File "3-japanese-expansion-international-response-1931-1941.html"
Path: /ThinkIB/history/history/page/45146/3-japanese-expansion-international-response-1931-1941html
File size: 224.84 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K5VSFSN');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<title>DP History: 3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="robots" content="none"><meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">
<!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="https://www.student.thinkib.net">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta name="keywords" content="History, ThinkIB.net, InThinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP"><meta name="description" content="3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941. ThinkIB.net History is an InThinking website.">
<link href="../../../css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../../css/top-nav.min.css?v=202211301945" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style.min.css?v=20230110" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style-ib.min.css?v=20230105" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css">
<link href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/side-nav.min.css?v=20220520"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/css/ckeditor5-custom.css" type="text/css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/std-access.min.css?v=20220504"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min.css?v=202212151220"><script src="../../../js/localdates.min.js?v=202009290900"></script><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><script>var tibSitename = "history";</script>
<script>
const SITE_TAG = "ib"
const SITE_WEB = "ThinkIB.net"
const SITE_DOMAIN = "www.thinkib.net"
const SITE_URI = "https://thinkib.net"
const SITE_CLIENT_CODE = "TIB000001"
let imageThinker = "../../../img/header-thinker-ib.svg";
let imageStudent = "img/header-student-thinkib.svg";
</script>
<script>var userHash = "IB Docs (2)", userTicket = "IB Docs (2)";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min.js?v=202102101800"></script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/student-thinkib/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"><meta name="application-name" content=" "><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-70x70.png"><meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-150x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-310x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="https://www.student.thinkib.net/img/favicon/student-thinkib/mstile-310x310.png">
</head>
<body onunload="" class="student-access">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K5VSFSN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<div id="header">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="pull-right visible-phone">
<a href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 45px; width: auto">
</a>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-left">
<h1><a href="../../../history-2.html?lg=42233"><span style="font-size: .8em;">IBDP History brought to you by the IB Docs (2) Team</span></a></h1>
<p class="slogan hidden-phone"><span class="slogan"><em>InThinking</em> Subject Sites for teachers & their classes</span></p>
<p class="hidden-phone"><em>Group: IB History<br>Teacher: Teach Yourself!</em></p>
</div>
<div class="pull-right text-right">
<a class="hidden-phone" href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 70px; width: auto">
</a>
<div class="search"><a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" data-toggle="dropdown" title="Search"><i class="fa fa-2x fa-search"></i></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="topmenu">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div>
<nav class="top-nav"><ul class="level-0"><li><a href="../../../history-2.html?lg=42233"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a></li><li><a href="../35914/getting-started-students.html">Getting started: Students</a></li><li><a href="../28978/exam-revision.html">Exam revision</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="../19757/paper-1.html">Paper 1</a></li><li><a href="../19758/paper-2.html">Paper 2</a></li><li><a href="../19920/paper-3.html">Paper 3</a></li><li><a href="../26763/the-ib-core.html">The IB Core</a></li><li><a href="../33195/recursos-en-espanol.html">Recursos en español</a></li></ul></nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="nav-menu-search" class="shadow-md" style="display: none;">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<form class="form-inline" role="search" method="get" action="history/search">
<input id="nav-search" name="s" type="search" placeholder="Search History..." value="">
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit">
Search
</button>
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" title="Close">
<i class="fa fa-lg fa-times gray"></i>
</a>
</form>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div id="container" class="container-fluid">
<div id="content">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div id="left-column" class="span3"> <div id="userbox">
<div class="dropdown" style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
<a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle btn">
<img style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: -2px 0 0 0;" src="../../../img/user/e/IBRR.jpg">
IB Docs (2) Team <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu" id="menu1">
<li><a href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/englishb?lg=42280"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fixwidth gray"></i> IBDP English B</a></li><li><a href="../../../history-2.html?lg=42233"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fixwidth gray"></i> IBDP History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/mathanalysis?lg=27105"><i class="fa fa-caret-right fixwidth gray"></i> IBDP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="https://www.student.thinkib.net"><i class="fa fa-dashboard fixwidth colored"></i> Dashboard</a></li><li><a href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/?pan=tasks"><i class="fa fa-pencil fixwidth colored"></i> All tasks</a></li><li><a href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/std/profile-editor"><i class="fa fa-user fixwidth colored"></i> My profile</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.student.thinkib.net?logout=1">
<i class="fa fa-power-off fixwidth"></i> Log out
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div id="std-side-box" data-pid="1297" style="background: #f6f6f6; margin-bottom: 20px;"><div id="usernav" style="margin: 0; padding: 0px;"> <div class="row-fluid accordion-group" style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div class="" style="padding: 6px 4px 6px 8px; background: #E89C12;"> <a class="accordion-toggle std-header" style="color: #fff; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #444; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; " data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#usernav" href="#side-box-content-assignments"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right white" style="margin-left: 4px;"></i> Tasks </a> </div> <div id="side-box-content-assignments" class="accordion-body collapse"> <div class="accordion-inner" style="line-height: 1.7em;"><span style="background: #dbdbdb; text-shadow: none; font-size: .9em; padding: 5px 2px; margin-bottom: 6px;width: 100%;display: block;"> Overdue tasks</span><ul style="margin: 0;"><li class="task"><span><a href="../../task/334034/1-origins-of-the-cold-war-mc.html"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece fa-fw colored fixwidth" title="Quiz task"></i> 1. Origins of the Cold War (M/C) </a></span></li><li class="task"><span><a href="../../task/398980/move-to-global-war-japan.html"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece fa-fw colored fixwidth" title="Quiz task"></i> Move to Global War: Japan </a></span></li><li class="task"><span><a href="../../task/398996/1-manchurian-crisis-1931.html"><i class="fa fa-file fa-fw colored fixwidth" title="Reading task"></i> 1. Manchurian crisis (1931) </a></span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><br><div id="topicsnav" style="margin: 0; padding: 0px;"> <div class="row-fluid accordion-group" style="border: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"> <div style="padding: 6px 4px 6px 8px; background: #204a87;"> <a class="accordion-toggle std-header" style="color: #fff; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #444; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400;" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#topicsnav" href="#side-box-topics-list"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90 white" style="margin-left: 4px;"></i> Topics </a> <span id="sidetreecontrol"> <a title="Collapse all" rel="collapse" href="#"> <i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i> </a> <a title="Expand all" rel="expand" href="#"> <i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i> </a> </span> </div> <div id="side-box-topics-list" class="accordion-body in collapse"> <div class="accordion-inner" style="line-height: 1.7em; padding: 0;"> <nav class="side-nav" id="sidemenu"><ul class="level-0 always-expanded"><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35914/getting-started-students.html" title="Getting started: Students">Getting started: Students</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35961/1-introducing-ib-history.html" title="1. Introducing IB History">1. Introducing IB History</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35983/2-developing-study-skills.html" title="2. Developing study skills">2. Developing study skills</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35971/1-finding-relevant-sources.html" title="1. Finding relevant sources">1. Finding relevant sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35977/3-note-taking.html" title="3. Note taking">3. Note taking</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35986/4-working-with-historical-sources.html" title="4. Working with historical sources">4. Working with historical