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</div><h2>SL Paper 3</h2><div class="specification">
<p>Materials science involves understanding the properties of materials and applying those properties to desired structures.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnesium oxide, MgO, and silicon carbide, SiC, are examples of ceramic materials. State the name of the predominant type of bonding in each material.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the predominant type of bonding for a binary compound AB in which the electronegativity of both atoms is low. Use section 29 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>MgO</em>: ionic <em><strong>AND</strong> SiC</em>: covalent</p>
<p><em>Accept “covalent network/network covalent” for “covalent” but not just “network”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>metallic «bonding»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Aluminium is produced by the electrolysis of a molten electrolyte containing bauxite.</p>
<p>Determine the mass, in g, of aluminium produced by the passage of a charge of 1.296 × 10<sup>13</sup> C. Use sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>ratio of electrons : aluminium ions = 3 : 1</p>
<p>amount Al «\(\frac{{1.296 \times {{10}^{13}}{\text{ C}}}}{{96500{\text{ C mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}} \times 3}}\)<strong> »</strong> = 4.48 × 10<sup>7</sup> <strong>«</strong>mol<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>mass Al <strong>«</strong>= 4.48 × 10<sup>7</sup> mol × 26.98 g mol<sup>–1</sup><strong>» =</strong> 1.21 × 10<sup>9</sup> <strong>«</strong>g<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3] </em></strong><em>for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Nanocatalysts have large surface areas per unit mass.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify <strong>one</strong> concern of using nanoscale catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how zeolites act as selective catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Carbon nanotubes, which can be produced by the HIPCO process, show great potential as nanocatalysts. Identify the catalyst and conditions used in the HIPCO process.</p>
<p>Catalyst:<br><br></p>
<p>Conditions:<br> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>possible toxicity «of small airborne particles»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>unknown health effects<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>small particle size «and large surface area» may increase reaction rate to dangerous levels<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>immune system/allergy concerns<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>uncertain impact on environment</p>
<p><em>Accept specific health effect (eg. may cause cancer/effect on respiratory system, etc).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<div class="page" title="Page 10">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>pores/cavities/channels/holes/cage-like structures <strong>«</strong>in zeolites<strong>»</strong> have specific shape/size </p>
<p>only reactants <strong>«</strong>with appropriate size/geometry<strong>»</strong> fit inside/go through/are activated/can react </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<div class="page" title="Page 10">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Catalyst</em>:<br>iron/Fe<br><strong><em>OR</em><br></strong>iron<strong>«</strong>0<strong>»</strong> «penta» carbonyl/Fe (CO)<sub>5</sub></p>
<p><em>Conditions</em>:<br>high temperature/any value or range within the range 900–1600 °C<br><strong><em>AND</em><br></strong>high pressure/any value or range within the range 10–100 atm </p>
<div class="page" title="Page 10">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 10">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 10">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 10">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 10">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Accept “cobalt-molybdenum/Co-Mo/CoMo”.</em><br><em>Accept high pressures expressed in kPa/Pa.</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Since the accidental discovery of polyethene in the 1930s, polymers have played an essential role in daily life because of their wide range of properties and uses.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Titanium compounds are used as catalysts in the manufacture of high-density polyethene (HDPE). Discuss <strong>two </strong>factors scientists would have considered in choosing these catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe a structural feature of low-density polyethene (LDPE) that explains why LDPE has a different melting point from that of HDPE.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>environmental impact of the disposal of these polyethenes by using incineration.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">no other product formed (except HDPE);</p>
<p class="p1">expensive but effective;</p>
<p class="p1">little or no environmental/health impact;</p>
<p class="p1">not easily poisoned by impurities;</p>
<p class="p1">cause (considerable) increase in rate;</p>
<p class="p1">ability to work under mild/severe conditions;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">side-chains / branching present (in LDPE);</p>
<p class="p1">limits closer packing / chains further apart / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">less van der Waals’/dispersion/London forces / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award mark for less intermolecular forces. Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept weaker.</em></p>
<p class="p1">low(er) melting point (than HDPE);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>No mark for different melting point</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept reverse argument for HDPE</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}\) is a greenhouse gas / causes climate change / global warming / formation of soot/particulates / melting of polar ice caps / rising sea levels / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept CO produced is toxic/poisonous.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(a) was surprisingly poorly answered, with very few candidates understanding how to discuss two factors in choosing catalysts, although they should have studied several factors.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(b) was answered well.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(c) was answered well.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Lanthanum metal may be produced by the electrolysis of molten LaBr<sub>3</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State why lanthanum cannot be produced by reducing its oxide with carbon.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the current (<em>I</em>), in A, required to produce 1.00 kg of lanthanum metal per hour. Use the formula \(Q(C) = I(A) \times t(s)\) and sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>too high/higher than carbon in the reactivity series<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>carbon/C is a weaker reducing agent than lanthanum/La</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “lanthanum is more reactive than carbon”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “lanthanum is a weaker oxidizing agent than carbon”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept converse arguments.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>amount of La «\( = \frac{{1000{\text{ g}}}}{{138.91{\text{ g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}\)» = 7.20 «mol»</p>
<p><em>Q </em>«= 7.20 mol x 3 x 96\(\,\)500 C\(\,\)mol<sup>–1</sup>» = 2.08 x 10<sup>6</sup> «C»</p>
<p><em>I</em> «\(\frac{{2.08 \times {{10}^6}{\text{ C}}}}{{60 \times 60{\text{ s}}}}\)» = 579 «A»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award [3] for “578 «A»” (from premature rounding) or “579 «A»”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Lanthanum, La, and antimony, Sb, form compounds with bromine that have similar formulas, LaBr<sub>3</sub> and SbBr<sub>3</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the type of bond present in SbBr<sub>3</sub>, showing your method. Use sections 8 and 29 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Lanthanum has a similar electronegativity to group 2 metals. Explain, in terms of bonding and structure, why crystalline lanthanum bromide is brittle.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>polar covalent</p>
<p>average electronegativity «= \(\frac{1}{2}\)(3.0 + 2.0)» = 2.5 <em><strong>AND</strong></em> electronegativity difference «= 3.0 – 2.0» = 1.0</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>ionic bonding<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>electrostatic forces between ions</p>
<p>«slight» movement brings ions of same charge adjacent to each other «causing the crystal to break»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«slight» movement results in repulsion between layers «causing the crystal to break»</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Aluminium and high density polyethene (HDPE) are both materials readily found in the kitchen, for example as saucepans and mixing bowls respectively. In these applications it is important that they are impermeable to water.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Both materials are also used in other applications that are more demanding of their physical properties. Carbon nanotubes are often incorporated into their structures to improve certain properties.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss, in terms of its structure, why an aluminium saucepan is impermeable to water.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the name given to a material composed of two distinct solid phases.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State one physical property of HDPE that will be affected by the incorporation of carbon nanotubes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how carbon nanotubes are produced by chemical vapour deposition (CVD).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the property of carbon nanotubes that enables them to form a nematic liquid crystal phase.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>close packed<strong>» </strong>lattice of metal atoms/ions</p>
<p>no spaces for water molecules to pass though the structure</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>composite</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>melting point</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>permeability</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>density</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>conductivity</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>elasticity/stiffness</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>brittleness/flexibility</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>tensile<strong>» </strong>strength</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “colour/transparency”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any three of:</em></p>
<p>hydrocarbon/carbon-containing gas/compound</p>
<p>mixed with inert gas</p>
<p>heat/high temperature</p>
<p><strong>«</strong>transition<strong>» </strong>metal catalyst</p>
<p>hydrocarbon/carbon compound decomposes to form carbon <strong>«</strong>nanotubes<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>nanotubes form on catalyst surface</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “ethanol” or specific </em><em>hydrocarbons.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “N</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>”, “H</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>”, “NH</em><sub><em>3</em></sub><em>” or specific inert </em><em>gases.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept temperature or range within </em><em>600–800 </em><em>°</em><em>C.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept specific metals such as Ni, Co or </em><em>Fe.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>rod shaped molecules</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.iv.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) produces multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) of a more appropriate size for use in liquid crystals than production by arc discharge.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the source of carbon for MWCNT produced by arc discharge and by CVD.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss <strong>three </strong>properties a substance should have to be suitable for use in liquid crystal displays.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Arc discharge:</em></p>
<p>graphite electrode</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>hydrocarbon solvent</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>CVD:</em></p>
<p>gaseous hydrocarbons</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “carbon electrode”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of suitable </em><em>hydrocarbon solvents (eg, methyl </em><em>benzene/toluene </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>cyclohexane).</em></p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples of suitable </em><em>gaseous hydrocarbons (eg, methane, </em><em>ethane, ethyne/acetylene) </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>carbon </em><em>monoxide </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>carbon dioxide.</em></p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any three from:</em></p>
<p>chemically stable <strong><em>AND </em></strong>does not <strong>«</strong>chemically<strong>» </strong>degrade over time</p>
<p>stable over range of temperatures <strong><em>AND </em></strong>to avoid <strong>«</strong>voltage/random shift<strong>»</strong> fluctuations ✔</p>
<p>polar <strong><em>AND </em></strong>influenced by an electric field</p>
<p>strong intermolecular forces <strong><em>AND </em></strong>allow molecule to align in specific orientations ✔</p>
<p>rapid switching speed/low viscosity <strong><em>AND </em></strong>change orientation <strong>«</strong>quickly<strong>» </strong>when electric field is applied/reversed</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for identifying three </em><em>correct properties without any discussion </em><em>or incorrect interpretation of suitability.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “voltage” for “electric field”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Catalysts can take many forms and are used in many industrial processes.</p>
<p>Suggest two reasons why it might be worth using a more expensive catalyst to increase the rate of a reaction.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>greater selectivity</p>
<p>higher efficiency</p>
<p>longer life expectancy</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>not easily poisoned</p>
<p>easier to recover</p>
<p>low«er» environmental impact</p>
<p>large range of conditions/temperatures/pressures supported</p>
<p>lower energy costs</p>
<p>increase in yield «per unit time» offsets cost of catalyst</p>
<p><em><strong>[Max 2 Marks]</strong></em></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Nanotechnology has many applications.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State equations for the formation of iron nanoparticles and carbon atoms from Fe(CO)<sub>5</sub> in the HIPCO process.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the iron nanoparticle catalysts produced by the HIPCO process are more efficient than solid iron catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss one possible risk associated with the use of nanotechnology.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Fe(CO)<sub>5</sub> (g) → Fe (s) + 5CO (g)</p>
<p>2CO (g) → C (s) + CO<sub>2</sub> (g)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>large surface area «on which carbon nanotubes form»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>unknown health effects<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>unknown effect on immune systems<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>unknown environmental effects<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>greater inflammatory response<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>lung damage/toxicity<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>hazardous effect on biodiversity<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>risk of explosion</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept vague responses.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Propene can polymerize to form polypropene.</p>
<p>Propene monomer: <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_17.53.44.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HP3/ENG/TZ2/05"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch four repeating units of the polymer to show atactic and isotactic polypropene.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAxMAAAFcCAYAAACzy+PAAAAgAElEQVR4Ae3df2yd51UH8HOdabTUy6ap0maviKkKcTcRmJYsCBbRNBnJKlRUpVuDoJFLQinSVgXKWtNf/EFLmbNoqBQYY4pJyciatEQdRYCzxmRbWLXgTCuZRGJFo0iNXcQ0Za41smi+F13b+X07M5HnaXP4RIpy7+vX59zzOfnjfnXf1260Wq1W+EOAAAECBAgQIECAAIEfUuAN7fMbjcYP+W1OJ0CAAAECBAgQIEDg/5vAhZ9DzISJ9sF2oLjwi//fcMxLgAABAgQIECBAgMDFAq+WFbouPtURAgQIECBAgAABAgQIzC8gTMxv5AwCBAgQIECAAAECBDoICBMdUBwiQIAAAQIECBAgQGB+AWFifiNnECBAgAABAgQIECDQQUCY6IDiEAECBAgQIECAAAEC8wsIE/MbOYMAAQIECBAgQIAAgQ4CwkQHFIcIECBAgAABAgQIEJhfQJiY38gZBAgQIECAAAECBAh0EBAmOqA4RIAAAQIECBAgQIDA/ALCxPxGziBAgAABAgQIECBAoIOAMNEBxSECBAgQIECAAAECBOYXECbmN3IGAQIECBAgQIAAAQIdBISJDigOESBAgAABAgQIECAwv4AwMb+RMwgQIECAAAECBAgQ6CAgTHRAcYgAAQIECBAgQIAAgfkFhIn5jZxBgAABAgQIECBAgEAHAWGiA4pDBAgQIECAAAECBAjMLyBMzG/kDAIECBAgQIAAAQIEOggIEx1QHCJAgAABAgQIECBAYH6BJGHiZIwN3RqNRiN6B0ZistPcU2Pxha1/EE+Mnez01f/DsckY+8Ifx/1PHInmTJW519J7f4xMzh75PxT3rQQIECBAgAABAgRetwI5wkTzxTiw63jc/YmHYsmO52L0ojfxzZg8uD3673khpi/1KiZHY1v/x+PQmcJXxOKNu6M1/misWpiD91KTqUeAAAECBAgQIJBDIMG73WZM7v+rePDw9fGLv/7LsX7J7hh8emzuU4IcSzIFAQIECBAgQIAAgdejQIIw8e0YHd4bseEDsewt18aK9e+Nvbu+EsfOXGHUjMmRB+O61X8YE/FUbOq78uylUM2JOLRna/T3NmYukWo0euOGgaEYGTv/QqnmxMF4YmDt3DlLon/rcIxNNSMmR2LgutWxZWIi9m56VyyYubTpu7OXXJ13mdOpmDi0IwZu6J2t0dsfW78wFlNz/yOaY0OxttEba4dOXyr1evyv4jURIECAAAECBAgQOF/g8g8Tk/8awzsiNqz9qVgYV8SiFR+MNXv/MQ4cO31vRFcsXPVIHNl3X/TEh2Pb0f+O8cFVsTBOxKFP3hE3ff7K+Mih70Wr1YrW9L/EQwt2xeo7t8WhdliIiObxPXHH0ptje9wZR1+ZjtYrn4vrD38sVm5+Jo53r4rBI/vi3p6eWLPt32K646VNp+L4nrtj6bLPRtw1Eq+0puOVkVVxuP+W2LznP2Y+QelavDGGW+MxvPG6uPwXcv5/MM8IECBAgAABAgTyClzm711PxtjTfx5bYk2sXfbWmS11Lfq5WL/mQDy47Sudb8Q+vcvJr8XuT74cG/rXx/KeN84e7XpHrLx9fazZ/3y8MH4qIk7GseEnYyhuj4ceuDkWd3dFdL87PtR/U8TQkzF8JrCcLtrh3+Y3Y/jTeyLuHYgH1l0X3dEV3df9YvRv+JEY+vS+cz5B6fC9DhEgQIAAAQIECBB4HQu84XX82uZ/aTM3Xh+Ing2/GctO3+zc9c5YsX5FTDz4XIw+sPLVb4JeuCoGx0cjpsZiZM+X4kS724mvxuObtsT++HCsbz+fqx9LPhjXtIPEzJ/2Jx2Pxnhr7un5V0TNHTz7T/PYV2LX3ogl63uj+8zhq2PV4GicLnHmsAcECBAgQIAAAQIELiOB0++QL6OXfPalzr5Rn4iJLavjzY3T9z1cGX2bnoqY2BvDo98+e/JFjybjyNCm6H1TX6x+/KuzYeItN8anRv8i1sQ34+hLp+9ouOgbHSBAgAABAgQIECBAIOJyvkT/W7F/25/F3jXb4uh0a/aeh/Z9DzN//yv23RuxZfBvY+zMjdjn77s59nRs3nQwbvybF2P6nwZj47p1sW7dz0fvd/49Dp9/qmcECBAgQIAAAQIECHQQuHw/mZi58fp7sfHO1bHooineGsvWrome827EPnf6Zky9dCwOx7vi/T/5tnMS1ffjlRPnXLc0d8lUHD4WL83dkN2u8sP89KXZezgiDh8dP/PTm9r3Ysz+kr1bY+iS/xK9c+f0mAABAgQIECBAgEA5gYvehpdrdSkrN2Ny9LnYETfFr37gx84JA6d7dMXC5TfH3Su/FrsOvBjN9k3P1yyKJTNfbsZ3p05G97IPxIaeA7Fj+5djYubTi1MxcfAzcf9H/zQmTpdp/3SoG++I+/p2x8Mf3zd7XvN47N++K/auvCcevXVxdHX3Rt+SH539ju9OxTmZY/ZY17Vx48Cd0bdlMD4+cnzmpzc1J74c23d8LVZ+4mNx6+IrznTzgAABAgQIECBAgMDlJHB5honmWDw9uDv67r45lp++8fpC9e6fil/a8N7Y++Bfxf7JZnQtWhsD930nNvVdFVfd8mQc614Rv/XsYCx/vj96F7Tvt1gav/ulq6P/mafi3p6zxbp6fiEe2bkzbp/eOnvegvfFw9O3xejOj8TS9k3ZM2FhQ5xq/56JqzbG7ot+wtMbo2fVfbFz9LaYfvh9saDRiAW9W2P69p2x8+7lMzdl/zCfdJx9ZR4RIECAAAECBAgQeG0FGq32TQYRM79Mbe7ha/uKdCdAgAABAgQIECBA4HUl0Gg0Zu5NvvBFXZ6fTFw4hecECBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCAgTOfZoCgIECBAgQIAAAQLVBYSJ6uQaEiBAgAABAgQIEMghIEzk2KMpCBAgQIAAAQIECFQXECaqk2tIgAABAgQIECBAIIeAMJFjj6YgQIAAAQIECBAgUF1AmKhOriEBAgQIECBAgACBHALCRI49moIAAQIECBAgQIBAdQFhojq5hgQIECBAgAABAgRyCFzGYeJkjA3dGo3GrTE0dvLSbmNqLL6w9Q/iiUtdN5oxNTYcW+/fGWPN2ZfcHBuKtY1lMTDyrUs7g2oECBAgQIAAAQIECgtcxmGilEwzJg9uj/57XojpS97i23Fw2wNxz6Gz4adr8cYYbo3G4KqrL3k3BQkQIECAAAECBAiUFBAmSuqqTYAAAQIECBAgQCCxQLIwMRljI0MxcENvNBqNaDR644aBoRgZmzxnhReeszYGhkZibKp93VEzJkcejOtW/2FMxFOxqe/K6B0YiZnvbk7EoT1bo7+3XffVakc0Jw7GEwNr585ZEv1bh+dqfytGBj4Yq7cciti7KfoWzF7a1Okyp1ev0X6JR2JobW801g6duVTqnOE8JECAAAECBAgQIFBNIFGYaMbUoW1x523/HH2fOhKtVita0/8SDy3YFavvenrujfdkHBn67Vh52xfj7YOHYrrViunx34u3f3Fz9N30WByaili46pE4su++6IkPx7aj/x3jg6tiYZyIQ5+8I276/JXxkUPfO7/2ndvi0EwQiWge3xN3LL05tsedcfSV6Wi98rm4/vDHYuXmZ+J48+pYNfiPse/epRFrtsXR6c6XNv3gGhHRdV1sHB6P1vDGWJxoe9X+x2tEgAABAgQIECBwyQQSvR09FeMvPB/7l7w/VixeOAvU9Y5Y9ejw2Tfek6Pxlw8ejBv/5Pdj8/KeaA/f1fP++O3HH4t7j34i7t89FnP3RZ8PPPm12P3Jl2ND//pY3vPGM7VX3r4+1ux/Pl4YPxURJ+PY8JMxFLfHQw/cHIu7uyK63x0f6r8pYujJGD529j6J84uf++xS1Di3nscECBAgQIAAAQIEygm8oVzp2pXfGL0//bOxctOfxbZnfiLWxnRcs+bnZ9/Uz7yUZkyOPhc7Jt4Vj/zk22aCxJlX2N0bfUsidhwdj6lYfObwmQcLV8Xg+GjE1FiM7PlSnGh/4cRX4/FNW2J/fDjWt583X4wDuw5ELPlgXNMOEjN/umLhqkdjvDX3NKZOP+j87/+qRudvdZQAAQIECBAgQIBAbYHT73pr9y3Qryu6l26OZ49ujZ858Xfx8C03RN+bFkTjhoEYGhmLqTgVL794LCZ+QOeJr78YL3f+aCKODG2K3jf1xerHvzobJt5yY3xq9C9iTXwzjr40T0j4AT19iQABAgQIECBAgMDlKpDok4n2Crqie/HKWNf+u3EwmhOH4pm//uP46OpfiaP7/j4eeOei6Iljr7qrnve8M97eIV41x56OzZsOxo1/82J8Zt2Pz32q0b5Ze28cjoj3vGpFXyBAgAABAgQIECCQV6DDW+c8w3b1LI11v9EfG3rG4+svfju6l30gNvT8W/zzN/7z/Hsjpsbj6OGIJX290X3R+M2YeulYHI53xfvPuzzq+/HKiXN+SlTXO2PF+hURh4/FS3M3ZLdLzf60pt5YO3Tk/J4X9WlnoUtQo1NdxwgQIECAAAECBAgUEEgUJuZ+I/YN98eeMz8KdjLGnnsuDsa6uHPttdG1cFn82iPL4x8++nvx2MGJ2Tf3U9+Iobs2x5a+e+LRWxdHV/vTjWsWxZIZ7GZ8d+rkXAg5EDu2fzkmZi6DOhUTBz8T93/0T8+5bOqKWHTjHXFf3+54+OP7Zs9rHo/923fF3pWna3fHNX3Xzq3xZExNff+Clf5valzwLZ4SIECAAAECBAgQeI0EEoWJK2Lx7Y/F6F1vjc+vfPPc73l4c6z8/FvjrmcfiJvf0f4pTAvjuo1/FPs/e328PLA0FrR/X8SbfieOXv9YHH12cyydu3G6a9HaGLjvO7Gp76q46pYn41j3ivitZwdj+fP90bug/Tsmlsbvfunq6H/mqbi35+zmunp+IR7ZuTNun946e96C98XD07fF6M6PzNWeCwunHoy+BdfGLbuPXfRpxbw1/J6Js+AeESBAgAABAgQIvKYCjVb7FzJEzLz5nnv4mr4gzQkQIECAAAECBAgQeH0JtH9pc6eskOiTidcXuFdDgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQtAWCSsAAALZSURBVLDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEhAmCgEqywBAgQIECBAgACB7ALCRPYNm48AAQIECBAgQIBAIQFhohCssgQIECBAgAABAgSyCwgT2TdsPgIECBAgQIAAAQKFBISJQrDKEiBAgAABAgQIEMguIExk37D5CBAgQIAAAQIECBQSECYKwSpLgAABAgQIECBAILuAMJF9w+YjQIAAAQIECBAgUEig0Wq1Wo1Go1B5ZQkQIECAAAECBAgQyCLQarXOG+UN7WcXHjzvDE8IECBAgAABAgQIECDQQcBlTh1QHCJAgAABAgQIECBAYH4BYWJ+I2cQIECAAAECBAgQINBB4H8AUhYeWN0k53AAAAAASUVORK5CYII="></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the chemical reason why plastics do not degrade easily.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare <strong>two </strong>ways in which recycling differs from reusing plastics.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Civilizations are often characterized by the materials they use.</p>
<p>Suggest an advantage polymers have over materials from the iron age.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_13.19.54.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/04.a_01/M"></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept syndiotactic (alternating orientation </em><em>of the CH</em><sub><em>3 </em></sub><em>groups), eg,</em></p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_13.21.18.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/04.a_02/M"></p>
<p><em>for M1 or M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any correct atactic ordering of CH</em><sub><em>3 </em></sub><em>groups.</em></p>
<p><em>Penalize missing hydrogens or incorrect bond </em><em>connectivities once only.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept skeletal structures.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore continuation bonds, brackets and “n” indices </em><em>in structures.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>strong covalent bonds</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “moisture cannot get inside the plastic </em><em>matrix, and bacteria cannot live without moisture, </em><em>so they cannot attack the polymer chains”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “bacteria lack the enzymes required to </em><em>break down the hydrocarbon chains”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p><em>Recycling</em><em>:</em> shredded/melted/reformed <strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>Reuse</em>: used in its current form</p>
<p>recycling is more energy intensive <strong>«</strong>than reusing<strong>»</strong></p>
<p>recycling degrades the quality of plastic but reusing <strong>«</strong>typically<strong>» </strong>does not</p>
<p>recycling breaks down original product to form a new product whereas reuse extends product life</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>more pliable/flexible materials</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>more durable/non-corrosive/longer-lasting materials</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>greater variety of materials</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>lower density</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>can be clear/translucent</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “more adaptable”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept just “more useful”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Liquid Crystal on Silicon, LCoS, uses liquid crystals to control pixel brightness. The degree of rotation of plane polarized light is controlled by the voltage received from the silicon chip.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Two important properties of a liquid crystal molecule are being a polar molecule and having a long alkyl chain. Explain why these are essential components of a liquid crystal molecule.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Metal impurities during the production of LCoS can be analysed using ICP-MS. Each metal has a detection limit below which the uncertainty of data is too high to be valid. Suggest <strong>one</strong> factor which might influence a detection limit in ICP-MS/ICP-OES.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Polar molecule:</em><br>«orientation of molecule» influenced by electric field/«applied» voltage/«applied» potential «difference»/«applied» current<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>can be switched on and off</p>
<p><em>Long alkyl chain:</em><br>prevent close packing of molecules<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>molecules can align<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>reduces the melting point of the liquid crystal/LC «phase making liquid at room temperature»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “makes molecule rod-shaped” for M2.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>inability to replicate calibrations below certain levels<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>variation in methodology<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>variation between machines calibrated with the same samples<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>variation in plasma torches<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>different detection limits for MS <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>OES<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>interference from solvents/other chemicals<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>inability to produce pure standards<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>chance that low signal <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>blank are same</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Both HDPE (high density polyethene) and LDPE (low density polyethene) are produced by the polymerization of ethene.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Both of these are thermoplastic polymers. Outline what this term means.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare and contrast the structures of HDPE and LDPE.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one </strong>way in which a physical property of HDPE, other than density, differs from that of LDPE as a result of this structural difference.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The production of HDPE involves the use of homogeneous catalysts. Outline how homogeneous catalysts reduce the activation energy of reactions.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Trace amounts of metal from the catalysts used in the production of HDPE sometimes remain in the product. State a technique that could be used to measure the concentration of the metal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>of the major obstacles, other than collection and economic factors, which have to be overcome in plastic recycling.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why there are so many different ways in which plastics can be classified. HDPE can, for example, be categorized thermoplastic, an addition polymer, having Resin Identification Code (RIC) 2, <em>etc</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>soften/melt when heated</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>can be melted and moulded</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “low melting point” </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>“can be </em><em>moulded when heated”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>both have <strong>«</strong>long<strong>» </strong>hydrocarbon chains</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>both have chains comprising CH<sub>2</sub> units</p>
<p> </p>
<p>HDPE has little/no branching <strong><em>AND </em></strong>LDPE has <strong>«</strong>more<strong>» </strong>branching</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “CH</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>–CH</em><sub><em>2 </em></sub><em>units”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “HDPE more crystalline”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HDPE is more rigid/less flexible</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HDPE has a higher melting point</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>HDPE has greater <strong>«</strong>tensile<strong>» </strong>strength</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “HDPE has lower ductility”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>form <strong>«</strong>temporary<strong>» </strong>activated complexes/reaction intermediates</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “consumed in one reaction/step </em><strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>regenerated in a later reaction/step”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “provides alternative mechanism”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>inductively coupled plasma/ICP spectroscopy using mass spectroscopy/mass spectrometry/MS/ICP-MS</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>inductively coupled plasma/ICP spectroscopy using optical emission spectroscopy/OES/ICP-OES</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “atomic absorption/aa </em><em>spectroscopy” or “MS/massspectroscopy/</em><em>mass spectrometry”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>many types <strong>«</strong>of plastics<strong>» </strong>exist</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>plastics<strong>» </strong>require sorting <strong>«</strong>by type<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>«</strong>plastics<strong>» </strong>need to be separated from non-plastic materials</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>«</strong>often<strong>» </strong>composites/moulded on/bound to non-plastic/other components</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other valid factors such as </em><em>thermal decomposition of some plastics, </em><em>production of toxic fumes, etc.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>different classifications are appropriate for<strong>» </strong>different properties/applications/purposes</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>It is wise to fill dental cavities before irreversible tooth decay sets in. An amalgam (alloy of mercury, silver, and other metals) is often used although many prefer a white composite material.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the composition of an alloy and a composite.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why an alloy is usually harder than its components by referring to its structure.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>At present, composite fillings are more expensive than amalgam fillings.</p>
