dimensional structure. <strong>P </strong>also has geometrical isomers.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-15_om_18.37.34.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/08.d"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Menthol can be used in cough medicines. The compound contains C, H and O only.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe what is meant by the term <em>stereoisomers</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Geometrical isomers have different physical properties and many drugs, such as doxepin (which has antidepressant properties), have geometrical isomers.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_13.17.23.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/08.b"></p>
<p class="p1">For each of the carbon atoms labelled <strong>1 </strong>and <strong>2 </strong>in doxepin, deduce the type of hybridization involved (sp, sp<sup><span class="s1">2 </span></sup>or sp<sup><span class="s1">3</span></sup>).</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1"><strong>1</strong>:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1"><strong>2</strong>:</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Clomifene, a fertility drug, whose three-dimensional structure is represented below, also has geometrical isomers.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_13.22.28.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/08.c"></p>
<p class="p1">Identify the name of <strong>one </strong>functional group present in clomifene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Draw any <strong>two </strong>other isomers of <strong>P</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Apply IUPAC rules to state the names of all the straight-chain isomers of compounds of molecular formula C<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">8 </span></sub>(including <strong>P</strong>).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the structural formula of the organic products, <strong>Q</strong>, <strong>R</strong>, <strong>S </strong>and <strong>T</strong>, formed in the following reactions.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_14.46.40.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/08.d.iii"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest <strong>one </strong>suitable mechanism for the reaction of <strong>Q </strong>with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form <strong>T</strong>, using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the structural formula of the organic product formed, <strong>U</strong>, when <strong>R </strong>is heated under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate(VI).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Apply IUPAC rules to state the name of this product, <strong>U</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">When a \(6.234 \times {10^{ - 2}}{\text{ g}}\) of the compound was combusted, \(1.755 \times {10^{ - 1}}{\text{ g}}\) of carbon dioxide and \(7.187 \times {10^{ - 2}}{\text{ g}}\) of water were produced. Determine the molecular formula of the compound showing your working, given that its molar mass is \(M = 156.30{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Menthol occurs naturally and has several isomers. State the structural feature of menthol which is responsible for it having enantiomers.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the instrument used to distinguish between each of the two enantiomers, and how they could be distinguished using this instrument.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare the physical and chemical properties of enantiomers.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Physical properties:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Chemical properties:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">compounds with same structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in space;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>if correct description of geometric </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>optical isomers given.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><strong>1</strong>: sp<sup><span class="s1">2 </span></sup><strong>and 2</strong>: sp<sup><span class="s1">3</span></sup>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">amine;</p>
<p class="p1">benzene ring;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow phenyl (group).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow just benzene.</em></p>
<p class="p1">alkene / chloroalkene;</p>
<p class="p1">chloro;</p>
<p class="p1">ether / phenyl ether;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ethers not required as per guide but allow if given.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_13.27.13.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/08.d.i/M"></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>trans</em>-but-2-ene <strong>and </strong><em>cis</em>-but-2-ene;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow trans 2-butene and cis 2-butene.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept just 2-butene or 2-butene.</em></p>
<p class="p1">but-1-ene;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow 1-butene.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><strong>Q: </strong>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CHBrC}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>R:</strong> \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CH(OH)C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>S: </strong>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CHBrCHBrC}}{{\text{H}}_3}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>T: </strong>\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CH(OH)C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Condensed or full structural formulas may be given.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Since secondary bromoalkane could be either S</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>N</em></span></sub><em>1 and S<sub><em>N</em></sub></em><em>2 so allow S</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>N</em></span></sub><em>1 or </em><em>S</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>N</em></span></sub><em>2 for M1 –M4.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>S</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>N</em></span></sub><em>1:</em></p>
<p class="p2"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-16_om_15.08.44.png" alt="M13/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ2/08.d.iv/M"></p>
<p class="p3">curly arrow showing Br leaving;</p>
<p class="p3"><em>Do not allow arrow originating from C to C–Br bond.</em></p>
<p class="p3">representation of secondary carbocation;</p>
<p class="p3">curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in \({\text{H}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\) to \({{\text{C}}^ + }\);</p>
<p class="p3"><em>Do not allow arrow originating on H in OH</em><sup><span class="s3"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p3">formation of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CH(OH)C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}\) <strong>and</strong> \({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p3"><em>Allow formation of NaBr instead of Br</em><sup><span class="s2"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p3"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p3"><em>S</em><sub><span class="s3"><em>N</em></span></sub><em>2:</em></p>
<p class="p4"> </p>
<p class="p3">curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in \({\text{H}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\) to C;</p>
<p class="p3"><em>Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in OH</em><sup><span class="s3"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p3">curly arrow showing Br leaving;</p>
<p class="p3"><em>Accept curly arrow either going from bond between C and Br to Br in 2-bromobutane or in the transition state.</em></p>
<p class="p3"><em>Do not allow arrow originating from C to C–Br bond.</em></p>
<p class="p3">representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and partial bonds;</p>
<p class="p3"><em>Do not penalize if HO and Br are not at 180°</em> <em>to each other.</em></p>
<p class="p3"><em>Do not award M3 if OH—C bond is represented.</em></p>
<p class="p3">formation of \({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CH(OH)C}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}\) <strong>and </strong>\({\text{B}}{{\text{r}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p3"><em>Allow formation of NaBr instead of Br</em><sup><span class="s3"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_3}{\text{CCOC}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_3}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Condensed or full structural formula may be given.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">butan-2-one;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow 2-butanone or butanone.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept butan-2-one if (v) is incorrect but also apply ECF.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({m_{\text{C}}}:(1.755 \times {10^{ - 1}} \times 12.01)/(44.01) = 4.790 \times {10^{ - 2}}{\text{ g}}\) <strong>and</strong></p>
<p class="p1">\({m_{\text{H}}}:(7.187 \times {10^{ - 2}} \times 2 \times 1.01)/(18.02) = 8.056 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ g}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({m_{\text{O}}}:(6.234 \times {10^{ - 2}} - 8.056 \times {10^{ - 3}} - 4.790 \times {10^{ - 2}}) = 6.384 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ g}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\(({n_{\text{C}}} = 3.988 \times {10^{ - 3}}\) <strong>and</strong> \({n_{\text{H}}} = 2 \times 3.988 \times {10^{ - 3}}\) and \({n_{\text{O}}} = 3.988 \times {10^{ - 3}}\) hence empirical formula \( = {\text{) }}{{\text{C}}_{10}}{{\text{H}}_{20}}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\(\left( {M{\text{(}}{{\text{C}}_{10}}{{\text{H}}_{20}}{\text{O)}} = 156.30{\text{ (g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{), therefore molecular formula}} = } \right){\text{ }}{{\text{C}}_{10}}{{\text{H}}_{20}}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">\({n_{{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}}} = \left( {\frac{{1.755 \times {{10}^{ - 1}}}}{{44.01}}} \right) = 3.988 \times {10^{ - 3}}\) <strong>and</strong> \({n_{{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}}} = \left( {\frac{{7.187 \times {{10}^{ - 1}}}}{{18.02}}} \right) = 3.988 \times {10^{ - 3}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({m_{\text{O}}}:(6.234 \times {10^{ - 2}} - 8.056 \times {10^{ - 3}} - 4.790 \times {10^{ - 2}}) = 6.384 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ g}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\(({n_{\text{C}}} = 3.988 \times {10^{ - 3}}\) <strong>and</strong> \({n_{\text{H}}} = 2 \times 3.988 \times {10^{ - 3}}\) and \({n_{\text{O}}} = 3.988 \times {10^{ - 3}}\) hence empirical formula \( = {\text{) }}{{\text{C}}_{{\text{10}}}}{{\text{H}}_{20}}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\(\left( {M{\text{(}}{{\text{C}}_{10}}{{\text{H}}_{20}}{\text{O)}} = 156.30{\text{ (g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{), therefore molecular formula }} = } \right){\text{ }}{{\text{C}}_{10}}{{\text{H}}_{20}}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow alternative working to be used.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3 max] </em></strong><em>for C</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>10</em></span></sub><em>H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>20</em></span></sub><em>O if no working shown.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">chiral (carbon/centre/atom) / (tetrahedral) carbon surrounded by four</p>
<p class="p1">different groups;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept chiral compound or chiral molecule.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">polarimeter <strong>and </strong>(enantiomers) rotate <span style="text-decoration: underline;">plane</span> of polarized light in (equal and) opposite directions;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Physical properties:</em></p>