sources</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38442/3-source-work-paper-1.html" title="3. Source work: Paper 1">3. Source work: Paper 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38417/4-essay-writing-papers-2-and-3.html" title="4. Essay writing: Papers 2 and 3">4. Essay writing: Papers 2 and 3</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28978/exam-revision.html" title="Exam revision">Exam revision</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28980/1-planning-your-revision.html" title="1. Planning your revision">1. Planning your revision</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29006/2-creating-revision-notes.html" title="2. Creating revision notes">2. Creating revision notes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29007/3-memorising-your-notes.html" title="3. Memorising your notes">3. Memorising your notes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29008/4-preparing-for-the-examination.html" title="4. Preparing for the examination">4. Preparing for the examination</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="5. Revision activities">5. Revision activities</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43594/p2-t10-authoritarian-states-castro.html" title="P2: T10 Authoritarian States - Castro">P2: T10 Authoritarian States - Castro</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43451/p2-t10-authoritarian-states-hitler.html" title="P2: T10 Authoritarian States - Hitler">P2: T10 Authoritarian States - Hitler</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43321/p2-t10-authoritarian-states-mao.html" title="P2: T10 Authoritarian States - Mao">P2: T10 Authoritarian States - Mao</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43985/p2-t11-comparing-civil-wars.html" title="P2: T11: Comparing civil wars">P2: T11: Comparing civil wars</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43986/p2-t11-comparing-guerilla-wars.html" title="P2: T11: Comparing guerilla wars">P2: T11: Comparing guerilla wars</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43491/revision-quizzes.html" title="Revision Quizzes">Revision Quizzes</a></li></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../19757/paper-1.html" title="Paper 1">Paper 1</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="3. Prescribed Subjects for Paper 1">3. Prescribed Subjects for Paper 1</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22117/ps1-military-leaders.html" title="PS1: Military Leaders">PS1: Military Leaders</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22118/1-genghis-khan-from-rats-to-riches-atl.html" title="1. Genghis Khan: From rats to riches (ATL)">1. Genghis Khan: From rats to riches (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22352/1-the-rise-of-the-khan-part-1-timujin-in-the-making.html" title="1. The rise of the Khan! Part 1 - Timujin in the Making">1. The rise of the Khan! Part 1 - Timujin in the Making</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22723/2-the-rise-of-the-khan-part-2-genghis-the-continental-conqueror.html" title="2. The Rise of the Khan! Part 2 - Genghis the Continental Conqueror">2. The Rise of the Khan! Part 2 - Genghis the Continental Conqueror</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22758/3-mongol-military-might-and-prowess.html" title="3. Mongol Military Might and Prowess">3. Mongol Military Might and Prowess</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22686/4-the-destruction-of-khwarizm.html" title="4. The Destruction of Khwarizm">4. The Destruction of Khwarizm</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22736/5-the-mongol-impact-on-central-asia-under-genghis-khan.html" title="5. The Mongol Impact on Central Asia Under Genghis Khan">5. The Mongol Impact on Central Asia Under Genghis Khan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22783/6-mongol-warfare-the-horsemen-hoard-of-the-steppes.html" title="6. Mongol Warfare: The Horsemen Hoard of the Steppes">6. Mongol Warfare: The Horsemen Hoard of the Steppes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22780/7-the-legacy-of-genghis-khan.html" title="7. The Legacy of Genghis Khan">7. The Legacy of Genghis Khan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22720/8-tok-materials-for-genghis-khan.html" title="8. TOK Materials for Genghis Khan">8. TOK Materials for Genghis Khan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22826/acknowledgements-and-disclaimers.html" title="Acknowledgements and Disclaimers">Acknowledgements and Disclaimers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22120/2-richard-i-of-england-rex-bellicosus-atl.html" title="2. Richard I of England: Rex Bellicosus (ATL)">2. Richard I of England: Rex Bellicosus (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22882/1-england-1150-1220.html" title="1. England 1150-1220">1. England 1150-1220</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22883/2-early-life-richards-rise-to-power.html" title="2. Early Life: Richard's Rise to Power">2. Early Life: Richard's Rise to Power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22884/3-the-chivalrous-warrior-personality-perspectives-and-leadership.html" title="3. The Chivalrous Warrior: Personality, Perspectives and Leadership">3. The Chivalrous Warrior: Personality, Perspectives and Leadership</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22885/4-military-maketh-the-man-richards-aims-and-objectives.html" title="4. Military Maketh the Man: Richard's Aims and Objectives">4. Military Maketh the Man: Richard's Aims and Objectives</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23555/5-richard-overseas-the-third-crusade.html" title="5. Richard Overseas: The Third Crusade">5. Richard Overseas: The Third Crusade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22886/6-the-occupation-of-sicily-.html" title="6. The Occupation of Sicily ">6. The Occupation of Sicily </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22887/7-the-conquest-of-cyprus.html" title="7. The Conquest of Cyprus">7. The Conquest of Cyprus</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23421/8-tok-and-richard-i.html" title="8. TOK and Richard I">8. TOK and Richard I</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26836/ps2-conquest-and-its-impact.html" title="PS2: Conquest and its impact">PS2: Conquest and its impact</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26840/1-the-final-stages-of-muslim-rule-in-spain-atl.html" title="1. The final stages of Muslim rule in Spain: ATL">1. The final stages of Muslim rule in Spain: ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26844/2-the-conquest-of-mexico-and-peru-atl.html" title="2. The conquest of Mexico and Peru: ATL">2. The conquest of Mexico and Peru: ATL</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../19945/ps3-the-move-to-global-war.html" title="PS3: The Move to Global War">PS3: The Move to Global War</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../45136/1-case-study-1-japanese-expansion-in-east-asia-1931-41.html" title="1. Case study 1: Japanese expansion in East Asia 1931-41">1. Case study 1: Japanese expansion in East Asia 1931-41</a></li><ul class="level-4 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45135/1-japanese-expansion-causes-.html" title="1. Japanese expansion: causes ">1. Japanese expansion: causes </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45137/2-japanese-expansion-events-1931-to-1939.html" title="2. Japanese expansion: events 1931 to 1939">2. Japanese expansion: events 1931 to 1939</a></li><li class="current" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="3-japanese-expansion-international-response-1931-1941.html" title="3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941">3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20455/21-case-study-2-italian-expansion-19331940-.html" title="2.1 Case Study 2: Italian expansion (1933–1940) ">2.1 Case Study 2: Italian expansion (1933–1940) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44514/1-causes-of-italian-expansion.html" title="1. Causes of Italian expansion">1. Causes of Italian expansion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44520/2-events-1935-1939.html" title="2. Events 1935 - 1939">2. Events 1935 - 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44521/3-international-response-to-italian-aggression.html" title="3. International response to Italian aggression">3. International response to Italian aggression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26982/22-case-study-2-german-expansion-1933-1940-atl.html" title="2.2 Case Study 2: German expansion (1933 - 1940) ATL">2.2 Case Study 2: German expansion (1933 - 1940) ATL</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44489/1-causes-of-german-expansion.html" title="1. Causes of German expansion">1. Causes of German expansion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44761/2-events-german-challenges-to-the-post-war-settlements-19331938.html" title="2. Events - German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938)">2. Events - German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44762/3-events-german-expansion-19381939.html" title="3. Events - German expansion (1938–1939)">3. Events - German expansion (1938–1939)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44763/4-international-response-to-german-aggression-19331938.html" title="4. International response to German aggression (1933–1938)">4. International response to German aggression (1933–1938)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44764/5-international-response-to-german-and-italian-aggression-1940.html" title="5. International response to German and Italian aggression (1940)">5. International response to German and Italian aggression (1940)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20009/6-ps3-full-source-papers-case-study-2.html" title="6. PS3: Full source papers Case Study 2">6. PS3: Full source papers Case Study 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="7. PS3 Move to Global War: Quizzes">7. PS3 Move to Global War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28200/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28218/move-to-global-war-germany.html" title="Move