<p>Suggest why a patient might choose a composite filling.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectroscopy could be used to determine the concentration of mercury in a sample of dental filling.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Alloy:</em><br>mixture of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">metal</span> with other metals/non-metals</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>mixture of elements that retains the properties of a <span style="text-decoration: underline;">metal</span></p>
<p><em>Composite:</em><br>reinforcing phase embedded in matrix phase</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for implying “composites only have heterogeneous/nonhomogeneous compositions”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[Max 2 Marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>difference in ionic/atomic radius prevents layers sliding over each other</p>
<p><em>Accept “difference in diameter/packing of cations prevents layers sliding over each other”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>concern about Hg poisoning<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«composite» is white «so looks more like tooth»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>galvanic response potential exists<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>local allergic potential<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>less damage/destruction of healthy tooth tissue<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>long term corrosion requires replacement<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>gradual darkening of tooth</p>
<p><em>Accept other correct responses.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any three of:</em></p>
<p>sample injected into argon «plasma»</p>
<p>atoms «of sample» are excited/ionised</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>electrons are promoted</p>
<p>electrons drop back/recombine with ions <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>emit photons of characteristic energies/wavelengths/frequencies</p>
<p>total number of photons is proportional to concentration of element</p>
<p>actual concentration found from <span style="text-decoration: underline;">calibration/standard</span> curve</p>
<p><em>Accept "graph/plot" for “curve”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[Max 3 Marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Rhodium and palladium are often used together in catalytic converters. Rhodium is a good reduction catalyst whereas palladium is a good oxidation catalyst.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>In a catalytic converter, carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide. Outline the process for this conversion referring to the metal used.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Nickel is also used as a catalyst. It is processed from an ore until nickel(II) chloride solution is obtained. Identify <strong>one</strong> metal, using sections 24 and 25 of the data booklet, which will not react with water and can be used to extract nickel from the solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the redox equation for the reaction of nickel(II) chloride solution with the metal identified in (b)(i).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Another method of obtaining nickel is by electrolysis of a nickel(II) chloride solution. Calculate the mass of nickel, in g, obtained by passing a current of 2.50 A through the solution for exactly 1 hour. Charge (<em>Q</em>) = current (<em>I</em>) × time (<em>t</em>).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>carbon monoxide/CO adsorbs onto <span style="text-decoration: underline;">palladium/Pd</span></p>
<p>bonds stretched/weakened/broken<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«new» bonds formed<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>activation energy/<em>E</em><sub>a</sub> «barrier» lowered «in both forward and reverse reactions»</p>
<p>products/CO<sub>2</sub> desorb «from catalyst surface»</p>
<p><em><strong>[3 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Fe/iron<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Zn/zinc<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Co/cobalt<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Cd/cadmium<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Cr/chromium</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “Mn/manganese”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Ni<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + Fe(s) <em>→</em> Ni(s) + Fe<sup>2+</sup>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Ni<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + Zn(s) <em>→</em> Ni(s) + Zn<sup>2+</sup>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Ni<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + Co(s) <em>→</em> Ni(s) + Co<sup>2+</sup>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Ni<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + Cd(s) <em>→</em> Ni(s) + Cd<sup>2+</sup>(aq)<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>Ni<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + Cr(s) <em>→</em> Ni(s) + Cr<sup>2+</sup>(aq)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “3Ni<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 2Cr(s) → 3Ni(s) + 2Cr<sup>3+</sup>(aq)”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> penalize similar equations involving formation of Fe<sup>3+</sup>(aq), Mn<sup>2+</sup>(aq) <strong>OR</strong> Co<sup>3+</sup>(aq).</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore Cl<sup>−</sup> ions.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept correctly balanced non-ionic equations eg, “NiCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) + Zn(s) → Ni(s) + ZnCl<sub>2</sub>(aq)” etc.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not allow ECF from (b)(i).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(n{\text{(}}{{\text{e}}^ - }{\text{)}}\) «\( = \frac{{2.50{\text{ A}} \times 3600{\text{ s}}}}{{96500{\text{ C}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}\)» = 0.09326 «mol»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>\(n{\text{(Ni)}}\) «\( = \frac{{0.09326{\text{ mol}}}}{2}\)» = 0.04663 «mol»</p>
<p>\(m{\text{(Ni)}}\) «= 0.04663 mol x 58.69 g\(\,\)mol<sup>–1</sup>» = 2.74 «g»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Research has led to the discovery of new catalysts that are in high demand and used in many chemical industries.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain, with reference to their structure, the great selectivity of zeolites as catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Nanocatalysts play an essential role in the manufacture of industrial chemicals.</p>
<p>(i) Describe the high pressure carbon monoxide (HIPCO) method for the production of carbon nanotubes.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline one benefit of using nanocatalysts compared to traditional catalysts in industry.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pores/cavities/channels/holes/cage-like structures</p>
<p>«only» reactants with appropriate/specific size/geometry fit inside/go through/are activated/can react</p>
<p><em>Accept “molecules/ions” for reactants.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p>iron«0»«penta»carbonyl/Fe(CO)<sub>5</sub> catalyst decomposes<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>Fe(CO)<sub>5</sub> (g) → Fe(s) + 5CO(g)<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>metal nanocatalyst/clusters/particles formed «in situ»</p>
<p><em>Accept “cobalt-molybdenum/Co-Mo/CoMo” as a catalyst</em></p>
<p>2CO(g) → CO<sub>2</sub>(g) +C(s) </p>
<p><em>Accept “conversion of CO molecules into CNTs/ SWNTs” for M2.</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p>higher efficiency per unit mass/volume of the catalyst «due to higher surface to mass/volume ratio»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>greater selectivity «due to metal nanoclusters/surface topology/pore size»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>higher stability of the catalyst «due to lower tendency to aggregation»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>reduced cost of the catalyst/product/chemicals «as precious metals can be replaced with nanocatalysts made of inexpensive materials»</p>
<p><em>Accept “high conversion efficiency”. </em></p>
<p><em>Accept specific examples such as use of nanocatalysts in fuel cells/catalytic converters «leading to reduced use of Pt/Rh/Pd».</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “nanocatalysts often operate under milder conditions «so less energy consumption involved/so promotes principles of green chemistry»”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “lower energy consumption” <strong>OR</strong> “reduced carbon footprint” <strong>OR</strong> “reduced global warming”. </em></p>
<p><em>Accept “nanocatalysts often have long lifetimes «so more economical». </em></p>
<p><em>Accept “some nanocatalysts have enzyme mimicking activities”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Both carbon monoxide and hydrogen can be used to reduce iron ores. State the equations for the reduction of magnetite, Fe<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>O<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>, with</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why iron is obtained from its ores using chemical reducing agents but aluminium is obtained from its ores using electrolysis.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Both carbon monoxide and hydrogen can be used to reduce iron ores. State the equations for the reduction of magnetite, Fe<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>O<sub><span class="s1">4</span></sub>, with</p>
<p class="p1">(i) carbon monoxide.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) hydrogen.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why much of the iron produced in a blast furnace is converted into steel.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the materials used for the positive and negative electrodes in the production of aluminium by electrolysis.</p>
<p class="p1">Positive electrode:</p>
<p class="p1">Negative electrode:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Al is more reactive than Fe / Al is higher than Fe in the reactivity series;</p>
<p class="p1">it is harder to reduce aluminium ores compared to iron ores / \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\) is a better oxidizing agent than \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }}\) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}} + {\text{4CO}} \to {\text{3Fe}} + {\text{4C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_3}{{\text{O}}_4} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_2} \to {\text{3Fe}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">steel has more desirable (physical) characteristics than iron / steel is stronger than iron / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">by adjusting the composition of steel it can be given specific properties / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Positive electrode</em></p>
<p class="p1">graphite/carbon;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode</em></p>
<p class="p1">graphite/carbon (on a steel liner);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (a), which required candidates to explain the relative reactivity of iron and aluminium, proved challenging for most candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates could correctly state the products of reduction of magnetite but several failed to balance the equations and thus lost marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates could explain the advantages of steel over iron in part (c).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Very few candidates could identify the electrodes used in the production of aluminium, but most could explain the importance of recycling aluminium in part (d).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Lanthanum nanoparticles are incorporated into certain catalysts and the electrodes of some fuel cells.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the major advantage that nanoparticles have in these applications.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why nanoparticles need to be handled with care.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>large surface area</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«potentially» explosive<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>small size/large surface area could give dangerously fast reactions<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>unknown health effects<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>potentially toxic<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>immune system/allergy concerns</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept just “dangerous/poisonous/toxic”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept other valid concerns.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Describe how the structures of ceramics differ from those of metals.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<div class="page" title="Page 11">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p>ceramics have <strong>«</strong>giant<strong>»</strong> ionic/covalent/ionic <em><strong>AND</strong></em> covalent structures</p>
<p>metals contain lattice of positive ions/cations in sea of delocalized electrons</p>
<div class="page" title="Page 11">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<div class="page" title="Page 11">
<div class="section">
<div class="layoutArea">
<div class="column">
<p><em>Accept <strong>[1 max]</strong> for “ionic/covalent/ionic and </em><em>covalent bonds in ceramics <strong>AND</strong> metallic </em><em>bonds in metals”. </em></p>
<p><em>Accept suitable diagram for M2.</em></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p> </p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
[N/A]
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Petroleum (mineral oil) can be used either as a fuel or a chemical feedstock.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Name <strong>two </strong>fuels that are obtained from petroleum.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe <strong>one </strong>environmental problem that can result from the combustion of these fuels in the internal combustion engine and identify the specific combustion product responsible.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Plastic litter is an environmental problem that results from the use of petroleum as a chemical feedstock. Identify the property of plastics that is responsible for this.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One product that is made from crude oil is the chemical feedstock that can be used to synthesize commercial liquid-crystal displays. Discuss the properties that a substance must have to make it suitable for use as a liquid-crystal display.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Any two for </em><strong><em>[1]</em></strong></p>
<p class="p1">petrol/gasoline</p>
<p class="p1">kerosene/paraffin/aviation fuel</p>
<p class="p1">diesel</p>
<p class="p1">fuel oil/gas oil</p>
<p class="p1">petroleum gas/refinery gas</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">global warming;</p>
<p class="p1">carbon dioxide;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">air pollution;</p>
<p class="p1">carbon monoxide / particulates / oxides of nitrogen/NO/\({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) / \({\text{VO}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{s}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept oxides of sulphur/SO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">acid rain;</p>
<p class="p1">oxides of nitrogen/NO/\({\text{N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept oxides of sulphur/SO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">slow decomposition / not biodegradeable;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">chemically stable;</p>
<p class="p1">liquid crystal phase over a suitable range of temperatures;</p>
<p class="p1">rapid switching speed;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In part (a) a significant number of candidates named two fuels obtained from petroleum.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A significant number of candidates described the environmental problem.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The non-biodegradable property of plastics was stated correctly by many candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The properties of a material that made it suitable for use as a liquid crystal display demonstrated poor understanding by many candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Liquid crystals are widely used in electrically controlled liquid crystal display (LCD) devices such as calculators, computers and watches.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the meaning of the term <em>liquid crystals</em>. State and explain which diagram, I or II, represents molecules that are in a liquid crystalline phase.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-17_om_09.35.34.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/C2.a"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between <em>thermotropic </em>and <em>lyotropic </em>liquid crystals and state <strong>one </strong>example of each type.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss the properties needed for a substance to be used in liquid crystal displays.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">liquid crystals are fluids that exhibit orientation of the molecules/an orderly arrangement of molecules;</p>
<p class="p1">II, since there is one-dimensional order (characteristic of a liquid crystalline phase);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>thermotropic liquid crystals </em>are pure substances that show liquid crystal behaviour over a temperature range (between the solid and liquid states);</p>
<p class="p1">example (of thermotropic liquid crystals) is biphenyl nitriles;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>lyotropic liquid crystals </em>are solutions that show the liquid crystal state at certain concentrations;</p>
<p class="p1">example (of lyotropic liquid crystals) is soap in water;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award marks for examples, only if they are associated with the correct class of liquid </em><em>crystals.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">chemically stable;</p>
<p class="p1">a liquid crystal phase stable over a suitable range of temperatures;</p>
<p class="p1">polar in order to change orientation when an electric field is applied;</p>
<p class="p1">rapid switching speed;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates were able to define liquid crystals but often confused the two diagrams.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates also had difficulty distinguishing between thermotropic and lyotropic crystals and providing suitable examples for each. This emphasised again that candidates had not learnt definitions accurately with correct chemical terminology.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Liquid-crystal displays are used in digital watches, calculators and laptops.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the liquid-crystal state, in terms of molecular arrangement, and explain what happens as temperature increases.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss <strong>three </strong>properties a substance should have if it is to be used in liquid-crystal displays.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(rod-shaped) molecules aligned in the same direction;</p>
<p class="p1">increasing temperature causes arrangement to lose its directional order/molecules to become more randomly arranged;</p>
<p class="p1">until normal liquid state occurs;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">chemically stable so that it does not undergo reactions;</p>
<p class="p1">liquid-crystal phase stable over a range of temperatures so that frequent malfunctions do not occur;</p>
<p class="p1">molecules should be polar so the electronic current can influence direction;</p>
<p class="p1">there should be a rapid change in direction / fast switching speed;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award [2 max] if no reasons are given.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Liquid-crystals were known well by many candidates. Some were ill-prepared to answer these questions.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Liquid-crystals were known well by many candidates. Some were ill-prepared to answer these questions.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Poly(ethene) can be produced in a low density (LDPE) or a high density (HDPE) form.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how the two forms differ in their chemical structure.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain in terms of their structures how the flexibility of the two forms of poly(ethene) differ.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe why pentane is sometimes added during the formation ofpoly(phenylethene), also known as polystyrene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>use for the product formed from this process.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">HDPE/high density polyethene has little/no branching/side chains <span class="s1"><strong>and </strong></span>low density has (many) branches/side chains;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">branching in LDPE/ low density polyethene prevents chains fitting closely together;</p>
<p class="p1">weaker intermolecular/van der Waals’/London/dispersion forces so more flexible;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept opposite statements for HDPE/</em>high density polyethene<em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">vaporizes causing it to expand/form expanded polystyrene <em>/ OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(thermal) insulator / packaging material / absorb shock;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept just cups.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The answers to this often betrayed a confusion between isotactic and atactic polypropene. That being said the link between packing and the strength of the dispersion forces was relatively well understood at least to the extent of gaining one of the marks. Most candidates were aware of the role of pentane and even the weakest were scoring the mark for a use of expanded polystyrene.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The answers to this often betrayed a confusion between isotactic and atactic polypropene. That being said the link between packing and the strength of the dispersion forces was relatively well understood at least to the extent of gaining one of the marks. Most candidates were aware of the role of pentane and even the weakest were scoring the mark for a use of expanded polystyrene.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The answers to this often betrayed a confusion between isotactic and atactic polypropene. That being said the link between packing and the strength of the dispersion forces was relatively well understood at least to the extent of gaining one of the marks. Most candidates were aware of the role of pentane and even the weakest were scoring the mark for a use of expanded polystyrene.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The answers to this often betrayed a confusion between isotactic and atactic polypropene. That being said the link between packing and the strength of the dispersion forces was relatively well understood at least to the extent of gaining one of the marks. Most candidates were aware of the role of pentane and even the weakest were scoring the mark for a use of expanded polystyrene.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Exciting developments have taken place in recent years in the area of nanotechnology.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Carbon nanotubes can be used to make <em>designer catalysts</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Define the term <em>nanotechnology</em>, and state why it is of interest to chemists.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Describe the structure of carbon nanotubes.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) State <strong>one </strong>physical property of carbon nanotubes.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest <strong>two </strong>concerns about the use of nanotechnology.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">nanotechnology involves research and technology developments at the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">1 nm to 100 nm</span> range;</p>
<p class="p1">structures with novel properties (because of their small size);</p>
<p class="p1">ability to manipulate on the atomic scale;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Overlap here between definition and matters of interest, so accept any two.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) (main) cylinder consists of carbon hexagons / OWTTE;</p>
<p class="p1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">pentagons</span> close structures/tubes at ends / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Marks may also be scored by means of a suitable diagram showing above.</em></p>
<p class="p1">(ii) high tensile strength / low density / high thermal conductivity / (electrical) conductors / (electrical) semi-conductors / high melting points;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">health concerns / concern that the human immune system will be defenceless against particles on the nanoscale;</p>
<p class="p1">potential toxicity of materials / toxicity regulations are difficult (to apply);</p>
<p class="p1">possible explosive nature of large scale manufacture of nanoparticles;</p>
<p class="p1">political issues;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Apply OWTTE throughout.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates were able to define the term nanotechnology and scored M1 but only about half managed to score M2.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (b)(i), although most mentioned hexagons and pentagons, many failed to mention cylinders and ends of tubes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (c) many candidates were able to score at least one mark, some scored both marks but, again, some vague answers were seen.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Aluminium is chemically reactive so it has to be extracted by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_14.43.47.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/08"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce an equation for the discharge of the ions at each electrode.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Outline why aluminium is alloyed with copper and magnesium when used to construct aircraft bodies.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State <strong>two </strong>properties of aluminium that make it suitable for use in overhead power cables.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Positive electrode (anode):</em></p>
<p>\({\text{2}}{{\text{O}}^{2 - }} \to {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - }/{{\text{O}}^{2 - }} \to \frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }/{\text{2}}{{\text{O}}^{2 - }} - {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}/\)</p>
<p>\({{\text{O}}^{2 - }} - {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to \frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Allow C(s) + 2O<sup>2– </sup></em>\( \to \)<em> CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 4e<sup>–</sup>.</em></p>
<p><em>Negative electrode (cathode):</em></p>
<p>\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }} + {\text{3}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{Al(l)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept e instead of e<sup>–</sup>.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p><em>If correct equations shown at wrong electrodes, award </em><strong><em>[1 max]</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) harder/stronger (than pure aluminium);</p>
<p>(ii) <em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for any two of</em>:</p>
<p>good conductor of electricity;</p>
<p>resists corrosion;</p>
<p><em>Do not allow rusting.</em></p>
<p>low density;</p>
<p><em>Do not allow lighter/light mass/light weight.</em></p>
<p>ductile;</p>
<p><em>Do not allow malleable.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In (a), most were able to write the correct half-equation for the cathode though incorrect states were commonly seen, e.g. (aq). The anode half-equation was not well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Both parts of (b) were well done. In (ii), incorrect answers included malleability and light mass.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Polyacrylonitrile is an important polymer used in the manufacture of carbon fibres. The monomer has the structure below.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-27_om_07.43.06.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/09"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The rate of the polymerization reaction from the gaseous monomer is increased in the presence of a zeolite with the cage structure shown.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-27_om_07.48.26.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/09"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">A new range of light batteries has been developed that uses open carbon nanotubes, covered with silicon, as electrodes.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Polyacrylonitrile is similar to polypropene and can exist in two forms.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Draw the structure of the isotactic form of polyacrylonitrile showing <strong>three</strong> repeating units.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Polyacrylonitrile is similar to polypropene and can exist in two forms.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Explain why the isotactic form is more suitable for the manufacture of strong fibres.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the role of the zeolite in the reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest an explanation for its efficiency in favouring the production of the crystalline polymer.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline the structure of the open carbon nanotubes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State a property of these nanotubes that makes them suitable for this use.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-27_om_07.54.52.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/09.a.i_01/M"> /</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-27_om_07.56.19.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/09.a.i_02/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>Continuation bonds at end of structure needed.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Hydrogen atoms must be included.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for chain with CN groups on alternate carbons.</em></p>