<p class="p1">identical except for rotation of plane polarized light;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “identical” as different optical properties assessed in (iii).</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept similar.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Chemical properties:</em></p>
<p class="p1">identical unless they interact with other optically active/chiral compounds/reagents/solvents / identical with achiral compounds/reagents/solvents / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow different physiological effects/taste.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A reasonably popular question and often well done. In (a), some weaker candidates did not understand the idea of a stereoisomer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(b) and (c) were well done.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(b) and (c) were well done.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (d), most scored full marks though some gave <em>cis.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In (d), most scored full marks though some gave <em>cis. </em>In (ii), many did not gain marks for but-2-ene.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In (d), most scored full marks though some gave <em>cis.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In (d), most scored full marks though some gave <em>cis.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In (d), most scored full marks though some gave <em>cis.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.v.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In (d), most scored full marks though some gave <em>cis.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.vi.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(e) (i) also was very well answered compared to some recent sessions.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Perhaps too much was expected in (iii) for one mark and students either omitted polarimeter or did not refer to plane polarised light.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (iv), few scored both marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">But-2-ene is a straight-chain alkene with formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{4}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{8}}}\). The molecule contains both \(\sigma \) and \(\pi \) bonds.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-25_om_13.53.05.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/02.a"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The polymerization of the alkenes is one of the most significant reactions of the twentieth century.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain the formation of the \(\pi \) bond.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>For each of the carbon atoms, C(1) and C(2), identify the type of hybridization shown.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">C(1):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">C(2):</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">But-2-ene shows geometrical isomerism. Draw the structural formula and state the name of the other geometrical isomer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the structural formula of an isomer of but-2-ene which does not decolourize bromine water, Br<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>(aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Outline <strong>two </strong>reasons why the polymers of the alkenes are of economic importance.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>State the type of polymerization reaction shown by the alkene in part (a).</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the structure of the resulting polymer showing <strong>three </strong>repeating units.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain why monomers are often gases or volatile liquids, but polymers are solids.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) (bond formed by) sideways overlap;</p>
<p class="p1">(of) p orbitals;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Marks awarded either from sketch or from explanation.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(ii) C(l) is sp<sup><span class="s1">3 </span></sup><strong>and </strong>C(2) is sp<sup><span class="s1">2</span></sup>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-25_om_16.36.48.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/02.b/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1">cis but-2-ene/Z-but-2-ene;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-25_om_16.39.35.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/02.c/M"> ;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) synthesis of materials not naturally available/plastics;</p>
<p class="p1">chemically unreactive materials produced;</p>
<p class="p1">wide range of uses/physical properties / versatile;</p>
<p class="p1">cheap;</p>
<p class="p1">large industry;</p>
<p class="p1">uses a limited natural resource;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for any two.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(ii) addition;</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-25_om_16.45.31.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ0/02.d/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Must show continuation bonds.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore bracket around the 6 carbons.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Must have 6 carbons joined to each other along chain.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(iv) monomers are smaller molecules / have smaller surface area than polymers;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept monomers have lower molecular mass.</em></p>
<p class="p1">with weaker intermolecular/Van der Waals’/London/dispersion forces;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept opposite argument for polymers.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This question was generally well answered and many high scores were seen. Most candidates were able to explain the formation of \(\pi \) bonds in (a) and identify the type of hybridization present.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates drew structures which were not geometric isomers in (b) with but-1-ene a common incorrect answer.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (c) only the best candidates were able to identify a cycloalkane as a saturated isomer and it was fairly common to find structures that included double bonds despite the guidance in the question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The economic importance of addition polymers was well known in (d) with most candidates stating that they were plastics with versatile properties and low cost.</p>
<p class="p1">Addition polymerisation was well recalled but a large number of candidates made mistakes with the structure of the polymer. Continuation bonds, for example, were often missing from the ends. Many understood in terms of molecular size, why polymers have higher boiling points than monomers but not all correctly attributed it to the stronger van der Waals forces between the molecules.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Calcium nitrate contains both covalent and ionic bonds.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Nitrogen also forms oxides, which are atmospheric pollutants.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of both ions present and the nature of the force between these ions.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ions:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Nature of force:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State which atoms are covalently bonded.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bonding in the nitrate ion involves electron delocalization. Explain the meaning of electron delocalization and how it affects the ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the source of these oxides.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> product formed from their reaction with water.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> environmental problem caused by these atmospheric pollutants.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{C}}{{\text{a}}^{2 + }}\) <strong>and</strong> \({\text{NO}}_3^ - \);</p>
<p>electrostatic (attraction);</p>
<p><em>Do not accept ionic.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nitrogen/N <strong>and</strong> oxygen/O;</p>
<p><em>Do not accept nitrate/NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept atoms in nitrate/NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">pi/</span>\(\underline \pi \)-electrons shared by more than two atoms/nuclei / a <span style="text-decoration: underline;">pi/\(\underline \pi \)</span>-bond/overlapping p-orbitals that extends over more than two atoms/nuclei;</p>
<p>all (N–O) bonds equal length/strength/bond-order / charge on all oxygen/O atoms equal / increases stability/lowers PE (of the ion);</p>
<p><em>Accept a diagram that clearly shows one or both points.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>produced by high temperature combustion;</p>
<p><em>Accept combustion/jet/car engines / car exhaust/emissions / lightning / action of bacteria/microorganisms.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept combustion/burning, cars, planes, jets, factories, power plants etc.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>nitric acid/\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) / nitrous acid/nitric(III) acid/\({\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept “form acidic solutions / acid rain”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>acid deposition/rain / respiratory problems / corrosion problems / decomposition of ozone layer / photochemical smog / acidification/pollution of lakes / damage to plants/ trees;</p>
<p><em>Accept “acid rain” in either part (ii) or part (iii) but not both.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept air pollution.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was distressing how many students taking HL Chemistry (over 50%?) do not know the formula of the nitrate ion! Many students also gave the type of bonding present between the ions, rather than the nature of the force asked for, though almost all could correctly identify the covalently bonded atoms. Hardly any could explain delocalization in terms of the overlap of p-orbitals, or the extension of a \(\pi \)-bond, over more than two atoms, though its effect on structure and stability were better known. In part (c), which tested Aim 8 of the syllabus, most managed to gain some of the marks available for atmospheric pollution from oxides of nitrogen. Inevitably, owing to some overlap in assessment statements these concepts would be more familiar to those studying the Environmental Chemistry option, but undoubtedly studying other options assists in other areas, such as organic chemistry.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was distressing how many students taking HL Chemistry (over 50%?) do not know the formula of the nitrate ion! Many students also gave the type of bonding present between the ions, rather than the nature of the force asked for, though almost all could correctly identify the covalently bonded atoms. Hardly any could explain delocalization in terms of the overlap of p-orbitals, or the extension of a \(\pi \)-bond, over more than two atoms, though its effect on structure and stability were better known. In part (c), which tested Aim 8 of the syllabus, most managed to gain some of the marks available for atmospheric pollution from oxides of nitrogen. Inevitably, owing to some overlap in assessment statements these concepts would be more familiar to those studying the Environmental Chemistry option, but undoubtedly studying other options assists in other areas, such as organic chemistry.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was distressing how many students taking HL Chemistry (over 50%?) do not know the formula of the nitrate ion! Many students also gave the type of bonding present between the ions, rather than the nature of the force asked for, though almost all could correctly identify the covalently bonded atoms. Hardly any could explain delocalization in terms of the overlap of p-orbitals, or the extension of a \(\pi \)-bond, over more than two atoms, though its effect on structure and stability were better known. In part (c), which tested Aim 8 of the syllabus, most managed to gain some of the marks available for atmospheric pollution from oxides of nitrogen. Inevitably, owing to some overlap in assessment statements these concepts would be more familiar to those studying the Environmental Chemistry option, but undoubtedly studying other options assists in other areas, such as organic chemistry.