to Global War: Germany">Move to Global War: Germany</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28213/move-to-global-war-italy.html" title="Move to Global War: Italy">Move to Global War: Italy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../../task/398980.html" title="Move to Global War: Japan">Move to Global War: Japan</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19946/ps4-rights-and-protest.html" title="PS4: Rights and Protest">PS4: Rights and Protest</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20016/1-case-study-1-civil-rights-movement-in-the-united-states-195419.html" title="1. Case Study 1: Civil rights movement in the United States (1954–1965) ">1. Case Study 1: Civil rights movement in the United States (1954–1965) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44442/1-nature-and-characteristics-of-discrimination.html" title="1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination">1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44446/2-protests-and-action.html" title="2. Protests and action">2. Protests and action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44447/3-the-role-and-significance-of-key-actorsgroups.html" title="3. The role and significance of key actors/groups">3. The role and significance of key actors/groups</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20616/3-case-study-2-apartheid-south-africa-1948-1964-.html" title="3. Case Study 2: Apartheid South Africa (1948 - 1964) ">3. Case Study 2: Apartheid South Africa (1948 - 1964) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44454/1-nature-and-characteristics-of-discrimination.html" title="1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination">1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44738/the-system-of-apartheid.html" title="The system of apartheid">The system of apartheid</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44478/2-protests-and-action.html" title="2. Protests and action">2. Protests and action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44495/3-the-role-and-significance-of-key-actorsgroups.html" title="3. The role and significance of key actors/groups">3. The role and significance of key actors/groups</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="5. PS4: Full source papers Case Study 1">5. PS4: Full source papers Case Study 1</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39603/2-racism-and-violence-against-african-americans-the-ku-klux-klan.html" title="2. Racism and violence against African Americans; the Ku Klux Klan;">2. Racism and violence against African Americans; the Ku Klux Klan;</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="8. PS4 Rights and Protest: Quizzes">8. PS4 Rights and Protest: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33553/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33554/1-civil-rights-movement-in-the-us.html" title="1. Civil Rights movement in the US">1. Civil Rights movement in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33555/2-apartheid-south-africa.html" title="2. Apartheid South Africa">2. Apartheid South Africa</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="PS5: Conflict and Intervention">PS5: Conflict and Intervention</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20542/1-rwanda-19901998-atl.html" title="1. Rwanda (1990–1998) (ATL)">1. Rwanda (1990–1998) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20543/2-kosovo-19892002-atl.html" title="2. Kosovo (1989–2002) (ATL)">2. Kosovo (1989–2002) (ATL)</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19758/paper-2.html" title="Paper 2">Paper 2</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24664/2-assessment-for-paper-2.html" title="2. Assessment for Paper 2">2. Assessment for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 02: Causes and Effects of Medieval Wars">Topic 02: Causes and Effects of Medieval Wars</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25631/1-causes-of-medieval-wars.html" title="1. Causes of Medieval Wars">1. Causes of Medieval Wars</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25450/2-military-personnel.html" title="2. Military Personnel">2. Military Personnel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25667/3-role-and-importance-of-rulers-in-war.html" title="3. Role and Importance of Rulers in War">3. Role and Importance of Rulers in War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25439/4-siege-warfare.html" title="4. Siege Warfare">4. Siege Warfare</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24699/5-women-in-medieval-warfare.html" title="5. Women in Medieval Warfare">5. Women in Medieval Warfare</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25680/6-the-effects-of-medieval-wars-and-conflicts.html" title="6. The Effects of Medieval Wars and Conflicts">6. The Effects of Medieval Wars and Conflicts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25731/case-study-4-the-abbasid-civil-war-809-813.html" title="Case Study 4: The Abbasid Civil War 809-813">Case Study 4: The Abbasid Civil War 809-813</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25729/case-study-topic-02-genghis-khan.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Genghis Khan">Case Study Topic 02: Genghis Khan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26139/case-study-topic-02-nur-al-din-zangi-1118-1174.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Nur al-Din Zangi (1118-1174)">Case Study Topic 02: Nur al-Din Zangi (1118-1174)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25730/case-study-topic-02-richard-i.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Richard I">Case Study Topic 02: Richard I</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 03: Dynasties and Rulers (750-1500)">Topic 03: Dynasties and Rulers (750-1500)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25750/case-study-topic-03-tamerlane.html" title="Case Study Topic 03: Tamerlane">Case Study Topic 03: Tamerlane</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31372/topic-06-causes-and-effects-of-early-modern-wars-1500-1750.html" title="Topic 06. Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500-1750)">Topic 06. Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500-1750)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32552/case-study-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires.html" title="Case study: Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires">Case study: Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32554/1-the-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-empire.html" title="1. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">1. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32641/2-the-spanish-conquest-of-the-inca-empire.html" title="2. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">2. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32807/3-conquest-of-aztec-and-inca-empires-effects.html" title="3. Conquest of Aztec and Inca Empires: Effects">3. Conquest of Aztec and Inca Empires: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32556/4-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires-essay-planning.html" title="4. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Essay planning">4. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32608/6-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires-videos.html" title="6. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Videos">6. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Videos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35709/case-study-the-english-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: The English Civil War">Case Study: The English Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32334/1-the-english-civil-war-causes.html" title="1. The English Civil War: Causes">1. The English Civil War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35753/2-the-english-civil-war-practices-.html" title="2. The English Civil War: Practices ">2. The English Civil War: Practices </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31381/case-study-the-thirty-years-war.html" title="Case study: The Thirty Years' War">Case study: The Thirty Years' War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31384/1-the-thirty-years-war-causes.html" title="1. The Thirty Years' War: Causes">1. The Thirty Years' War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31388/2-the-thirty-years-war-practices.html" title="2. The Thirty Years' War: Practices">2. The Thirty Years' War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31443/3-the-thirty-years-war-effects.html" title="3. The Thirty Years' War: Effects">3. The Thirty Years' War: Effects</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36249/topic-08-independence-movements.html" title="Topic 08: Independence Movements">Topic 08: Independence Movements</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36525/1-case-study-india.html" title="1. Case Study: India">1. Case Study: India</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36526/1-origins-and-rise-of-indian-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Indian independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Indian independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36539/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success-in-indian-independence-mo.