<p class="p2"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2] </em></strong><em>for correct chain with CN on alternate carbons with same orientation.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">chains pack together better;</p>
<p class="p1">strong intermolecular/attractive forces between chains;</p>
<p class="p1">chains do not move past each other easily (so fibre strong/rigid);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">catalyst;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(selective) because of dimensions/shape/size (of cage);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “large surface area”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">cylinder with hexagons of carbon (atoms);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept suitable diagram.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award mark if pentagons are also mentioned.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(electrical) conductor;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept low density.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept light.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some very strange polymers were suggested in (a) (i) with the –CN group becoming integrated into the carbon backbone. Candidates were, however, able to explain why the isotactic form is more suitable for fibres. The role of the zeolite in (b) was usually correctly identified but it was not known that the dimensions, size or shape of the cage were an explanation for its efficiency. Most were able to give a good account of carbon nanotubes although some introduced pentagons at the end. This was specifically ruled out in the question – <em>open </em>carbon nano-tubes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some very strange polymers were suggested in (a) (i) with the –CN group becoming integrated into the carbon backbone. Candidates were, however, able to explain why the isotactic form is more suitable for fibres. The role of the zeolite in (b) was usually correctly identified but it was not known that the dimensions, size or shape of the cage were an explanation for its efficiency. Most were able to give a good account of carbon nanotubes although some introduced pentagons at the end. This was specifically ruled out in the question – <em>open </em>carbon nano-tubes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some very strange polymers were suggested in (a) (i) with the –CN group becoming integrated into the carbon backbone. Candidates were, however, able to explain why the isotactic form is more suitable for fibres. The role of the zeolite in (b) was usually correctly identified but it was not known that the dimensions, size or shape of the cage were an explanation for its efficiency. Most were able to give a good account of carbon nanotubes although some introduced pentagons at the end. This was specifically ruled out in the question – <em>open </em>carbon nano-tubes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some very strange polymers were suggested in (a) (i) with the –CN group becoming integrated into the carbon backbone. Candidates were, however, able to explain why the isotactic form is more suitable for fibres. The role of the zeolite in (b) was usually correctly identified but it was not known that the dimensions, size or shape of the cage were an explanation for its efficiency. Most were able to give a good account of carbon nanotubes although some introduced pentagons at the end. This was specifically ruled out in the question – <em>open </em>carbon nano-tubes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some very strange polymers were suggested in (a) (i) with the –CN group becoming integrated into the carbon backbone. Candidates were, however, able to explain why the isotactic form is more suitable for fibres. The role of the zeolite in (b) was usually correctly identified but it was not known that the dimensions, size or shape of the cage were an explanation for its efficiency. Most were able to give a good account of carbon nanotubes although some introduced pentagons at the end. This was specifically ruled out in the question – <em>open </em>carbon nano-tubes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Some very strange polymers were suggested in (a) (i) with the –CN group becoming integrated into the carbon backbone. Candidates were, however, able to explain why the isotactic form is more suitable for fibres. The role of the zeolite in (b) was usually correctly identified but it was not known that the dimensions, size or shape of the cage were an explanation for its efficiency. Most were able to give a good account of carbon nanotubes although some introduced pentagons at the end. This was specifically ruled out in the question – <em>open </em>carbon nano-tubes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide are two air pollutants.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Nitrogen dioxide is formed in a two-stage process. Describe <strong>one </strong>anthropogenic (man-made) source of nitrogen dioxide and state the <strong>two </strong>chemical equations for its formation.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Both of these air pollutants also contribute to acid deposition. State <strong>one </strong>chemical equation for <strong>each </strong>gas to describe how each forms an acidic solution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">combustion of fuels (at high temperature);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept internal combustion/aircraft/jet engines.</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{N}}_2} + {{\text{O}}_2} \to {\text{2NO}}\) <strong>and</strong> \(2{\text{NO}} + {{\text{O}}_2} \to {\text{2N}}{{\text{O}}_2}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{2N}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \to {\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}/{\text{4N}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {{\text{O}}_2} \to {\text{4HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}\);</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_3}/{\text{2S}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} + {{\text{O}}_2} \to {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The man-made source of nitrogen oxide was generally very well answered, although the equations for its formation proved demanding.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The chemical equation for the formation of sulfuric acid was given correctly by many candidates, but it was surprising to see that a significant number of candidates did not know the chemical formula for nitric acid.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A student wanted to determine the formula of indium sulfate. She applied an electrical current of 0.300A to an aqueous solution of indium sulfate for 9.00 × 10<sup>3 </sup>s and found that 1.07 g of indium metal deposited on the cathode.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the charge, in coulombs, passed during the electrolysis.</p>
<p>\(\left( {{\text{current }}I = \frac{{{\text{charge }}Q\,}}{{{\text{time }}t}}} \right)\)</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the amount, in mol, of electrons passed using section 2 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the mass of indium deposited by one mole of electrons.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the number of moles of electrons required to deposit one mole of indium. Relative atomic mass of indium, <em>A</em><sub>r</sub>=114.82.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the charge on the indium ion and the formula of indium sulfate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«0.300A × 9.00 × 10<sup>3</sup> s =» 2.70 × 10<sup>3</sup> «C»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«mol e<sup>−</sup> = \(\frac{{2700\,{\text{C}}}}{{96\,500\,{\text{C}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}\) =» 2.80 × 10<sup>−2</sup> «mol»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«\(\frac{{1.07{\rm{g}}}}{{0.0280{\rm{mol}}}}\)=» 38.2 «g»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«\(\frac{{114.82\,{\text{g}}}}{{38.2\,{\text{g}}\,{\text{mo}}{{\text{l}}^{ - 1}}}}\) e<sup>−</sup> =» 3.01/3.00 «mol e<sup>−</sup>»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>In<sup>3+</sup> /3+ <em><strong>AND</strong></em> In<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “+3/3”</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">It was over a hundred years after the accidental discovery of liquid crystals that liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) came into common use in the 1990s. Liquid crystals are formed over a temperature range between the solid and the liquid state.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the nematic liquid-crystal phase in terms of the arrangement of the molecules.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the nematic liquid crystal.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">no layered arrangement / molecules distributed randomly;</p>
<p class="p1">(on average) molecules point in same direction/orientation/directional order;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept suitable diagram</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">directional order decreases/is lost / starts to behave like a liquid;</p>
<p class="p1">extra energy causes greater movement/overcomes intermolecular forces;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Very few of the candidates scored full marks on the description of the nematic liquid-crystal phase.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Probably because of the difficulty of selecting the correct words, and surprisingly only a few scored the mark in terms of the effect of the extra energy, namely causing greater movement or overcoming intermolecular forces.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Addition polymers are extensively used in society. The properties of addition polymers may be modified by the introduction of certain substances.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">(a) For two different addition polymers, describe and explain <strong>one </strong>way in which the properties of addition polymers may be modified.</p>
<p class="p1">Polymer one:</p>
<p class="p1">Polymer two:</p>
<p class="p1">(b) Describe and explain how the extent of branching affects the properties of poly(ethene).</p>
<p class="p1">(c) Discuss <strong>two </strong>advantages and <strong>two </strong>disadvantages of using poly(ethene).</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">(a) <em>Accept </em><strong><em>two </em></strong><em>of the following four pairs of answers.</em></p>
<p class="p1">plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride;</p>
<p class="p1">the more plasticizer the more flexible the plastic;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">volatile hydrocarbons in the formation of (expanded) polystyrene;</p>
<p class="p1">volatile hydrocarbons vaporize during the formation of the polystyrene and reduce the density of (expanded) polystyrene / improving insulating properties;</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">sulfur added to diene/2-methyl-1,3-butadiene/rubber (produces cross-link polymer);</p>
<p class="p1">maintains its spring/softness (for longer periods of time);</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>OR</strong></p>
<p class="p1">blowing air/steam during the polymerisation to form polyurethane;</p>
<p class="p1">reduces density/increases springiness</p>
<p class="p1">(b) high degree of branching produces low density polyethene;</p>
<p class="p1">small degree of branching produces high density polyethenes;</p>
<p class="p1">HDPE/low branching is stiffer/stronger/more resistant to heat and corrosion/less permeable to gases / LDPE/high branching is more flexible/weaker/less resistant to heat and corrosion/more permeable to gases;</p>
<p class="p1">(c) <em>Advantages:</em></p>
<p class="p1">polymer’s properties can be customized / <em>OWTTE</em></p>
<p class="p1">can be recycled/reused</p>
<p class="p1">cheap</p>
<p class="p1">chemically inert</p>
<p class="p1">transparent</p>
<p class="p1">non-toxic</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Any two correct answers scores </em><strong><em>[1]</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Disadvantages:</em></p>
<p class="p1">rely on non-renewable energy sources</p>
<p class="p1">volume occupied by plastics in landfill</p>
<p class="p1">non-biodegradability</p>
<p class="p1">burning produces toxic gases</p>
<p class="p1">burning produces carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas)</p>
<p class="p1">burning printed polyethene can release toxic (heavy) metals/substances</p>
<p class="p1">may cause suffocation/death of animals</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Any two correct answers scores </em><strong><em>[1]</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">The way in which the properties of addition polymers depend on their structure and methods for modifying this appeared to be very poorly understood, with only a handful of candidates scoring well on any parts of this question. In Part (b) many candidates discussed the difference between isotactic and atactic polymers rather than the effects of branching.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of a molten mixture containing alumina, Al<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O<sub><span class="s1">3</span></sub>, using graphite electrodes.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why the molten electrolyte also contains cryolite.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State a half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Oxygen is produced at the positive electrode (anode). State the name of another gas produced at this electrode.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>two </strong>properties of aluminium that make it suitable for use as an overhead electric cable.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Alloys of aluminium with nickel are used to make engine parts. Explain, by referring to the structure of these alloys, why they are less malleable than pure aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">it lowers the operating temperature/melting point (of alumina) / it saves heat/energy / improves conductivity / acts as a solvent;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept lowers melting point of aluminium.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept “lowers boiling point”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{Al(l}}{{\text{)}}^{3 + }} + {\text{3}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{Al (l)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept e instead of e<sup>–</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">carbon dioxide / carbon monoxide / fluorine / tetrafluoromethane;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept formulas since the name is asked for specifically.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">high/good</span> (electrical) conductivity <span class="s1"><strong>and </strong></span><span style="text-decoration: underline;">low</span> density;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept lighter.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept malleable/ductile/resistant to (further) corrosion as one property.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Reference to high/good conductivity </em><span class="s2"><strong>or </strong></span><em>low density needed.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">in alloy <span style="text-decoration: underline;">different sized/Ni</span> atoms/ions/particles disrupt regular structure;</p>
<p class="p1">stops layers from slipping/sliding / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept “stop layers moving”.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept diagrams if explanation clear.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was reasonably well answered. However a surprising number of candidates were unable to write the half equation for reaction at the negative electrode in (a) (ii), and few candidates were able to give an explanation of the reduced malleability of the alloys in terms of their structure in b (ii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was reasonably well answered. However a surprising number of candidates were unable to write the half equation for reaction at the negative electrode in (a) (ii), and few candidates were able to give an explanation of the reduced malleability of the alloys in terms of their structure in b (ii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was reasonably well answered. However a surprising number of candidates were unable to write the half equation for reaction at the negative electrode in (a) (ii), and few candidates were able to give an explanation of the reduced malleability of the alloys in terms of their structure in b (ii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was reasonably well answered. However a surprising number of candidates were unable to write the half equation for reaction at the negative electrode in (a) (ii), and few candidates were able to give an explanation of the reduced malleability of the alloys in terms of their structure in b (ii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was reasonably well answered. However a surprising number of candidates were unable to write the half equation for reaction at the negative electrode in (a) (ii), and few candidates were able to give an explanation of the reduced malleability of the alloys in terms of their structure in b (ii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The Industrial Revolution was the result of large-scale extraction of iron from its ore and had significant impact worldwide.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In a blast furnace, a large volume of air is introduced under pressure near the bottom while a mixture of limestone, coke and iron(III) oxide is introduced at the top.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the equation for the reaction of coke with air in the blast furnace.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The product formed in part (i) reacts with coke to produce carbon monoxide. Explain, giving an equation, why this reaction is important in the extraction of iron.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C(s)}} + {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">CO acts as a reducing agent / reaction is endothermic/cools (this part of) furnace;</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{C(s)}} \to {\text{2CO(g)}}/{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{3CO(g)}} \to {\text{2Fe(l)}} + {\text{3C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Generally the equation for the reaction of coke with air was given correctly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The correct equation for the reaction of \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}\)<span class="s1"> </span>with coke was sometimes missing</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Catalytic cracking uses heterogeneous catalysts.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The initial products of the fractional distillation of oil often undergo cracking. This can be carried out in a number of ways. State the <strong>major </strong>reason for choosing each of the following techniques.</p>
<p class="p1">Catalytic cracking:</p>
<p class="p1">Thermal cracking:</p>
<p class="p1">Steam cracking:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how these differ from homogeneous catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify <strong>one </strong>disadvantage of using heterogeneous catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many of the compounds produced by cracking are used in the manufacture of addition polymers. State the essential structural feature of these compounds and explain its importance.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The polymers often have other substances added to modify their properties. One group of additives are plasticizers. State how plasticizers modify the physical properties of polyvinyl chloride and explain at the molecular level how this is achieved.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Catalytic cracking:</em></p>
<p class="p1">used to produce moderate length alkanes (for fuels) / lower temperature / lower energy consumption / more control of product;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Thermal cracking:</em></p>
<p class="p1">used to crack very long chain starting material;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Steam cracking:</em></p>
<p class="p1">used to produce low molar mass alkenes (for petrochemicals);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">heterogeneous catalysts in a different phase to the reactants / homogeneous catalysts in the same phase as reactants;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">easily poisoned / efficiency decreases over time / forms clumps / only effective on surface / require high surface area;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">carbon-carbon</span> double bond;</p>
<p class="p1">breaks allowing addition reaction / allows monomers/molecules to join together/polymerize;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">make the polymer more flexible;</p>
<p class="p1">fits between/increases separation between polymer chains / allow polymer chains to slide past each other more easily / weaken intermolecular attraction;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Few candidates appear to have any knowledge of the different cracking techniques, though more appeared familiar with issues relating to catalysts. Quite a number of candidates were aware carbon-carbon double bonds were needed for addition polymerization, though the nature and effect of plasticizers was less well known</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few candidates appear to have any knowledge of the different cracking techniques, though more appeared familiar with issues relating to catalysts. Quite a number of candidates were aware carbon-carbon double bonds were needed for addition polymerization, though the nature and effect of plasticizers was less well known</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few candidates appear to have any knowledge of the different cracking techniques, though more appeared familiar with issues relating to catalysts. Quite a number of candidates were aware carbon-carbon double bonds were needed for addition polymerization, though the nature and effect of plasticizers was less well known</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few candidates appear to have any knowledge of the different cracking techniques, though more appeared familiar with issues relating to catalysts. Quite a number of candidates were aware carbon-carbon double bonds were needed for addition polymerization, though the nature and effect of plasticizers was less well known</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Few candidates appear to have any knowledge of the different cracking techniques, though more appeared familiar with issues relating to catalysts. Quite a number of candidates were aware carbon-carbon double bonds were needed for addition polymerization, though the nature and effect of plasticizers was less well known</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nanotechnology creates and uses structures that have novel properties because of their size.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the size range of structures which are involved in nanotechnology.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss <strong>two </strong>implications of nanotechnology.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">1 nm to 100 nm;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">reference to effect on human health (<span class="s1"><em>e.g</em></span>. unknown, immune system may not cope, unsatisfactory toxicity regulations);</p>
<p class="p1">reference to effect on employment (<span class="s1"><em>e.g</em></span>. increased job opportunities, adverse effect on traditional industries);</p>
<p class="p1">reference to effect on quality of life (<span class="s1"><em>e.g</em></span>. medical advances, faster computers, improved performance of electronic equipment);</p>
<p class="p1">reference to public opinion (<span class="s1"><em>e.g</em></span>. need to improve information, encourage discussion, seek approval);</p>
<p class="p1">reference to nanotechnology being developed in wealthier nations hence increasing the divide between different nations;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">As a relatively new topic, nanotechnology still seems to present a significant challenge to the small proportion of candidates studying Option C and whilst many knew the scale upon which it operated and a few could gain credit for implications, usually related to health concerns, hardly any could distinguish between physical and chemical techniques.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">As a relatively new topic, nanotechnology still seems to present a significant challenge to the small proportion of candidates studying Option C and whilst many knew the scale upon which it operated and a few could gain credit for implications, usually related to health concerns, hardly any could distinguish between physical and chemical techniques.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>advantage and <strong>one </strong>disadvantage that homogeneous catalysts have over heterogeneous catalysts.</p>
<p class="p1">Advantage:</p>
<p class="p1">Disadvantage:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Apart from their selectivity to form the required product and their cost, discuss <strong>two </strong>other factors which should be considered when choosing a suitable catalyst for an industrial process.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">homogeneous catalysts are in the same phase/state as the reactants and heterogeneous catalysts are in a different phase/state to the reactants;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Advantage</em></p>
<p class="p1">often works faster / all the catalyst is exposed to the reactants / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Disadvantage</em></p>
<p class="p1">difficult to remove the catalyst from the products / more limited range of acceptable catalysts;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">efficiency;</p>
<p class="p1">ability to work under a variety of conditions;</p>
<p class="p1">environmental impact;</p>
<p class="p1">problems with the catalyst becoming poisoned (by impurities);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates correctly stated the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates could state one advantage and one disadvantage of homogeneous catalysts.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates were less successful in part (c) in discussing the choice of a suitable catalyst.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Ethene can be polymerized to form high-density poly(ethene), HDPE, or low-density poly(ethene), LDPE, depending on the reaction conditions. Describe the main structural difference between HDPE and LDPE and explain how this accounts for their different properties.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The repeating unit of poly(propene) has the formula:</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;">–[–\({\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{–CH(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{)}}\)–]–</p>
<p class="p1">Draw a section of the polymer containing <strong>five </strong>repeating units to illustrate atactic</p>
<p class="p1">poly(propene).</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Explain why isotactic poly(propene) is tough and can be used to make car bumpers (fenders), whereas atactic poly(propene) is soft and flexible making it suitable for sealants.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">HDPE has little branching whereas LDPE has branching/side chains / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">HDPE is stronger/more rigid / LDPE is weaker/more flexible/resilient;</p>
<p class="p1">HDPE chains pack more closely together / LDPE chains pack less closely together; HDPE has stronger van der Waals’ forces / LDPE has weaker van der Waals’ forces;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) <img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-02_om_10.01.14.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/C3.b_1/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>There must be five –CH</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3 </em></span></sub><em>groups and they must be shown in random orientation.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow the following structure:</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-02_om_10.03.25.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/C3.b_2/M"></em></p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>isotactic has all methyl groups oriented/pointing in the same direction/has a more regular structure / atactic has the methyl groups oriented/pointing in different directions/arranged randomly/has an irregular structure;</p>
<p class="p1">in isotactic the chains can pack more closely together (making it more crystalline/tough) / in atactic the chains pack less closely together (making it soft/flexible);</p>