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was distressing how many students taking HL Chemistry (over 50%?) do not know the formula of the nitrate ion! Many students also gave the type of bonding present between the ions, rather than the nature of the force asked for, though almost all could correctly identify the covalently bonded atoms. Hardly any could explain delocalization in terms of the overlap of p-orbitals, or the extension of a \(\pi \)-bond, over more than two atoms, though its effect on structure and stability were better known. In part (c), which tested Aim 8 of the syllabus, most managed to gain some of the marks available for atmospheric pollution from oxides of nitrogen. Inevitably, owing to some overlap in assessment statements these concepts would be more familiar to those studying the Environmental Chemistry option, but undoubtedly studying other options assists in other areas, such as organic chemistry.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was distressing how many students taking HL Chemistry (over 50%?) do not know the formula of the nitrate ion! Many students also gave the type of bonding present between the ions, rather than the nature of the force asked for, though almost all could correctly identify the covalently bonded atoms. Hardly any could explain delocalization in terms of the overlap of p-orbitals, or the extension of a \(\pi \)-bond, over more than two atoms, though its effect on structure and stability were better known. In part (c), which tested Aim 8 of the syllabus, most managed to gain some of the marks available for atmospheric pollution from oxides of nitrogen. Inevitably, owing to some overlap in assessment statements these concepts would be more familiar to those studying the Environmental Chemistry option, but undoubtedly studying other options assists in other areas, such as organic chemistry.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was distressing how many students taking HL Chemistry (over 50%?) do not know the formula of the nitrate ion! Many students also gave the type of bonding present between the ions, rather than the nature of the force asked for, though almost all could correctly identify the covalently bonded atoms. Hardly any could explain delocalization in terms of the overlap of p-orbitals, or the extension of a \(\pi \)-bond, over more than two atoms, though its effect on structure and stability were better known. In part (c), which tested Aim 8 of the syllabus, most managed to gain some of the marks available for atmospheric pollution from oxides of nitrogen. Inevitably, owing to some overlap in assessment statements these concepts would be more familiar to those studying the Environmental Chemistry option, but undoubtedly studying other options assists in other areas, such as organic chemistry.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Ethanedioic acid is a diprotic acid. A student determined the value of x in the formula of hydrated ethanedioic acid, \({\text{HOOC–COOH}} \bullet {\text{x}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)<span class="s1">, by titrating a known mass of the acid with a 0.100 \({\text{mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\) solution of NaOH(aq).</span></p>
<p class="p2">0.795 g of ethanedioic acid was dissolved in distilled water and made up to a total volume of 250 cm<sup><span class="s2">3 </span></sup>in a volumetric flask.</p>
<p class="p2">\({\text{25 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of this ethanedioic acid solution was pipetted into a flask and titrated against aqueous sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as an indicator.</p>
<p class="p2">The titration was then repeated twice to obtain the results below.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-02_om_14.26.59.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Calculate the average volume of NaOH added, in \({\text{c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\), in titrations 2 and 3, and then calculate the amount, in mol, of NaOH added.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The equation for the reaction taking place in the titration is:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{HOOC–COOH(aq)}} + {\text{2NaOH(aq)}} \to {\text{NaOOC–COONa(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}}\)</p>
<p class="p2">Determine the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid that reacts with the average</p>
<p class="p2">volume of NaOH(aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the amount, in mol, of ethanedioic acid present in \({\text{250 c}}{{\text{m}}^{\text{3}}}\) of the original solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the molar mass of hydrated ethanedioic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Determine the value of x in the formula \({\text{HOOC–COOH}} \bullet {\text{x}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\)<span class="s1">.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the strongest intermolecular force in solid ethanedioic acid.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of ethanedioic acid, \({\text{HOOC–COOH}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Predict and explain the difference in carbon-oxygen bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and its conjugate base, <span class="s1">\(^ - {\text{OOC–CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\)</span>.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\left( {\frac{{(12.70 + 12.50}}{2} = } \right)12.60{\text{ (c}}{{\text{m}}^3}{\text{);}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">\((0.01260 \times 0.100 = )1.26 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ (mol);}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\(\left( {\frac{{1.26 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}}{2} = } \right)6.30 \times {10^{ - 4}}{\text{ (mol);}}\)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\((6.30 \times {10^{ - 4}} \times 10 = )6.30 \times {10^{ - 3}}{\text{ (mol);}}\)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(\left( {\frac{{0.795}}{{6.30 \times {{10}^{ - 3}}}} = } \right)126{\text{ (gmo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}{\text{);}}\)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({M_{\text{r}}}{\text{(}}{{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_2}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{)}} = 90.04\) <strong>and </strong><span class="s1">\({M_{\text{r}}}{\text{(}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O)}} = 18.02\)</span>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept integer values for \({M_r}\)’s of 90 and 18 and any reasonable calculation.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if no working shown</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">hydrogen bonding;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-02_om_15.07.53.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.d/M"> 1;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Mark cannot be scored if lone pairs are missing on oxygens.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electron pairs.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Acid</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">one double and one single bond / one shorter and one longer bond;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “two double and two single”.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Conjugate base</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">two 1.5 bonds / both bonds same length;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “four / all”.</em></p>
<p class="p1">electrons delocalized / resonance forms;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award marks for suitable diagrams.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">It was suggested that, in the second paragraph, we should have explicitly stated that “0.795 g of <em>hydrated </em>ethanedioic acid was dissolved…” We agree that this would have clarified even more the question but we believe the sense is clear from the actual question for any student with practical experience. Another teacher suggested that the question was too easy. This was not apparent in the answers seen with very few candidates getting all the way to the end without mishap.</p>
<p class="p1">Most had little problem with (a) but some averaged all three readings. In (b) candidates found the calculation at the beginning of the paper difficult and many gave up too early in the sequence. “Error carried forward” marks were available even if an error was made early on. In (c), most were able to identify hydrogen bonding successfully. The diagrams of the Lewis structure of ethanedioic in (d) acid were, in general, poor; the most common error was to omit the lone pairs on the O of \({\text{–O–H}}\). Very few candidates were able to give a good explanation of electron delocalization and the differences in bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and the ethanedioate ion. As one respondent suggested, candidates would have benefitted from drawing out the Lewis structure of <span class="s1">\({\text{–OOC–CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\)</span>. We did not ask for this but there was nothing preventing them from doing so.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">It was suggested that, in the second paragraph, we should have explicitly stated that “0.795 g of <em>hydrated </em>ethanedioic acid was dissolved…” We agree that this would have clarified even more the question but we believe the sense is clear from the actual question for any student with practical experience. Another teacher suggested that the question was too easy. This was not apparent in the answers seen with very few candidates getting all the way to the end without mishap.</p>
<p class="p1">Most had little problem with (a) but some averaged all three readings. In (b) candidates found the calculation at the beginning of the paper difficult and many gave up too early in the sequence. “Error carried forward” marks were available even if an error was made early on. In (c), most were able to identify hydrogen bonding successfully. The diagrams of the Lewis structure of ethanedioic in (d) acid were, in general, poor; the most common error was to omit the lone pairs on the O of \({\text{–O–H}}\). Very few candidates were able to give a good explanation of electron delocalization and the differences in bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and the ethanedioate ion. As one respondent suggested, candidates would have benefitted from drawing out the Lewis structure of <span class="s1">\({\text{–OOC–CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\)</span>. We did not ask for this but there was nothing preventing them from doing so.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">It was suggested that, in the second paragraph, we should have explicitly stated that “0.795 g of <em>hydrated </em>ethanedioic acid was dissolved…” We agree that this would have clarified even more the question but we believe the sense is clear from the actual question for any student with practical experience. Another teacher suggested that the question was too easy. This was not apparent in the answers seen with very few candidates getting all the way to the end without mishap.</p>
<p class="p1">Most had little problem with (a) but some averaged all three readings. In (b) candidates found the calculation at the beginning of the paper difficult and many gave up too early in the sequence. “Error carried forward” marks were available even if an error was made early on. In (c), most were able to identify hydrogen bonding successfully. The diagrams of the Lewis structure of ethanedioic in (d) acid were, in general, poor; the most common error was to omit the lone pairs on the O of \({\text{–O–H}}\). Very few candidates were able to give a good explanation of electron delocalization and the differences in bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and the ethanedioate ion. As one respondent suggested, candidates would have benefitted from drawing out the Lewis structure of <span class="s1">\({\text{–OOC–CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\)</span>. We did not ask for this but there was nothing preventing them from doing so.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">It was suggested that, in the second paragraph, we should have explicitly stated that “0.795 g of <em>hydrated </em>ethanedioic acid was dissolved…” We agree that this would have clarified even more the question but we believe the sense is clear from the actual question for any student with practical experience. Another teacher suggested that the question was too easy. This was not apparent in the answers seen with very few candidates getting all the way to the end without mishap.</p>