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success in Indian independence movement">2. Methods used and reasons for success in Indian independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36540/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges ">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36559/4-indian-independence-movement-essay-planning.html" title="4. Indian independence movement: essay planning">4. Indian independence movement: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36319/2-case-study-ghana.html" title="2. Case study: Ghana">2. Case study: Ghana</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36265/1-origins-and-rise-of-ghanas-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Ghana's independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Ghana's independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36387/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36692/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36562/4-ghanas-independence-movement-essay-planning.html" title="4. Ghana's independence movement: essay planning">4. Ghana's independence movement: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37310/3-case-study-vietnam.html" title="3. Case Study: Vietnam">3. Case Study: Vietnam</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37287/1-origins-and-rise-of-vietnams-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Vietnam's independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Vietnam's independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37351/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37993/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37491/4-case-study-algeria.html" title="4. Case Study: Algeria">4. Case Study: Algeria</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37458/1-origins-and-rise-of-algerias-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Algeria's independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Algeria's independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37519/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37537/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38418/4-algerias-independence-movement-essay-writing.html" title="4. Algeria's independence movement: essay writing">4. Algeria's independence movement: essay writing</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36563/independence-movements-comparative-essay-planning.html" title="Independence Movements: Comparative essay planning">Independence Movements: Comparative essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19951/topic-10-authoritarian-states-20th-century.html" title="Topic 10: Authoritarian States (20th Century)">Topic 10: Authoritarian States (20th Century)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24137/case-study-topic-10-castro-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Castro (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Castro (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46536/1-castro-emergence-of-cuba-as-an-authoritarian-state.html" title="1. Castro: Emergence of Cuba as an authoritarian state">1. Castro: Emergence of Cuba as an authoritarian state</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46537/2-castro-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="2. Castro: Consolidation and maintenance of power">2. Castro: Consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46538/3-castro-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="3. Castro: Aims and results of policies">3. Castro: Aims and results of policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24144/castro-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Castro: Essay planning for Paper 2">Castro: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46527/castro-interactive-quiz.html" title="Castro: Interactive quiz">Castro: Interactive quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23352/case-study-topic-10-hitler-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Hitler (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Hitler (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23419/hitler-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Hitler: Essay planning for Paper 2">Hitler: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23118/case-study-topic-10-mao-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Mao (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Mao (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37952/mao-quizzes-.html" title="Mao: Quizzes ">Mao: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="1. Interactive quizzes">1. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38043/2-establishment-of-power-1949-1952.html" title="2. Establishment of power 1949 - 1952">2. Establishment of power 1949 - 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38054/3-maintenance-of-power-after-1952.html" title="3. Maintenance of power after 1952">3. Maintenance of power after 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38231/4-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="4. Aims and results of policies">4. Aims and results of policies</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24112/case-study-topic-10-mussolini-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Mussolini (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Mussolini (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24134/mussolini-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Mussolini: Essay planning for Paper 2">Mussolini: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23353/case-study-topic-10-ussr-lenin-and-stalin-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: USSR: Lenin and Stalin (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: USSR: Lenin and Stalin (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23424/stalin-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Stalin: Essay planning for Paper 2">Stalin: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35933/case-study-topic-10-nasser.html" title="Case Study: Topic 10 Nasser">Case Study: Topic 10 Nasser</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35920/1-nasser-emergence-of-authoritarian-states.html" title="1. Nasser: Emergence of Authoritarian states">1. Nasser: Emergence of Authoritarian states</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35928/2-nasser-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="2. Nasser: Consolidation and maintenance of power">2. Nasser: Consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35929/3-nasser-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="3. Nasser: Aims and results of policies">3. Nasser: Aims and results of policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35958/nasser-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Nasser: Essay planning for Paper 2">Nasser: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20019/comparative-essay-planning-for-authoritarian-states.html" title="Comparative essay planning for Authoritarian States">Comparative essay planning for Authoritarian States</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19952/topic-11-causes-and-effects-of-20th-century-wars.html" title="Topic 11: Causes and effects of 20th Century wars">Topic 11: Causes and effects of 20th Century wars</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20021/an-introduction-to-themes-and-prescribed-content-atl.html" title="An introduction to themes and prescribed content (ATL)">An introduction to themes and prescribed content (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35849/case-study-algerian-war.html" title="Case study: Algerian War">Case study: Algerian War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35126/1-algerian-war-causes.html" title="1. Algerian War: Causes">1. Algerian War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35152/2-algerian-war-practices.html" title="2. Algerian War: Practices">2. Algerian War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35239/3-algerian-war-effects.html" title="3. Algerian War: Effects">3. Algerian War: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35241/4-algerian-war-essay-planning-for-paper-two.html" title="4. Algerian War: Essay planning for Paper Two">4. Algerian War: Essay planning for Paper Two</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23020/case-study-chinese-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: Chinese Civil War">Case Study: Chinese Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23021/1-chinese-civil-war-causes-atl-.html" title="1. Chinese Civil War: Causes (ATL) ">1. Chinese Civil War: Causes (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23058/2-chinese-civil-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. Chinese Civil War: Practices (ATL)">2. Chinese Civil War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23301/3-chinese-civil-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. Chinese Civil War: Effects (ATL)">3. Chinese Civil War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23060/4-chinese-civil-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. Chinese Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. Chinese Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24607/5-chinese-civil-war-videos-and-activities.html" title="5. Chinese Civil War: Videos and activities">5. Chinese Civil War: Videos and activities</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44248/6-chinese-civil-war-interactive-quizzes.html" title="6. Chinese Civil War: interactive quizzes">6. Chinese Civil War: interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44249/1-causes-of-the-chinese-civil-war.html" title="1. Causes of the Chinese Civil War">1. Causes of the Chinese Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44250/2-practices-of-the-chinese-civil-war.html" title="2. Practices of the Chinese Civil War">2. Practices of the Chinese Civil War</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23567/case-study-cuban-revolution-atl.html" title="Case Study: Cuban Revolution (ATL)">Case Study: Cuban Revolution (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23584/cuban-revolution-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Cuban Revolution: Essay planning for Paper 2">Cuban Revolution: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21820/case-study-first-world-war.html" title="Case Study: First World War">Case Study: First World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22812/1-first-world-war-causes-atl.html" title="1. First World War: Causes (ATL)">1. First World War: Causes (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22818/2-first-world-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. First World War: Practices (ATL)">2. First World War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22819/3-first-world-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. First World War: Effects (ATL)">3. First World