<p class="p1">isotactic has stronger van der Waals’ forces / atactic has weaker van der Waals’ forces;</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">In (a) most candidates were aware of the differences between HDPE and LDPE, but often failed to fully score as they referred to intermolecular forces in a rather vague, instead of specific, manner.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates found it difficult to draw the structure of atactic poly(propene) in part (b)(i). Most candidates were very familiar with the difference in structure of isotactic and atactic poly(propene), but many failed to fully score as their responses lacked the required specificity for the intermolecular forces.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Crude oil (petroleum) is initially separated into its components by fractional distillation, but subsequent cracking of the heavier fractions is usually required.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Ethene can be polymerized to form poly(ethene) and, depending on the conditions used, either high-density poly(ethene) (HDPE) or low-density poly(ethene) (LDPE) is formed.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State a balanced equation for the thermal cracking of \({{\text{C}}_{{\text{20}}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{42}}}}\) in which octane and ethene are products.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Other than density, state <strong>two</strong> differences in the physical properties of HDPE and LDPE.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Outline how the differences in (b)(i) relate to differences in their chemical structure.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>It has been said that bitumen and heavy fuel oils are too valuable a resource to use for road surfacing and electricity generation. Comment on this statement.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({{\text{C}}_{20}}{{\text{H}}_{42}} \to {{\text{C}}_8}{{\text{H}}_{18}} + {{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4} + {{\text{C}}_{10}}{{\text{H}}_{20}}/{{\text{C}}_{20}}{{\text{H}}_{42}} \to {{\text{C}}_{\text{8}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{18}}}} + {\text{6}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\)</p>
<p><em>Accept any correctly balanced equation that includes octane and at least one ethene molecule as products</em>.</p>
<p>correct reactants <strong>and </strong>products;</p>
<p>balanced equation;</p>
<p><em>M2 can only be scored if M1 is correct.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) <em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for any two.</em></p>
<p>HDPE has higher mp;</p>
<p>HDPE is more rigid / less flexible;</p>
<p>HDPE is stronger<strong>;</strong></p>
<p><em>Accept opposite statements for LDPE.</em></p>
<p>(ii) HDPE has straight chain <strong>and </strong>LDPE has branched chain / LDPE has more branched chains;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>more valuable for (cracking to provide) chemical precursors/petrochemicals / may be cracked to produce same substances now obtained from lighter fractions / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Only about a third of the candidates were able to score both marks by giving a balanced equation producing octane and ethene. Others scored one mark as they failed to balance the equation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Less than half the candidates gave two physical properties that differed between LDPE and HDPE.</p>
<p>(ii) A small number of candidates attributed the difference to the branching in the chains.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The answers were mostly unsatisfactory as they failed to recognize the value of cracking products for the petrochemical industry.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Detergents are one example of lyotropic liquid crystals.</p>
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>other example of a lyotropic liquid crystal and describe the difference between lyotropic and thermotropic liquid crystals.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">soap / kevlar / fatty acids / lipid bilayer / cellulose / silk proteins / DNA;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>lyotropic liquid crystals</em></p>
<p class="p1">solutions that show the liquid-crystal state at certain concentrations;</p>
<p class="p2"><em>thermotropic liquid crystals</em></p>
<p class="p1">(pure substances that) show liquid-crystal behaviour over temperature ranges (between the solid and liquid states);</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">This was probably the best answered question in this option with many candidates being able to state the difference between the two types of liquid crystals, as well as give an example of a substance that can have a lytropic liquid crystal state.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Alloys are important substances in industries that use metals.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe an alloy.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how alloying can modify the structure and properties of metals.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="s1">homogeneous </span></span>mixture of metals/a metal and non-metal;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">alloying element(s) disrupts regular/repeating (metal) lattice;</p>
<p class="p1">difficult for one layer to slide over another / atoms smaller than the metal cations can fit into the (holes of) metal lattice disrupting bonding;</p>
<p class="p1">can make metal harder/stronger/more corrosion resistant/brittle;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates did not gain the mark as they omitted the required word <em>homogeneous.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates did not gain the mark as they omitted the required word <em>homogeneous </em>(a), but they could explain how alloying can modify the structure (b).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Nano-sized ‘<em>test-tubes</em>’ with one open end, can be formed from carbon structures.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Carbon nanotubes can be used as catalysts.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe these ‘<em>test-tubes</em>’ with reference to the structures of carbon allotropes.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">These tubes are believed to be stronger than steel. Explain the strength of these ‘<em>test-tubes</em>’ on a molecular level.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons why they are effective heterogeneous catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>potential concern associated with the use of carbon nanotubes.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">walls have rolled/single sheets of graphite/carbons bonded in hexagons;</p>
<p class="p1">ends have half a buckyball (fullerene)/carbons in pentagons (and hexagons);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">covalent</span> bonds are very strong;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">large surface area;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept “reactive surface”.</em></p>
<p class="p1">high selectivity related to dimensions of tube;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">unknown health effects;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept potentially harmful as easily ingested/inhaled.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept difficulty of preparing nanotubes in required amounts.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Responses to this question were generally poor perhaps reflecting the unfamiliarity of candidates with the new syllabus content.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Responses to this question were generally poor perhaps reflecting the unfamiliarity of candidates with the new syllabus content.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Responses to this question were generally poor perhaps reflecting the unfamiliarity of candidates with the new syllabus content.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Responses to this question were generally poor perhaps reflecting the unfamiliarity of candidates with the new syllabus content.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In the last 15 years several Nobel prizes have been awarded in the area of nanotechnology, from the development of the scanning probe microscope, to the discovery of fullerenes. By 2015 nanotechnology could employ two million workers worldwide.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">After the discovery of \({{\text{C}}_{60}}\), chemists discovered carbon nanotubes. Describe the structure and properties of carbon nanotubes.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Nanotechnology could provide new solutions for developing countries where basic services such as good health care, education, safe drinking water and reliable energy are often lacking. Discuss some of the potential risks associated with developing nanotechnology.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">main cylinder is made only from carbon hexagons, with pentagons required to close the structure at the ends;</p>
<p class="p1">single or multiple walled tubes made from concentric nanotubes can be formed;</p>
<p class="p1">bundles of the tubes have high tensile strength;</p>
<p class="p1">other substances (elements, metal oxides etc.) can be inserted inside the tubes;</p>
<p class="p1">strong covalent bonding / no weak bonds;</p>
<p class="p1">behaviour of electrons depends on the length of a tube and hence some forms are conductors and some are semiconductors;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">hazards associated with small airborne particles are not known / long term effects unknown / <span class="s1"><em>OWTTE</em></span>;</p>
<p class="p1">may not be covered by current toxicology regulations (as properties depend on the size of the particle) / may be toxic / <span class="s1"><em>OWWTE</em></span>;</p>
<p class="p1">human immune system may be defenceless against new nanoscale products / <em>OWTTE</em><span class="s2">;</span></p>
<p class="p1">(there may be social problems) as poorer societies may suffer as established technologies become redundant and demands for commodities change / <span class="s1"><em>OWTTE</em></span>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates had considerable difficulty describing the structure and properties of carbon nanotubes and often speculated very vaguely on the impact of nanotechnology. Responses were often superficial.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Candidates had considerable difficulty describing the structure and properties of carbon nanotubes and often speculated very vaguely on the impact of nanotechnology. Responses were often superficial.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Many recent developments in chemistry have involved making use of devices that operate on a nanoscale.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the scale at which nanotechnology takes place and outline the importance of working at this scale.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>public concern regarding the development of nanotechnology.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One development has been the production of nanotubes. Describe the way in which the arrangement of carbon atoms in the wall and sealed end of a nanotube differ.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">a scale of 1–100nm;</p>
<p class="p1">careful positioning of individual atoms / ability to control/manipulate at atomic scale / production of material with novel properties;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">health concerns / toxicity / effects on the human immune system / the lack of public involvement in policy discussions;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">in the walls carbon atoms only form hexagons;</p>
<p class="p1">in the ends the carbon atoms form both hexagons and pentagons;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Though many candidates could quote the scale that nanotechnology deals with, few could state specific concerns about its implementation, and hardly any could distinguish between the bonding in the walls and the ends of nanotubes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Though many candidates could quote the scale that nanotechnology deals with, few could state specific concerns about its implementation, and hardly any could distinguish between the bonding in the walls and the ends of nanotubes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Though many candidates could quote the scale that nanotechnology deals with, few could state specific concerns about its implementation, and hardly any could distinguish between the bonding in the walls and the ends of nanotubes.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Catalysts may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between <em>homogeneous </em>and <em>heterogeneous </em>catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss <strong>two </strong>factors which need to be considered when selecting a catalyst for a particular chemical process.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the catalyst used in the catalytic cracking of long chain hydrocarbons and state <strong>one </strong>other condition needed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State an equation for the catalytic cracking of the straight chain hydrocarbon pentadecane, \({{\text{C}}_{{\text{15}}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{32}}}}\), to produce <strong>two </strong>products with similar masses.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">homogeneous catalysts are in the same phase/state as reactants <strong>and </strong>heterogeneous catalysts are in a different phase/state to reactants;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">should produce only the desired product / selectivity;</p>
<p class="p1">efficiency;</p>
<p class="p1">should be able to work under both mild and severe conditions / should be able to work at high temperatures;</p>
<p class="p1">should not produce an (unwanted) environmental impact;</p>
<p class="p1">cost / economic viability / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">ease of poisoning/contamination;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(catalyst a mixture of) silica/silicon dioxide/ \({\text{Si}}{{\text{O}}_2}\) <strong>and </strong>alumina/aluminium oxide/\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\) / zeolites/aluminosilicates;</p>
<p class="p1">high temperature / 500 °C;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({{\text{C}}_{15}}{{\text{H}}_{32}} \to {{\text{C}}_8}{{\text{H}}_{18}} + {{\text{C}}_7}{{\text{H}}_{14}}/{{\text{C}}_{15}}{{\text{H}}_{32}} \to {{\text{C}}_8}{{\text{H}}_{16}} + {{\text{C}}_7}{{\text{H}}_{16}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates were aware of the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Few candidates could name the catalyst but knew one other condition needed for catalytic cracking.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most correctly stated an equation for the catalytic cracking of pentadecane, but some added oxygen or water, and some had too many hydrogen atoms in the products.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron may be extracted from an ore containing Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in a blast furnace by reaction with coke, limestone and air. Aluminium is obtained by electrolysis of an ore containing Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the overall redox equation when carbon monoxide reduces Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to Fe.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Predict the magnetic properties of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in terms of the electron structure of the metal ion, giving your reasons.</p>
<p>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:<br><br></p>
<p>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:<br> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Molten alumina, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(l), was electrolysed by passing 2.00×10<sup>6</sup> C through the cell. Calculate the mass of aluminium produced, using sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe (l) + 3CO<sub>2</sub> (g)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:</em><br>paramagnetic<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>unpaired electrons present «so magnetic moments do not cancel out»</p>
<p><em>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:</em><br>diamagnetic<br><em><strong>AND</strong></em><br>no unpaired electrons/all electrons are paired «so magnetic moments cancel out»</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for “Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> paramagnetic <strong>AND</strong> Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> diamagnetic”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for “Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> unpaired electrons present <strong>AND</strong> Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> no unpaired electrons/all electrons are paired”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for “Magnetic moments do not cancel out in Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> but do in Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>”.</em></p>
<p><em>Unpaired and paired electrons may also be conveyed by orbital diagrams for the respective ions.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\(n\left( {\rm{e}} \right) = \frac{{2.00 \times {{10}^6}}}{{96500}}/20.7 \ll {\rm{mol}} \gg \)</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br><em>n</em>(Al)=\(\frac{1}{3}\)n(e)/6.91«mol»</p>
<p><em>m</em>(Al)=«6.91×26.98=»186«g»</p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for correct final answer for any value within the range 186–189 «g».</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The two diagrams below show the arrangement of molecules in two different types of polyethene, labelled <strong>A </strong>and <strong>B</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-25_om_06.17.13.png" alt="N12/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/C3"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Predict which type of polyethene (<strong>A </strong>or <strong>B</strong>) has the strongest intermolecular forces, highest density and greatest flexibility.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Strongest intermolecular forces:</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Highest density:</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) Greatest flexibility:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC), also known as poly(chloroethene), is hard and brittle when pure. Explain, in terms of intermolecular forces, how adding a plasticizer to PVC modifies the properties of the polymer.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <strong>A</strong>;</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <strong>A</strong>;</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <strong>B</strong>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">closely packed molecules with crystalline structure;</p>
<p class="p1">(plasticizers) separate the PVC molecules/polymer chains / disrupt crystalline structure;</p>
<p class="p1">decrease/weaken intermolecular forces/intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions/van der Waals’/London Dispersion;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept mention of H-bonding</em></p>
<p class="p1">makes it (PVC) softer/more flexible/more easily moulded;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates were able to score three marks in (a) and most gave a good account of (b). Many, however, neglected to mention intermolecular forces, specifically requested in the question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates were able to score three marks in (a) and most gave a good account of (b). Many, however, neglected to mention intermolecular forces, specifically requested in the question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Use high-density poly(ethene) and low-density poly(ethene) as examples to explain the difference that branching can make to the properties of a polymer.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">During the formation of poly(styrene), a volatile hydrocarbon such as pentane is often added. Describe how this affects the properties of the polymer and give <strong>one </strong>use for this product.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">in HDPE there is little branching / in LDPE there is branching/side chains;</p>
<p class="p1">long chains can pack closely together/have greater forces of attraction so (HDPE) is more dense/more rigid/stronger;</p>
<p class="p1">side chains make (LDPE) more flexible/ideal for film products (such as food wrapping);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept opposite statements for marking points 2 and 3.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">makes the polymer low density/good thermal insulator/expanded/softer/better shock absorber;</p>
<p class="p1">packaging/insulation;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if thermal insulation given for both answers.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates had difficulty explaining the difference between HDPE and LDPE in terms of branching. Many mixed up the branching and properties, for example stating that increased branching led to a higher density.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Part (b), which required candidates to explain why pentane is added to poly(styrene) to improve its thermal insulation properties, was also difficult for most candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The main ore used to produce aluminium by electrolysis is bauxite. Bauxite is mainly aluminium hydroxide, and contains iron(III) oxide and titanium(IV) oxide as impurities.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how pure aluminium oxide is obtained from bauxite.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why sodium hexafluoroaluminate, \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{Al}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\), (cryolite) is added to the aluminium oxide before electrolysis takes place to produce aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the positive and negative electrodes during the production of aluminium by electrolysis.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Before the introduction of the electrolytic method by Hall and Héroult in the 1880s it was very difficult to obtain aluminium metal from its ores. Suggest <strong>one </strong>way in which it was achieved.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The worldwide production of aluminium by electrolysis makes a significant impact on global warming. Suggest <strong>two </strong>different ways in which the process increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(bauxite) is reacted with (concentrated) sodium hydroxide/NaOH (solution at high temperature);</p>
<p>forms sodium aluminate / \({\text{Al(OH}}{{\text{)}}_3} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - } \to {\text{Al(OH)}}_4^ - \);</p>
<p><em>Accept both ionic and non-ionic equations and different, correct representations of the aluminate ion (Al(OH )</em><em><sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup></em><em>, AlO</em><em><sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup></em><em>).</em></p>
<p>solution is filtered / insoluble impurities removed (by filtration);</p>
<p>reaction reversed by cooling / diluting solution / adding water;</p>
<p><em>Accept passing CO</em><sub><em>2 </em></sub><em>through the solution.</em></p>
<p>mixture seeded with alumina crystals;</p>
<p>pure hydroxide precipitated / \({\text{Al(OH)}}_4^ - \to {\text{Al (OH}}{{\text{)}}_3} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }\);</p>
<p><em>Accept both ionic and non-ionic equations and different, correct representations of the aluminate ion (Al(OH)</em><em><sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup></em><em>, AlO</em><em><sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup></em><em>).</em></p>
<p>(pure) \({\text{Al(OH}}{{\text{)}}_3}\) heated / \({\text{2Al(OH}}{{\text{)}}_3} \to {\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for “Alumina is soluble in alkali, but impurities are not” / OWTTE.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">melting point of the cryolite solution is much lower than the melting point of alumina/Al<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>O<sub><span class="s1">3 </span></sub>/ it lowers the melting point (of the mixture);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do </em><span class="s2"><strong><em>not </em></strong></span><em>allow lowers melting point of aluminium.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do </em><span class="s2"><strong><em>not </em></strong></span><em>allow lowers required/operating temperature.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept improves conductivity of the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">electrolyte/aluminium oxide</span>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Positive electrode (anode)</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{2}}{{\text{O}}^{2 - }} \to {{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - }/{{\text{O}}^{2 - }} \to \frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }/{\text{C}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{O}}^{2 - }} \to {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode (cathode)</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }} + {\text{3}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{Al}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow e instead of e</em><sup><span class="s1"><em>–</em></span></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept multiples of the correct equations, such as 2Al<sup>3+</sup> + 6e<sup>– </sup></em>\( \to \) <em>2Al .</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if correct equations but at wrong electrodes.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">by reduction with a more reactive metal/metal above Al in electrochemical</p>
<p class="p1">series/ECS/reactivity series / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept equations for displacement reactions of Al</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>O</em><sub><span class="s2"><em>3 </em></span></sub><em>with more reactive metals.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">graphite/carbon electrodes converted/oxidized (into CO<sub>2</sub>);</p>
<p class="p1">the fossil fuels used to provide energy/transport (produce CO<sub>2</sub>);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This question was probably the worst answered question on the whole paper. In the first section many candidates confused the purification process with the electrolytic extraction and answers that scored any marks were rare. Many candidates knew the reasons for the addition of cryolite, but it was unusual to find both electrode equations correct and balanced. Hardly any had the lateral thinking skills to suggest displacement by a more reactive metal as a possible way of obtaining aluminium, but most students knew of at least one way in which aluminium production resulted in the emission of carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was probably the worst answered question on the whole paper. In the first section many candidates confused the purification process with the electrolytic extraction and answers that scored any marks were rare. Many candidates knew the reasons for the addition of cryolite, but it was unusual to find both electrode equations correct and balanced. Hardly any had the lateral thinking skills to suggest displacement by a more reactive metal as a possible way of obtaining aluminium, but most students knew of at least one way in which aluminium production resulted in the emission of carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was probably the worst answered question on the whole paper. In the first section many candidates confused the purification process with the electrolytic extraction and answers that scored any marks were rare. Many candidates knew the reasons for the addition of cryolite, but it was unusual to find both electrode equations correct and balanced. Hardly any had the lateral thinking skills to suggest displacement by a more reactive metal as a possible way of obtaining aluminium, but most students knew of at least one way in which aluminium production resulted in the emission of carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was probably the worst answered question on the whole paper. In the first section many candidates confused the purification process with the electrolytic extraction and answers that scored any marks were rare. Many candidates knew the reasons for the addition of cryolite, but it was unusual to find both electrode equations correct and balanced. Hardly any had the lateral thinking skills to suggest displacement by a more reactive metal as a possible way of obtaining aluminium, but most students knew of at least one way in which aluminium production resulted in the emission of carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was probably the worst answered question on the whole paper. In the first section many candidates confused the purification process with the electrolytic extraction and answers that scored any marks were rare. Many candidates knew the reasons for the addition of cryolite, but it was unusual to find both electrode equations correct and balanced. Hardly any had the lateral thinking skills to suggest displacement by a more reactive metal as a possible way of obtaining aluminium, but most students knew of at least one way in which aluminium production resulted in the emission of carbon dioxide.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Nanotechnology has expanded in the past 30 years.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Distinguish between the arrangement of carbon atoms at the sides and at the ends of carbon nanotubes.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Sides:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ends:</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why bundles of carbon nanotubes have high tensile strength.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss <strong>two </strong>concerns regarding the development of nanotechnology.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Sides:</em></p>
<p>(atoms arranged in) hexagons</p>
<p><strong><em>and</em></strong></p>
<p><em>Ends:</em></p>
<p>(atoms arranged in) pentagons (and hexagons);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">strong covalent/C–C</span> bonding (in the walls of the nanotubes) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>possible toxicity of small (airborne) particles;</p>
<p>explosive / small size/large surface area means dangerously fast reactions;</p>
<p>unknown health effects / immune system/allergy concerns;</p>
<p>uncertain impact on environment;</p>
<p>lack of public awareness about dangers;</p>
<p>increasing economic disparity between developed and developing nations;</p>