<p class="p1">Most had little problem with (a) but some averaged all three readings. In (b) candidates found the calculation at the beginning of the paper difficult and many gave up too early in the sequence. “Error carried forward” marks were available even if an error was made early on. In (c), most were able to identify hydrogen bonding successfully. The diagrams of the Lewis structure of ethanedioic in (d) acid were, in general, poor; the most common error was to omit the lone pairs on the O of \({\text{–O–H}}\). Very few candidates were able to give a good explanation of electron delocalization and the differences in bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and the ethanedioate ion. As one respondent suggested, candidates would have benefitted from drawing out the Lewis structure of <span class="s1">\({\text{–OOC–CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\)</span>. We did not ask for this but there was nothing preventing them from doing so.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">It was suggested that, in the second paragraph, we should have explicitly stated that “0.795 g of <em>hydrated </em>ethanedioic acid was dissolved…” We agree that this would have clarified even more the question but we believe the sense is clear from the actual question for any student with practical experience. Another teacher suggested that the question was too easy. This was not apparent in the answers seen with very few candidates getting all the way to the end without mishap.</p>
<p class="p1">Most had little problem with (a) but some averaged all three readings. In (b) candidates found the calculation at the beginning of the paper difficult and many gave up too early in the sequence. “Error carried forward” marks were available even if an error was made early on. In (c), most were able to identify hydrogen bonding successfully. The diagrams of the Lewis structure of ethanedioic in (d) acid were, in general, poor; the most common error was to omit the lone pairs on the O of \({\text{–O–H}}\). Very few candidates were able to give a good explanation of electron delocalization and the differences in bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and the ethanedioate ion. As one respondent suggested, candidates would have benefitted from drawing out the Lewis structure of <span class="s1">\({\text{–OOC–CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\)</span>. We did not ask for this but there was nothing preventing them from doing so.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">It was suggested that, in the second paragraph, we should have explicitly stated that “0.795 g of <em>hydrated </em>ethanedioic acid was dissolved…” We agree that this would have clarified even more the question but we believe the sense is clear from the actual question for any student with practical experience. Another teacher suggested that the question was too easy. This was not apparent in the answers seen with very few candidates getting all the way to the end without mishap.</p>
<p class="p1">Most had little problem with (a) but some averaged all three readings. In (b) candidates found the calculation at the beginning of the paper difficult and many gave up too early in the sequence. “Error carried forward” marks were available even if an error was made early on. In (c), most were able to identify hydrogen bonding successfully. The diagrams of the Lewis structure of ethanedioic in (d) acid were, in general, poor; the most common error was to omit the lone pairs on the O of \({\text{–O–H}}\). Very few candidates were able to give a good explanation of electron delocalization and the differences in bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and the ethanedioate ion. As one respondent suggested, candidates would have benefitted from drawing out the Lewis structure of <span class="s1">\({\text{–OOC–CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\)</span>. We did not ask for this but there was nothing preventing them from doing so.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">It was suggested that, in the second paragraph, we should have explicitly stated that “0.795 g of <em>hydrated </em>ethanedioic acid was dissolved…” We agree that this would have clarified even more the question but we believe the sense is clear from the actual question for any student with practical experience. Another teacher suggested that the question was too easy. This was not apparent in the answers seen with very few candidates getting all the way to the end without mishap.</p>
<p class="p1">Most had little problem with (a) but some averaged all three readings. In (b) candidates found the calculation at the beginning of the paper difficult and many gave up too early in the sequence. “Error carried forward” marks were available even if an error was made early on. In (c), most were able to identify hydrogen bonding successfully. The diagrams of the Lewis structure of ethanedioic in (d) acid were, in general, poor; the most common error was to omit the lone pairs on the O of \({\text{–O–H}}\). Very few candidates were able to give a good explanation of electron delocalization and the differences in bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and the ethanedioate ion. As one respondent suggested, candidates would have benefitted from drawing out the Lewis structure of <span class="s1">\({\text{–OOC–CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\)</span>. We did not ask for this but there was nothing preventing them from doing so.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">It was suggested that, in the second paragraph, we should have explicitly stated that “0.795 g of <em>hydrated </em>ethanedioic acid was dissolved…” We agree that this would have clarified even more the question but we believe the sense is clear from the actual question for any student with practical experience. Another teacher suggested that the question was too easy. This was not apparent in the answers seen with very few candidates getting all the way to the end without mishap.</p>
<p class="p1">Most had little problem with (a) but some averaged all three readings. In (b) candidates found the calculation at the beginning of the paper difficult and many gave up too early in the sequence. “Error carried forward” marks were available even if an error was made early on. In (c), most were able to identify hydrogen bonding successfully. The diagrams of the Lewis structure of ethanedioic in (d) acid were, in general, poor; the most common error was to omit the lone pairs on the O of \({\text{–O–H}}\). Very few candidates were able to give a good explanation of electron delocalization and the differences in bond lengths in ethanedioic acid and the ethanedioate ion. As one respondent suggested, candidates would have benefitted from drawing out the Lewis structure of \({\text{–OOC–CO}}{{\text{O}}^ - }\). We did not ask for this but there was nothing preventing them from doing so.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Propane and propene are members of different homologous series.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw diagrams to show how sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are formed between atoms.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the number of sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds in propane and propene.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Construct the mechanism of the formation of 2-bromopropane from hydrogen bromide and propene using curly arrows to denote the movement of electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p><em>Award<strong> [1]</strong> for two or three correct answers.</em><br><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for all four correct.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>curly arrow going from C=C to H of HBr <strong>and</strong> curly arrow showing Br leaving<br>representation of carbocation<br>curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on Br<sup>–</sup> to C<sup>+</sup></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> for formation of 1-bromopropane.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Lewis (electron dot) structures are useful models.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF<sub>3</sub> and PF<sub>5</sub> and use the VSEPR theory to deduce the molecular geometry of each species including bond angles.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict whether the molecules PF<sub>3</sub> and PF<sub>5</sub> are polar or non-polar.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of hybridization shown by the phosphorus atom in PF<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept any combination of dots, crosses and lines.</em></p>
<p><em>Penalize missing lone pairs once only.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> apply ECF for molecular geometry.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept values in the range 95–109 for PF<sub>3</sub>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>PF<sub>3</sub> polar <em><strong>AND</strong></em> PF<sub>5</sub> non-polar</p>
<p><em>Apply ECF from part (a) molecular geometry.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>sp<sup>3</sup></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>PCl<sub>5</sub>(g) and Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) were placed in a sealed flask and allowed to reach equilibrium at 200 °C. The enthalpy change, Δ<em>H</em>, for the decomposition of PCl<sub>5</sub>(g) is positive.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-21_om_08.14.28.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/03"></p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p>Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry and the bond angles of PCl<sub>3</sub>.</p>
<p><img 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k9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFBAoCsRXmgABAgQIECBAgEDZBQSKsk9Q/wQIECBAgAABAgQKFCh/oBjcl872tlQqlVTa1qW7f3AMztfS07n8FzxmjMNSP669Mz1jnXasQ07ZfUXWPmWLeJtONJjDPVuzcd0jBczpbVqiMgQIECBAgACBCSpQ/kAxAvvhhVmYbdm6+5WRe45+HTyYnVteysKF7zl6n1tNJPBKdm26Kdfvea2J1mQpBAgQIECAAIFyCDRPoJj6m/nt3002b/1h+kfZDx74Tro+8Jl8dv47R/3EtwQIECBAgAABAgQIvBWB5gkU+Rf5rY8tTTY/k93HbHt6LQd27sq/bJ+bs46T6k9Pd2c6FtW3TFXa09HZnZ7DJ9rf9Hr69mz+hccM9u3KQx3tw9usKnOycuPWo+ft705HWyVtHd0N4Wcw/d3r0laZl47ul4/rtHbHYF/2dG3MyrZK/bxtWdTRme6ekQj1cro75qWyqCMPbFyZthNuA0tyuCdPjzyu1uPmdFZ7Pmbr2Mmst7rlqHv42GrNyui+Rtb2f2RjV1c2rpxT7789HQ/tSl//qD6++Gz6GkdQXfdDHVlUO3eltr7O7p4crqFU1/yxLLljT7JtdWZNqfr9j7plezoe+JO616/mwkUXpu2YtdWZa/Oou49soStkm9vYY3cvAQIECBAgQGAiCzRRoJiSd/7GR7IiB3Lw0OtHzavbnbr+edrnnX30vtqt/uzr/FwWXrEj0zfsycDQUAZ6P5/pO9Zk1iV3Z8+YoeL1vNS1NnMveebIMUOv/mlm7ViThWsez0v1F8GDL3XlqrmX5sFcnf2vDmTo1f87C/Zed8xjRjVzEt/+JHvuuiqXPPEr+eyen2VoaChDA3+TW6ZsyZKrNx3b7/b/nJ1nXZ+eoZ+ld/vVmT9tjDEP/jhday7Lyr2L013tcejZ3HjW9tx8x7aGXk5mvYM5vG9zPrtwTXZM/3x6B6p97cmG6TtyxaxPZuOenzSc7/Fcf8/unH/Tsxmq9vatD2fXlR9K2+zb8vxv/UleHBrIq397XXLnZ3Lz4z9OjbPa51VLc0n3r2VDb3XdA3n1y+/Njisuy5qu6mPOzuIN38y3bpibLN2U/QO7s2HxyKy3ZfPO1tzYM5CB3u/kLx7+v7IiT+arz/y34XPXOhtM/+5nsjlL0z7vrKRldlZt7c3Q1lWZOQZbw2LcJECAAAECBAgQSNJcL5mmvT/tK17Klp0Hj7xgrG13+pcLM2/0i+r+3fnKzbty8b1/nDXzW2sQLa0X5nP33J0b9t+ZdY/2HDnHkWdK/8586ZquzLn1xiPHZOr7suqeu7Piqdvzpe3VdxZey4Gt/zGduTK33HRpZk5tSaa+Nx9feUnS+R+z9cCb3Off/1wevetQVqy8PPNbTxtuqeWcLLzy8izd/t38oLchRLVekpUff2+m5rS0znx3ph5ZwMiNwfRvvz/XPLUg997+u5ld7THTMnvVhjxcfWE+8uek1vtKdn3lnjx98b/P7WsuTGv1VC2tmf+5P83DNxzK9eu6Gi6UnpsbblmbZTOnJdXe5v1m5re2ZukRz5ZMnfmhLJjz/+Sp7/1dDqfeZ+cFufWm1fV1t2Tq7BW55+FL8tQ192f7Me9GjTQ+8nVuVqz87dr6Wlrfk/ec8xtZvvbd6bz/Wzlw5B2QV7J767ZkxUeOf46MnMZXAgQIECBAgACBcQWaK1DkrMxrX5C9W75Tf8E4st3p/am+hD36p/630n0X5ML3/eqxqWpqW2bNSfbu761vqRk5auSYtnzgvLPHOKZ3+PqN2gXgO5M5M3Ju7YV69fiWTFt8e3qHHs2qmWeMnPCNfZ22OBt6d2fD/FfS3dWVruo/nR1ZMmt1Gt9TOLmTDr+I7pvzwbxvJJzUDpyac2edXz/FSa63/4fZurk3cy5873CYONJA/Vx7D+TFMd/tOfLAE9yo99k6I+dNr4eo2qNbMvXcGZnTN85F+OOe8Z359X+9LEu3fTM7R4Jdrf9kRfvo58i4J/EDAgQIECBAgACBBoEmCxQtmTbvI1mxt/6Csfri/tn3Zvn80VdPvJ5DBw+krwFi9M2+7x/MoSN/i9340z25Y8m76tcA1K9lmHJBVm870dkaj3+zt6tbtFan7cxZWXLP91LbSPTOi/Pl3X+epXkh+18cvqLgzZ59/ONOvN6BQwfz/RMtva9xC9r5mXXu8e+XjF+7/pO+L2TJO6YcYz7lTQWppGXGkly96m9z86bvpL/6Dkh1u9Os3xvjOfILu/IAAgQIECBAgACBptvyVB1pw7annx/4XnZduDS/fuSdgpGZn5bp581I68i3Y3xt/cB5mT5m3PpENu3/x+FrGKrXMTT807th8ah3QsY48Zu8a7Dn61mzelcufuxgBr69IauWLcuyZb+Vtp/+1+x9k+c8ucNOvN7/afp5+cAJIUe/u3ByVY95VO3aiGOth90br5c45ojxv2n5F/nI711Sv3j/5ezeuiNzVlw8xnNk/FP4CQECBAgQIECAwFGBMV8yH/1xGW+NbHvalv+04+8y/6Lzjt2eVFtS/Z2M1r/Ns8//92OvlTjcm/17kzmz2kZde3CiY3Zl46IZae/cl8GW83LR5Rclo7b6DPZ0pr3SNvyY2raqE70KH+0+mMMvHsjejN6i9fO8+pORT3gafcyJvq8aLU3rqB6Tw3lx/wv1A09yvbUA15a9z/7o2E9mGjnXMVu/TtTTWD8b6fO5PN/XcI1IBnN4zxezqLI8nT1v9JqUlkybf2nWztqWr275Wr6x+ZxcPuZzZKx+3EeAAAECBAgQIDBaoAkDRf2F8N9tyT0735OLZoxzzcK0efnUrfPz1DWfz927+oZDxeHn03ntmtwx6/rcvnzm8UFk2kX5g3sXjDpmX7rW35Lr89n6MWdkxsVX5cZZj2b9n3xr+EX24EvZ/uCWbFtYP289dPRt/mq+vq8aCKofu/p4blv/4DjbsEZe3O/M5gf/uv7C/fX07Xog6665b5xjRo+68fuWTFt4de69eFvW3/Z4/eNs+9PTdVfWVz9+deTPSa33rMz/1LX56FN/lHV3j3zca3V7VkeuuGN67rx92Vv4tKSRPnfkmnUPZFctVAxbrb/uvuTO67K8dk1K47Ufr+Xw4Z+PrGDsr1Pfn3+94vx0fvqa3DXnY+M/R8Y+2r0ECBAgQIAAAQINAk0YKOrbni5LTlvwocwYd4XVTzX6YrY/vCCHOuZmSvV3HJz5f2b/gruz/8k1mXvcNqmq2mk5Z9nto475RJ5419XZ/chnjxzT0vrR3PrII7lyYGPaplRSmfIbWT9wRcNjzsjM5bdm29qf5+YL3pFK5dxcsun/y2W33JSlDcM55ua0i7rNHrsAABSJSURBVPKHT27I/O+uHD5nZW7+3V+dnZWPfy03vJE3O0ZO2vLuLLv7kax71xNZeGb1+oQLc9sL83LtnZeOPOIk1zv8qUv3bb87Cw79cb232fm3+y/Mw/sfyXVz3+IvE6z1+VgeXvD36Wg7PZXKlJy58Im869oteWTt/Pq7SPUQ9/rNmTXl/Fz26IEMNKzi+JtnZEb7v8mq6idMXf7hY58jfg/F8VzuIUCAAAECBAicQKAyVN2M3vCnUqnUrgtouMvNSSPwWno6fz8L938m+36J14NMBM7qFrSLFz6Xq//mriw7p/ETpCZCd3ogQIAAAQIECExMgbGywrh/fz8xl6CrUyNQ/83VbavTWdtyVT1rdQvVptx28z9k7fIP/tIuLj81/b/Fs9S2oHXl9bW/n6XCxFvEdDgBAgQIECAw2QUEikn5DKhem3Btnrz3guxYXN1yVf3429Mz975/zO88+UDWvtVtShPWtPoOzPL6FrRVuf8z80ZdeD9hG9cYAQIECBAgQGDCCtjyNGFHozECBAgQIECAAAECE0vAlqeJNQ/dECBAgAABAgQIECi9gC1PpR+hBRAgQIAAAQIECBAoTkCgKM5eZQIECBAgQIAAAQKlFxAoSj9CCyBAgAABAgQIECBQnIBAUZy9ygQIECBAgAABAgRKLyBQlH6EFkCAAAECBAgQIECgOAGBojh7lQkQIECAAAECBAiUXkCgKP0ILYAAAQIECBAgQIBAcQICRXH2KhMgQIAAAQIECBAovYBAUfoRWgABAgQIECBAgACB4gQEiuLsVSZAgAABAgQIECBQegGBovQjtAACBAgQIECAAAECxQkIFMXZq0yAAAECBAgQIECg9AICRelHaAEECBAgQIAAAQIEihMQKIqzV5kAAQIECBAgQIBA6QUEitKP0AIIECBAgAABAgQIFCcgUBRnrzIBAgQIECBAgACB0gsIFKUfoQUQIECAAAECBAgQKE5AoCjOXmUCBAgQIECAAAECpRcQKEo/QgsgQIAAAQIECBAgUJyAQFGcvcoECBAgQIAAAQIESi8gUJR+hBZAgAABAgQIECBAoDgBgaI4e5UJECBAgAABAgQIlF5AoCj9CC2AAAECBAgQIECAQHECAkVx9ioTIECAAAECBAgQKL2AQFH6EVoAAQIECBAgQIAAgeIEmi5QDPZ0pr1SSVtHd/rHcx3cl872tlTa1qW7f3CcR72Wns7lqVTmpaP75XEekzR7vbBK4rlQ/Reg2Z/r1lcd8kT8b6PnXu1/QBNyNv7b6L+N9ZdHnp/D/5qestegddcSfakMDQ0NNfZbqVQy6q7GH7tNgAABAgQIECBAgMAkFRgrKzTdOxSTdLaWTYAAAQIECBAgQKAQAYGiEHZFCRAgQIAAAQIECDSHgEDRHHO0CgIECBAgQIAAAQKFCAgUhbArSoAAAQIECBAgQKA5BASK5pijVRAgQIAAAQIECBAoRECgKIRdUQIECBAgQIAAAQLNISBQNMccrYIAAQIECBAgQIBAIQICRSHsihIgQIAAAQIECBBoDgGBojnmaBUECBAgQIAAAQIEChEQKAphV5QAAQIECBAgQIBAcwgIFM0xR6sgQIAAAQIECBAgUIiAQFEIu6IECBAgQIAAAQIEmkNAoGiOOVoFAQIECBAgQIAAgUIEBIpC2BUlQIAAAQIECBAg0BwCAkVzzNEqCBAgQIAAAQIECBQiIFAUwq4oAQIECBAgQIAAgeYQECiaY45WQYAAAQIECBAgQKAQAYGiEHZFCRAgQIAAAQIECDSHgEDRHHO0CgIECBAgQIAAAQKFCAgUhbArSoAAAQIECBAgQKA5BASK5pijVRAgQIAAAQIECBAoRECgKIRdUQIECBAgQIAAAQLNISBQNMccrYIAAQIECBAgQIBAIQICRSHsihIgQIAAAQIECBBoDgGBojnmaBUECBAgQIAAAQIEChEQKAphV5QAAQIECBAgQIBAcwgIFM0xR6sgQIAAAQIECBAgUIiAQFEIu6IECBAgQIAAAQIEmkNAoGiOOVoFAQIECBAgQIAAgUIEBIpC2BUlQIAAAQIECBAg0BwCAkVzzNEqCBAgQIAAAQIECBQiIFAUwq4oAQIECBAgQIAAgeYQECiaY45WQYAAAQIECBAgQKAQAYGiEHZFCRAgQIAAAQIECDSHgEDRHHO0CgIECBAgQIAAAQKFCAgUhbArSoAAAQIECBAgQKA5BASK5pijVRAgQIAAAQIECBAoRECgKIRdUQIECBAgQIAAAQLNISBQNMccrYIAAQIECBAgQIBAIQICRSHsihIgQIAAAQIECBBoDgGBojnmaBUECBAgQIAAAQIEChEQKAphV5QAAQIECBAgQIBAcwgIFM0xR6sgQIAAAQIECBAgUIiAQFEIu6IECBAgQIAAAQIEmkNAoGiOOVoFAQIECBAgQIAAgUIEBIpC2BUlQIAAAQIECBAg0BwCAkVzzNEqCBAgQIAAAQIECBQiIFAUwq4oAQIECBAgQIAAgeYQECiaY45WQYAAAQIECBAgQKAQgfIHisF96WxvS6VSOf6fRR3p7O7J4beNdjD93evSVlmezp7X3raqJyxU85mR9s59GTzhA/2QAAECBAgQIECAwBsXKH+gGFnz0k3ZPzCUoaGRf36W3g2/lh1XXJY1XT/2YnrEyVcCBAgQIECAAAECp1CgeQLFcSinpXX+5Vm54vR03v+tHPDX88cJuYMAAQIECBAgQIDAWxVo4kBxlKb1A+dl+pGVDuZwT3c6O9rrW6TasqijM909/fUDjm5beqB7ex468rg5Wblxa3oONySTwb7s6dqYlW3D263aVt6Vp5576Wjh8W6NOq5SGd3Dy+numJdK+33p3rU5HYvqW7raVmbj06O2cB3uydMbV6attuWr2uPm4bW1rUt3f0Ovjb1U6z/UkUUj28SO2xo22qiSyqjHDPZ0pr3SZitVo6vbBAgQIECAAIFJKHDkZXbzrf319O3akq++/Kk8/ocXZVptgYM5vG9zPrtwTXZM/3x6q1ukBvZkw/QduWLWJ7Nxz08aGL6WT6/fljNXf622jWqg966c843P5uo/212/JuMn2XPXVZl3zyv5ne0/zdDQQHpuOj/PfePp9DWc5fibw8dd8sSv5LN7fja8RWvgb3LLlC1ZcvWm7GkMLNtuy/rH/llWP/lihoZ+lt6Hz883lq7Nn430OfjjdK25LCv3Lk73qwMZGno2N561PTffse34siP3VI+5amku6f61bOit1h/Iq19+77Fbww7vzp9dfUN2zPrTvFrbQvaz9N7yT7N5yc15tH5tSMvMVdk61Jutq2aniZ9EI2q+EiBAgAABAgQIjCPQPK8Ft63OrCmNF2afnrYPXZPOF17Ki6+OXCD9SnZ95Z48ffG/z+1rLkxrdfUtrZn/uT/NwzccyvXrutJz5C/15+aGW9Zm2czhKNLS+uv5yPx3ZvvTz6e3+pj+5/LoXYcaHtOSqTMvzU23XJnWcbBrd9ePW7Hy8sxvPW34kS3nZOGVl2fp9u/mB72vHz269crcctOlmTm12uhpaZ33m5nf+lye/sGhDGYw/dvvzzVPLci9t/9uZtceMy2zV23IwzfMPXqOY27Vj+m8ILfetLpevyVTZ6/IPQ9fkqeuuT/b+wcz2Pt8nt5+fhZcNCNTa8efltbFf5RvDz2aVTPPOOaMviFAgAABAgQIEJjcAs0TKI67KHsgr+5/LDfkwVw28jf//T/M1s29mXPhe4fDxJHZT825s85P9h7Ii43vEBz5efVG42N+nv7dz2Rz3/mZde7wS+7hh7Zk6rkzMueY40Z9M21xNvTuzob5r6S7qytd1X86O7Jk1uqc4H2F4ZNMbcusOcne/b05nFeye+u29M35YN43Ekxqj6r3Oars8Lf1Y1pn5Lzp9TBT+0G9775t2br7lbS0vS8fXbgzN2/6y+zq/suG7WBjntSdBAgQIECAAAECk1igeQLFcUOsvmPwv2X1iouS7V/No7teyeChg/n+ifYj9R3IwUMN7xAcd86RO17PoYMHfsHWppHHjv7an32dq9N25qwsued7qW2yeufF+fLuP8/SvJD9L74NH3Lb94UseceUYz5md0pjoJk6P9c9uT0Pf+j/zWPrP50ls96RSqU9HZ3dx15DMnppvidAgAABAgQIEJh0Ak0cKKqzPC3Tz5txZAtSy/Tz8oET7Uc67m/ux3s+HHve8R411v2DPV/PmtW7cvFjBzPw7Q1ZtWxZli37rbT99L9m71gH/DLuO+7dnJGP2t2dDYvPHq44dWYWL7sqG77dm6GB3ux+7KM5dPOSLFy/PSOXr/8yWnNOAgQIECBAgACBcgk0eaCov5PQujTt885Kpr0/7SvasvfZH6XvyLUS1YEdzov7X0jmzMi5tWsRftEQWzJt3keyonX0OwqDOfzigRMEg5GfX5AL3/erDRcz/zyv/uSNvkw/K/Pal6b1uG1a9bWMuYSRY57L832N78QM5vCeL2bReL+Qr6U1c5ddmZUr5qbv+wdz6Bi7MQu5kwABAgQIECBAYJIINHGgqH706X/Ops3PZeHaSzN/WnWpZ2X+p67NR5/6o6y7+9l6qKhuQerIFXdMz523L8vMkxWZdlH+4N7/JZuv6EjnvmoYqNZ7PLetf/AEW6FGgsjObH7wr+v1q59G9UDWXXPfCY4b69nYkmkLr869F2/L+tser29F6k9P111Zf8eesQ6oXoFeP2ZHrln3QHbVQsVw3+uvuy+587osn3lGhj8Stj0dXfvqn2hVfcxfZeuuZNXVSzLjZI3G6cLdBAgQIECAAAECzSPQPC8Nj/uUpyk58+rvZdYfbskja+fXP61o+BON7tt+dxYc+uO01T4Vanb+7f4L8/D+R3Ld3He+gcmelnOW3Z7tD70vOxZXrzGo1tud37j2D7L0RGeZdlH+8MkNmf/dlfX6c/Pv/ursrHz8a7nhRNuxxjpny7uz7O5Hsu5dT2ThmdVrIi7MbS/My7V3XjrWo4fvqx3zWB5e8PfpaDt9uO+FT+Rd1x51apl5RR7cfXXe9cQncmbtd1VMyZm1x9yfWy99d+2dFb+HYnxiPyFAgAABAgQITCaBytDQ0FDjgiuVSu13IzTe53aZBF5LT+fvZ+H+z2TfhsX1379Rpv71SoAAAQIECBAgMFEFxsoKzfMOxURV/6X1Vf+N3m2r61uuqoWq26c25bab/yFrl39QmPil2TsxAQIECBAgQIDAiIBAMSJRuq/V6yGuzZP3XlDfclX9pX6nZ+59/5jfefKBrH1D27dKt3gNEyBAgAABAgQITBABW54myCC0QYAAAQIECBAgQGCiC9jyNNEnpD8CBAgQIECAAAECJROw5alkA9MuAQIECBAgQIAAgYkkIFBMpGnohQABAgQIECBAgEDJBASKkg1MuwQIECBAgAABAgQmkoBAMZGmoRcCBAgQIECAAAECJRMQKEo2MO0SIECAAAECBAgQmEgCAsVEmoZeCBAgQIAAAQIECJRMQKAo2cC0S4AAAQIECBAgQGAiCQgUE2kaeiFAgAABAgQIECBQMgGBomQD0y4BAgQIECBAgACBiSQgUEykaeiFAAECBAgQIECAQMkEBIqSDUy7BAgQIECAAAECBCaSgEAxkaahFwIECBAgQIAAAQIlExAoSjYw7RIgQIAAAQIECBCYSAICxUSahl4IECBAgAABAgQIlExAoCjZwLRLgAABAgQIECBAYCIJCBQTaRp6IUCAAAECBAgQIFAyAYGiZAPTLgECBAgQIECAAIGJJCBQTKRp6IUAAQIECBAgQIBAyQQEipINTLsECBAgQIAAAQIEJpKAQDGRpqEXAgQIECBAgAABAiUTEChKNjDtEiBAgAABAgQIEJhIAgLFRJqGXggQIECAAAECBAiUTECgKNnAtEuAAAECBAgQIEBgIgkIFBNpGnohQIAAAQIECBAgUDIBgaJkA9MuAQIECBAgQIAAgYkk0HSBYrCnM+2VSto6utM/nvTgvnS2t6XSti7d/YPjPOq19HQuT6UyLx3dL4/zmKTZ64VVEs+F6r8Azf5ct77qkCfifxs992r/A5qQs/HfRv9trL888vwc/tf0lL0GrbuW6EtlaGhoqLHfSqWSUXc1/thtAgQIECBAgAABAgQmqcBYWaHp3qGYpLO1bAIECBAgQIAAAQKFCAgUhbArSoAAAQIECBAgQKA5BASK5pijVRAgQIAAAQIECBAoRECgKIRdUQIECBAgQIAAAQLNISBQNMccrYIAAQIECBAgQIBAIQICRSHsihIgQIAAAQIECBBoDgGBojnmaBUECBAgQIAAAQIEChEQKAphV5QAAQIECBAgQIBAcwgIFM0xR6sgQIAAAQIECBAgUIiAQFEIu6IECBAgQIAAAQIEmkNAoGiOOVoFAQIECBAgQIAAgUIEBIpC2BUlQIAAAQIECBAg0BwCAkVzzNEqCBAgQIAAAQIECBQiIFAUwq4oAQIECBAgQIAAgeYQECiaY45WQYAAAQIECBAgQKAQAYGiEHZFCRAgQIAAAQIECDSHgEDRHHO0CgIECBAgQIAAAQKFCAgUhbArSoAAAQIECBAgQKA5BASK5pijVRAgQIAAAQIECBAoRECgKIRdUQIECBAgQIAAAQLNISBQNMccrYIAAQIECBAgQIBAIQICRSHsihIgQIAAAQIECBBoDgGBojnmaBUECBAgQIAAAQIEChEQKAphV5QAAQIECBAgQIBAcwgIFM0xR6sgQIAAAQIECBAgUIiAQFEIu6IECBAgQIAAAQIEmkNAoGiOOVoFAQIECBAgQIAAgUIEBIpC2BUlQIAAAQIECBAg0BwCAkVzzNEqCBAgQIAAAQIECBQiIFAUwq4oAQIECBAgQIAAgeYQqAwNDQ2NLKVSqYzc9JUAAQIECBAgQIAAAQJjCjREiPyTxkc0/qDxfrcJECBAgAABAgQIECAwloAtT2OpuI8AAQIECBAgQIAAgZMSEChOismDCBAgQIAAAQIECBAYS+D/B2gtnINzK/XtAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p><em>Lewis structure:</em></p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em>Molecular geometry:</em></p>
<p>trigonal/triangular pyramidal</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Bond angles:</em></p>
<p>< 109.5°</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Penalize missing lone pairs once only between this question and 4(b)(ii).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electrons.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not apply ECF.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept answer equal to or less than 90°.<br></em></p>
<p><em>Literature value is 100.1°.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Urea, (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO, is excreted by mammals and can be used as a fertilizer.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Urea can also be made by the direct combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(g) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Δ<em>H </em>< 0</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea to two decimal places using section 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the percentage of nitrogen affects the cost of transport of fertilizers giving a reason.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The structural formula of urea is shown.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.43.42.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_01"></p>
<p>Predict the electron domain and molecular geometries at the nitrogen and carbon atoms, applying the VSEPR theory.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.45.16.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b_02"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Urea can be made by reacting potassium cyanate, KNCO, with ammonium chloride, NH<sub>4</sub>Cl.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">KNCO(aq) + NH<sub>4</sub>Cl(aq) → (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(aq) + KCl(aq)</p>
<p>Determine the maximum mass of urea that could be formed from 50.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 0.100 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> potassium cyanate solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equilibrium constant expression, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict, with a reason, the effect on the equilibrium constant, <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, when the temperature is increased.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine an approximate order of magnitude for <em>K</em><sub>c</sub>, using sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet. Assume Δ<em>G</em><sup>Θ</sup> for the forward reaction is approximately +50 kJ at 298 K.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why urea is a solid and ammonia a gas at room temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch two different hydrogen bonding interactions between ammonia and water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The combustion of urea produces water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.</p>
<p>Formulate a balanced equation for the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the maximum volume of CO<sub>2</sub>, in cm<sup>3</sup>, produced at STP by the combustion of 0.600 g of urea, using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the bond formation when urea acts as a ligand in a transition metal complex ion.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The C–N bonds in urea are shorter than might be expected for a single C–N bond. Suggest, in terms of electrons, how this could occur.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The mass spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.00.41.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.j_01"></p>
<p>Identify the species responsible for the peaks at <em>m</em>/<em>z </em>= 60 and 44.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The IR spectrum of urea is shown below.</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_13.07.17.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.k_01"></p>