War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21827/4-first-world-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. First World War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. First World War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="8. First World War: Quizzes">8. First World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20024/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43973/2-practices-of-the-first-world-war.html" title="2. Practices of the First World War">2. Practices of the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43974/3-effects-of-the-first-world-war.html" title="3. Effects of the First World War">3. Effects of the First World War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42427/case-study-gulf-war.html" title="Case Study: Gulf War">Case Study: Gulf War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42428/1-gulf-war-long-term-causes.html" title="1. Gulf War: long-term causes">1. Gulf War: long-term causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42434/2-gulf-war-short-term-causes.html" title="2. Gulf War: short-term causes">2. Gulf War: short-term causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42556/3-gulf-war-practices.html" title="3. Gulf War: Practices">3. Gulf War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42720/4-gulf-war-effects.html" title="4. Gulf War: Effects">4. Gulf War: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42750/5-gulf-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="5. Gulf War: Essay planning for Paper 2">5. Gulf War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36703/case-study-russian-civil-war-atl.html" title="Case Study: Russian Civil War (ATL)">Case Study: Russian Civil War (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22778/case-study-second-world-war.html" title="Case Study: Second World War">Case Study: Second World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21821/1-second-world-war-causes-part-i-atl.html" title="1. Second World War: Causes Part I (ATL)">1. Second World War: Causes Part I (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25800/2-second-world-war-causes-part-ii-asia-atl.html" title="2. Second World War - Causes Part II Asia (ATL)">2. Second World War - Causes Part II Asia (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22767/3-second-world-war-practices-atl.html" title="3. Second World War: Practices (ATL)">3. Second World War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42531/impact-of-the-second-world-war-on-civilians.html" title="Impact of the Second World War on civilians">Impact of the Second World War on civilians</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22893/4-second-world-war-effects-atl.html" title="4. Second World War: Effects (ATL)">4. Second World War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22529/5-second-world-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="5. Second World War: Essay planning for Paper 2">5. Second World War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9. Second World War: Quizzes">9. Second World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28885/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28895/1-practices-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="1. Practices of the Second World War">1. Practices of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43975/2-effects-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="2. Effects of the Second World War">2. Effects of the Second World War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22906/case-study-spanish-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: Spanish Civil War">Case Study: Spanish Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22913/1-spanish-civil-war-causes-atl.html" title="1. Spanish Civil War: Causes (ATL)">1. Spanish Civil War: Causes (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22917/2-spanish-civil-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. Spanish Civil War: Practices (ATL)">2. Spanish Civil War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22918/3-spanish-civil-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. Spanish Civil War: Effects (ATL)">3. Spanish Civil War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22914/4-spanish-civil-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. Spanish Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. Spanish Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43978/7-spanish-civil-war-interactive-quizzes.html" title="7. Spanish Civil War: Interactive quizzes">7. Spanish Civil War: Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43979/1-causes-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="1. Causes of the Spanish Civil War">1. Causes of the Spanish Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43980/2-practices-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="2. Practices of the Spanish Civil War">2. Practices of the Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21822/case-study-vietnam-war-atl.html" title="Case Study: Vietnam War (ATL)">Case Study: Vietnam War (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22303/1-vietnam-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="1. Vietnam War: Essay planning for Paper 2">1. Vietnam War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22306/causes-and-effects-of-20th-century-wars-comparative-essay-planni.html" title="Causes and effects of 20th Century wars: Comparative essay planning">Causes and effects of 20th Century wars: Comparative essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19953/topic-12-the-cold-war-superpower-tensions-and-rivalries.html" title="Topic 12: The Cold War: Superpower tensions and rivalries">Topic 12: The Cold War: Superpower tensions and rivalries</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20106/11-theme-1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-atl.html" title="1.1 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)">1.1 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25988/12-theme-1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-atl.html" title="1.2 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)">1.2 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20858/1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-.html" title="1. Rivalry, mistrust and accord: essay writing exercises and essay plans">1. Rivalry, mistrust and accord: essay writing exercises and essay plans</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20100/2-theme-2-leaders-and-nations-atl.html" title="2. Theme 2 - Leaders and Nations (ATL)">2. Theme 2 - Leaders and Nations (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29235/1-impact-of-leaders-on-the-cold-war.html" title="1. Impact of leaders on the Cold War">1. Impact of leaders on the Cold War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28184/2-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-cuba-.html" title="2. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Cuba ">2. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Cuba </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29229/3-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-egypt.html" title="3. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Egypt">3. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Egypt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29341/4-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-us.html" title="4. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: US">4. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29402/5-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-ussr.html" title="5. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: USSR">5. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: USSR</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45523/6-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-west-germany.html" title="6. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: West Germany">6. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: West Germany</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20105/leaders-and-nations-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-frames.html" title="Leaders and nations: Essay writing exercises and essay frames">Leaders and nations: Essay writing exercises and essay frames</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20101/3-theme-3-cold-war-crises.html" title="3. Theme 3 - Cold War Crises">3. Theme 3 - Cold War Crises</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41393/1-the-berlin-blockade-1948-.html" title="1. The Berlin Blockade 1948 ">1. The Berlin Blockade 1948 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41394/2-the-berlin-crisis-1958-to-1961.html" title="2. The Berlin Crisis 1958 to 1961">2. The Berlin Crisis 1958 to 1961</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41395/3-the-cuban-missile-crisis-.html" title="3. The Cuban Missile Crisis ">3. The Cuban Missile Crisis </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41637/4-the-korean-war-1950.html" title="4. The Korean War 1950">4. The Korean War 1950</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41636/5-the-prague-spring-1968.html" title="5. The Prague Spring, 1968">5. The Prague Spring, 1968</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20103/cold-war-crises-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-plans.html" title="Cold War crises: Essay writing exercises and essay plans">Cold War crises: Essay writing exercises and essay plans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41413/cold-war-crises-review.html" title="Cold War Crises: Review">Cold War Crises: Review</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="7. The Cold War: Quizzes">7. The Cold War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24498/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../../task/334034.html" title="1. Origins of the Cold War (M/C)">1. Origins of the Cold War (M/C)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38877/1-origins-of-the-cold-war-short-answers.html" title="1. Origins of the Cold War (short answers)">1. Origins of the Cold War (short