<p><em>Accept other valid concerns.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A correct definition of nanotechnology was often seen and many candidates knew the difference between the arrangement of carbon atoms at the sides and at the ends of carbon nanotubes. Reference to the presence of strong covalent bonding between the carbon atoms to explain the high tensile strength of the bundles of nanotubes was not seen in most scripts.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A correct definition of nanotechnology was often seen and many candidates knew the difference between the arrangement of carbon atoms at the sides and at the ends of carbon nanotubes. Reference to the presence of strong covalent bonding between the carbon atoms to explain the high tensile strength of the bundles of nanotubes was not seen in most scripts.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A correct definition of nanotechnology was often seen and many candidates knew the difference between the arrangement of carbon atoms at the sides and at the ends of carbon nanotubes. Reference to the presence of strong covalent bonding between the carbon atoms to explain the high tensile strength of the bundles of nanotubes was not seen in most scripts.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Poly(propene) has different forms. Isotactic poly(propene) is tough, while atactic poly(propene) is flexible.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the difference in the structure of the two polymers.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Isotactic:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Atactic:</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how the difference in structure results in the different properties of isotactic and atactic poly(propene).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Isotactic: </em>methyl groups all oriented on same side of polymer chain <strong>and</strong></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Atactic: </em>methyl groups oriented randomly;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Diagram alone is not sufficient – unless difference stated in words.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">closer packing of isotactic chains;</p>
<p class="p1">isotactic has stronger van der Waals’/London/dispersion/intermolecular forces (than atactic);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept opposite statements for atactic.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow vdW as abbreviation for van der Waals’ or FDL for London/dispersion</em><span class="s1"><em>.</em></span></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The orientations of methyl groups in isotactic and atactic poly(propene) were known by more than half of the candidates, but the explanations of the properties did not involve intermolecular forces for the majority of candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The orientations of methyl groups in isotactic and atactic poly(propene) were known by more than half of the candidates, but the explanations of the properties did not involve intermolecular forces for the majority of candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron acts as a catalyst in the chemical reactions below.</p>
<p>Reaction I, catalysed by \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\): \({{\text{S}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}_8^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2SO}}_4^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{I}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(aq)}}\)</p>
<p>Reaction II, catalysed by Fe(s): \({\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{2N}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{(g)}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the type of catalysis occurring in reaction I.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the mechanism by which each catalyst lowers the activation energy in the reactions above, and state a particular disadvantage of each type of catalysis.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_15.05.47.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/09.b"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>homogeneous;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_15.07.10.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/09.b/M"></p>
<p><em>Allow “prone to poisoning” as a disadvantage for either but not both.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Homogeneous catalysis was usually identified in part (a). In (b), few got the correct mechanism for \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\), namely the fact that there is a change in the oxidation state. The command term outline needs to be differentiated from state. Correct disadvantages were usually identified and for Fe(s) most knew that the mechanism involved reactants being adsorbed onto the surface. Outline is an objective 2 command term, as given on P.11 of the guide and equates to giving a brief account or summary. Hence simply stating heterogeneous for the mechanism was incorrect for Fe(s) for example. Candidates need to pay close attention to the command terms as part of their examination preparation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Homogeneous catalysis was usually identified in part (a). In (b), few got the correct mechanism for \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\), namely the fact that there is a change in the oxidation state. The command term outline needs to be differentiated from state. Correct disadvantages were usually identified and for Fe(s) most knew that the mechanism involved reactants being adsorbed onto the surface. Outline is an objective 2 command term, as given on P.11 of the guide and equates to giving a brief account or summary. Hence simply stating heterogeneous for the mechanism was incorrect for Fe(s) for example. Candidates need to pay close attention to the command terms as part of their examination preparation.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Liquid-crystal displays are used in many electronic appliances. The molecule below has liquid-crystal display properties.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-27_om_13.12.41.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/10"></p>
<p class="p1">Suggest <strong>three </strong>reasons why the molecule is suitable for use in liquid-crystal display devices.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">rod shape / rigid;</p>
<p class="p1">chemically stable (due to hydrocarbon rings and chain);</p>
<p class="p1">polar (due to the presence of F) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">can change orientation / rapid switching in electric field/when voltage is applied;</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Examiners reported an average understanding of liquid crystal properties.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between a <em>homogeneous </em>and a <em>heterogeneous </em>catalyst.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Other than cost, state <strong>one </strong>advantage and <strong>one </strong>disadvantage of using a homogeneous catalyst rather than a heterogeneous catalyst.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Advantage:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Disadvantage:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Other than selectivity and cost, list <strong>three </strong>factors which should be considered when choosing a catalyst for a particular industrial process.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">homogeneous catalyst is in the same phase/state as the reactants <span class="s1"><strong>and </strong></span>heterogeneous is in a different phase/state to the reactants;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Advantage</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">all catalyst exposed to reactants / does not depend on surface area / react more rapidly / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Disadvantage</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">difficult to remove from products;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept “Cannot always be used at high temperature”.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Apply ECF if C2. (a) the wrong way round.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">amount of reactant converted to product per amount of catalyst;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept efficiency / conversion rate.</em></p>
<p class="p1">ability to work under different/a range of conditions;</p>
<p class="p1">toxicity / environmental/health impact;</p>
<p class="p1">catalytic poisoning / active sites become blocked;</p>
<p class="p1">lifetime of catalyst;</p>
<p class="p1">ease of removal;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This question was relatively well tackled. Almost all knew the difference between the two types of catalysts, though many referred to “state” than the more correct “phase” and could not identify an advantage and a disadvantage and knew of at least some of the factors that need to be considered in decisions relating to the choice of a catalyst.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was relatively well tackled. Almost all knew the difference between the two types of catalysts, though many referred to “state” than the more correct “phase” and could not identify an advantage and a disadvantage and knew of at least some of the factors that need to be considered in decisions relating to the choice of a catalyst.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This question was relatively well tackled. Almost all knew the difference between the two types of catalysts, though many referred to “state” than the more correct “phase” and could not identify an advantage and a disadvantage and knew of at least some of the factors that need to be considered in decisions relating to the choice of a catalyst.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Liquid crystals are sometimes used in the construction of “smart windows”.</p>
<p class="p2">Smart windows are milky white as their randomly arranged liquid crystals scatter light. When a voltage is applied, the liquid crystals align in the same direction. The light then passes through them without scattering, making the windows transparent.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the property of the liquid-crystal molecules that allows them to align when a voltage is applied.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">List <strong>two </strong>substances that can behave as liquid crystals.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between <em>thermotropic </em>and <em>lyotropic </em>liquid crystals.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Thermotropic liquid crystals:</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Lyotropic liquid crystals:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">polarity / presence of dipole (moment);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Any two for </em><strong><em>[1]</em></strong></p>
<p class="p1">graphite</p>
<p class="p1">cellulose</p>
<p class="p1">(spider) silk</p>
<p class="p1">DNA</p>
<p class="p1">biphenyl nitriles</p>
<p class="p1">soap</p>
<p class="p1">Kevlar</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Thermotropic liquid crystals:</em></p>
<p class="p1">pure substances <strong>and </strong>exhibit liquid-crystal properties in a certain temperature range;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Lyotropic liquid crystals:</em></p>
<p class="p1">solutions <strong>and </strong>exhibit liquid-crystal properties in a certain concentration range;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for thermotropic pure substances and lyotropic solutions.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for thermotropic in a certain temperature range and lyotropic solutions in a certain concentration range.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The majority of candidates recognized polarity as the property of liquid crystals in part (a) and were able to give two substances that could act as liquid crystals in part (b).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The majority of candidates recognized polarity as the property of liquid crystals in part (a) and were able to give two substances that could act as liquid crystals in part (b).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates knew that thermotropic liquid crystals worked within a temperature range and lyotropic liquid crystals work within a concentration range in part (c), but only few candidates distinguished between the two types fully.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">In order to make waste water acceptable for drinking, it is treated in a series of steps to remove hazardous substances.</p>
<p class="p1">Tertiary treatment removes phosphates, nitrates and heavy metal ions from water.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">State an ionic equation, including the state symbols, to show how hydrogen sulfide gas, \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S(g)}}\), is able to remove mercury(II) ions, \({\text{H}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\), when it is bubbled through a water sample.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">\({\text{H}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{S}}^{2 - }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{HgS(s)}}/{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S(g)}} + {\text{H}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{HgS(s)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}/\)</p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S(aq)}} + {\text{H}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{HgS(s)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p class="p1">correctly balanced equation;</p>
<p class="p1">correct state symbols;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Neither mark can be awarded for an incorrect equation.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Part a), relating to the reaction precipitating mercury sulfide, was very challenging and arguably marginal to the syllabus and as a result hardly any students gained any marks; unbalanced equations, especially yielding hydrogen as a product, proliferated. The process of eutrophication was better known, but many students incorrectly attributed the depletion of oxygen to the excessive growth of plants and algae rather than their subsequent death and decay.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Aluminium and its alloys are widely used in industry.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Aluminium metal is obtained by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in molten cryolite.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain the function of the molten cryolite.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the half-equations for the reactions that take place at each electrode.</p>
<p class="p1">Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p class="p1">Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline <strong>two </strong>different ways that carbon dioxide may be produced during the production of aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">melting point of the cryolite solution is much lower than the melting point of alumina/Al<span class="s1">2</span>O<span class="s1">3 </span>/ it lowers the melting point of the mixture / cell operates at lower temperature;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow lowers melting point or lowers melting point of aluminium oxide.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow lowers melting point of aluminium.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Positive electrode</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{2}}{{\text{O}}^{2 - }} \to {{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - }/{{\text{O}}^{2 - }} \to \frac{1}{2}{{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Negative electrode</em>:</p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }} + {\text{3}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{Al}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for correct equations but wrong electrodes.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow e instead of </em>\({e^ - }\).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">use of fossil fuels (to provide energy);</p>
<p class="p1">oxidation of the (graphite) positive electrode/anode;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was either answered very well or very poorly.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Only the best candidates could state half-equations for the electrolysis of aluminium.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many candidates scored one mark out of two for outlining how carbon dioxide may be produced during aluminium production in (b). C.1.10 states that candidates should know the environmental impacts of aluminium production.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Cracking is the process by which long-chain alkanes found in oil are broken down into smaller molecules.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The following reaction occurs during the cracking of tetradecane, \({{\text{C}}_{{\text{14}}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{30}}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{C}}_{14}}{{\text{H}}_{30}}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{C}}_{10}}{{\text{H}}_{22}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Suggest a use for each of the products formed in the reaction.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{C}}_{{\text{10}}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{22}}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the main type of product obtained from steam cracking.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Catalytic cracking uses silica as a heterogeneous catalyst. Explain the mode of action of a heterogeneous catalyst.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>advantage of using a heterogeneous catalyst rather than a homogeneous catalyst.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss <strong>two </strong>factors that need to be considered when choosing a catalyst for a process.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>C</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>10</em></span></sub><em>H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>22</em></span></sub><em>: </em>gasoline/petrol / fuel / kerosene;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not allow just combustion or cars.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow gas for cars/automobiles instead of gasoline but not gas alone.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>C</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>4</em></span></sub><em>: </em>chemical feedstock / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept suitable example such as manufacturing plastics/polymers but not just plastics.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">alkenes;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">solid surface has active sites / reactants adsorb on solid surface;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept absorb instead of adsorb.</em></p>
<p class="p1">brings reactants close together in correct orientation;</p>
<p class="p1">weakens reactant bonds / reactants bonds are easier to break;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">can be easily removed/filtered from reaction mixture / large amount of reactant molecules pass over catalyst that is in a fixed position / can be used at high temperatures;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">selectivity to produce (a high yield of) the desired product / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">extent to which rate of reaction is increased/<em>E</em><span class="s1">a </span>is lowered;</p>
<p class="p1">amount of reactant converted to product per amount of catalyst;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept efficiency / conversion rate.</em></p>
<p class="p1">ability to work under different/a range of conditions;</p>
<p class="p1">environmental/health impact;</p>
<p class="p1">catalytic poisoning / active sites become blocked;</p>
<p class="p1">cost in relation to life expectancy / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">ease of removal from reaction mixture;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Less than half of the candidates knew the uses of the products of cracking in (a) and very few candidates knew the product of steam cracking in (b).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Less than half of the candidates knew the uses of the products of cracking in (a) and very few candidates knew the product of steam cracking in (b).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The mode of action of heterogeneous catalysts was also not well answered. The majority of candidates wrote about catalysts in general gaining no marks on part (c).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Parts (d) and (e) about the advantage of heterogeneous catalysts over homogeneous catalysts, and factors to be considered when selecting a catalyst were well answered by the majority of candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Parts (d) and (e) about the advantage of heterogeneous catalysts over homogeneous catalysts, and factors to be considered when selecting a catalyst were well answered by the majority of candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Cholesteryl benzoate was one of the first liquid crystals studied.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-11_om_05.17.24.png" alt="m15/4/CHEMI/SP3/eng/TZ2/12"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the structural feature of cholesteryl benzoate which makes it suitable for use as a liquid crystal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest the essential feature a liquid-crystal molecule must have so that the display can be turned “on” and “off”.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>rigid / rod-shaped;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>polar (group/molecule);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates knew the essential feature that a liquid-crystal molecule must have for the display being turned off and on but the description of the principles of a liquid-crystal display device was often poorly presented and not clearly understood.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates knew the essential feature that a liquid-crystal molecule must have for the display being turned off and on but the description of the principles of a liquid-crystal display device was often poorly presented and not clearly understood.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There is much debate about the need for laws to regulate research and development into nanotechnology.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Define the term <em>nanotechnology</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss <strong>two</strong> concerns about its development and use.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(research/technology development at) 1–100 nm (range);</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for any one of:</em></p>
<p>creates/uses structures with novel properties (because of their small size) / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>builds on ability to control/manipulate at atomic scale / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>explosive / small size/large surface area means very fast reactions at possibly dangerous levels;</p>
<p>unknown health effects / immune system/allergy concerns;</p>
<p>industry not concerned about impact of product;</p>
<p>lack of public awareness about dangers;</p>
<p>nanoparticle waste products may require new methods of disposal;</p>
<p>nanoweapons more difficult to detect than conventional weapons (resulting in weapons of mass destruction);</p>
<p>possible toxicity (of small airborne particles);</p>
<p><em>Do not allow just “may cause environmental destruction”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept other valid concerns.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept OWTTE throughout.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Both parts of question 12 were reasonably well answered, though a small minority of candidates either did not give the 1-100 nm range or failed to give correct units here. In (b) some vague answers such as “may cause environmental destruction” were cited, which did not score.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Both parts of question 12 were reasonably well answered, though a small minority of candidates either did not give the 1-100 nm range or failed to give correct units here. In (b) some vague answers such as “may cause environmental destruction” were cited, which did not score.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>In 1989 Don Eigler and his team carried out one of the first experiments in nanotechnology.</p>
<p>They spelled out the IBM logo with 35 xenon atoms.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-10_om_16.30.22.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/09"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the technique used to manipulate the atoms in this way.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The atomic radius of xenon is \(1.36 \times {10^{ - 10}}{\text{ m}}\). Estimate the approximate length, in m, of the “I” in the original IBM image.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>physical;</p>
<p>atoms placed in specific positions;</p>
<p>using a scanning tunnelling microscope/STM / atomic/scanning force microscope/AFM/SFM;</p>
<p><em>Accept “using a scanning probe/device/instrument”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>any value in the range \({10^{ - 9}}-{10^{ - 8}}{\text{ (m)}}\);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Manipulating the atoms using an atomic force microscope was not well known.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>With the help of the given diagram some candidates were able to estimate a reasonable length. The range of length accepted in the markscheme was generous.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Landfill sites are used to dispose of about 90% of the world’s domestic waste, but incineration is being increasingly used in some countries.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest why some biodegradable plastics do not decompose in landfill sites.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">High-level and low-level wastes are two types of radioactive waste. Compare the half-lives and the methods of disposal of the two types of waste.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">limited supply of oxygen (prevents the bacteria from acting);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept air.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">high-level waste has longer half-life / low-level waste has shorter half-life;</p>
<p class="p1">high-level waste is vitrified/made into glass/buried underground/in granite/in deep mines/under water/in steel containers/in cooling ponds / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">low-level waste is stored under water/in steel containers/in cooling ponds/filtered/discharged directly into sea / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept cooling ponds/steel containers/under water/concrete containers only once.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was generally well done although few realised that oxygen was needed for the decomposition of the plastics in landfill sites.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">This was generally well done although few realised that oxygen was needed for the decomposition of the plastics in landfill sites.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There has been a shift in the use of crude oil (petroleum) away from its use as an energy source and towards its use as a chemical feedstock.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons for this shift.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A lot of feedstock is used in the production of plastics. Discuss <strong>two </strong>advantages and <strong>one </strong>disadvantage of using plastic for packaging instead of cardboard.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Two advantages:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>One disadvantage:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>increasing cost of oil (relative to other energy sources);</p>
<p>limited supply (of petroleum);</p>
<p>other sources of energy available / alternative energy sources;</p>
<p>(use as a raw material) reduces/delays greenhouse gas/global warming/climate change problems;</p>
<p>concerns about greenhouse gases/climate change causing changes in behaviour <em>/ OWTTE;</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept just </em>“<em>greenhouse gases/climate change</em>”<em>;</em></p>
<p>products from raw materials can be recycled / fuels cannot be recycled;</p>
<p>increasing demand as raw material from continued economic growth/demand for wider variety of products;</p>
<p>more profit to be made (by using as raw material);</p>
<p>reduced availability of other sources of hydrocarbons;</p>
<p><em>Accept political factors, such as “conflicts disrupting production”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Advantages:</em></p>
<p><em>Any two for </em><strong><em>[2 max] </em></strong><em>of:</em></p>
<p>waterproof so strong when wet;</p>
<p>can be transparent so contents can be seen;</p>
<p>better insulates the item it is packing if expanded plastic/bubble wrap used;</p>
<p>can be vacuum sealed to exclude air/keep food fresh;</p>
<p>better protection against knocks as it can be moulded to fit the item;</p>
<p><em>Disadvantages:</em></p>
<p><em>Any one of:</em></p>
<p>uses valuable petroleum resources which are non-renewable;</p>
<p>(may) not be burned safely because toxic gases are produced;</p>
<p>(may) not be bio-degradable/recyclable so will linger in landfill;</p>
<p><em>Accept other valid answers for both advantages and disadvantages.</em></p>