<p>Identify the bonds causing the absorptions at 3450 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1700 cm<sup>−1</sup> using section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the number of signals in the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the splitting pattern of the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum of urea.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why TMS (tetramethylsilane) may be added to the sample to carry out <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy and why it is particularly suited to this role.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>molar mass of urea <strong>«</strong>4 \( \times \) 1.01 + 2 \( \times \) 14.01 + 12.01 +<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>16.00<strong>» </strong>= 60.07 <strong>«</strong>g mol<sup><sub>-1</sub></sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>% nitrogen = \(\frac{{{\text{2}} \times {\text{14.01}}}}{{{\text{60.07}}}}\) \( \times \) 100 =<strong>» </strong>46.65 <strong>«</strong>%<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for final answer not to </em><em>two decimal places.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>cost<strong>»</strong> increases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>lower N%<strong> «</strong>means higher cost of transportation per unit of nitrogen<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>cost<strong>»</strong> increases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>inefficient/too much/about half mass not nitrogen</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other reasonable explanations.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept answers referring to </em><em>safety/explosions.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_11.46.41.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.b/M"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Note: Urea’s structure is more complex </em><em>than that predicted from VSEPR theory.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[3 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>n</em>(KNCO) <strong>«=</strong> 0.0500 dm<sup>3</sup> \( \times \) 0.100 mol dm<sup>–3</sup><strong>» =</strong> 5.00 \( \times \) 10<sup>–3</sup> <strong>«</strong>mol<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>mass of urea = 5.00 \( \times \) 10<sup>–3</sup> mol \( \times \) 60.07 g mol<sup>–1</sup><strong>» =</strong> 0.300 <strong>«</strong>g<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({K_{\text{c}}} = \frac{{[{{({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{N}})}_2}{\text{CO}}] \times [{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}]}}{{{{[{\text{N}}{{\text{H}}_3}]}^2} \times [{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}]}}\)</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>»</strong> decreases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>reaction is exothermic</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>»</strong> decreases <strong><em>AND</em></strong> Δ<em>H </em>is negative</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub><strong>»</strong> decreases <strong><em>AND </em></strong>reverse/endothermic reaction is favoured</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ln <em>K </em><strong>« = </strong>\(\frac{{ - \Delta {G^\Theta }}}{{RT}} = \frac{{ - 50 \times {{10}^3}{\text{ J}}}}{{8.31{\text{ J }}{{\text{K}}^{ - 1}}{\text{ mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}} \times 298{\text{ K}}}}\) <strong>»</strong> = –20</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>«</strong><em>K</em><sub>c</sub> =<strong>»</strong> 2 \( \times \) 10<sup>–9</sup></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>1.69 \( \times \) 10<sup>–9</sup></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>10<sup>–9</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept range of 20-20.2 for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>urea has greater molar mass</p>
<p>urea has greater electron density/greater London/dispersion</p>
<p>urea has more hydrogen bonding</p>
<p>urea is more polar/has greater dipole moment</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “urea has larger size/greater </em><em>van der Waals forces”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “urea has greater </em><em>intermolecular forces/IMF”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_12.44.01.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/01.e.ii/M"></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for each correct interaction.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>If lone pairs are shown on N or O, then </em><em>the lone pair on N or one of the lone </em><em>pairs on O </em><strong><em>MUST </em></strong><em>be involved in the </em><em>H-bond.</em></p>
<p><em>Penalize solid line to represent </em><em>H-bonding only once.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>2(H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>CO(s) + 3O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 4H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + 2CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2N<sub>2</sub>(g)</p>
<p>correct coefficients on LHS</p>
<p>correct coefficients on RHS</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept (H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>N)</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>CO(s) +</em> \(\frac{3}{2}\)<em>O</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g) → </em><em>2H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>O(l) +</em> <em>CO</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g) +</em> <em>N</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>(g).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any correct ratio.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>V = \(\frac{{{\text{0.600 g}}}}{{{\text{60.07 g mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}\) \( \times \) 22700 cm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup> =<strong>» </strong>227 <strong>«</strong>cm<sup>3</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>lone/non-bonding electron pairs <strong>«</strong>on nitrogen/oxygen/ligand<strong>» </strong>given to/shared with metal ion</p>
<p>co-ordinate/dative/covalent bonds</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>lone pairs on nitrogen atoms can be donated to/shared with C–N bond</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>C–N bond partial double bond character</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>delocalization <strong>«</strong>of electrons occurs across molecule<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>slight positive charge on C due to C=O polarity reduces C–N bond length</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>60</em>: CON<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></p>
<p><em>44</em>: CONH<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “molecular ion”.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong><br></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>3450 cm</em><sup><em>–</em><em>1</em></sup><em>:</em> N–H</p>
<p><em>1700 cm</em><sup><em>–</em><em>1</em></sup><em>:</em> C=O</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “O</em><em>–</em><em>H” for 3450 cm</em><sup><em>–1</em></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>1</p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>singlet</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “no splitting”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>acts as internal standard</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>acts as reference point</p>
<p> </p>
<p>one strong signal</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>12 H atoms in same environment</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>signal is well away from other absorptions</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “inert” or “readily removed” or </em><em>“non-toxic” for M1.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">f.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">g.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">h.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">j.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">k.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">l.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">l.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">l.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Phosphine (IUPAC name phosphane) is a hydride of phosphorus, with the formula PH<sub>3</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of phosphine.</p>
<p>(ii) State the hybridization of the phosphorus atom in phosphine.</p>
<p>(iii) Deduce, giving your reason, whether phosphine would act as a Lewis acid, a Lewis base, or neither.</p>
<p>(iv) Outline whether you expect the bonds in phosphine to be polar or non-polar, giving a brief reason.</p>
<p>(v) Phosphine has a much greater molar mass than ammonia. Explain why phosphine has a significantly lower boiling point than ammonia.</p>
<p>(vi) Ammonia acts as a weak Brønsted–Lowry base when dissolved in water.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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" alt></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Outline what is meant by the terms “weak” and “Brønsted–Lowry base”.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Weak:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Brønsted–Lowry base:</p>
<div class="marks">[8]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Phosphine is usually prepared by heating white phosphorus, one of the allotropes of phosphorus, with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide. The equation for the reaction is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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" alt></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(i) The first reagent is written as P<sub>4</sub>, not 4P. Describe the difference between P<sub>4</sub> and 4P.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(ii) The ion H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> is amphiprotic. Outline what is meant by amphiprotic, giving the formulas of <strong>both</strong> species it is converted to when it behaves in this manner.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(iii) State the oxidation state of phosphorus in P<sub>4</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">P<sub>4</sub>:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">(iv) Oxidation is now defined in terms of change of oxidation number. Explore how earlier definitions of oxidation and reduction may have led to conflicting answers for the conversion of P<sub>4</sub> to H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> and the way in which the use of oxidation numbers has resolved this.</p>
<div class="marks">[8]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>2.478 g of white phosphorus was used to make phosphine according to the equation:<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(i) Calculate the amount, in mol, of white phosphorus used.</p>
<p>(ii) This phosphorus was reacted with 100.0 cm<sup>3</sup> of 5.00 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> aqueous sodium hydroxide. Deduce, showing your working, which was the limiting reagent.</p>
<p>(iii) Determine the excess amount, in mol, of the other reagent.</p>
<p>(iv) Determine the volume of phosphine, measured in cm<sup>3</sup> at standard temperature and pressure, that was produced.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Impurities cause phosphine to ignite spontaneously in air to form an oxide of phosphorus and water.</p>
<p>(i) 200.0 g of air was heated by the energy from the complete combustion of 1.00 mol phosphine. Calculate the temperature rise using section 1 of the data booklet and the data below.</p>
<p>Standard enthalpy of combustion of phosphine, <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt><br>Specific heat capacity of air = 1.00Jg<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup>=1.00kJkg<sup>−1</sup>K<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p>(ii) The oxide formed in the reaction with air contains 43.6% phosphorus by mass. Determine the empirical formula of the oxide, showing your method.</p>