answers)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38401/4-cold-war-crises-the-cuban-missile-crisis.html" title="4. Cold War Crises: The Cuban Missile Crisis">4. Cold War Crises: The Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19920/paper-3.html" title="Paper 3">Paper 3</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24669/2-assessment-for-paper-3.html" title="2. Assessment for Paper 3">2. Assessment for Paper 3</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25629/option-1-africa-and-the-middle-east.html" title="Option 1: Africa and the Middle East">Option 1: Africa and the Middle East</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25715/topic-02-the-fatimids-909-1171.html" title="Topic 02: The Fatimids - 909-1171">Topic 02: The Fatimids - 909-1171</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25654/1-case-study-1-al-muizz-li-din-allah.html" title="1. Case Study 1: al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">1. Case Study 1: al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25662/2-case-study-2-al-hakim-bi-amr-allah.html" title="2. Case Study 2: al-Hakim bi-amr Allah">2. Case Study 2: al-Hakim bi-amr Allah</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25701/fatimid-resources.html" title="Fatimid Resources">Fatimid Resources</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25725/topic-03-the-crusades-1095-1291.html" title="Topic 03: The Crusades - 1095-1291">Topic 03: The Crusades - 1095-1291</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25871/1-causes-of-the-crusades-atl-.html" title="1. Causes of the Crusades (ATL) ">1. Causes of the Crusades (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25889/2-holy-war-and-jihad-atl.html" title="2. Holy War and Jihad (ATL)">2. Holy War and Jihad (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25888/3-pilgrimage-preaching-and-the-crusade-atl.html" title="3. Pilgrimage, Preaching and the Crusade (ATL)">3. Pilgrimage, Preaching and the Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25895/4-the-first-crusade-atl-.html" title="4. The First Crusade (ATL) ">4. The First Crusade (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25986/5-the-second-crusade-atl.html" title="5. The Second Crusade (ATL)">5. The Second Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26008/6-the-fourth-crusade-atl.html" title="6. The Fourth Crusade (ATL)">6. The Fourth Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25936/7-impact-of-the-crusades-atl-.html" title="7. Impact of the Crusades (ATL) ">7. Impact of the Crusades (ATL) </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42822/topic-12-the-ottoman-empire-c18001923.html" title="Topic 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)">Topic 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42823/1-challenges-to-ottoman-power-in-the-early-19th-century.html" title="1. Challenges to Ottoman Power in the early 19th Century">1. Challenges to Ottoman Power in the early 19th Century</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42848/2-the-eastern-question-and-crimean-war.html" title="2. The Eastern Question and Crimean War">2. The Eastern Question and Crimean War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42957/3-the-decline-of-ottoman-power-in-the-middle-east-and-north-afri.html" title="3. The Decline of Ottoman Power in the Middle East and North Africa ">3. The Decline of Ottoman Power in the Middle East and North Africa </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="4. Reform of the Ottoman government">4. Reform of the Ottoman government</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43167/1-reforms-of-sultan-selim-iii-and-sultan-mahmud-ii.html" title="1. Reforms of Sultan Selim III and Sultan Mahmud II">1. Reforms of Sultan Selim III and Sultan Mahmud II</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43168/2-the-tanzimat-reforms.html" title="2. The Tanzimat reforms">2. The Tanzimat reforms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43169/3-impact-of-tanzimat-reforms.html" title="3. Impact of Tanzimat reforms">3. Impact of Tanzimat reforms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43221/4-historical-pespectives-on-the-tanzimat.html" title="4. Historical pespectives on the Tanzimat">4. Historical pespectives on the Tanzimat</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43236/5-the-young-turk-revolution.html" title="5. The Young Turk Revolution">5. The Young Turk Revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43252/6-the-balkan-wars-1912-1913.html" title="6. The Balkan Wars 1912 - 1913">6. The Balkan Wars 1912 - 1913</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43325/7-ottoman-empire-and-first-world-war.html" title="7. Ottoman Empire and First World War">7. Ottoman Empire and First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43632/8-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-up-to-1923.html" title="8. The impact of the First World War up to 1923">8. The impact of the First World War up to 1923</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43692/9b-ottoman-empire-essay-planning.html" title="9b. Ottoman Empire: Essay planning">9b. Ottoman Empire: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44555/topic-15-developments-in-south-africa-1880-1994.html" title="Topic 15. Developments in South Africa, 1880 - 1994">Topic 15. Developments in South Africa, 1880 - 1994</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45435/1-the-boers-british-and-discovery-of-minerals-.html" title="1. The Boers, British and discovery of minerals ">1. The Boers, British and discovery of minerals </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45576/2-causes-of-the-south-african-war-18991902-.html" title="2. Causes of the South African War (1899–1902) ">2. Causes of the South African War (1899–1902) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45591/3-course-and-results-of-the-south-african-war.html" title="3. Course and results of the South African War">3. Course and results of the South African War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44362/4-policies-of-smuts-and-hertzog-19101948.html" title="4. Policies of Smuts and Hertzog (1910–1948)">4. Policies of Smuts and Hertzog (1910–1948)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44652/4a-the-national-party-policies-1948-1966.html" title="4a. The National Party: policies 1948 - 1966">4a. The National Party: policies 1948 - 1966</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44792/5-the-national-party-policies-1966-to-1980.html" title="5. The National Party: policies 1966 to 1980">5. The National Party: policies 1966 to 1980</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44790/6-resistance-to-apartheid-in-the-50s-and-60s.html" title="6. Resistance to apartheid in the 50s and 60s">6. Resistance to apartheid in the 50s and 60s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44791/7-resistance-in-the-1970s.html" title="7. Resistance in the 1970s">7. Resistance in the 1970s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44802/8-international-opposition-to-apartheid.html" title="8. International opposition to apartheid">8. International opposition to apartheid</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44911/9-the-end-of-apartheid-.html" title="9. The end of apartheid ">9. The end of apartheid </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45640/developments-in-south-africa-essay-planning.html" title="Developments in South Africa: Essay planning">Developments in South Africa: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28327/topic-17-post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-19452000.html" title="Topic 17: Post-war developments in the Middle East (1945–2000)">Topic 17: Post-war developments in the Middle East (1945–2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28347/1-origins-of-the-state-of-israel.html" title="1. Origins of the state of Israel">1. Origins of the state of Israel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29036/2-arab-israeli-conflicts-1956-to-1973.html" title="2. Arab-Israeli conflicts, 1956 to 1973">2. Arab-Israeli conflicts, 1956 to 1973</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32361/3-the-plo-and-attempts-at-peacemaking.html" title="3. The PLO and attempts at peacemaking.">3. The PLO and attempts at peacemaking.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32043/4-post-war-egypt.html" title="4. Post-war Egypt">4. Post-war Egypt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31740/6-post-war-iran.html" title="6. Post-war Iran">6. Post-war Iran</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31574/7-lebanons-civil-war.html" title="7. Lebanon's Civil War">7. Lebanon's Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31994/post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-essay-planning.html" title="Post-war developments in the Middle East: Essay planning">Post-war developments in the Middle East: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28372/post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-videos.html" title="Post-war developments in the Middle East: videos">Post-war developments in the Middle East: videos</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Option 2: History of the Americas">Option 2: History of the Americas</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38828/topic-05-slavery-and-the-new-world-15001800.html" title="Topic 05: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)">Topic 05: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38525/1-origins-of-the-transatlantic-slave-trade.html" title="1. Origins of the transatlantic slave trade">1. Origins of the transatlantic slave trade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38847/2-the-middle-passage.html" title="2. The Middle Passage">2. The Middle Passage</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38879/3-life-on-the-plantations-.html" title="3. Life on the plantations ">3. Life on the plantations </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38926/4-slave-resistance-and-slave-rebellions-in-british-america.html" title="4. Slave resistance and slave rebellions in British America">4. Slave resistance and slave rebellions in British