<p><em>Each answer must be qualified.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates did achieve at least one mark, usually referring to the increasing demand of crude oil as a raw material linked to demand for wider variety of products. Any other reasons were often inadequately communicated. There were many responses referring to the ‘production of greenhouse gases’ with no further qualification with respect to the shift in behaviour. The second part of this question produced answers which often failed to precisely address the advantages and disadvantages of the use of plastics versus cardboard specifically for packaging.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates did achieve at least one mark, usually referring to the increasing demand of crude oil as a raw material linked to demand for wider variety of products. Any other reasons were often inadequately communicated. There were many responses referring to the ‘production of greenhouse gases’ with no further qualification with respect to the shift in behaviour. The second part of this question produced answers which often failed to precisely address the advantages and disadvantages of the use of plastics versus cardboard specifically for packaging.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Steel is a vital structural material in modern society. Some of it is obtained from recycled iron and steel, but much of it is produced from iron ore using a blast furnace.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>negative impact that the production of iron and steel has on the environment.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">waste rock from mining / airborne ash from blast furnace / the mine destroys the (natural) environment / uses energy resources / acid rain / carbon dioxide / greenhouse gas emissions;</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Many students confused the conversion of iron to steel with the smelting of iron ore. A significant number seemed to have memorised a method of heat treatment of steel and many could indentify ways in which the iron and steel industry has an environmental impact.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">State <strong>three </strong>factors which need to be considered when an industrial catalyst is chosen. In <strong>each</strong> case explain why they are important.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">This was related to assessment statement C.4.3. It proved to be challenging; candidates did not show a good understanding and answers were not well organized.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">selectivity – does the catalyst give a good yield of the desired compound / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">efficiency – how much faster does the reaction occur/reach equilibrium / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">economic – cost / how long the catalyst will last / how easily is it poisoned / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">environmental impact – toxicity / regeneration / recyclability/ease of separation of catalyst from reaction mixture / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1">versatility – ability to work under a range of conditions / ability to work with a range of substances / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for any three correct factors without explanation.</em></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Liquid crystals are widely used in devices such as calculators, laptop computers and advanced optical materials.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Describe the meaning of the term liquid crystals and state which of the representations below (A, B or C) best describes molecules present in the liquid-crystalline phase.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-18_om_12.17.43.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/10.a.i"></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Deduce, with reasoning, which of the following substance(s) is/are most likely to show liquid-crystalline behaviour.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Substance I:</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-18_om_12.43.12.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/10.a.ii.01"></p>
<p>Liquid-crystalline behaviour (yes/no):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Reasoning:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Substance II:</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-18_om_12.44.14.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/10.a.ii.02"></p>
<p>Liquid-crystalline behaviour (yes/no):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Reasoning:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Substance III:</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-18_om_12.45.23.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/10.a.ii.03"></p>
<p>Liquid-crystalline behaviour (yes/no):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Reasoning:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Suggest why octane does not show liquid-crystalline behaviour.</p>
<div class="marks">[6]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State <strong>one </strong>difference between thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Identify, by stating yes or no, the substance(s) which show(s) thermotropic liquid crystalline behaviour.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-18_om_12.51.57.png" alt="M14/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/10.b.ii"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) (LCs are) fluids that exhibit molecular orientation/orderly molecular arrangement <strong>and </strong>A;</p>
<p><em>Accept LCs show properties of liquids and crystals simultaneously </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>A.</em></p>
<p>(ii) <em>I: </em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">no</span>, since ionic (so high mp) / lacks long axis;</p>
<p><em>Allow <span style="text-decoration: underline;">no</span> since it is not a molecule/not rod-shaped.</em></p>
<p><em>II: </em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">yes</span>, since has long axis present (so limits ability of molecules to pack lowering mp);</p>
<p><em>Allow <span style="text-decoration: underline;">yes</span> since rod-shaped.</em></p>
<p>has polar functional group / is polar (increasing intermolecular interactions) / (planar/flat) benzene ring present (assists stacking);</p>
<p><em>III: </em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">no</span>, since lacks long axis;</p>
<p><em>Allow <span style="text-decoration: underline;">no</span> since non-polar.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow <span style="text-decoration: underline;">no</span> since not rod-shaped.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for stating II only will show LC behaviour </em><strong><em>OR </em></strong><em>I: No, II: Yes </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>III: No.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2 max] </em></strong><em>if </em><strong><em>one </em></strong><em>correct reason is given for </em><strong><em>each </em></strong><em>substance but LC behaviour is either incorrect or not given.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[3 max] </em></strong><em>if correct reasons are given for all three substances, but LC behaviour is either incorrect or not given.</em></p>
<p>(iii) (free) rotation about carbon-carbon single bonds (hence greater flexibility) so octane molecules not rod-shaped / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Do not allow mark for non-polar (molecule) only.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) <em>Thermotropic: </em>pure substances <strong>and </strong><em>lyotropic: </em>solutions / <em>thermotropic:</em> show LC behaviour over limited temperature range (between solid and liquid states) <strong>and </strong><em>lyotropic: </em>shows LC behaviour at certain concentrations;</p>
<p>(ii) <strong>X</strong>: yes <strong>and Y</strong>: no <strong>and Z</strong>: yes;</p>
<p><em>Award mark if no is stated only for </em><strong><em>Y </em></strong><em>or yes is only stated for </em><strong><em>X </em></strong><em>and </em><strong><em>Z</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This proved to be the most challenging question in option C. Candidates were able to identify A as the molecules present in the liquid-crystalline phase but were unable to describe the state for part (a)(i). Majority of the candidates were not able to score more than two marks for part (ii). Most were unable to identify substance I as ionic and substance II was often identified as ‘yes’ but without sound support. For (a)(iii), again students struggled with explicit sound reasoning. Response for (a)(iii) was poor with most stating non-polar as the reason for inability of octane to show liquid-crystalline behavior. Very few candidates were able to identify and explain if molecules will behave as a liquid crystal. Majority of the candidates were unable to score the point. Candidates were able to state the difference between the two liquid crystals in (b)(i) correctly but were not able to apply the information correctly in (b)(ii) to identify which substances shoe thermotropic liquid-crystalline behaviour.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This proved to be the most challenging question in option C. Candidates were able to identify A as the molecules present in the liquid-crystalline phase but were unable to describe the state for part (a)(i). Majority of the candidates were not able to score more than two marks for part (ii). Most were unable to identify substance I as ionic and substance II was often identified as ‘yes’ but without sound support. For (a)(iii), again students struggled with explicit sound reasoning. Response for (a)(iii) was poor with most stating non-polar as the reason for inability of octane to show liquid-crystalline behavior. Very few candidates were able to identify and explain if molecules will behave as a liquid crystal. Majority of the candidates were unable to score the point. Candidates were able to state the difference between the two liquid crystals in (b)(i) correctly but were not able to apply the information correctly in (b)(ii) to identify which substances shoe thermotropic liquid-crystalline behaviour.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Aluminium is the most abundant metal on Earth and its alloys are widely used.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe what is meant by the term <em>alloy</em>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the main improvement made to the properties of aluminium when it is alloyed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">homogeneous</span> mixture of metals/metal(s) and non-metal(s);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">increase in aluminium’s strength;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates did not gain the mark for alloys in part (b) because they did not state that the mixture was homogeneous which was needed for the mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The majority of candidates knew that alloying aluminium increased its strength in part (c).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethene are both polymers made from crude oil.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why PVC is less flexible than polyethene.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State how PVC can be made more flexible during its manufacture and explain the increase in flexibility on a molecular level.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">PVC can exist in isotactic and atactic forms. Draw the structure of the isotactic form showing a chain of at least six carbon atoms.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">C–Cl bond / molecule is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">polar</span>;</p>
<p class="p1">stronger intermolecular/van der Waals’/London/dispersion forces/dipole-dipole attraction;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">addition of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">plasticizers</span>;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow misspelling within reason.</em></p>
<p class="p1">get between polymer chains / keeps chains further apart <span class="s1"><strong>and </strong></span>reduces attraction (between the chains);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-06_om_10.41.03.png" alt="N09/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/C2.c/M"> ;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept any structure with all the Cl atoms shown on the same side.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Continuation bonds at end of structure not needed.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Hydrogen atoms must be included.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most answers in (a) did not mention the polarity of the C–Cl bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The explanation of PVC's flexibility in (b) did not usually refer to the polymer chains being pushed apart.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A significant number of candidates drew the isotactic form of polypropene instead of PVC in response to (c).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Thermotropic liquid crystals are widely used in display devices and sensors.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The structure of a material used in electrical display devices is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-10_om_15.43.07.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/08.b"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The diagram below shows eight molecules in the liquid state. Suggest, with a diagram, a possible arrangement that these rod-shaped molecules could adopt in the nematic liquid-crystal phase.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-10_om_15.46.36.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/08.a"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest, with reference to the structure, why the molecule is able to change orientation in an electric field.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how the C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub> chain contributes to the liquid-crystal properties of the compound.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why a liquid-crystal device may be unreliable at low temperatures.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-10_om_15.49.01.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/08.a/M"></p>
<p>diagram should have molecules with a parallel alignment in any direction (not just upwards);</p>
<p>diagram should have molecules in an irregular arrangement in space;</p>
<p><em>Ignore relative separation between molecules.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if number of molecules < 7.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if stated “molecules align parallel to each other but with an irregular arrangement in space / OWTTE” but with no diagram drawn.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow the representation of molecules by lines.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>polar/dipole moment due to the presence of C\( \equiv \)N (bond) / difference in electronegativity between C and N;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>prevents close packing of molecules / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>makes the molecule (longer and) more rod-like;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>molecules become more ordered / molecules unable to change orientation (as they approach fixed arrangement of solid state) / molecules move slower / viscosity (of medium) increases (so LCD response time increases);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Well answered by many, although some candidates left the question blank. Candidates were more likely to align molecules in the same direction, but only some of them kept the arrangement of the molecules random and hence received the second mark.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The majority recognized that the alignment is due to the polarity, but only a few candidates attributed that to the CN bond.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Quite well answered about the role of the pentyl group in the liquid-crystal properties of the compound.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>The better students were able to explain why a liquid-crystal device is unreliable at low temperature.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Aluminium is an important metal to modern society.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Aluminium is often used to produce lightweight alloys for use in the aerospace industry.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Describe the production of aluminium from its purified ore. Explain the role of cryolite and deduce the equations for the reactions occurring at the two electrodes.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Production of aluminium:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Role of cryolite:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Outline why aluminium was not available in large quantities before 1900.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State <strong>one </strong>advantage of using an alloy rather than the pure metal.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Outline why the range of metals alloyed with aluminium for this use is very limited.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>one</strong> possible environmental impact that can result from the large-scale production of aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) <em>Production of aluminium</em>:</p>
<p>electrolysis of molten alumina/aluminium oxide/\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\);</p>
<p><em>Role of cryolite</em>:</p>
<p>(molten) cryolite (saves money due to) lower operating temperature / solvent with a lower melting point (than aluminium oxide);</p>
<p><em>Accept lowers the melting point of aluminium oxide.</em></p>
<p><em>Negative electrode (cathode)</em>:</p>
<p>\({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }}{\text{(l)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{Al(l)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Positive electrode (anode)</em>:</p>
<p>\({\text{2}}{{\text{O}}^{2 - }}{\text{(l)}} \to {{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p><em>Allow e for e</em><sup><em>–</em></sup><em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p><em>Penalize use of equilibrium sign once only.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for M3 and M4 if correct equations are given but at the wrong electrodes.</em></p>
<p>(ii) no electricity / electricity not widely available before 1900;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) to control/improve properties / alloys are stronger/more durable/less reactive/less malleable/less ductile than pure metals;</p>
<p>(ii) only a small number of metals have low densities / many low density metals are too reactive / alloys need presence of other metallic atoms of slightly different size (few metals like this);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(purification of ore produces) waste \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}\)/iron(III) oxide/red mud;</p>
<p>carbon dioxide/ \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}\) from burning electrodes;</p>
<p>environmental impacts of power generation;</p>
<p>aluminium production a significant contributor to global warming;</p>
<p>mining the ore damages the landscape/local ecology;</p>
<p>generation of fluorides/polyfluorinated carbons/fluorine containing waste products;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Many candidates understood the principles behind the production of aluminium and the role of the cryolite, although not always managing to state the principles accurately to be able to score the first two marks, but many candidates showed weakness in writing the correct half-equations at the correct electrodes. </p>
<p>(ii) About half of the candidates stated the there was no electricity available at that time.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) More than half of the candidates were able to give an advantage of using an alloy over using the pure metal. A few candidates stated the misconception that alloys were less brittle than pure metals.</p>
<p>(ii) Some candidates offered sensible suggestions mainly focusing on the importance of finding a low density metal.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Quite well answered. Not many candidates discussed the impact of the purification of the bauxite or its mining. Candidates focused on the impact of the generation of large amounts of electricity and global warming.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The large-scale production of iron is important for the industrial development of many countries.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Magnetite, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, is a common ore of iron. Calculate the average oxidation state of iron in the compound and comment on your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the reduction of this ore to iron with carbon monoxide.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why iron is obtained from its ores using chemical reducing agents but aluminium is obtained using electrolysis.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\( + \frac{8}{3}/ + 2\frac{2}{3}\) ;</p>
<p><em>Accept </em><em>+</em><em>2.7 but not +3.</em></p>
<p>+2 <strong>and </strong>+3 / contains two (or more) iron ions with different oxidation states / contains \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{{\text{2}} + }}\) <strong>and </strong>\({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{{\text{3}} + }}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept II and III oxidation number notation for oxidation states but not 2</em><em>+ </em><em>and 3</em><em>+</em> <em>unless ions are referred to explicitly.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “contains different iron compounds/FeO </em><strong><em>and </em></strong><em>Fe</em><sub><em>2</em></sub><em>O</em><sub><em>3</em></sub><em>”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>\({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_3}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{4CO(g)}} \to {\text{3Fe(l)}} + {\text{4C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept “Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(s) + CO(g) </em>\( \to \)<em> 3FeO(s) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) </em><strong><em>and</em></strong></p>
<p><em>FeO(s) + CO(g) </em>\( \to \)<em> Fe(l ) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g)”.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Al is more reactive than Fe / Al is higher than Fe in the reactivity series / Al is a stronger reducing agent / it is harder to reduce aluminium ores compared to iron ores / \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}/{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\) is a stronger oxidizing agent / \({\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }}\) has a very negative E° value;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>This was a challenging question but some candidates managed to calculate the average oxidation state of iron as +8/3, and very few were able to deduce that both +2 and +3 oxidation states were present in the ore.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>It was disappointing that most candidates could not give a correct equation for the reduction, considering that both reactants and one product are already given in the question.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Some candidates gave the higher reactivity of aluminium as the reason why it could not be extracted by the use of reducing agents.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Compare the positional and directional order in a crystalline solid, nematic phase liquid crystal and a pure liquid. Show your answer by stating <strong>yes </strong>or <strong>no </strong>in the table below.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-20_om_06.07.28.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/02"></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-20_om_06.08.20.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/C4.a/M"></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Need all three across table for each mark. </em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">The positional and directional order were generally compared correctly.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The development and application of plastics was one of the most important technological developments of the last century.</p>
<p>The diagram below represents a section of a polymer.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-10_om_17.36.41.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/10"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the <strong>two </strong>functional groups in the monomer from which this polymer is manufactured.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>An expanded form of the plastic is often used in packaging. Describe how this is manufactured.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss <strong>two </strong>advantages and <strong>one </strong>disadvantage of using the expanded form as a packaging material.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Two advantages:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>One disadvantage:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>alkenyl/C=C <strong>and </strong>phenyl/–\({{\text{C}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{H}}_5}\);</p>
<p><em>Accept alkene and benzene ring/aromatic ring/arene but not benzene.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>pentane/volatile hydrocarbon added (during polymerization process);</p>
<p>heating causes pentane/volatile hydrocarbon to evaporate/vaporize/produce bubbles of gas (expanding the polystyrene);</p>
<p><em>Accept other suitable <span style="text-decoration: underline;">identified</span> blowing agents such as carbon dioxide</em>.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Advantages:</em></p>
<p><strong><em>Any two </em></strong><em>for </em><strong><em>[2 max]</em></strong><em>:</em></p>
<p>low/reduced density;</p>
<p><em>Accept “small mass”.</em></p>
<p><em>Do not accept “light”.</em></p>
<p>can be shaped (around object);</p>
<p>good shock absorber;</p>
<p>insulator;</p>
<p><em>Disadvantage:</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1] </em></strong><em>for disadvantage:</em></p>
<p>disposal takes up a lot of space (in landfill);</p>
<p><em>Accept “non-biodegradable/polluting/hazardous to wildlife”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Some candidates identified two functional groups in the monomer. </p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>About half of the candidates described how the expanded form of the plastic could be manufactured.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most candidates were able to score one or two marks. “Good shock absorber” was a popular answer. Candidates should be encouraged to use precise terminology such as “has low density” instead of “light”.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Modern society is very dependent on electrical power for portable devices.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Two common rechargeable batteries are lead-acid and nickel-cadmium (NiCad) batteries.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) State equations for the reactions that occur at each electrode in a <strong>lead-acid battery</strong> when it delivers a current.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (cathode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (anode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State equations for the reactions that occur at each electrode in a <strong>nickel-cadmium (NiCad) battery </strong>when it delivers a current.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (cathode):</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (anode):</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Another source of power for portable devices is the fuel cell. Compare fuel cells with lead-acid rechargeable batteries, stating one similarity and two differences.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Similarity:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Differences:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) <em>Lead-acid</em>:</p>
<p><em>Positive electrode (cathode)</em>:</p>
<p>\({\text{Pb}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{SO}}_4^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{4}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{PbS}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\) /</p>
<p>\({\text{Pb}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{HSO}}_4^ - {\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{PbS}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Negative electrode (anode)</em>:</p>
<p>\({\text{Pb(s)}} + {\text{SO}}_4^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{PbS}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\) /</p>
<p>\({\text{Pb(s)}} + {\text{HSO}}_4^ - {\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{PbS}}{{\text{O}}_4}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } + {{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Allow e for e</em><sup><em>– </em></sup><em>throughout.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if correct equations are given but at the wrong electrodes.</em></p>
<p>(ii) <em>NiCad</em>:</p>
<p><em>Positive electrode (cathode)</em>:</p>
<p>\({\text{NiO(OH)(s)}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{Ni(OH}}{{\text{)}}_2}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Negative electrode (anode)</em>:</p>
<p>\({\text{Cd(s)}} + {\text{2O}}{{\text{H}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{Cd(OH}}{{\text{)}}_2}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - }\);</p>
<p><em>Allow e for e</em><sup><em>– </em></sup><em>throughout.</em></p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if correct equations are given but at the wrong electrodes.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Similarity</em>:</p>
<p>(both) convert chemical energy to electrical energy / (both are) voltaic cells;</p>
<p><em>Differences</em>:</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2 max] </em></strong><em>for any two</em>.</p>
<p>rechargeable batteries employ reversible reactions while fuel cells have irreversible reactions;</p>
<p>fuel cells work non-stop while rechargeable batteries take time to recharge;</p>
<p>fuel cells need a constant supply of reactants/fuel while rechargeable batteries do not need any other substances;</p>
<p>fuel cells convert energy <strong>and </strong>rechargeable batteries store energy;</p>
<p>fuel cell products must be constantly removed but not for rechargeable batteries;</p>
<p>fuel cells are less polluting/more expensive/weigh less/last longer (than lead-acid rechargeable batteries);</p>
<p>fuel cells have inert/Pt electrodes/components while lead-acid rechargeable batteries have active/non-inert/Pb and \({\text{Pb}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) electrodes;</p>
<p>fuel cells run at higher temperatures than rechargeable batteries;</p>
<p>fuel cells are less portable than rechargeable batteries / fuel cells require pumps/cooling systems while rechargeable batteries do not;</p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[2 max] </em></strong><em>if three valid points (one similarity and two differences) are given </em><em>without comparison and </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>if two valid points are given without comparison.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) Poorly answered even by strong candidates. Very few candidates gave the correct equations for the reactions occurring at the electrodes of a lead-acid battery.</p>
<p>(ii) This part-question was also poorly answered with very few candidates scoring one out of the two possible marks.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates scored at least one mark, but many answers only reflected a shallow understanding of fuel cells and lead-acid batteries. Quite a few candidates are still neglecting to satisfy the demands of the “compare” command term that requires reference to both items in every point of comparison.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Iron ore can be reduced in a blast furnace.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-27_om_07.36.06.png" alt="N13/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/08"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The properties of a metal can be altered by alloying or heat treatment.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Explain why alloying can modify the structure and properties of a metal.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">(alloying element(s)) atoms/ions have different size;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow suitable diagram.</em></p>