<p>(iii) The molar mass of the oxide is approximately 285 g mol<sup>−1</sup>. Determine the molecular formula of the oxide.</p>
<p>(iv) State the equation for the reaction of this oxide of phosphorus with water.</p>
<p>(v) Suggest why oxides of phosphorus are not major contributors to acid deposition.</p>
<p>(vi) The levels of sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid deposition, can be minimized by either pre-combustion and post-combustion methods. Outline <strong>one</strong> technique of each method.</p>
<p>Pre-combustion:</p>
<p>Post-combustion:</p>
<div class="marks">[9]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
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<p>(i)<br><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
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<p><em>Accept structures using dots and/or crosses to indicate bonds and/or lone pair.</em></p>
<p>(ii)<br>sp<sup><sub>3</sub></sup></p>
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<p><em>Do not allow <strong>ECF</strong> from a (i).</em></p>
<p>(iii)<em><br></em>Lewis base <em><strong>AND</strong></em> has a lone pair of electrons <strong>«</strong>to donate<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>(iv)<br>non-polar <em><strong>AND</strong></em> P and H have the same electronegativity</p>
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<p><em>Accept “similar electronegativities”.</em><br><em> Accept “polar” if there is a reference to a small difference in electronegativity and apply <strong>ECF</strong> in 1 a (v).</em></p>
<p>(v)<br>PH<sub>3</sub> has London «dispersion» forces<br>NH<sub>3</sub> forms H-bonds<br>H-bonds are stronger<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>London forces are weaker</p>
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<p><em>Accept van der Waals’ forces, dispersion forces and instantaneous dipole – induced dipole forces.</em><br><em> Accept “dipole-dipole forces” as molecule is polar.</em></p>
<p><em>H-bonds in NH<sub>3</sub> (only) must be mentioned to score <strong>[2]</strong>.</em><br><em> Do <strong>not</strong> award M2 or M3 if:</em><br><em> • implies covalent bond is the H-bond<br></em><em>• implies covalent bonds break.<br></em><em>Accept “dipole-dipole forces are weaker”.</em></p>
<p>(vi)<br><em>Weak</em>: only partially dissociated/ionized <strong>«</strong>in dilute aqueous solution<strong>»</strong><br><em>Brønsted</em>–Lowry base: an acceptor of protons/H<sup>+</sup>/hydrogen ions</p>
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<p><em>Accept reaction with water is reversible/an equilibrium.</em><br><em> Accept “water is partially dissociated <strong>«</strong>by the weak base<strong>»</strong>”.</em></p>
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<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
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<p>(i)<br>P<sub>4</sub> is a molecule «comprising 4P atoms» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> 4P is four/separate «P» atoms<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>P<sub>4</sub> represents «4P» atoms bonded together <em><strong>AND</strong></em> 4P represents «4» separate/non-bonded «P» atoms</p>
<p>(ii)<br>can act as both a <strong>«</strong>Brønsted–Lowry<strong>»</strong> acid and a <strong>«</strong>Brønsted–Lowry<strong>»</strong> base<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>can accept and/or donate a hydrogen ion/proton/H<sup>+</sup><br>HPO<sub>2</sub><sup>2–</sup> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>2</sub></p>
<p>(iii)</p>
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<p>P<sub>4</sub>: 0<br>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup>: +1</p>
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<p><em>Do not accept 1 or 1+ for H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>.</em></p>
<p>(iv)<br>oxygen gained, so could be oxidation<br>hydrogen gained, so could be reduction<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>negative charge <strong>«</strong>on product/<em>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub></em> <strong>»</strong>/gain of electrons, so could be reduction<br>oxidation number increases so must be oxidation</p>
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<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for M1 and M2 if candidate displays knowledge of at least two of these definitions but does not apply them to the reaction.<br></em><em>Do not award M3 for “oxidation number changes”.</em></p>
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</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)<br>«\(\left\langle {\frac{{2.478}}{{4 \times 30.97}}} \right\rangle \)»= 0.02000 «mol»</p>
<p>(ii)<br><em>n</em>(NaOH) = «0.1000 × 5.00 =» 0.500 «mol» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> P<sub>4</sub>/phosphorus is limiting reagent</p>
<p><em>Accept n(H<sub>2</sub>O) = \(\frac{{100}}{{18}}\) = 5.50 <strong>AND</strong> P<sub>4</sub> is limiting reagent.</em></p>
<p>(iii)<br>amount in excess «= 0.500 - (3 × 0.02000)» = 0.440 «mol»</p>
<p>(iv)<br>«22.7 × 1000 × 0.02000» = 454 «cm<sup>3</sup>»</p>
<p><em>Accept methods employing pV = nRT, with p as either 100 (454 cm<sup>3</sup>) or 101.3 kPa (448 cm<sup>3</sup>). Do not accept answers in dm<sup>3</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)<br>temperature rise «=\(\frac{{750 \times 1.00}}{{0.2000 \times 1.00}}\)»=3750«°C/K»</p>
<p><em>Do not accept −3750.</em></p>
<p>(ii)<br><em>n</em>(P)«=\(\frac{{43.6}}{{30.97}}\)»=1.41 «mol»<br><em>n</em>(O) «=\(\frac{{100 - 43.6}}{{16.00}}\)»=3.53 «mol» <br>«\(\frac{{n\left( {\rm{O}} \right)}}{{n\left( {\rm{P}} \right)}}\)=\(\frac{{3.53}}{{1.41}}\) = 2.50 so empirical formula is» P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></p>
<p><em>Accept other methods where the working is shown.</em></p>
<p>(iii)<br>«\(\frac{{285}}{{141.9}}\)=2.00, so molecular formula = 2×P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>=»P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub></p>
<p>(iv)<br>P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(s) + 6H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 4H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (aq)</p>
<p><em>Accept P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(s) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) → 4HPO<sub>3</sub> (aq) (initial reaction)</em><br>Accept P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(s) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O(l) → 2H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>(aq)<br>Accept equations for P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub>/P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> if given in d (iii). <br>Accept any ionized form of the acids as the products.</p>
<p>(v)<br>phosphorus not commonly found in fuels<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no common pathways for phosphorus oxides to enter the air<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>amount of phosphorus-containing organic matter undergoing anaerobic decomposition is small</p>
<p><em>Accept “phosphorus oxides are solids so are not easily distributed in the atmosphere”.</em><br><em>Accept “low levels of phosphorus oxide in the air”.</em><br><em>Do not accept “H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> is a weak acid”.</em></p>
<p>(vi)<br><em>Pre-combustion:</em><br>remove sulfur/S/sulfur containing compounds</p>
<p><em>Post-combustion:</em><br>remove it/SO<sub>2</sub> by neutralization/reaction with alkali/base</p>
<p><em>Accept “lime injection fluidised bed combustion” for either, but not both.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A compound with a molecular formula C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O produced the following high resolution <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce what information can be obtained from the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectrum.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the functional group that shows stretching at 1710 cm<sup>–1</sup> in the infrared spectrum of this compound using section 26 of the data booklet and the <sup>1</sup>H NMR.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest the structural formula of this compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Bromine was added to hexane, hex-1-ene and benzene. Identify the compound(s) which will react with bromine in a well-lit laboratory.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the structural formula of the main organic product when hex-1-ene reacts with hydrogen bromide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the reagents and the name of the mechanism for the nitration of benzene.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, in terms of the bonding present, why the reaction conditions of halogenation are different for alkanes and benzene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Below are two isomers, A and B, with the molecular formula C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>Br.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img 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"></p>
<p>Explain the mechanism of the nucleophilic substitution reaction with NaOH(aq) for the isomer that reacts almost exclusively by an S<sub>N</sub>2 mechanism using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Number of hydrogen environments:</em> 3</p>
<p><em>Ratio of hydrogen environments:</em> 2:3:9</p>
<p><em>Splitting patterns:</em> «all» singlets</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept any equivalent ratios such as 9:3:2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “no splitting”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>carbonyl<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>C=O</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “ketone” but not “aldehyde”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAPMAAABxCAYAAAAAjpXsAAAPv0lEQVR4Ae2dW0gcZxTHT2I1btR6qaLGRsGAptJYtFYUsSjU0OqDtHULQUVLIGk2Pql58EXTxFftjVJpA7EslbbY1gcvDRUU2goGhWq1YDS4rDHF1rsF8bJ+5XztLnuZ3Z0dZ3fWmfPBsjPfbc75nfnvzHcRTzHGGFAiAkTgxBM4feI9IAeIABHgBEjMdCMQAZUQIDGLDKTJZAKDwQDnz5+HU6dOQXx8PNTU1ADm26fBwUHIy8uD+fl5+2zbcVtbGy/HOpSECayursKtW7cgPT2ds46IiICysjLo7e0VbkC5nMAzxME7gYGBAaiurga8qaqqqiA1NRXMZjMYjUZA8Q4PD0Nubi7vaH19HSYnJ2F3d1ew48XFRV4uWEiZ8Ouvv8Kbb74J//zzD7z11lvw3nvv8eP+/n7Q6/Xw9ttvQ09PD4SFhREtZwI4AUbJPQGz2cyioqLY5cuX2c7OjkNFk8nEkpKS2KVLl5jFYuFlRqMRJxTZ1NSUQ13rSW1tLS/HOpQcCfz111/sueeeYy+99BJbWFhwLGSMffLJJywkJIS1tLS4lFEGY/Sa7fzr5nTe2dkJ+/v70N3dDZGRkQ6laWlp0N7eDikpKbC8vOxQRie+E/joo49ge3sbvv/+e7hw4YJLBw0NDXD16lX48MMPAV/FKTkSIDE78nA5e/DgARQXF0NycrJLGWbgzTU0NMTH0oIVKFM0AXyVRtY4VnaXkDcOYVDwlBwJ0JjZkYfL2cLCAp98cSnwkoHjO51O51ILx9qUhAk8evSI/zgKl/6Xm52dzQ9mZmY8VdNkGYnZS9gPDg4kTbYUFhZCQkKCS+/4FN/Y2LDl7+zsQH19PeBTKTo6GlpbWwFfJ7WY8IkbHh7u0XVr+d7ensd6WiwkMXuJOo6LpTxNGxsbwfoUsb/EysoKzM7O2mfR8f8EkpKS4O+///bI488//+Tl586d81hPi4U0ZvYS9YKCAhgbG4OjoyPBmrjUlJmZCX19fYLl3jJR9DjpMzo6Cvfv34fbt2/z5S5v7dRYjuPlkZERODw8dOveTz/9xMtKS0vd1tFqAYnZS+Tr6urgyZMnXGhCVe/evQuPHz+GjIwMoWKveUVFRdDV1QX4Wl5RUQElJSUwPT3ttZ0aK9y8eZO/BbW0tAi6h28177//PuTk5MCrr74qWEfTmbQ+552AXq9nZ86cYW1tbQzXnTHhOui1a9f4mnFDQ4OtE6nrzCMjI6y5uZmvWT99+tTWn9YOkCWuwV+5coWv1eP6/dbWFvvqq69YWloaX/OfnJzUGhZR/tLOBRGY9vb2mMFgYKGhobYNH3jD6XQ6voHBumEEu5Iq5qamJlZaWsouXrzIHj58KMIq9Vb57LPP+GYcZGz/QT7uNuOol4Z4z05hVU2/mvjgPG7VHB8fh7W1NYiNjeWvxnFxcQ49bG5u8ldFfO22zrzaV1haWrLNZgtNkH3wwQdw7949zU+S4bh5YmICcGnw7Nmz8Morr9Bavv2NJHBMYhaAEsgs3GdcXl4OMTEx/LJ4A+Okm6dJoEDaR9c6OQRIzArHKj8/H3ASrKOjg28bxTXnra0tvqtMYdPo8ieMAIlZQsDwTyDlGp3gTqbKykq+19hisfCZWvxTv8TERAmWqaOJO77u8tXh9fG9IDFLYCj3TYWv1HNzc3z7p6d9yRJMPZFN3PF1l38infSD0SRmCVDpppIAzYcm7vi6y/eha1VXpU0jqg4vOaclAiRmLUWbfFU1ARKzqsNLzmmJAIlZS9EmX1VNgMSs6vCSc1oiQGLWUrTJV1UTIDGrOrzknJYIkJi1FG3yVdUESMyqDi85pyUCJGYtRZt8VTUBErOqw0vOaYkAiVlL0SZfVU2AxKzq8JJzWiJAYtZStMlXVRMgMas6vOSclgiQmLUUbfJV1QRIzKoOLzmnJQIkZi1Fm3xVNQESs6rDS85piQCJWUvRJl9VTYDErOrwknNaIkBi1lK0yVdVEyAxqzq85JyWCJCYtRRt8lXVBEjMqg4vOaclAvQfLbQUbfJV1QToyazq8JJzWiLgUcz4v33wc/36dbdMUlJSIC8vz225c4HJZAKDwcD/cTb2HR8fDzU1NYD5wZyCzW6x9gwODvL4zM/PC+Jta2vj5b7EULAjmTPF+ifzZY/VnVib/RUTj2I+lmfUmAgQgYASeCaQVxsYGIDq6mqIiIiAqqoqSE1NBbPZDEajEfDXanh4GHJzcwNpkqhrBZvdvtizvr4Ok5OTsLu7K+jr4uIiLxcsVCjTF/8UMtHlsr7Y7LeYMA8JABh+rl275rbWuXPn2Msvv+y23FpgNptZVFQUu3z5MtvZ2bFm82+TycSSkpLYpUuXmMVi4R+HCgqeBJvdvtiD2IxGI4/h1NSUIMXa2lpejnFWOqFvvvqntM14fV9t9ldMAvaa3dnZCfv7+9Dd3Q2RkZEOv2xpaWnQ3t4OOP7GJzV+giUFm91i7VleXg4WhKLtQN/E+ncS