America</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39250/5-opposition-to-the-slave-trade-and-slavery.html" title="5. Opposition to the slave trade and slavery">5. Opposition to the slave trade and slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39315/6-economic-and-social-impact-of-slavery.html" title="6. Economic and social impact of slavery">6. Economic and social impact of slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39434/7-slavery-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="7. Slavery: Essay frames and writing exercises">7. Slavery: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27264/topic-08-united-states-civil-war-causes-course-and-effects-1840-.html" title="Topic 08: United States' Civil War: Causes, course and effects (1840-1877)">Topic 08: United States' Civil War: Causes, course and effects (1840-1877)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27273/1-slavery.html" title="1. Slavery">1. Slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27915/2-origins-of-the-civil-war.html" title="2. Origins of the Civil War">2. Origins of the Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28819/3-westward-expansion-and-the-crises-of-the-1850s.html" title="3. Westward expansion and the crises of the 1850s">3. Westward expansion and the crises of the 1850s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28878/4-how-the-civil-war-was-fought.html" title="4. How the Civil War was fought">4. How the Civil War was fought</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31057/5-factors-affecting-the-outcome-of-the-civil-war.html" title="5. Factors affecting the outcome of the Civil War">5. Factors affecting the outcome of the Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31101/6-how-successful-was-reconstruction.html" title="6. How successful was Reconstruction?">6. How successful was Reconstruction?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31156/us-civil-war-essay-planning-activities.html" title="US Civil War: Essay planning activities">US Civil War: Essay planning activities</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38860/topic-10-emergence-of-the-americas-in-global-affairs-18801929.html" title="Topic 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)">Topic 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39153/1-united-states-expansionist-foreign-policies.html" title="1. United States’ expansionist foreign policies">1. United States’ expansionist foreign policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39402/2-spanishamerican-war-1898-causes-and-effects-.html" title="2. Spanish–American War (1898): causes and effects ">2. Spanish–American War (1898): causes and effects </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39549/3-impact-of-united-states-foreign-policies-big-stick-dollar-dipl.html" title="3. Impact of United States’ foreign policies: Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; moral diplomacy">3. Impact of United States’ foreign policies: Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; moral diplomacy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38889/4-united-states-and-the-first-world-war-from-neutrality-to-invol.html" title="4. United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement">4. United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38963/5-wilsons-peace-ideals-.html" title="5. Wilson’s peace ideals ">5. Wilson’s peace ideals </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39020/6-significance-of-first-world-war-for-the-us-hemispheric-status-.html" title="6. Significance of First World War for the US' hemispheric status ">6. Significance of First World War for the US' hemispheric status </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40268/7-involvement-of-canada-in-the-first-world-war.html" title="7. Involvement of Canada in the First World War">7. Involvement of Canada in the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40269/9-involvement-of-brazil-in-the-first-world-war.html" title="9. Involvement of Brazil in the First World War">9. Involvement of Brazil in the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40145/9a-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-brazil.html" title="9a. Impact of the First World War on Brazil">9a. Impact of the First World War on Brazil</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40942/9b-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-canada.html" title="9b Impact of the First World War on Canada">9b Impact of the First World War on Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40273/emergence-of-the-americas-essay-planning.html" title="Emergence of the Americas: Essay planning">Emergence of the Americas: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43311/topic-11-the-mexican-revolution.html" title="Topic 11: The Mexican Revolution">Topic 11: The Mexican Revolution</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43181/1-the-rule-of-porfirio-diaz-and-causes-of-revolution.html" title="1. The rule of Porfirio Diaz and causes of revolution">1. The rule of Porfirio Diaz and causes of revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43228/2-mexican-revolution-leaders.html" title="2. Mexican Revolution - leaders">2. Mexican Revolution - leaders</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43235/3-mexico-post-revolutionary-state-19201940-.html" title="3. Mexico: post-revolutionary state (1920–1940) ">3. Mexico: post-revolutionary state (1920–1940) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43237/4-mexican-revolution-women-culture.html" title="4. Mexican Revolution: Women & culture">4. Mexican Revolution: Women & culture</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43248/5-mexican-revolution-essay-planning.html" title="5. Mexican Revolution: Essay planning">5. Mexican Revolution: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26012/topic-12-the-great-depression-and-the-americas.html" title="Topic 12: The Great Depression and the Americas">Topic 12: The Great Depression and the Americas</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45972/1-the-great-depression-in-the-us.html" title="1. The Great Depression in the US">1. The Great Depression in the US</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26013/a-the-us-economy-in-the-1920s.html" title="a. The US economy in the 1920s">a. The US economy in the 1920s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45971/b-why-did-wall-street-crash.html" title="b. Why did Wall Street crash?">b. Why did Wall Street crash?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45973/c-why-did-the-crash-cause-a-depression.html" title="c. Why did the Crash cause a depression?">c. Why did the Crash cause a depression?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26252/d-hoovers-response-to-the-depression.html" title="d. Hoover's response to the Depression">d. Hoover's response to the Depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46028/e-roosevelt-and-the-new-deal.html" title="e. Roosevelt and the New Deal">e. Roosevelt and the New Deal</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26262/f-political-economic-and-social-impact-of-the-depression.html" title="f. Political, economic and social impact of the Depression">f. Political, economic and social impact of the Depression</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26111/2-the-great-depression-in-canada.html" title="2. The Great Depression in Canada">2. The Great Depression in Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26173/3-the-impact-of-the-depression-on-brazil.html" title="3. The impact of the Depression on Brazil">3. The impact of the Depression on Brazil</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26189/7-the-great-depression-and-the-americas-essay-planning.html" title="7. The Great Depression and the Americas: essay planning">7. The Great Depression and the Americas: essay planning</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46348/9-the-great-depression-and-the-americas-quizzes.html" title="9. The Great Depression and the Americas: Quizzes">9. The Great Depression and the Americas: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46349/a-causes-of-the-depression-in-the-us.html" title="a. Causes of the Depression in the US">a. Causes of the Depression in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46378/b-the-new-deal.html" title="b. The New Deal">b. The New Deal</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25753/topic-13-the-second-world-war-and-the-americas-19331945.html" title="Topic 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)">Topic 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25754/1-reactions-to-events-in-europe-and-asia-1933-1941.html" title="1. Reactions to events in Europe and Asia, 1933 - 1941">1. Reactions to events in Europe and Asia, 1933 - 1941</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25810/2-involvement-and-participation-of-the-us-and-canada.html" title="2. Involvement and participation of the US and Canada">2. Involvement and participation of the US and Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25841/3-social-impact-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="3. Social impact of the Second World War">3. Social impact of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25811/4-the-use-of-atomic-weapons-against-japan.html" title="4. The use of Atomic weapons against Japan">4. The use of Atomic weapons against Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25847/5-economic-and-diplomatic-effects-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="5. Economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War">5. Economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26040/6-treatment-of-japanese-citizens-in-the-americas.html" title="6. Treatment of Japanese citizens in the Americas">6. Treatment of Japanese citizens in the Americas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25814/8-the-second-world-war-and-the-americas-essay-frames-and-writing.html" title="8. The Second World War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises">8. The Second World