<p class="p1">disrupts regular/repeating (metal) lattice;</p>
<p class="p1">difficult for one layer to slide over another / added atoms/ions smaller than metal atoms/ions can fit into the (holes of) metal lattice disrupting bonding;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>If “particles” is penalised in M1, allow “particles” in M3</em>.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not award mark for different or unique properties of alloys</em>.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">The common errors in (a) were to give a formula rather than the name of an ore and to add it at R. Whilst part (ii) was generally answered correctly it was slightly alarming to see oxygen given from time to time. Few seemed to know the equation of the reaction primarily responsible for the temperature of 1900 °C. Slag was usually correctly identified in (c) but the equations given seldom started from the raw material, \({\text{CaC}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}\). Part (d) was often answered successfully whilst candidates were generally unable to earn both marks in (e) (i). Most understood the effect of tempering on steel.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Iron is extracted from its ore by reduction in a blast furnace.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p>State an equation for the reaction by which iron (III) oxide, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, is reduced to iron in the blast furnace.</p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>\({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{3CO(g)}} \to {\text{2Fe(l)}} + {\text{3C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}/{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{(g)}} \to {\text{2Fe(l)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(g)}}\) /</p>
<p>\({\text{2F}}{{\text{e}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{3C(s)}} \to {\text{4Fe(l)}} + {\text{3C}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(g)}}/{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}_2}{{\text{O}}_3}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{3C(s)}} \to {\text{2Fe(l)}} + {\text{3CO(g)}}\);</p>
<p><em>Ignore state symbols.</em></p>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question">
<p>It was pleasing to see a good number of correctly balanced equations here. The precise explanation of how alloying of steel affects physical properties was rarely seen. The correct description of how quenched steel is tempered was rarely seen with the most common answer being heated and rapidly cooled.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Liquid crystals are widely used in displays.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the meaning of the term liquid crystals.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>When a liquid-crystal display is warmed with a hairdryer, the display loses its clarity and may no longer be visible. Explain why this happens on a molecular level.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>fluids that have physical properties dependent on molecular orientation/orderly molecular arrangement;</p>
<p><em>Allow “fluids that exhibit molecular orientation/orderly molecular arrangement”.</em></p>
<p><em>Allow “(LCs) show properties of liquids and crystals simultaneously”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>thermal agitation disrupts directional order of liquid crystal / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p>rotation of plane polarized light disrupted / crystals no longer have ability to affect light in same way / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>An understanding of liquid crystals was generally conveyed. Some candidates stated that liquid crystals show properties of liquids and solids simultaneously which did not score as they did not mention the crystalline state explicitly for solids. In (b) only the really top-tier candidates were able to explain the question asked on a molecular level, i.e. the fact that thermal agitation disrupts the directional order of the liquid crystal and as a result the rotation of plane polarized light is disrupted. This question proved to be possibly one of the hardest questions on the paper overall for candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>An understanding of liquid crystals was generally conveyed. Some candidates stated that liquid crystals show properties of liquids and solids simultaneously which did not score as they did not mention the crystalline state explicitly for solids. In (b) only the really top-tier candidates were able to explain the question asked on a molecular level, i.e. the fact that thermal agitation disrupts the directional order of the liquid crystal and as a result the rotation of plane polarized light is disrupted. This question proved to be possibly one of the hardest questions on the paper overall for candidates.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The two major acids that cause acid rain originate from different sources.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State an equation that shows why rain water is naturally acidic.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Outline the process responsible for the production of each acid and state an equation to show its formation.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Acid rain has caused damage to limestone buildings and marble statues. State an equation to represent the reaction of acid rain with limestone or marble.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}/{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}} \rightleftharpoons {{\text{H}}^ + } + {\text{HCO}}_3^ - \);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not penalize absence of reversible sign.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept CO<sub>2 </sub></em>+ <em>H<sub>2</sub>O </em>\( \to \) <em>2H<sup>+ </sup></em>+ <em>CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1"><em>Acid 1:</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{(HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{/HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{)}}\) high temperature in internal combustion/jet engine;</p>
<p class="p1">reaction between \({{\text{N}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) at high temperature/lightning;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept either of the above for first mark.</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{2N}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \to {\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_3} + {\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_2}/{\text{4N}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {{\text{O}}_2} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \to {\text{4HN}}{{\text{O}}_3}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Acid 2:</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{(}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{/}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}}{\text{)}}\) from burning of coal / smelting plants / sulfuric acid plants / volcanic activity;</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept combustion of fossil fuels.</em></p>
<p class="p1">\({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_3}/{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_3} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \to {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_4}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Allow H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>SO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub><em>/H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>SO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>4 </em></span></sub><em>to be Acid 1 and HNO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>/HNO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3 </em></span></sub><em>to be Acid 2.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">\({\text{CaC}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}} + {\text{2HN}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}} \to {\text{Ca(N}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}} + {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}} + {{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\);</p>
<p class="p1"><em>Accept equation with H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>SO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3 </em></span></sub><em>or H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>SO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>4 </em></span></sub><em>or ionic equations.</em></p>
<p class="p1"><em>Do not accept equations with H</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>2</em></span></sub><em>CO</em><sub><span class="s1"><em>3</em></span></sub><em>.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates correctly identified carbon dioxide as the source of natural water acidity and wrote an acceptable equation. Many also identified sources of nitric and sulphuric acid, though these equations often proved trickier, with many candidates writing equations for the formation of the oxide from which the acid is derived. Balanced equations for the reaction with limestone also proved to be a challenge, with carbonic acid often appearing as a product.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates correctly identified carbon dioxide as the source of natural water acidity and wrote an acceptable equation. Many also identified sources of nitric and sulphuric acid, though these equations often proved trickier, with many candidates writing equations for the formation of the oxide from which the acid is derived. Balanced equations for the reaction with limestone also proved to be a challenge, with carbonic acid often appearing as a product.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Most candidates correctly identified carbon dioxide as the source of natural water acidity and wrote an acceptable equation. Many also identified sources of nitric and sulphuric acid, though these equations often proved trickier, with many candidates writing equations for the formation of the oxide from which the acid is derived. Balanced equations for the reaction with limestone also proved to be a challenge, with carbonic acid often appearing as a product.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Antimony oxide is widely used as a homogeneous catalyst in the reaction of benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid with ethane-1,2-diol in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PETE) shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Catalysts reduce the activation energy. Outline how homogeneous catalysts are involved in the reaction mechanism.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why it is important to know how catalysts function.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Antimony and its compounds are toxic, so it is important to check that the catalyst is removed from the final product. One technique to detect antimony is Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS).</p>
<p>Outline the nature of the plasma state and how it is produced in ICP-MS.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>combine with reactants to form a «temporary» activated complex/intermediate<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>consumed in one reaction/step <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>regenerated in a later reaction/step</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>can modify/improve the catalyst/reaction «by making logical predictions»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>science relies on models to understand physical reality</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept other reasonable, relevant answers.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept "to predict/select</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>electrons <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>positive ions «in gaseous state»</p>
<p>high frequency/alternating current passed through argon<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«oscillating» electromagnetic/magnetic field<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>high frequency radio waves</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “gas” instead of “argon”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Chloroethene undergoes polymerization with a free-radical initiator to produce the atactic form of polychlorethene (PVC).</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Sketch the atactic form of polychloroethene showing <strong>four</strong> units.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Explain, in molecular terms, why PVC becomes more flexible and softer when a plasticizer is added.</p>
<p>(ii) State <strong>one</strong> type of compound which can be used as a plasticizer.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an environmental issue associated with the use of PVC.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<div class="page" title="Page 12"> <img 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" alt></div>
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<p>correct structure with random orientation of Cl atoms</p>
<p><em>Accept 2-dimensional diagrams.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept any random arrangement of Cl atoms providing the monomer units originate from chloroethene and Cl atoms are on alternate carbons.</em></p>
<p><em>Continuation bonds are necessary for the mark.</em></p>
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<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(i) <br>«plasticizer molecules» fit between chains<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«plasticizer molecules» prevent chains from forming crystalline regions<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«plasticizer molecules» keeps strands/chains/molecules separated<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>«plasticizer molecules» increase space/volume between chains</p>
<p>weakens intermolecular/dipole-dipole/London/dispersion/instantaneous induced dipole-induced dipole/van der Waals/vdW forces</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “«plasticizer molecules» lower density”.</em></p>
<p>(ii)<br>ester/phthalate/citrate</p>
<p><em>Accept other general or specific names of plasticizers.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<p>does <strong>not</strong> degrade/biodegrade/break down <strong>«</strong>easily<strong>»</strong> <br>occupies more space in landfills <br> incineration produces dioxins/hydrochloric acid/HCl <strong>«</strong>which can contribute to acid rain<strong>»</strong> </p>
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<p><em>Accept “plasticizer added to PVC can be a health hazard”.</em><br><em> Accept “combustion” for “incineration”.</em><br><em> Do <strong>not</strong> accept simply “toxic compounds” for M3</em></p>
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<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Biphenyl nitriles, such as the molecule shown below, were the first thermotropic liquid crystal molecules to be synthesized.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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" alt></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest how changing the size or shape of the hydrocarbon chain would affect the molecule’s liquid crystal behaviour.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the nitrile group enables these molecules to be used in liquid-crystal displays (LCDs).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
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<p style="text-align: left;">alters the temperature range of the liquid-crystal state<br><strong><em>OR</em><br></strong>alters sensitivity <strong>«</strong>of the liquid crystal<strong>»</strong> to electric field<strong>«s»<br></strong><strong><em>OR</em><br></strong>prevents liquid crystal activity</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"> </p>
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<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
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<p><strong>«</strong>CN group makes<strong>»</strong> molecule polar</p>
<p>alignment/orientation of molecules can be controlled by electric field<br><strong><em>OR</em><br></strong>allows molecules to align in an electric field/when a voltage is applied</p>
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<p><em>Accept “CN is polar”.</em></p>
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</div>
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<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Polymers are made up of repeating monomer units which can be manipulated in various ways to give structures with desired properties.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Draw the structure of 2-methylpropene.</p>
<p>(ii) Deduce the repeating unit of poly(2-methylpropene).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the percentage atom economy for polymerization of 2-methylpropene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Suggest why incomplete combustion of plastic, such as polyvinyl chloride, is common in industrial and house fires.</p>
<p>(ii) Phthalate plasticizers such as DEHP, shown below, are frequently used in polyvinyl chloride.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p>With reference to bonding, suggest a reason why many adults have measurable levels of phthalates in their bodies.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>H<sub>2</sub>C=C(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>−CH<sub>2</sub>C(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>−</p>
<p><em>Continuation bonds needed for mark.</em><br><em>No penalty if square brackets present or “n” appears after the bracket/formula.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>«same mass of product as reactant, thus» 100«%»</p>
<p><em>Accept “less than 100%” only if a reason is given (eg, the catalyst is not converted into the product, or other reasonable answer).</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>i</p>
<p>due to stability of plastics/strong covalent bonds<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>low volatility preventing good mixing with oxygen «gas»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>lack of/insufficient oxygen<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>plastics are often parts of devices with non-combustible components «which mechanically prevent the combustion of plastic components»<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>PVC already partly oxidised «because some C–H bonds are replaced with C–Cl bonds», so it cannot produce enough heat for complete combustion<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>many industrial/household materials contain additives that reduce their flammability/act as flame retardants</p>
<p> </p>
<p>ii</p>
<p>weakly bound to the PVC/no covalent bonds to PVC/only London/dispersion/instantaneous induced dipole-induced dipole forces between DEHP and PVC <em><strong>AND</strong></em> leach/evaporate «from PVC» to atmosphere/food chain<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>has low polarity/contains non-polar hydrocarbon chains <em><strong>AND</strong></em> fat-soluble/deposits in the fatty tissues<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>has unusual structural fragments/is a xenobiotic/difficult to metabolise <em><strong>AND</strong></em> stays in the body for a long time</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Liquid crystals have many applications.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how a lyotropic liquid crystal differs from a thermotropic liquid crystal.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the effect of increasing the temperature of a nematic liquid crystal on its directional order.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> award any credit if one type only is described as the question asks how they differ.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>decreases <em><strong>AND</strong></em> as energy «added» overcomes interparticle forces<br><em><strong>OR<br></strong></em>decreases <em><strong>AND</strong></em> as energy «added» causes faster movement «of particles»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Polymer nanocomposites often have better structural performance than conventional materials. Lithographic etching and metal coordination are two methods of assembling these nanocomposites.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Nanoparticles anchor plasticizers in PVC so that they cannot escape from the polymer as easily.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the two distinct phases of a composite.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the methods of assembling nanocomposites by completing the table.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how the structure of plasticizers enables them to soften PVC.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest a reason why nanoparticles can better anchor plasticizers in the polymer.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>reinforcing «phase»</p>
<p>«embedded in» matrix «phase»</p>
<p><em><strong>[2 marks]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><img 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"></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[2]</strong> for all 4, <strong>[1]</strong> for 2 or 3 correct.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any three of:</em></p>
<p>contain a polar group «which locks into the polymer»</p>
<p>a non-polar group «which weakens the forces between chains»</p>
<p>embedded <span style="text-decoration: underline;">between</span> chains of polymers</p>
<p>«plasticizer molecules» fit between chains</p>
<p>«plasticizer molecules» prevent chains from forming crystalline regions</p>
<p>«plasticizer molecules» keeps strands/chains/molecules separated</p>
<p>«plasticizer molecules» increase space/volume between chains</p>
<p>weakens intermolecular/dipole-dipole/London/dispersion/instantaneous induced dipole-induced dipole/van der Waals/vdW forces</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do not accept “«plasticizer molecules» “lower density” or “softer”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>more places «for plasticizers» to bond<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>increased surface area</p>
<p><em><strong>[1 mark]</strong></em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The development of materials with unique properties is critical to advances in industry.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Low density polyethene (LDPE) and high density polyethene (HDPE) are both addition polymers.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline two properties a substance should have to be used as liquid-crystal in a liquid-crystal display.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how the structures of LDPE and HDPE affect one mechanical property of the plastics.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>One of the two infrared (IR) spectra is that of polyethene and the other of polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Deduce, with a reason, which spectrum is that of PTFE. Infrared data is given in section 26 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Many plastics used to be incinerated. Deduce an equation for the complete combustion of two repeating units of PVC, (–C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>Cl–)<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Any two of:</em></p>
<p>ability to form a LC phase</p>
<p>chemically stable</p>
<p>«LC phase that is» stable over suitable temperature range </p>
<p>polar</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>being able to change orientation with applied electric field</p>
<p>rapid switching speed «responds to changes of voltage quickly»</p>
<p><em>Accept “ability of molecules to transmit light under certain conditions” <strong>OR</strong> “rodshaped molecules” <strong>OR</strong> “stable to light/not light sensitive”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[Max 2 Marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>branching in LDPE prevents close packing «of chains»</p>
<p>LDPE is more flexible/less rigid</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p>LDPE has lower «tensile» strength</p>
<p><em>Do <strong>not</strong> accept “difference in density”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award <strong>[1 max]</strong> for stating “branching in LDPE <strong>AND</strong> little/no branching in HDPE”.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>B <em>AND</em></strong> absence «of absorption of» C–H at 2850–3090 «cm<sup>–1</sup>»</p>
<p><em><strong>OR</strong></em></p>
<p><strong>B <em>AND</em></strong> presence of «absorption of» C–F at 1000–1400 «cm<sup>–1</sup>»</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>(–C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>Cl–)<sub>2</sub> (s) + 5O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 4CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l) + 2HCl (g)</p>
<p>correct species in reactants and products</p>
<p>balanced</p>
<p><em>Accept “(–C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>Cl–)<sub>2</sub> (s) + 5.5O<sub>2</sub> (g) → 4CO<sub>2</sub> (g) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l) + Cl<sub>2</sub> (g)”.</em></p>
<p><em>Award M2 only if M1 correct.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) used with Mass Spectrometry (MS) or Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES) can be used to identify and quantify elements in a sample.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The following graphs represent data collected by ICP-OES on trace amounts of vanadium in oil.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Graph 1</strong>: Calibration graph and signal for 10 μg kg<sup>−1</sup> of vanadium in oil</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAw0AAAEJCAYAAADW78vfAAAgAElEQVR4Ae3dD1xT190/8E+is7ohtZZuJFLLGA/oM1lpda6tuqL2AV21Mq21fxQtttU6/9T+KvEP69oV2iJOqtKu/2AoPG62gwennUIrg023lkGHxT0FRh1tMXHzb5GtyiO5v9e5yYUkJIHwJ9wkn/t6+Upy77n3nvM+Uc83555zNJIkSeBGAQpQgAIUoAAFKEABClDAhYDWxX7upgAFKEABClCAAhSgAAUoIAswaOAXgQIUoAAFKEABClCAAhRwK8CgwS0PD1KAAhSgAAUoQAEKUIACDBr4HaAABShAAQpQgAIUoAAF3AowaHDLw4MUoAAFKEABClCAAhSgAIMGfgcoQAEKUIACFKAABShAAbcCDBrc8vAgBShAAQpQgAIUoAAFKMCggd8BClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKUMCtgE8EDWZTJXYbEqDRaKDR6DHdkI9qU5tNwdpgqs6HYbreJs0b2F9tgtkmlf11NNBMNyB3fzVM9olQvduA6fK9xP0SYMg96HA/m4vyLQUoQAEKUIACFKAABfxcQPVBg/lUER6d9hraH34bYvFq6VIZ1qAAk5YVoMHa2DefOojUuQXAsmIY2yVI7dXICD2Kx+fuQnmLkuhTFKeuQh4Wo8p4BZJ0BcaMsah4fAVeKj9rreY2nCpOx9w8YFmVEe2ShHbj0wit2IS5Lx1Fi59/GVg8ClCAAhSgAAUoQAEKOBPQSKIlrtrtLMoMs7AYW1GXMQPBSj5bymAYlwIUHEbGjCA05CYhet8s1B9KRpQSBpnrkDt7OeoN+5ExIwTmhlzMjj6MRfV7kBw13Hqly/K5cfUrLdeXz5mDfYsO4lDyOHRcSpwb1whDXRpmBCt7lczwlQIUoAAFKEABClCAAv4toO4WcMtHKMkHliR8pzNgEPURPAMZxio5GABa0Vx/ErrYcITalkYbgvDYK8gv+QgtMKO1uRG1ukiEhw6zqdFhCA2PBPLfQ5XokWg1or52FGLDQzoCBpFYGxqOWJSipOq8zbl8SwEKUIACFKAABShAgcAQsG1mq67E5tNNqDFFIPraUyjLVcYZxGDpthI0tCqPHZ1FU43RZd5NNU04bW7D6aZGmFylMjWi6XQbLPdzlciImqazdmMkXKXkfgpQgAIUoAAFKEABCviTgIqDBmvvAE4i/6ln8F74WhwRYxqkY9g0+i38YF0xTom4Qe4dcBkOWOvK0hvhvuKU+7lPxaMUoAAFKEABClCAAhQINAEVBw1KVRgxbMkLSJsxxvrIUDDG3fsQFhx6Hjs7BjAraflKAQpQgAIUoAAFKEABCvS3wND+vmD/X0/fZYwBgvSIjrmIfeJxoTjxXtfNbYMQFh3RTRotgsIiEYPSbtK5PyymheVGAQpQgAIUoAAFKECBvgioba4iFQcNWgRPugtLdN004uUBz3qXdWIZID0MCI+Ey9DCOkBai3DEukzkJHhxcld3FSwCCnfHnVyOuyhAAQpQgAIUoAAFAkxAjT9Cq/vxpKBv4XuzlRmQbL4t8jiGcfivm0OhhaUXwTLg2SaNWQyQvoiYaD2CRCrRi2Ad8NyZyjpAOiYSYUFaKD0YjgOeOwZkhwV1nsp3FKAABShAAQpQgAIUCBABdQcN2hsRvyoZ0Vu34/Xqi5YqMZtQmbMbhbOT8cAtowAMR2TC/UiuzUJ63gm0ilQizY4XkFp7Hwz3RsljIbSRM7Ei+WOkpu9DnTzzUhtMlTlITz2JFMM9lvUdtBFIWDELtamZyKuzLOVmNh3DjvQs1KasxL0d6zsEyLeDxaQABShAAQpQgAIUoIBYgkDdCloETVyHA/VrgJ3TILpqNEPi8XL7g/jtjkSMseZeO+YuGArWIzQ/HiPlNHok1sQg+8AaxCmLsYkAxLADaaF7MX7kEGg010CfWImY7NfwRFyIlWEYxsSvRUFaCPLHXyvfb4h+JWpinsWBJ6barxWhbjjmjgIUoAAFKEABClCAAv0moPIVofutnKq4EMc0qKIamAkKUIACFKAABSigagE1thlV3tOg6vpk5ihAAQpQgAIUoAAFKBAQAgwaAqKaWUgKUIACFKAABShAAQr0XoBBQ+/teCYFKEABClCAAhSgAAUCQoBBQ0BUMwtJAQpQgAIUoAAFKECB3gswaOi9Hc+kAAUoQAEKUIACFKBAQAgwaAiIamYhKUABClCAAhSgAAUo0HsBBg29t+OZFKAABShAAQpQgAIUCAgBBg0BUc0sJAUoQAEKUIACFKAABXovwKCh93Y8kwIUoAAFKEABClCAAgEhwKAhIKqZhaQABShAAQpQgAIUoEDvBRg09N6OZ1KAAhSgAAUoQAEKUCAgBBg0BEQ1s5AUoAAFKEABClCAAhTovQCDht7b8UwKUIACFKAABShAAQoEhACDhoCoZhaSAhSgAAUoQAEKUIACvRcY2vtTeaYzAY1G42w391GAAhSgAAUoQAEKUMBnBRg09HPVSZLk8ooMKFzS8AAFKECBARE4f/48zp49ixMnTthdPyIiAiEhIQgLC7Pbzw8UoAAFKOBcQCO5a+U6P4d7eykgggZy9xKPp1GAAhTooYAIFA4ePIiioiIYjUbExcVhwoQJCAoK6rjC+++/j/LycvlzUlIS4uPjERUV1XGcbyhAAQoMpoAa24wMGrz4jVDjF8CLxeetKEABCgyoQENDA9588005GOhpINDc3IyysjI5wBCZ27BhA6ZMmTKg+eTFKUABCnQnoMY2I4OG7mqtH4+r8QvQj8XjpShAAQoMisCXX36JnJwc7NmzBxs3bsTs2bMxYsQIj/Ny7NgxZGZmyudt3bqVPQ8eC/IEClCgvwTU2GZk0NBftduD66jxC9CDbDMJBShAAdUK1NTU4LHHHoPoWVi+fHmvggXHwongYf369UhMTJRfexOAOF6TnylAAQp4IqDGNiOnXPWkBpmWAhSgAAVUISB6F7Kzs+WA4fXXX8fq1av7JWAQhROPJ1VUVMjlvPPOOyEee+JGAQpQINAF2NPgxW+AGqNGLxaft6IABSjQLwJiHMKzzz6L6667Tn4dyJ4ApdchLS1NHizdLwXgRShAAQp0I6DGNiODhm4qrT8Pq/EL0J/l47UoQAEKDLSA+NV/8eLFcs+CeCTJG5sIUubPny8/AiV6NLhRgAIUGGgBNbYZ+XjSQNc6r08BClCAAv0iIH71FwFDVlaW3IDvl4v24CJiLQfxuNLx48flR6J6cAqTUIACFPA7AfY0eLFK1Rg1erH4vBUFKECBXguI8QtidiSx9sJgLcgmxlGsXbsWN998s9zT0evC8EQKUIAC3Qiosc3InoZuKo2HKUABClBgcAVEwCB+5T98+PCgBQxCQIyd2Llzp5wXEbxwowAFKBBIAuxp8GJtqzFq9GLxeSsKUIACHgsoAYNorA/kgGdPMqaMcRCzNsXGxnpyKtNSgAIU6JGAGtuM6u9pMNchN0EPgWf/5z7kNly2wrfBVJ0Pw3QlnR7TDW9gf7UJZpuqMZsqsduQ0Hmd6Qbk7q+GyT4RqncbML3jfgkw5B5EtanN5kp8SwEKUIACAykgHgV69NFH5V/11RQwiDKLx6NEwCDWhzh//vxAMvDaFKAABVQjoP6godWI+tqpyKn/EpIk2fx5C8lRw2VI86mDSJ1bACwrhrFdgtRejYzQo3h87i6Ut1gjAvOnKE5dhTwsRpXxCiTpCowZY1Hx+Aq8VH7WWiFtOFWcjrl5wLIqI9olCe3GpxFasQlzXzqKFtVUGzNCAQpQwL8FxNgBsaktYFDURQ+DWH3aYDAou/hKAQpQwK8FVB40mNFS9R7yEYnw0GEuKuIyGkt+hdyYRVi+ZDJ0okRaHSav24S0mAqUVFl+BTI3HsFruRFYsnwhJurEtYZBN3k5tqRFIL/kI0tAYD6JktcOI2bJw1gyUQfLpaZg3Zb1iMl/D1VKAOIiJ9xNAQpQgAJ9FxCPJIlNrQGDUkIxDavYOL5BEeErBSjgzwIqDxracLqpEaaYSIQFucpqK5rrT0IXG45Q2yTaEITHXrEGBGa0NjeiVucYfAxDaHgkoAQEcq/GKMSGh8gBg1Lx2tBwxKK0IwBR9vOVAhSgAAX6V0CNYxjclfAnP/kJFixYwMeU3CHxGAUo4BcCts1sFRbIGhCEfo6ih2OsYxFisHRbUecYA/NZNNUYXebdVNOE02Zr8OEqlakRTafbYD7dhBqTq0RG1DSdtRsj4Sol91OAAhSggOcCvhYwiBKK8Q2FhYV48cUXPS8wz6AABSjgQwLqDhrkgOAiosfcgaW/qLWOZziGLRFVeOrBl1Hdagbk3gGXLX1rVViCD/f1Yu2NcJ+IRylAAQpQYAAExMJtYh2GjIwM1cyS1NNizp49G2KlalEGbhSgAAX8VUDdQYN2HJJLGvG75//LMlZBroVgRN11FybXZ2LzWw385d9fv5ksFwUoEDACNTU1WL9+vTw2YPTo0T5XbjEV7DPPPIPMzEyIWZ+4UYACFPBHAXUHDa7Eg/SIjgFq641old/rXKW07g9CWHREN2m0CAqLREw3qbo7bD8trP00sd2dy+MUoAAFAk1ArHkgpi4VU5gO1krP/WEuZlOKiorCoUOH+uNyvAYFKEAB1Qn4ZtBgyygPeNbb7rF7bxkgbRnw7DK0sA6Qlgc8u0yk7zJA2u5G1g/208LaThErOUvOfRSgAAUCVkD8Kr969Wp56lJ/WCTtkUcekcc2sLchYL/SLDgF/FpA1UGDuSEXCZpJMJQp6yhY60Iex6DHkoTvIBiWXgTLgGeburKOh4iJ1iMI1l4E64DnzlQOszPJvRYXuwx4tgyQjkB0WFDnqXxHAQpQgAJ9EhAzD02ePBnK1KV9upgKThY9DXFxcextUEFdMAsUoED/C6g6aNBGzcfzmaHI3/0O6sSgZ3lrQd2v/xuFszdjbVwIgOGITLgfybVZSM87gVaRxmxC5Y4XkFp7Hwz3RlnWW4iciRXJHyM1fZ/1Wm0wVeYgPfUkUgz3IEpIaCOQsGIWalMzkVdnWcrNbDqGHelZqE1ZiXuti8lZM8IXClCAAhTopYBY2+DChQvyWIZeXkKVp4kF38RMSuxtUGX1MFMUoEAfBFQdNACjMPHJN3Bg3hm8EDXEOuXqQvwCD+G3OxIxxpp77Zi7YChYj9D8eIzUaKAZokdiTQyyD6xBXLCS6EbEG3YgLXQvxo8U17oG+sRKxGS/hifk4EMoDsOY+LUoSAtB/vhr5fsN0a9ETcyzOPDEVAT3AZqnUoACFKCARUDMNCQa1qKnQQwi9qdNDOROSkrC22+/7U/FYlkoQAEKQCOJh/C5eUVADJImt1eoeRMKUEClAuIX+AceeACrVq1CfHy8SnPZt2ydP38e119/Pc6dOwdfnA2qb6Xn2RSgQH8IqLHNqPKehv5g5zUoQAEKUEAtAllZWfI4Bn8NGISzCBR27dqFvXv3qoWd+aAABSjQZwH2NPSZsOcXUGPU2PPcMyUFKECBvgmI9RjE9KoVFRV+91iSowx7GxxF+JkCFPBEQI1tRvY0eFKDTEsBClCAAr0SEI8lKesx+Ns4BmcgSm9DeXm5s8PcRwEKUMDnBNjT4MUqU2PU6MXi81YUoEAAC2RnZ6OlpQWbN28OGAXR2zBr1qyA6FkJmEplQSngJQE1thkZNHip8sVt1PgF8GLxeSsKUCBABcRsSYsXLw7IxrMIlvR6vd+sRRGgX2EWmwJeF1Bjm5FBgxe/Bmr8Anix+LwVBSgQoAKPPvooFi5c6LezJbmrVvY2uNPhMQpQwJWAGtuMHNPgqra4nwIUoAAF+ixw7NgxnDlzJiADBoGnrNtw6NChPlvyAhSgAAUGU4BBw2Dq894UoAAF/FwgMzMTzzzzjJ+X0n3xxPSyXCXavRGPUoAC6hdg0KD+OmIOKUABCvikQFFREaKiohAbG+uT+e+vTAuDuLg4sLehv0R5HQpQYDAEOKbBi+pqfD7Ni8XnrShAgQASEFOs3nnnnSgoKJADhwAqutOiBvJgcKcg3EkBCrgVUGObkT0NbquMBylAAQpQoDcC4lf1xMREBgxWPPY29OZbxHMoQAE1CbCnwYu1ocao0YvF560oQIEAEeBqyM4rmr0Nzl24lwIU6CqgxjYjexq61hP3UIACFKBAHwT27t2LXbt2yTMH9eEyfncqexv8rkpZIAoElAB7GrxY3WqMGr1YfN6KAhQIAIHm5mZ5IbOKigqMGDEiAErsWRHZ2+CZF1NTIFAF1NhmZE9DP38bRSW7+tPPt+LlKEABCqhOYOfOndi4cSMDBhc1w94GFzDcTQEKqF6APQ1erCI1Ro1eLD5vRQEK+LkAf0XvWQUrTpWVlT07gakoQIGAE1Bjm5E9DQH3NWSBKUABCgyMQEpKCrKystjL0A2v0tsgVsvmRgEKUMBXBBg0+EpNMZ8UoAAFVCygNICnTJmi4lyqJ2uPPPIIxGrZ3ChAAQr4igCDBl+pKeaTAhSggEoFxEJu69evx9atW1WaQ/VlS/Q2iD9KsKW+HDJHFKAABewFGDTYe/ATBShAAQp4KCAWcouLi+NCbh66Pfjgg+xt8NCMySlAgcETYNAwePa8MwUoQAGfFxC9DC+++CLE4zbcPBOIjY2VT2Bvg2duTE0BCgyOAIOGwXHnXSlAAQr4hUBOTg6SkpLYy9DL2tywYQN7G3ppx9MoQAHvCjBo8K4370YBClDAbwTOnz+PNWvWQDxmw613AsrAcfY29M6PZ1GAAt4T6EXQcBX/ar0CyXt55J0oQAEKUECFAuKxpMLCQowePVqFufOdLLG3wXfqijmlQCALeB40XD2On8fGYu76HdhXdhyft14NZD+WnQIUoEBACogFysrLyzF79uyALH9/FlrpbRCm3ChAAQqoVcDzoEF7PcbNC0fdS0/g/pmxGBt7N1am5+Lg+5/g4lX2P6i1opkvClCAAv0pINYYSEtL40Ju/YS6atUqvPnmm/10NV6GAhSgQP8L9CJoCMecn72DE2fq8cfCnUi59QL+O3U55t4eiRtvewCGXUX4U8MZXGb80P+1xStSgAIUUIGAeP7+zJkziI+PV0Fu/CML06ZNk3tumpub/aNALAUFKOB3Ap4HDTKBFsNDonD7/DXIeOuPMH1ahYM5aXgo+ENsXbsAd0RHYMLMVdhW+AE+a23vR7Q2nCpaDb1+M8pazDbXbYOpOh+G6XpoNBpoNHpMN7yB/dUm2KYymyqx25BgTaOBZroBufurYbJPhOrdBkyXryOulQBD7kFUm9ps7se3FKAABQJTQEyxKnoZnnnmmcAEGKBSjxgxAqtXr0ZxcfEA3YGXpQAFKNA3gV4GDcpNJVxtNeGTxkZ8Ul+Lqj//TT4QNPFWjPksHxvuvQ3fvucFHDFdUU7o06v51EE8vfplmByuIvanzi0AlhXD2C5Baq9GRuhRPD53F8qV4ML8KYpTVyEPi1FlvAJJugJjxlhUPL4CL5WftV6xDaeK0zE3D1hWZUS7JKHd+DRCKzZh7ktH0eJwX36kAAUoEGgCYiE3sZKxssZAoJV/IMs7Z84ceTYqEZhxowAFKKA2gV4FDdLlM2h4/wBe+/FDuE03FrEz78e6Vz7Htw05OPCnRnz+fjnKT3yCvxZuxPjfbccz+/+GPvc3tJ5A3uaf4WT0RAfDy2gs+RVyYxZh+ZLJ0IkSaXWYvG4T0mIqUFJ1Xk5vbjyC13IjsGT5QkzUDQMwDLrJy7ElLQL5JR9ZAgLzSZS8dhgxSx7Gkok6WC41Beu2rEdM/nuoUgIQhxzwIwUoQIFAEOBCbgNby2IWql27dkEEZtwoQAEKqE3A86Ch/Th23RGB6Nvvwcq0KgQvzsQvj9TgM1MFdqcmY85t38KooRpohn8d478biwhci5CvXQNNn0p+EdWvbkTq0JXY/GCEw5Va0Vx/ErrYcITalkYbgvDYK9aAwIzW5kbU6iIRHioCBmUbhtDwSEAJCFqNqK8dhdjwEDlgUFJpQ8MRi9KOAETZz1cKUIACgSTAhdwGvrbFOBExlS03ClCAAmoTGOpxhqTTKP1LKxCXjaq3l+PWkOE2AYGEy3//AwpL/4Fx983HRN3dePnCPIweZZvG0zua0Vr9Czy1PRzZf56Hm0oO2F/AfBZNNUYg1n638slU04TT5jagqREmRCq77V9NjWg63QYzmlBjcnUpI2qazsIM+4DC/kL8RAEKUMA/BZSF3M6dO+efBVRJqcSjXzfffDPEYHNlKlaVZI3ZoAAFAlzA9rf5HlKEIO5bAMbqoLcLGMTpV3GmMg+LV76C3538EhgahOv7FDAAaK3Cq0/9HncfSMP8Mba9BNbsyr0DjqMcHIti6Y1w3Gv/2dobYb+TnyhAAQpQAJB//eZCbt75Kixbtgx5eXneuRnvQgEKUKCHAj0LGqRTOPh4jGXWoa9MwoZPAOxZAH3HDENiliHxZxjG3v8LICgM37juKz3Mgptk5k9RtG4V3rl7E1ZOHOUmIQ9RgAIUoMBACXAht4GSdX5d0cNw/PhxcLE35z7cSwEKDI5Azx5P0uiRsOE5bLz8PzBePYe/Fr+D6m/EYeGUsRjhmO8RYzBpbhJ++M1rHI94+FnMZJSJ1ScfwoEdkxDk6uwgPaJjdK6OWvcHISzacSyE4ylaBIVFIgaljgc8+iyCJ24UoAAF/ElALDrGhdy8W6MbN25EaWmpPFOVd+/Mu1GAAhRwLtCzoAEafCUiES/8IhFoP46d361A/eT/h5dfnYMbnF+373vlmYyKYCo3YdLIJ7tcb+a1eYjPKcOhZDHgWd/luLLDMkB6GBAeCZehhXWAtBbhiHWZSN9lgLRyD9tXSXK9qh0DClspvqcABXxBQDxbL37x3rp1qy9k12/yGBcXh+uvvx7Lly/nqtt+U6ssCAV8W6BnjyfZlnHIzVj74SVcGsiAQdxPOw7JJUaIRnjnny9Rn7MQ0G3CkS+aUZI8DlpYehEsA55tMioPkL6ImGg9gkQq0YtgHfDcmaoNp8UA6ZhIhAVpAbnX4qJ1wHNnKvNpMUA6AtFhLvs7OhPzHQUoQAE/EhALuW3YsMGPSuQbRRHTr6anp3P6Vd+oLuaSAgEh0KOehvaGfXgivRw3PfJTPHXHBex74gX81t2aBdpb8Mj2NZh23RAvIA5HZML9SE79CdLzJuPl5AkIMptQueMFpNbeh4K3oyzTp0bOxIrkLKxO34c7Xl6CcUFXYarMQXrqSaQU3IMoOXyKQMKKWUhdnYm8O7KQPC4YZtMx7EjPQm3KDrwdNdwL5eEtKEABCqhDoKioSH48hrP4DE593HvvvUhJScH8+fMHJwO8KwUoQAEbgR4FDfjyHzi2pxz/t/D/AHyJfxz7NfaIaVddbUHXYqEXe7K1Y+6CoeAicp6Lx8jllpmUdEmZyD7wEOKCrZ0p2hsRb9iBtJwMjB+5zJJzXRIys1/DQ3Eh1pIMw5j4tShIy8Fz46/FcnnvBCRlPosDD01FsKvycj8FKEABPxNQFnIrKCjws5L5TnHE9Kti4/SrvlNnzCkF/FlAI7l7CN+fSz4IZRNjGsg9CPC8JQUo4LGA6GWoq6vD5s2bPT6XJ/SfgAgY9u/fzzEl/UfKK1HAJwTU2GZk0ODFr44avwBeLD5vRQEK+IiAWMhNDMIVC7mJZ+u5DZ6A6PG58847cfjwYdbF4FUD70wBrwuosc3o+UBomc2My6YTOPa/ZyFBwlVTBXY+PAUjR07G/en70dDa7nVc3pACFKAABfpHYO/evdi1axcbqf3D2aerjBgxAklJSTh48GCfrsOTKUABCvRVoBdBQzsu/Oln+EFUDOa+Xo0L0uf4zZaVWJd3BpPuHIGq1MWYl1aO865nHu1rnnk+BShAAQoMkEBzczP27NkjT/U5QLfgZT0USExMRHZ2NkSvAzcKUIACgyXgedBg/hv+55ks/E73CF5YHIuv/e09vPaLOmDej5F7YD8K0iah7uVfo/z01cEqE+9LAQpQgAK9FNi5cyfEwmLiF25u6hAICwuDWLfhww8/VEeGmAsKUCAgBTwPGs41ovKPJoQvXY5lk0bB+EEZSnEdps66BWM1QbhpfDTQWoeTxssBCcpCU4ACFPBVAbGIW3l5OWbPnu2rRfDbfM+bNw95eXl+Wz4WjAIUUL+A50HD1TZ82THb6kU0VJ8AcDNmxYZhCK7i0sXzAIZj2FCN+kvPHFKAAhSgQIeAWMgtLS2NvQwdIup5I9bKOH78OMTjY9woQAEKDIaA50HD16Nw+9Tr0LS/GMXvFmHvnuPAhHjM/M4IXGz4LXJefQ8Ydxtu+Sa7tgejQnlPClCAAr0REFN7njlzBvHx8b05ned4QWD16tUoLi72wp14CwpQgAJdBXox5epVnPn9Viy6ewt+J/c43IKHf7UPr937b/z8u1Ox7m/T8HTx6/jxzDD0bOW4rpny1z1qnD7LX61ZLgpQwDMBMdh2w4YN4OrPnrl5M7WYCnfWrFmoqKhgb5A34XkvCgyCgBrbjL1o1w/FDd/fgKLjM/HBR2cxLOJW3B6jw1c0FxH303xURH0fd0SNZsAwCF8w3pICFKBAbwREL8MNN9zAgKE3eF48R6yZoQyIZnDnRXjeigIUkAV60dMgzpNwtfU0Tn5ixCWnkyQF46abIxHCcQ12XzM1Ro12GeQHClAg4ASUxcMKCgoQFRUVcOX3tQKLAE8MiH7jjTd8LevMLwUo4IGAGtuMvehpaEfrXwuw5oerkfe3jhHRDgwrUGjMxnxdLy7vcCV+pAAFKECBgRM4dOiQ/Os1A4aBM+7PK4sehvXr18sDosVUrNwoQAEKeEvA856GthrsnD4D6z4ajyTDMvzgP6/HVxxzq/06bpk1Bd8czhmUbGnUGDXa5o/vKUCBwBJgL4Nv1rdYfK+lpQViYDQ3ClDAPwXU2Gb0vCvg3ElU//ECdE88jawtCRjNuMA/v60sFQUo4PcC7GXwzSqeMWMG5itP+HoAACAASURBVM+fz6DBN6uPuaaAzwp4PuXq10YhVAcMHflVXMOAwWcrnhmnAAUCW0DMxPPiiy/Kqz8HtoTvlV48lnTzzTdDjG/gRgEKUMBbAp4HDcGTkfT0Ilx4ez/e/exfkLyVU96HAhSgAAX6TWDv3r1ISkqCmJGHm+8JLFu2DPv37/e9jDPHFKCAzwp4PqahvQH7Vq7Eljd/h0+gw8S7p+Pb1zs85aS9BY9sX4Np1w3xWZjeZlw8g+ZukySGWe58eIwCFBh4AdHLcP311+PcuXMMGgaee0DuoIxHOXz4MOtwQIR5UQoMroB/jGnAl/hH9Z/xiWxpQvU7e1Ht6Bp0LRZuddwZGJ/dBQXdBRSBIcRSUoACgy0gehl27drFxuZgV0Qf7j9ixAi5p+jgwYPyax8uxVMpQAEK9EjA856GHl2WiZwJqDFqdJZP7qMABfxXQFlVmL9Q+34dNzQ0ICUlBcXFxb5fGJaAAhSwE1Bjm9HzMQ3WIkmXT6H6nTxsMzyOpQ+/hD9c+Bf+9s4eFB3/J5yu92ZHwQ8UoAAFKDAYAsrgZ45lGAz9/r2nsrZGTU1N/16YV6MABSjgRKBXQYN04U/42aK7MGnOw9iw9VXsyavDmcsXcfLd7VgwdRmeO9LMwMEJNndRgAIUGEwB8ct0eXk5Zs+ePZjZ4L37UWDVqlX47W9/249X5KUoQAEKOBfwPGiQ/onfZTyFDWXfRubv/4qKrXHWK38DMw0vwjD+ffz0iXxU/ZsDfp2Tcy8FKECBwRF488035SlWxfPw3PxDYNq0adiyZQvEY2fcKEABCgykgOdBw6UTKNnzR1y3eBmSpo7F12wmCxqqi0PyyruAEx+gpunLgcw3r00BClCAAh4IsJfBAywfSioCQDGoXfQgcaMABSgwkAKeBw3/uojTJmD0t3ROVoMeipGjxJzfX6D1S/NA5pvXpgAFKEABDwQyMzORlZUF9jJ4gOYjSePj47Fnzx4fyS2zSQEK+KqA50HDtTpETQjCPz5shNHxCSTpLD76QyUQNA4R+uG+asJ8U4ACFPArAbFy8JkzZzBlyhS/KhcLYxFQBkRzhWh+IyhAgYEU8Dxo+GoMEn90N/DLDPzk9T+g6Ys2AP/ChU9rULJrM9a89Df8x5If4PZQhwXfBrIUvDYFKEABCrgUEL0MGzZscHmcB3xfQNQvV4j2/XpkCSigZoHerdNwtRlHnnsMiT89hFa70gXhPxalY/euVbj9BgYNdjQA1DjnrmMe+ZkCFPAvAfHrswgaOJe/f9WrY2mUFaKLiooQFhbmeJifKUABHxNQY5uxd0GDgJf+DVNtJf5UVYuT568AQTpEf/u7mHb7f2DUUJvR0T5WSQOZXTV+AQayvLw2BSgwuAKiIfnAAw9g69atUB5hGdwc8e4DKSDGNbS0tGD16tUDeRtemwIU8IKAGtuMngcN0hkcP3QMfx95M2ZN+ybsRy5IuPz3P6Cw9B8Yd998TLxuiBdYfecWavwC+I4ec0oBCngqIH51fv/99+WgwdNzmd73BMS0q9dffz3OnTsHLt7ne/XHHFPAVkCNbUbPxzS0f4Z31/4QP3zzL7hgWzr5/VWcqczD4pWv4Hcn+2vK1RY0vJuFpXqN/HiPRr8U295tcHgsqg2m6nwYpustaTR6TDe8gf3VJtjO4WQ2VWK3IcGaRgPNdANy91fDZJ8I1bsNmK6x3k+TAEPuQVSbxNgNbhSgAAV8Q0D0MojVnx955BHfyDBz2WcBESiI6Vf37t3b52vxAhSgAAUcBXoWNEincPDxGEtj+yuTsOETAHsWQN/RsFYa2MMw9v5fAEFh+MZ1X3G8Vy8+t+FU0WbEPX8G88q/gCS141L5PJx5/geYu62yI3AwnzqI1LkFwLJiGNslSO3VyAg9isfn7kJ5izUiMH+K4tRVyMNiVBmvQJKuwJgxFhWPr8BL5WeteWvDqeJ0zM0DllUZ0S5JaDc+jdCKTZj70lG09KIEPIUCFKDAYAgcOnQIiYmJfCxpMPAH8Z4PPvigPP2qCBq5UYACFOhPgR4+niTh/07ux9PP/Q+MV8/hr8XvoPobcVg4ZSy6rCs6YgwmzU3Cwz8Yh6C+Dm1oKYNhXApQcBgZM0Ks5b6MhtwkRKdG4khdGmYEt1k+75uF+kPJiFLCIHMdcmcvR71hv3yuuSEXs6MPY1H9HiRHKQ9VWa4VV78SdRkzECyfMwf7Fh3EoeRx6LiUODeuEQb5fspez6tBjV1NnpeCZ1CAAmoX4GMqaq+hgc1fdnY29Ho95s+fP7A34tUpQIEBE1Bjm7GHUxxp8JWIRLzwi0Sg/Th2frcC9ZP/H15+dQ5uGDAuAMEzkGGs6uYOrWiuPwldbDhCbdvz2hCEx15BaslH2DIjDmhuRK0uEobQYTbXG4bQ8Egg9T1UbYnDDBhRXzsKsYaQjoBBJNaGhiMWr6Ck6knM6AhebC7DtxSgAAVUJCAeTxGPqfC5dhVVihezInobZs2ahdmzZ3MxPy+681YU8HeBHgYNNgxDbsbaD1uwqvU0Th6vxmdXbY51vA3GTTdHIqTfZ1Fqg6kyB+mpHyM5OxNxwVrAfBZNNUYgtuPmdm9MNU04bW4DmhphQqTdsY4PpkY0nW6DGU2oMbm6lBE1TWdhhn1A0XENvqEABSigAoHm5mb58ZSKigoV5IZZGAwBESwmJSXh7bffll8HIw+8JwUo4H8CngcNaEfrXwuw5oerkfc3+1UaOnlWoNCYjfm6Xly+8yJ27yyPFy1HKQBdUjaKb9dZegNaRe+Ay5a+9RqW3gi4ChrkVGa0it4IuAoa7LLDDxSgAAVUKbBz505s3LiRvzCrsna8lynR2yBmUpozZw57nLzHzjtRwK8FPG/Vt9Ui97H1yDN9B0nPLcMP/vN6dBnyrP06bunn6Va1UckokZIB8ymUpSbjexM/RuGft2P+SL+uHxaOAhSgQI8FGhoaUF5ejmeffbbH5zChfwrYzqTEdRv8s45ZKgp4W8DzoOHcSVT/8QJ0TzyNrC0JGN3Xwc6ellg7BjM2GpCStxivlaxG4jI9omN03VwlCGHREd2k0SIoLBIxcl9GN0ndHBYDV7hRgAIUGAyBlJQUZGVlsZdhMPBVeE+lt0G8cnyLCiuIWaKAjwnYDh3uWda/NgqhOmDoyK/imkFtH5tQW29EqzzgWe8y75YB0pYBzy5DC10kwkOHWQY8u0ykR2x49+MZJEmCqz8uM8kDFKAABfoocOzYMfkKU6ZM6eOVeLq/CIhAobCwUF6vw1/KxHJQgAKDJ+B50BA8GUlPL8KFt/fj3c/+BWkA8y7GMSRoJsFQpqyjYHuziViS8B0Ew9KLYBnwbHNcHiB9ETHRegTB2otgHfDcmaoNp8UA6ZhIhAVpgSDRa3HROuC5M5X5tBggHYHosKDOnXxHAQpQQCUCYk7+9evXc+VnldSHmrIhZlASj6yJR9e4UYACFOiLgOdBQ7sRJ6r/iW/U/Qw/vOk/8N05D2Hp0qX2fx5+CX+40N6XfMnnaqPm4/nMUOTvfgd1rcoibadQ9mIG8v9rDR6ePBrAcEQm3I/k2iyk552wLPhmNqFyxwtIrb0Phnuj5AHT2siZWJH8MVLT91mvpczEdBIphnss6ztoI5CwYhZqUzORV2dZys1sOoYd6VmoTVmJezvWd+hz0XgBClCAAv0mIBZyi4uL40Ju/SbqPxcaMWIE0tLSkJmZ6T+FYkkoQIHBEZA83a7WSDtuCRIdDK7/BK2RDvzzqqdXdp6+3ShVFWZKSTrlfvFSSs4Rqf5Su036L6T6IzlSSpyuI0+6pEypsMoodaZqly7VH5FyUuI70kCXJGUWVknGzkSSdKleOpKTIsV1lG+ClJRZKFUZr9jcr3dvhRk3ClCAAv0pcO7cOfnfNPHKjQKuBObNmycdPXrU1WHupwAFVCagxjZjD1eEHpyAxt/uqsbV/fzNmOWhQKAJiMHPEyZM4Hz8gVbxHpZXPJ60ePFiiPU7RO8DNwpQQN0Camwzev54krqNmTsKUIACASNQU1MjP6++cOHCgCkzC9o7gaioKPkRNvEoGzcKUIACvRHoUU+D1Po5auv/if/r8R0GakXoHmdAlQnVGDWqEoqZogAFuhUQg58feOABbNiwAZwxqVsuJgBw/vx5ecG3c+fOcQpWfiMooHIBNbYZe7ROQ3v9PsyftAGf9Bi4/1eE7vGtmZACFKBAAAiIX4zFr8cMGAKgsvupiLZTsG7durWfrsrLUIACgSLQo6BB+/VbsT4zE1/2WCUc3xrJJ596zMWEFKAABTwQEL8YL1iwAJ9//rkHZzEpBQAxBeuePXsgHm2LjY0lCQUoQIEeC/To8aQeX40J3QqosavJbYZ5kAIUUKWAGPx82223Yf78+arMHzOlbgERMDz22GMcFK3uamLuAlxAjW1GdgcE+JeSxacABXxLoLS0VF6oS/xizI0CvREQPQyJiYl4++23e3M6z6EABQJUgD0NXqx4NUaNXiw+b0UBCvRRQAx+vvPOO1FQUMCF3PpoGeini0fcZs2axe9SoH8RWH7VCqixzcigwYtfFzV+AbxYfN6KAhToo8Dzzz+PsLAwrsnQR0eebhEQvVavvPIKiouLSUIBCqhMQI1tRj6epLIvCbNDAQpQwJmAaOBVVlaCazI40+G+3gjEx8fLPVZFRUW9OZ3nUIACASbAngYvVrgao0YvFp+3ogAFeinAR0l6CcfTuhVobm7GjTfeKM/EJXqxuFGAAuoQUGObkT0N6vhuMBcUoAAFXAoYDAasXr2a4xhcCvFAbwVEoFBYWIhnn322t5fgeRSgQIAIMGgIkIpmMSlAAd8UUB4dSUpK8s0CMNeqFxBT91533XXy+g2qzywzSAEKDJoAH0/yIr0au5q8WHzeigIU8FBAmU9fBA58dMRDPCb3SICPwHnExcQUGHABNbYZ2dMw4NXOG1CAAhTwXEA04sQCXK+//joDBs/5eIaHAqNHj0ZaWhrEwoFial9uFKAABRwF2NPgKNLHzyIydLdJkuTuMI9RgAIUkBtta9euxbRp0zi9Kr8PXhUQ0/qKbfPmzV69L29GAQrYC7Cnwd7DLz+JoMDVH78sMAtFAQr0u0BWVpb8jDnHMfQ7LS/YjcD69evldRuOHTvWTUoepgAFAk2AjycFWo2zvBSggKoFsrOz8fe//52z2ai6lvw3cyNGjJBXiRbBg5iOlRsFKEABRYCPJykSXnhVY1eTF4rNW1CAAj0UEL/uisba4cOHIZ4x50aBwRIQg+8PHTqEnTt3QgQS3ChAAe8KqLHNyJ4G734HeDcKUIACTgWUgEE01hgwOCXiTi8KKNOw5uTkePGuvBUFKKBmAfY0eLF21Bg1erH4vBUFKOBCQFmV9y9/+QtiY2NdpOJuCnhXQMyi9MADD2DVqlWIj4/37s15NwoEuIAa24xDA7xOWHwKUIACgyogAgbxq+7Ro0cZMAxqTfDmjgLisSQxxkZ8P8PDw7kiuSMQP1MgwAT4eFKAVTiLSwEKqEdACRjEbElTpkxRT8aYEwpYBcSiguL7uXjxYoi1Q7hRgAKBK8CgIXDrniWnAAUGUUAJGDZu3MiAYRDrgbfuXkAEtKtXr4bBYODCb91zMQUF/FaAQYPfVi0LRgEKqFVA/GIrHvkQ6zCIV24UULuA+K5ed911cq+D2vPK/FGAAgMjwIHQA+Pq9KpqHNTiNKPcSQEKDJiACBjEL7Y333yz/OvtgN2IF6ZAPwuIgdFipfLZs2cz2O1nW16OAo4CamwzsqfBsZb4mQIUoMAACYhHkmbNmsWAYYB8edmBFRADo3/yk5/gxRdfBFeMHlhrXp0CahRgT4MXa0WNUaMXi89bUSCgBZQxDOIxD/F8ODcK+KpAQ0ODPDBarCkiBkpzowAF+l9AjW1G9fc0tDagLNeA6RoNBKBGE4Ol20rQ0Gq2qaE2mKrzYZiut6bRY7rhDeyvNsE2ldlUid2GBGsaDTTTDcjdXw2TfSJU77a9XwIMuQdRbWqzuR/fUoACFOi5gBIwiEHPDBh67saU6hSIioqSxzaI8TjikSVuFKBAYAioO2gwf4qidQuwuGIsMoxXIEkS2o2vIrb2KcStK8Ypa2PffOogUucWAMuKYWyXILVXIyP0KB6fuwvlLUqiT1Gcugp5WIwq+VpXYMwYi4rHV+Cl8rPW2m7DqeJ0zM0DllUZ0S7f72mEVmzC3JeOoiUwvhMsJQUo0I8C4ldZ0bgS01Zy0HM/wvJSgyogZlQSvWZijAMDh0GtCt6cAl4TUPXjSeaGXMyOfgWxRw4jY0ZIB4r9/iA05CYhet8s1B9KRpQSBpnrkDt7OeoN++VzLeccxqL6PUiOGm691mX53Lj6lajLmIFg+Zw52LfoIA4lj0PHpUQ+4hphqEvDjGBlb0d2evxGjV1NPc48E1KAAh4LiOe+p06dKi/cxnUYPObjCT4g8Pzzz+PixYvYunWrD+SWWaSA7wiosc3Y+xawF9y1UckokarsAobO2xpR03QWZrSiuf4kdLHhCLUtjTYE4bFXkF/yEVpEquZG1OoiER46rPMSGIbQ8Egg/z1UiR6JViPqa0chNjykI2AQibWh4YhFKUqquLCNDR7fUoACbgTE897r16/H559/znUY3DjxkG8LiO/4hQsX5JWjfbskzD0FKNCdgG0zu7u0Kjs+FYumhkNrPoumGqPLvJlqmnDa3IbTTY0wuUplakTT6TaYTzehxmUiJUhxdRHupwAFKGARyM7Oxp49e8CBovxG+LuAmFFp586dOH78OAMHf69sli/gBXwvaDB/iuKMLNQm34+EyOHW3gGXLX1rBVt6I9zXtrU3wn0iHqUABSjgUkA82/3oo4/KDahf/vKXnFnGpRQP+JOAMhWrCJQ5Fas/1SzLQgF7AR8LGlpQl/dTrD55LwrS5mCMj+Xenp6fKEABfxIQMyTdeeed8hoMb7zxBkRDihsFAkVATL2qPJLHwCFQap3lDDQBH2p2t6Audz1mpAJpP1+PGTrr2IQgPaJjdN3UWxDCoiO6SaNFUFgkYrpJ1d1hy7SwyvSw9q/dncvjFKCAbwqUlpbixhtvlGdI4pSqvlmHzHXfBRg49N2QV6CAmgWGqjlzHXkzm1C5YyMSM4cirSwLyeOCOw5BHvCs7/zs8M4yQHoYEB4Jl6GFdYC0FuGIdZlI32WAtMOt5I9iWlhXmwgouFGAAv4jIB5HElOpVlZWygOeudCV/9QtS9I7ASVwUKYZ5qxhvXPkWRRQo4DqexrMpnexeeZEfO83Y5Bd7hAwyKKWXgTLgGcbYnmA9EXEROsRBGsvgnXAc2cq6wDpmEiEBWkBudfionVWps5UlgHSEYgOC+rcyXcUoEBAC4j1Fx544AHZgOMXAvqrwMI7CCiBg5hZSYxz4EYBCviHgLqDhtZKbH9wKV6on4/CgmcwP8qmh6HDfzgiE+5Hcm0W0vNOoFXsl3smXkBq7X0w3BslT5+qjZyJFckfIzV9H+rk1aTbYKrMQXrqSaQY7rGs76CNQMKKWahNzURenWUpN7PpGHakZ6E2ZSXu7VjfoePmfEMBCgSggHh2e/HixVi1ahU2b97M8QsB+B1gkd0LKIHDH/7wB86q5J6KRyngMwIqDhouo+GtbdhQbgJML2NB2DVwHC+gN5TJqzRrx9wFQ8F6hObHY6RGA80QPRJrYpB9YA3ilMXYtDci3rADaaF7MX7kEGg010CfWImY7NfwRJyycNwwjIlfi4K0EOSPv1a+3xD9StTEPIsDT0yFs5DFZ2qaGaUABfosIAY7i9mRDh06JA/6jI+P7/M1eQEK+KuACByU6VjF3xuuHO2vNc1yBYqAqleE9rdKUOPqfv5mzPJQYKAERO/CggULUFhYCPG8NjcKUKBnAiJYyMnJwXvvvSf3OohgghsFKOBeQI1tRhX3NLjH5FEKUIAC3hAQYxcSExPx/vvvy4OdGTB4Q5338CcBMf2wmFVMPM4n/v5wSlZ/ql2WJZAE2NPgxdpWY9ToxeLzVhTwKYHz58/j1VdfRXFxMdLS0sBHkXyq+phZlQqIIFyMBxKBuBgozfVMVFpRzNagC6ixzciehkH/WjADFKCAmgTEoxTiUaRZs2YhODgYFRUVDBjUVEHMi08LREVFyX+nRCHEYog1NTU+XR5mngKBJMCeBi/WthqjRi8Wn7eigOoFxGMTmZmZEA2btWvXgs9eq77KmEEfFhABw2OPPcZeBx+uQ2Z94ATU2GZk0DBw9d3lymr8AnTJJHdQIAAFlGBBFH3r1q1y0BCADCwyBbwuoAySFus58DFAr/PzhioWUGObkUGDF78wavwCeLH4vBUFVCdgGyxs2LABXL1WdVXEDAWIgBjrIHr5zpw5g2eeeQaxsbEBUnIWkwLOBdTYZmTQ4LyuBmSvGr8AA1JQXpQCKhYQv2yKBadeeeUVOZcMFlRcWcxawAkogbx4RPCRRx5hr1/AfQNYYEVAjW1GBg1K7XjhVY1fAC8Um7eggCoExMJsYiYk8RhEXFwcGySqqBVmggLOBZTg4YYbbsCyZcvYC+iciXv9WECNbUYGDV78wqnxC+DF4vNWFPC6gOhV+PDDD5GXl4fjx4/Lc8XPmTMHo0eP9npeeEMKUMBzASV4EGeKdR6mTZvGaVo9Z+QZPiigxjYjgwYvfpHU+AXwYvF5Kwp4RUCsr/Dxxx/L0zpu2bIF6enp8tSOHK/gFX7ehAIDIiDGPPz617+G+Du9a9cueRpk8QgTNwr4q4Aa24wMGrz4bVPjF8CLxeetKDAgAqI3ob6+Hh999JE8VuHNN9/sCBRuvfVW/io5IOq8KAUGR0D8KFBeXi4/ZihyIFaYnjFjBqdHHpzq4F0HUECNbUYGDQNY4Y6XVuMXwDGP/EwBNQuIcQlnz57FyZMnUVdXh8rKSuzfvx9iMPNtt92GCRMmcOCkmiuQeaNAPwqIdR6OHj0qBxB6vZ4BRD/a8lKDL6DGNiODBi9+L9T4BfBi8XkrCrgUEI8eKJuYcvEf//iH/PH999+XX8Uvi3/+858xb948OSgQAcI3vvEN3HTTTfyFUYHjKwUCWEAEEKK3UazmbjQa5QXjxIrT48eP5ximAP5e+HLR1dhmZNDgxW+UGr8AXiw+b+UDAuJRn88//7zbnNo27F0lVhr8jsdFgCB6B2w3MbXiddddJ+8aNWoUxo0bJ78XgYGYPSUkJIT/8duC8T0FKOBSQPRI/u///i+qqqrkGdNEwsTERPnfFdEbyX9PXNLxgIoE1NhmZNDQz18QUcnuNkmS3B3mMQp0CIj/+P797393fFbeNDU1obW1Vflo9+qqoa4kEosndbeJR32622wb9q7SRkRE4Ktf/WqXw2JfWFhYl/3cQQEKUGAgBMS/pZ9++ik++eQTnDhxQh4TIXoulX/rRM+l2Bz/zXIMLpz9myyuZ7uJXo7PPvvMdle/v3f176/yI4uzG3LQuDMVde9j0KDu+hnw3KnxCzDghQ7AG4iBeuK5e2VzbOSLZ/EvXryoHJZfnTXmlUdx7BICGDt2LMTzu842x//0HNPceOONHBjsiMLPFKBAwAkovaq2vaaOP7ooj0UqOM7+TRY9F0FBQUoS+X14eHjH54F4Y5tn2+s7+79FHL9w4QLEBBHutu9+97vy+jXu0jg75iqAcZbW1T7h11Mzx0DO1TX9Yb8a24zsafDiN0t8AQoLC+3u6KqRx19j7Zi8/kH5D8X2xra/KDn+mmTb6Hf8x9exke/s1yA25m2l+Z4CFKAABbwp4PhjV0/vLXrDxcQUfdkc/z91dy3HQM4xre2jrrbHXAU3ztpgavn/mEGDbQ0G4HtnQYOrXwacPfdtS+bqL4ZtGsfGqu0xV++d/QVylXaw9ts23nuSh+7+QXL1j5DSda3cw/EXJfFZ2dTyj4ySH75SgAIUoAAFAk3AdlIN27K76p1x7F0S59j+CKhco7v2gGPbqT/aBAwaFP0Afe3PL4Crvxi2tI6Pxdgec/Xe2V8gV2kHa79j4727fHTX9RlI3Z3dWfE4BShAAQpQgAKdAt09eSBSOradHAMP26DD8QddVz9A9mebsbM0fXvHx5P65ufR2Wr8AnhUACamAAUoQAEKUIACFOixgGPQYfuDrpjUxPbpCcdgQ22T5zBo6HG19z0hg4a+G/IKFKAABShAAQpQwN8F1Nhm1Po7OstHAQpQgAIUoAAFKEABCvRNgEFD3/x4NgUoQAEKUIACFKAABfxegEGD31cxC0gBClCAAhSgAAUoQIG+CTBo6Jsfz6YABShAAQpQgAIUoIDfCzBo8PsqZgEpQAEKUIACFKAABSjQNwEGDX3z49kUoAAFKEABClCAAhTwewHfChpaK7Ft+hQYys46VEwbTNX5MEzXQ0xRpdHoMd3wBvZXm2C2SWk2VWK3IcGaRgPNdANy91fDZJ8I1bsNmC5fR1wrAYbcg6g2tdlciW8pQAEKUIACFKAABSgQOAK+EzS0nsDu517A/5Rf6VI75lMHkTq3AFhWDGO7BKm9GhmhR/H43F0ob7FGBOZPUZy6CnlYjCrjFUjSFRgzxqLi8RV4qVwJQtpwqjgdc/OAZVVGtEsS2o1PI7RiE+a+dBQtXe7MHRSgAAUoQAEKUIACFPB/AR8IGqy9CD8qw/j7foCgLnVyGY0lv0JuzCIsXzIZOlEirQ6T121CWkwFSqrOy2eYG4/gtdwILFm+EBN1wwAMg27ycmxJi0B+yUeWgMB8EiWvHUbMkoexZKIOlktNwbot6xGT/x6qlACkSx64gwIUoAAFKEABClCAAv4roPqgwdxQgGVPnUTCiysxaeQQJzXRiub6k9DFhiPUtjTaEITHXrEGBGa0NjeiVheJ8FARMCjbMISGRwJKQNBqRH3tKMSGh8gBg5JKGxqOWJR2BCDKfr5SgAIUoAAFKEABClAgEASGqr2QWv0c5B0IgS5Ig5qmZAAAE/5JREFUC/MlJ7k1n0VTjRGIdXIMgKmmCafNbUBTI0yIdJGoEU2n22BGE2pMri5lRE3TWZhhH1A4vyD3UoACFKAABShAAQpQwH8EbH+bV2epgr4uBwwuMyf3DphcHrYcsPRGuE9k7Y1wn4hHKUABClCAAhSgAAUoEHAC6g8aAq5KWGAKUIACFKAABShAAQqoS0D1jyd1yxWkR3SMrptkQQiLjugmjRZBYZGIQWk36dwfFlO+utu6O+7uXB6jAAUoQAEKUIACFKDAYAj4ftAgD3jWu7SzDJAeBoRHwmVoYR0grUU4Yl0m0ncZIO3sppIkOdst7xMBg7vjLk/kgS4CtOxC4hM7WG8+UU1OM8m6c8riEztZdz5RTV0yyXrrQuITO/qr3sR11Lb5weNJll4Ey4BnG155gPRFxETrEQRrL4LJMuC5M1UbTosB0jGRCAvSAnKvxUXrgOfOVObTYoB0BKLDuk742pmK7yhAAQpQgAIUoAAFKOCfAn4QNAxHZML9SK7NQnreCbSKejKbULnjBaTW3gfDvVGW9RYiZ2JF8sdITd+Hulax4FsbTJU5SE89iRTDPYgSEtoIJKyYhdrUTOTVWZZyM5uOYUd6FmpTVuLeqOH++S1gqShAAQpQgAIUoAAFKOBGwA+CBkA75i4YCtYjND8eIzUaaIbokVgTg+wDaxAXbC2i9kbEG3YgLXQvxo8cAo3mGugTKxGT/RqeiAuxEg3DmPi1KEgLQf74ayG6hoboV6Im5lkceGIqgt1A8hAFKEABClCAAhSgAAX8VUAj8SF7r9Vtfz3n5rUMq/hGtFRx5bjJGuvNDY7KD7HuVF5BbrLHunODo+JDrDcVV46brPVXvfXXddxk1eNDDBo8Juv9CWr8AvS+NDyTAhSgAAUoQAEKUGAgBNTYZvSLx5MGorJ4TQpQgAIUoAAFKEABClDAIsCeBn4TKEABClCAAhSgAAUoQAG3AuxpcMvDgxSgAAUoQAEKUIACFKAAgwZ+ByhAAQpQgAIUoAAFKEABtwIMGtzy8CAFKEABClCAAhSgAAUowKCB3wEKUIACFKAABShAAQpQwK0Agwa3PDxIAQpQgAIUoAAFKEABCgRm0NDagLJcA6aL1aPlPzFYuq0EDa1mm2+EGa0NZcg1JHiQRgONfim2vduAVpsrOX3b2oB3ty2F3poH/dIsvNvQYk1qRkvZ5o5jljwqebW86g1lsKRuQUNZLgzT9dZ8amB/Lad3504KUIACFKAABShAge4E1NBmtM2j+VMULY9BZztQOSjarSXYtjRmYNqtAAIvaBDY6xZgccVYZBivQCyI3W58FbG1TyFuXTFOWeMG86lirIvLQP33duCSJEGSqvHire9jxdwdqLYGF5Y061AR+jSM7SLNFRiLJ6N26QKsK/oUtiGIUqXyq5yHB/H8mXkov9QOSfoC5fPO4PnoB7Gt+qJcLcEznodRvq+4rvLnAqoy7wbituPAj+MQjDacKtqMuMUVCM2oRrtI125EcWwNlsZtRtGpNrvb8gMFKEABClCAAhSgQA8F1NBmtMtqG04VZ2J17gm7veKDpU26HWfmvW1pt156G/PObEd0f7RblbtJAba11+dI8ZgopRw5Y1dy+/1npCMpEyXE50j17TbJ2j+WcuK/JcXnfCy1S19K9TkLJeg2SUe+sE3kar9ynXbpiyObJJ3jefK1dZIu5Yj0hZLU7rVdulS1XYrD3VJm1QXLEVfnuNpvdz1+oAAFKEABClCAAhRwJWDfNuxMZb9/INuMnfeUpHbp0sd5UtK37pDi7nBsL1ry4NiGtM+nq/apq/2297a8H6oED4Hyqo1KRomU7KK4RtQ0nYXZDDTVGKGLDUeobV+MNgThsaNQuu+PaFw2DlHJb8HlpUyNaDrdBgQPd7iXFnIvgtFhd3cfW6vw6lOZqE8pwP6JoyypteOQXGKEq9KYappw2gwE25ahu/vwOAUoQAEKUIACFKAABr/NaFMJoh34+C4MffEZPPjGY/iJzSEgBDMyquC+aTm8l+3WzhuxOdlpAWAqFk0N7/6ZrdpGNNuNf7C7iOVD/CxMjXQMGJykE7vMJlTueAGptfORvXYqgrska8Op0j3YXu/qeJcTAHwV8YvuQCRr2BkO91GAAhSgAAUoQIE+CHizzXgR1a/+FNsjNuOniZEY0oNcm03HsCM9C7XJm7E2LqT7M3rQbmWTUjCaP0VxhoC9HwmioS/3KOi7ApvPyj0QXQ907jGf+i0yUj9G8oqZPWiwX0ZD7n3QDNHje09+iP/a8ABu1w3rvJjyznwSJa8VAUvm464xTo4r6eRX8bxbNlJrZ2FFQkT3AZDdufxAAQpQgAIUoAAFKOBSwOttRjNaq3+Bp96ZiQM7EjGmu5a7uQ65CXoM0U/Fk+/eig0rbofOzTmetFvdXMYll58daEFd3k+x+uS9KEibY62MEMSt3YzZ+Rl4seyUZUCz3BvwEva1OQkmFJHWE8jb/DxOLtuOtMSbetBgt3YVyYOxt2PMbxZi4qNFHYOxlcuaG/+IfaW34sn7bnXSC6GkEq9mtNb9EptX/w3LCjYhsdsAw/ZcvqcABShAAQpQgAIUcC3g/TajPMB57hHcve1hTAzqQbPd+ui6PDlPQQR+8714POpqch4P2609uLtrOt8/0oK63PWYkQqk/Xw9Ztj8yq8dk4gd5U9i9O5ZGCKmRZ35Ej7+vgE7lkQAMZEIc6y41hPI/dEDSMUa/HzzTLdRnTM3rW4mNv54GZD7K5Q0XrZJchmNRw+jNH4+7rnFOpbB5mjnWxEw5ONHM7YBaT/D5hljehC0dJ7NdxSgAAUoQAEKUIACrgQGoc0oejWefh4nn3waK5XxrK6y12X/MOhm/Ag/TrkGua8dQaPjlJ69abd2HRsdIHvajdIH25MknS5ZyvnY+XxFXSVcjE43HpW2J02QdEl50seXbGdS6noF13ussyo5zuzUo5mQrkjGD7KlJN0EKSmnVrrk+iY8QgEKUIACFKAABSjgicAgtRktsx9BAlz9WSjl1H/ppiTWmZ0cZuxs72W7NSB7Gsymd7F55kR87zdjkF2eheRxjkOPLWMNuiycIY9puAZLEr5jfUyoDaayZzFTvxC/CX0W5S8vwTjHHogukZ91HIN+M8paHMM+ALp4JEwa3XGW5dEkvc09Ow5Z3phPoWzzXOi/9xuEZr+Nl5MnIMghCT9SgAIUoAAFKEABCnguMJhtRsvsTcpaXdbX9o+RE6+DLuUIvpDeQnLUcMA6jqFLu9VaXN2SuzBJnkqzN+1WGzM34Yl/Hrr0gZQZp5Og+5FU2HzFZRkt0V28tOlIsyT3HbQbpaq8FCk+uVBqtuywrpsASdexz+Xl7A/IeZho1yvQbiyVNsXZ7xNz8sprOsBVJHlBqsq8WwImSMmFTZZ82t+JnyhAAQpQgAIUoAAFeiOghjajY76dPoFiXcvL7umZK5LxyDNSXMc+Zb2vXrRbrXkQqw0H0GZdwMJlNw9sFle7Ihmr9kgpIsCQ08dLKXkfSEbl6SNrpbnuMlIWkFPuqXy2cLcbq6TCzCRJp+QlLkXKOVLv8GiR+6Ch224rh+6oAKpoFpUCFKAABShAAQr0QUBpv7l6NMh7bUa7QjgNGkQK0W4tlDKTJljbrTopLiVHOlJvfQS/x+1Wu7vZfdCITzYdD3xLAQpQgAIUoAAFKEABClDATiAgxzTYCfADBShAAQpQgAIUoAAFKOBWgEGDWx4epAAFKEABClCAAhSgAAUYNPA7QAEKUIACFKAABShAAQq4FWDQ4JaHBylAAQpQgAIUoAAFKEABBg38DlCAAhRQi0BLGQx6PRJy62C/iosZLWWboRer0yfkosH+IMwNuUjQTIKh7Kz3SiLPCx7pJK/eyoIZrQ0l2LZ5b4dHnx3kMj2E3IbL3ioE70MBClDAZwQYNPhMVTGjFKCA3wsEfwcJS/SorTei1a6wbTjd1AjExeGO2kY0t9pGDZfRePQwSh0WhrQ73S8/nEdlzhZsqO7HBn6rEfVfmYmpkcP9UoyFogAFKNAXAQYNfdHjuRSgAAX6VSAIYdERMOW/hyrbFePNTTi67xSW/CgZU1GKkqrzNndtRXP9SXSu+GlziG89EDCjpaocf51/ByL5P6MHbkxKAQoEigD/aQyUmmY5KUABHxAYjsipsxBvakTT6baO/Job/4h9tXciIT4BCUuA/JKP0KIcbfkIJflGxETrEST2mU2oLtqGpXoNNOJxJo0e0w25KGuwnGF5hOe+ro/gyI9G2TziJK6z24Dp8jU00Ew3ILeswaEHRMmE9bXbc86izDAJmoSXUVaZD8N0vSWP+qXY9q7DtVsb8O62pZZHsjQxWLotH7mGBGj0m1HW8k+UGWZh5tZqoHQ5oofY5BtXcPrD32Db0hhr+cW5JWiw651xyLf88TyqSv6J+VPD4fQ/RuXRsTfeRaWNi35pFt612gJK+V5EUUlWZx1MN2B39Sm0iMeplHzplyKr0uTwGJqzfHEfBShAAXUIOP23UR1ZYy4oQAEKBJ6ANvIOLIr/EPuONlkblNbHj2IiERYUgkkJ8UBNE05bn1Ayn25CjWkqFsmN3Yuo3v4o5u4fgR9VX4FYu1Nq/zN+PGQfZq7IQXWrGV2vL4zFr+zvIR/xSJg0GjB/iqJH4zG3bCwyjOI67bj08/9ExeIFWFf0qfOGrifnlKbjucKvYfmBZkjSFRgLIvBO/JN4tfqipcLFtdYtwNLaGSi71A5JOoZNo8uRurXU+oUIwYyMwziSMhGIz0F9exUyZoRYj53AnncaEbHlmFz+duN2jHnnR1jxapX7gEcEX3+d3M2jSSaUPrYNhSMfxgHZthkFYw4j3mprzQBQuhO7ym7CloZ2SO3NOHJ7DZZNCsO49EZ8/8VqSNIX+DhtKDIT01F8qjM47DifbyhAAQqoUIBBgworhVmiAAUCWEAbgvDYUTbjGsTjR6cQv0g8NqNF8KS7sKT2MI42imf5zWhtbkRt/CxLY7flQ7y1/TSWLF2EybphFkTtGMQtW4T48j/huLEN0IZj6qJbUZp/CH/p+PVd/MpeCiy5C5OCgZby17A6dzzStiy3XkeLoHFLsKtgLg6tfg3lto9OyXcxe3aObhl+vCURUUHiv6Bh0E2ahsm6D/Hu8dMwiwBG3P/Qnch+/gGMk9MEY1xyBgpEkNDtNhEpP34S86OC5ZRa3TQsW3Iryt89AaPtUBC761iCpsJvhyO0m/8VdSkGbJk/ztKro9Vh0l0ToVNslWvalk9Jg4U2nsGImjoFMab38UF9R5+RcjZfKUABCqhSoJt/HlWZZ2aKAhSggB8LjLb0JijjGuTHj8ZYexIABOkRHaP0RFgb+7HWxm7wDGQYq5Ax+TzKiopQJP7kGjAzejmU3+iB4YhMuB/J9f+NtyotYyPMp36P/84PxZP33YpgWK5p0kUiPNQaeMjaWgSFRSLG5DimQhzszTk2VSiXCdZAyXqtmFsxQQl85KSW8R42Z3n2tssActvTxUDz81iQ8B1YQg3bY+7eW01wEvXN9kPX3Z3FYxSgAAV8UYBBgy/WGvNMAQr4sYC1NwFiXMNly2NDMdaeBFFqa0+BPMOS+Syaaq7Bko7GbgvqcpdDPzIaM3d9APlhn1Gz8fOq1xFv07DVjvk+HuoYG3EZjSW/Qm7MfNxzy6hOV9MLmHntEOu4AMv4iCF2wUdn0o53vTmn4+RBfCMGmhd93fJoVn9kQ36UjP+99gclr0EBCqhHYKh6ssKcUIACFKCALNDRm1CPO/ApYhYl2czoYxksHZP6Hj5Y8E15gLRBjEMQDys1/BrrlldidmET3ph/k3VAr1jjoRS1AGI7eK29GYvfQ9WmUDTt+xDxi35qcw9YxgocSkaUq7av2cmaEGJ8gbtz4OScjjwN3hsx0Lzo23HYG+yqsIOXN96ZAhSggFoE+C+kWmqC+aAABSigCCi9CX8tQfG+JsSGh9jN6CMPZo5pRPXvj6O241dt6/gGjMeUCd+wSX8Vly46Pjev9GaU4p03f4V9pbd2Pv4ES0Chq/0QJ0y2g3TNaK3OwnSNk5mXenWOUljHV+X+jutRWKaWdUzd989ioHklvt3RW9P3K/IKFKAABfxRgEGDP9Yqy0QBCvi4gLU3YfsmbBJTrVp7EjoKJQ+WPolNG4oQIw+QFkesgYDuKPLz/gCTPOi3DabKN7B59cswdZxsfRN8K+57MhTbNzyHUmUgtXxIi+C4FcieXYHVm99ApRw4iNWXi/HcUy8DmU/hvijHxc96c45jhpTPyrVK8Vx6sXWq1BY0FG3Hc2KK1Y7NdozDZbS2Xu044tkbEYwA0WHyhLWencrUFKAABQJIgEFDAFU2i0oBCviOgDY0HLE6uFi0zfprPPT2vRDBU/HEgQxM/tNS6IeIcQgTsfH3IVha/DZSdI5lH4Vb7pmPeExA8oqZ9o8maW/C/B2FKLjzMxj010CjGYKRcftxw5p92PvkZMvMQY6X6805jtdQPsvX2ovNN+xH3EgxrmIK0k9OwprMRCUF5AHdsx/FprZURA+JwIK3Gp1PBWtzhtO3PZpq1emZ3EkBClAgoAQ0kpjImxsFKEABClBA1QKX0ZCbhLj6lajLmOHhLEeqLhgzRwEKUMAnBNjT4BPVxExSgAIUCBQBMXB7M/T65citU8ZiiMescpCe+m/rtLCBYsFyUoACFFCPAIMG9dQFc0IBClCAAmJsRtwaHMgej4oZ11qnfL0GE1/+EvMOvIEnJ9pMC0stClCAAhTwmgAfT/IaNW9EAQpQgAIUoAAFKEAB3xRgT4Nv1htzTQEKUIACFKAABShAAa8J/H+rEzg6NC/O6gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Graph 2:</strong> Calibration of vanadium in μg kg<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">[Source: © Agilent Technologies, Inc.1998. Reproduced with Permission, Courtesy of Agilent Technologies, Inc.]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>ICP-OES/MS can be used to analyse alloys and composites. Distinguish between alloys and composites.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>ICP-MS is a reference mode for analysis. The following correlation graphs between ICP-OES and ICP-MS were produced for yttrium and nickel.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-10_om_13.02.42.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/03.b"></p>
<p>Each <em>y</em>-axis shows concentrations calculated by ICP-OES; each <em>x</em>-axis shows concentrations for the same sample as found by ICP-MS.</p>
<p>The line in each graph is <em>y </em>= <em>x</em>.</p>
<p>Discuss the effectiveness of ICP-OES for yttrium and nickel.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the purpose of each graph.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate, to four significant figures, the concentration, in μg kg<sup>−1</sup>, of vanadium in oil giving a signal intensity of 14 950.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Vanadium(V) oxide is used as the catalyst in the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.</p>
<p>SO<sub>2</sub>(g) + V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(s) → SO<sub>3</sub>(g) + 2VO<sub>2</sub>(s)</p>
<p>\(\frac{1}{2}\)O<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2VO<sub>2</sub>(s) → V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(s)</p>
<p>Outline how vanadium(V) oxide acts as a catalyst.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Alloy:</em></p>
<p>mixture of <span>metal</span> with other metals/non-metals</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>mixture of elements that retains the properties of a <span>metal</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Composite:</em></p>
<p>reinforcing phase embedded in matrix phase</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for implying </em><em>“composites only have </em><em>heterogeneous/nonhomogeneous </em><em>compositions”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>effective for yttrium <strong>«</strong>but less/not for nickel<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p>points on nickel graph do not lie on <strong>«</strong><em>y =</em> <em>x</em><strong>» </strong>line</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>cannot be used for low concentrations of nickel</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>concentration of nickel is lower than recorded value</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “ICP-OES is more accurate for </em><em>lower yttrium concentrations than higher </em><em>concentrations” for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept [Ni] and [Y] for concentrations of </em><em>nickel and yttrium.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “detection limit for yttrium is </em><em>lower than for nickel” for M2.</em></p>
<p><em>Award </em><strong><em>[1 max] </em></strong><em>for “more accurate for </em><em>yttrium at lower concentrations </em><strong><em>AND</em></strong><em> nickel at higher concentrations”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>Graph 1:</em> determines wavelength of maximum absorption/maximum intensity <strong>«</strong>for vanadium<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Graph 2:</em> determines absorption of known concentrations <strong>«</strong>at that wavelength<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>estimates [V]/concentration in a sample using <strong>«</strong>the signal<strong>» </strong>intensity</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept just “determines </em><em>maximum wavelength/λ</em><sub><em>max</em></sub><em>” for M1.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “calibration curve” for </em><em>M2.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><strong>«</strong>14 950 = 392.19<em>x +</em> 147.62<strong>»</strong></p>
<p><em>x =</em> 37.74 <strong>«</strong>μg kg<sup>–1</sup><strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Answer must be given to </em><strong><em>four </em></strong><strong><em>significant figures</em></strong><em>.</em></p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept values obtained directly </em><em>from the graph.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>vanadium reduced in first reaction <strong><em>AND </em></strong>oxidized in second reaction</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> oxidizes SO<sub>2</sub> in first reaction <strong><em>AND </em></strong>VO<sub>2</sub> reduces O<sub>2</sub> in second reaction</p>
<p><strong><em>OR</em></strong></p>
<p>vanadium returns to original oxidation state <strong>«</strong>after reaction<strong>»</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p>provides an alternative reaction pathway/mechanism <strong>«</strong>with a lower activation energy<strong>» </strong>✔</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Do </em><strong><em>not </em></strong><em>accept “reactants adsorb onto </em><em>surface </em><strong><em>AND </em></strong><em>products desorb”.</em></p>
<p><em>Accept “oxidation number” for “oxidation </em><em>state”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is often used for the identification of polymers, such as PETE, for recycling.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>LDPE and high density polyethene (HDPE) have very similar IR spectra even though they have rather different structures and physical properties.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Below are the IR spectra of two plastics (<strong>A</strong> and <strong>B</strong>); one is PETE, the other is low density polyethene (LDPE).</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Deduce, giving your reasons, the identity and resin identification code (RIC) of <strong>A</strong> and <strong>B </strong>using sections 26 and 30 of the data booklet.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe the difference in their structures.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why the difference in their structures affects their melting points.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p><em>A RIC:</em> 1 <em><strong>AND</strong> B RIC:</em> 4</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 1:</strong></em><br>«only» PETE contains carbonyl/C=O/ester/COO groups<br>carbonyl groups absorb at 1700–1750 «cm<sup>–1</sup>»</p>
<p><em><strong>ALTERNATIVE 2:</strong></em><br>LDPE contains more C–H bonds «than PETE»<br>C–H bonds absorb at 2850–3090 «cm<sup>–1</sup>»</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>For either, accept specific frequencies in these ranges (eg 1735 «cm<sup>–1</sup>» or 2900 «cm<sup>–1</sup>»).</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[3 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HDPE less branched<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>LDPE more branched</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept “no branching in HDPE <strong>AND </strong>branching in LDPE”.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[1 mark]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>HDPE «polymer» chains/molecules can pack together more closely «than LDPE chains»<br><em><strong>OR</strong></em><br>HDPE «polymer» chains/molecules have a higher contact surface area «than LDPE chains»</p>
<p>stronger intermolecular/dispersion/London/van der Waals’ forces in HDPE <em><strong>AND</strong> </em>higher melting point</p>
<p> </p>
<p><em>Accept converse arguments.</em></p>
<p><strong><em>[2 marks]</em></strong></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
[N/A]
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>