7xG/x8TTL5ucT+YXXniBvfbaa54uJ1hmtSHQ31ZjpNjtD1ul2uOPp4Dc/tn7Fiy8xfhob7cv97Y/YoK2iBozf/7554Afdyk5OdldkS1/YWEBysrKbOdiDxjDt0DlkhS7/WmzFHuQnl6vB51O5wJSyhPOX/6hb5h8vU/8ZY8LLDcZwRATNE2UmAsKCviElZAvd+7csWXv7OxAfX099Pf3Q3R0NLS2tkJDQwMvPzg4gLCwMFvdk3IQbHZLtaewsBASEhJcsA8NDcHGxgbPx2EQphs3bsA333wDh4eHPO6ffvopj6dLY5kz0DdMJ+0+8WdMkIcnXdmHQJSYs7Ozoampyb6d7RjHONbU2NgI29vbMDo6CjhjV1dXB+np6bz4+eefB7+PGayGyPgdbHbj/IKUpynGBuPonFZWVmB2dpZn448vpt9//53/IIeEhPC4Nzc3wxdffOHcVPZzZI3ppN0n/owJ8nCnq/LycocYyDoBVlRUBF1dXYBPgYqKCigpKYHp6Wn+wbKff/4Zjo6OHAywnuASSWZmJnz99df8Y81X+jvY7Ma3pLGxMa8c+/r6fEb37LPPAn4+/vhjHrvi4mLATSU//vijz31JaYCsfeEt5Rr+aOPPmKC9yERIVy6+WAfxQt/WSQBfl6ZGRkZYc3MzX2p6+vQpw8/g4CBfArl3757Qpdi7777LQkJCGC6huFtGEWzo58xgs1usPbOzs5zMcSdbMI6vv/66nyn/1z36Jta/k3iPHDcmzrpyDorHxUWpYm5qamKlpaXs4sWL7OHDh/yDF9br9ezMmTOsra2Nr81h3sLCAl/Hxms1NDQ42xcU58Fmty/2HEfMX375JYuOjmZ//PFHQOPgi38BNczDxXyxWWpMnHXlbI5fxGy9SGdnJ8vKyuIfzNvb22MGg4GFhobaNiqgiHU6HWtpaQmqzSJWH4LRbl84SrlxcOPOnTt3WGxsLPvll1/sUQTk2Bf/AmKQiIv4YrOUmNibYNWVfR4ee/wTSJwcwXT27FmIiopyeUXHjNXVVTh9+jTExcVBT08P4KA8JiaG152YmAAcT2DCmVFrwsmx8fFxWFtbg9jYWD7GxvbBnoLNbjH2bG5u8gmzjIwMCA8Pd0G8tLRkm81+8cUXefk777zDJ8F++OEHyMrKcmkTqAwx/gXKFrHXEWOzLzHBSUt3urLXFNrnUcxiHbDWy8/P54P1jo4OvtsLl6m2trZ4MS6BUApuAtZlxm+//RZQyDgZZk2JiYnWQ/oOMAF3unLWlKxinpmZgcrKSv60tlgskJOTA729vdx1Nd0M+KebSm9U8Mf9ZH07sq47219Djf7a+xfMx+505awpWcWMQPDRPzc3x3cbWdeYgxmUFNvUKmbrsEqIifONI1SH8vxHQIyuZBez/9wJnp7VKubgIUyWSCEg66YRKQZQGyJABOQhQGKWhyP1QgQUJ0BiVjwEZAARkIcAiVkejtQLEVCcAIlZ8RCQAURAHgIkZnk4Ui9EQHECJGbFQ0AGEAF5CJCY5eFIvRABxQmQmBUPARlABOQhQGKWhyP1QgQUJ0BiVjwEZAARkIcAiVkejtQLEVCcAIlZ8RCQAURAHgIkZnk4Ui9EQHECJGbFQ0AGEAF5CJCY5eFIvRABxQmQmBUPARlABOQhQGKWhyP1QgQUJ0BiVjwEZAARkIcAiVkejtQLEVCcAIlZ8RCQAURAHgIkZnk4Ui9EQHECJGbFQ0AGEAF5CJCY5eFIvRABxQmQmBUPARlABOQhQGKWhyP1QgQUJ0BilhAC+idqEqBRE78TIDGLRGwymcBgMMD58+cB/9dUfHw81NTUAObbp8HBQcjLy4P5+Xn7bNtxW1sbL8c6lIiAnARIzHLSpL6IgIIEnlHw2ifm0gMDA1BdXQ0RERFQVVUFqampYDabwWg0Aj6Jh4eHITc3l/uzvr4Ok5OTsLu7K+jf4uIiLxcspEwicAwCJGYv8JaWluDKlStQWFgI3333HURGRtpaNDY2QkFBAdTX18Nvv/0Gp0/Ti44NDh0EnADdfV6Qd3Z2wv7+PnR3dzsIGZulpaVBe3s7pKSkwPLyspeeqJgI+JcAPZm98H3w4AEUFxdDcnKyYM2rV68CfigRAaUJkJi9RGBhYQHKysq81HIt1uv1oNPpXApwrE2JCPiDAInZC9WDgwMICwvzUsu1GMfYCQkJLgVDQ0OwsbFhy9/Z2eFj7v7+foiOjobW1lZoaGiwldMBERBLgMTshRSOi6U8TXFyLDs726X3lZUVmJ2dteVjve3tbRgdHQWcCa+rq4P09HQoLy+31aEDIiCGAE2AeaGEs9VjY2NwdHQkWBOXmjIzM6Gvr0+w3FtmUVERdHV18dnyiooKKCkpgenpaW/NqJwIuBAgMbsgcczAJ+WTJ0/g/v37jgX/n929exceP34MGRkZguXeMnFZ68KFC/zJfOvWLXj06BF/OntrR+VEwJkAidmZiNP5G2+8ATiZdfPmTbh9+zbgujMmFPD169e5yG/cuAFZWVlOLX07xTEzbjbBMTr+eFAiAj4TYJS8Etjb22MGg4GFhoYyALB9dDoda2lpYRaLxdaH0Wjk5VNTU7Y8+4Pa2lpbe/t863FnZyfLysqyntI3ERBN4BTW9PkXQKMNcIJqfHwc1tbWIDY2lo9z4+LiHGhsbm7yCTN87Q4PD3cowxN8sltns3GCrKenh092xcTE8LoTExN8V9nh4aFLW8ogAp4IkJg90QlAWX5+PuAkWEdHB99phmPora0twCUsSkTAFwIkZl9o+aHuzMwMVFZWwurqKlgsFsjJyYHe3l5ITEz0w9WoSzUTIDEHQXTxlXpubo7vGMM1ZkpEQAoBErMUatSGCAQhAVqaCsKgkElEQAoBErMUatSGCAQhgX8B/ZouS4AxNXAAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<p><em>Accept (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>CCH<sub>2</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub>.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1]</strong> for any aldehyde or ketone with C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O structural formula.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>hexane <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>hex-1-ene</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “benzene <strong>AND</strong> hexane <strong>AND</strong> hex-1-ene”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHBrCH<sub>3</sub></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept displayed formula but <strong>not</strong> molecular formula.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Reagents:</em> «concentrated» sulfuric acid <em><strong>AND</strong></em> «concentrated» nitric acid</p>
<p><em>Name of mechanism:</em> electrophilic substitution</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>benzene has «delocalized» \(\pi \) bonds «that are susceptible to electrophile attack» <em><strong>AND</strong></em> alkanes do not</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “benzene has single and double bonds”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p>curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in <sup>–</sup>OH to C</p>
<p>curly arrow showing Br leaving</p>
<p>representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and partial bonds</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept OH<sup>–</sup> with or without the lone pair.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not allow curly arrows originating on H in OH<sup>–</sup>.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept curly arrows in the transition state.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not penalize if HO and Br are not at 180°.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not award M3 if OH–C bond is represented.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2 max]</strong> if wrong isomer is used.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The reaction between hydrogen and nitrogen monoxide is thought to proceed by the mechanism shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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" alt></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State the equation for the overall reaction.</p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the rate expression consistent with this mechanism.</p>
<p>(iii) Explain how you would attempt to confirm this rate expression, giving the results you would expect.</p>
<p>(iv) State, giving your reason, whether confirmation of the rate expression would prove that the mechanism given is correct.</p>
<p>(v) Suggest how the rate of this reaction could be measured experimentally.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The enthalpy change for the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and hydrogen is −664 kJ and its activation energy is 63 kJ.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>(i) Sketch the potential energy profile for the overall reaction, using the axes given, indicating both the enthalpy of reaction and activation energy.</p>
<p>(ii) This reaction is normally carried out using a catalyst. Draw a dotted line labelled “Catalysed” on the diagram above to indicate the effect of the catalyst.</p>
<p>(iii) Sketch and label a second Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve representing the same system but at a higher temperature, T<sub>higher</sub>.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
<p>(iv) Explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate of this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>One of the intermediates in the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and hydrogen is dinitrogen monoxide, N<sub>2</sub>O. This can be represented by the resonance structures below:</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<p>(i) Analyse the bonding in dinitrogen monoxide in terms of σ-bonds and Δ-bonds.</p>
<p>(ii) State what is meant by resonance.</p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)<br>2NO(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>(g) → N<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(g)</p>
<p>(ii)<br>rate = k [NO]<sup>2</sup>[H<sub>2</sub>]</p>
<p>(iii)<br>test the effect «on the reaction rate» of varying each concentration «independently»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>test the effect of varying [NO] <strong>«</strong>on rate<strong>»</strong>, whilst keeping [H<sub>2</sub>] constant <em><strong>AND</strong></em> test effect of varying [H<sub>2</sub>] <strong>«</strong>on rate<strong>»</strong>, whilst keeping [NO] constant</p>
<p>rate proportional to [NO]<sup>2</sup><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>doubling [NO] quadruples rate</p>
<p>rate proportional to [H<sub>2</sub>]<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>doubling [H<sub>2</sub>] doubles rate</p>
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<p><em>Remember to refer back to a (ii) for <strong>ECF</strong>.</em></p>
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<p><em>If only one species in rate expression, third mark can be awarded for zero order discussion. </em></p>
<p>(iv)<br>no <em><strong>AND</strong></em> different mechanisms could give the same rate expression <br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no <em><strong>AND</strong></em> mechanisms can only be disproved<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no <em><strong>AND</strong></em> just suggest it is consistent with the mechanism given <br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>no <em><strong>AND</strong></em> does not give information about what occurs after RDS</p>
<p>(v)<br>change of pressure <strong>«</strong>at constant volume and temperature<strong>»</strong> with time<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>change of volume <strong>«</strong>at constant pressure and temperature<strong>»</strong> with time</p>
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<p><em>Accept other methods where rate can be monitored with time</em></p>
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<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i)</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
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<p>products lower than reactants <em><strong>AND</strong></em> enthalpy of reaction correctly marked and labelled with name or value<br>activation energy correctly marked and labelled with name or value </p>
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<p><em>Accept other clear ways of indicating energy/ enthalpy changes.</em></p>
<p>(ii)</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
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<p>lower dotted curve, between same reactants and products levels, labelled “Catalysed”</p>
<p>(iii)</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
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<p>second curve at a higher temperature is correctly drawn (maximum lower and to right of original)</p>
<p>(iv)</p>
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<p>greater proportion of molecules have E ≥ E<sub>a</sub> or E > E<sub>a</sub> <br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br> greater area under curve to the right of the E<sub>a</sub></p>
<p>greater frequency of collisions <strong>«</strong>between molecules<strong>»</strong><br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br> more collisions per unit time/second</p>
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<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just particles have greater kinetic energy.</em><br><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “more collisions”.</em></p>
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<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<p>(i)<strong><br>ALTERNATIVE 1:<br></strong>σ-bond from N to N <em><strong>AND</strong></em> from N to O <br>π-bond from N to N<br><span style="text-decoration: underline;">delocalized</span> π-bond/π-electrons <strong>«</strong>extending over the oxygen and both nitrogens<strong>»</strong> </p>
<p><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:<br></strong>both have 2 σ-bonds <strong>«</strong>from N to N and from N to O<strong>»</strong> <em><strong>AND</strong></em> π-bond from N to N<br>one structure has second π-bond from N to N and the other has π-bond from N to O<br>delocalized π-bond/π-electrons</p>
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<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> if candidate has identified both/either structure having 2 σ-bonds and 2 π-bonds</em></p>
<p>(ii)<br>more than one possible position for a multiple/π-/pi- bond</p>
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<p><em>Accept “more than one possible Lewis structure”.</em><br><em> Accept reference to delocalisation if M3 not awarded in c (i).</em><br><em>Accept reference to fractional bond orders.</em></p>
<p> </p>
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<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
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[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
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<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
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<br><hr><br>