War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24072/topic-14-political-developments-in-latin-america-19451980.html" title="Topic 14: Political developments in Latin America (1945–1980)">Topic 14: Political developments in Latin America (1945–1980)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35116/1-the-cuban-revolution.html" title="1. The Cuban Revolution">1. The Cuban Revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35117/2-rule-of-fidel-castro.html" title="2. Rule of Fidel Castro">2. Rule of Fidel Castro</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28320/3-liberation-theology-in-latin-america.html" title="3. Liberation Theology in Latin America">3. Liberation Theology in Latin America</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29264/4-populist-leader-getulio-vargas.html" title="4. Populist leader: Getúlio Vargas">4. Populist leader: Getúlio Vargas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29088/5-populist-leader-juan-peron.html" title="5. Populist leader: Juan Perón">5. Populist leader: Juan Perón</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29283/6-the-rise-of-military-dictatorships.html" title="6. The rise of military dictatorships">6. The rise of military dictatorships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29278/political-developments-in-latin-america-essay-planning.html" title="Political developments in Latin America: Essay planning">Political developments in Latin America: Essay planning</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46531/political-developments-in-latin-america-quizzes.html" title="Political developments in Latin America: quizzes">Political developments in Latin America: quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46532/the-cuban-revolution-and-rule-of-fidel-castro.html" title="The Cuban Revolution and rule of Fidel Castro">The Cuban Revolution and rule of Fidel Castro</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 16: The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)">Topic 16: The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24080/1-containment-under-truman-and-eisenhower-atl.html" title="1. Containment under Truman and Eisenhower (ATL)">1. Containment under Truman and Eisenhower (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24085/2-american-policy-in-vietnam-atl.html" title="2. American policy in Vietnam (ATL)">2. American policy in Vietnam (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24084/3-us-foreign-policy-kennedy-to-carter-atl.html" title="3. US Foreign policy - Kennedy to Carter (ATL)">3. US Foreign policy - Kennedy to Carter (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24107/4-the-cold-war-and-the-americas-essay-frames-and-writing-exercis.html" title="4. The Cold War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. The Cold War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24881/topic-17-civil-rights-and-social-movements-in-the-americas-post-.html" title="Topic 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945">Topic 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24882/1-indigenous-peoples-and-civil-rights-in-america-atl.html" title="1. Indigenous peoples and civil rights in America (ATL)">1. Indigenous peoples and civil rights in America (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24883/2-african-americans-and-the-fight-for-civil-rights-atl.html" title="2. African Americans and the fight for civil rights (ATL)">2. African Americans and the fight for civil rights (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25187/3-feminist-movements-in-the-us.html" title="3. Feminist movements in the US">3. Feminist movements in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45788/3b-feminist-movements-in-canada.html" title="3b. Feminist movements in Canada">3b. Feminist movements in Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24976/4-hispanic-movement-in-the-us-atl.html" title="4. Hispanic Movement in the US (ATL)">4. Hispanic Movement in the US (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25409/5-counter-culture-in-the-us.html" title="5. Counter-culture in the US">5. Counter-culture in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25266/6-civil-rights-and-social-movements-essay-frames-and-writing-exe.html" title="6. Civil Rights and social movements: Essay frames and writing exercises">6. Civil Rights and social movements: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Option 3: History of Asia and Oceania">Option 3: History of Asia and Oceania</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31362/topic-07-challenges-to-traditional-east-asian-societies-1700-186.html" title="Topic 07. Challenges to traditional East Asian societies (1700 - 1868)">Topic 07. Challenges to traditional East Asian societies (1700 - 1868)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31315/1-the-nature-and-structure-of-imperial-rule-under-the-qing-dynas.html" title="1. The nature and structure of imperial rule under the Qing dynasty; Qianlong">1. The nature and structure of imperial rule under the Qing dynasty; Qianlong</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31715/2-the-chinese-tribute-system-and-western-trade-missions.html" title="2. The Chinese tribute system and western trade missions">2. The Chinese tribute system and western trade missions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31726/3-first-and-second-opium-wars.html" title="3. First and Second Opium Wars">3. First and Second Opium Wars</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32516/4-taiping-rebellion.html" title="4. Taiping Rebellion">4. Taiping Rebellion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32354/5-the-tokugawa-shogunates-rule-in-japan.html" title="5. The Tokugawa Shogunate's rule in Japan">5. The Tokugawa Shogunate's rule in Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32569/6-the-fall-of-the-tokugawa-shogunate-1853-to-1868.html" title="6. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, 1853 to 1868">6. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, 1853 to 1868</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31739/7-challenges-to-east-asian-societies-essay-planning.html" title="7. Challenges to East Asian societies: Essay planning">7. Challenges to East Asian societies: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32573/challenges-to-east-asian-societies-extra-resources.html" title="Challenges to East Asian Societies: Extra Resources">Challenges to East Asian Societies: Extra Resources</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28521/topic-10-nationalism-and-independence-in-india-19191964.html" title="Topic 10: Nationalism and independence in India (1919–1964">Topic 10: Nationalism and independence in India (1919–1964</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28278/1-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-india.html" title="1. The impact of the First World War on India">1. The impact of the First World War on India</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28553/2-the-inter-war-years-growing-pressure-on-britain.html" title="2. The inter-war years: growing pressure on Britain">2. The inter-war years: growing pressure on Britain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28509/3-growth-of-muslim-separatism.html" title="3. Growth of Muslim separatism">3. Growth of Muslim separatism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28665/4-the-impact-of-the-second-world-war-on-india.html" title="4. The impact of the Second World War on India">4. The impact of the Second World War on India</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28778/5-post-independence-india-1947-1964.html" title="5. Post independence India 1947 - 1964">5. Post independence India 1947 - 1964</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28692/6-nationalism-and-independence-in-india-essay-planning.html" title="6. Nationalism and Independence in India: Essay planning">6. Nationalism and Independence in India: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27359/topic-11-japan-1912-to-1990.html" title="Topic 11: Japan 1912 to 1990">Topic 11: Japan 1912 to 1990</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27360/1-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-japan.html" title="1. The impact of the First World War on Japan">1. The impact of the First World War on Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27210/2-taisho-democracy.html" title="2. Taisho Democracy">2. Taisho Democracy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27326/3-the-growth-of-militarism-and-nationalism-in-japan.html" title="3. The growth of militarism and nationalism in Japan">3. The growth of militarism and nationalism in Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27412/4-japans-foreign-policy-1931-to-1945.html" title="4. Japan's foreign policy 1931 to 1945">4. Japan's foreign policy 1931 to 1945</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27681/5-the-us-occupation-1945-to-1952.html" title="5. The US Occupation 1945 to 1952">5. The US Occupation 1945 to 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28007/6-economic-miracle-and-its-impact-on-japan.html" title="6. Economic miracle and its impact on Japan">6. Economic miracle and its impact on Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27583/7-japan-1912-to-1990-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="7. Japan 1912 to 1990: Essay frames and writing exercises">7. Japan 1912 to 1990: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9b. Japan 1920 - 1990: interactive quizzes">9b. Japan 1920 - 1990: interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44023/1-japans-foreign-policy-1931-1945.html" title="1. Japan's foreign policy 1931 - 1945">1. Japan's foreign policy 1931 - 1945</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26494/topic-12-china-and-korea-1910-1950.html" title="Topic 12: China and Korea (1910 - 1950)">Topic 12: China and Korea (1910 - 1950)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26495/1-rise-of-national-identity-in-china-atl.html" title="1. Rise of national identity in China (ATL)">1. Rise of national identity in China (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26562/2-the-nanjing-decade-1927-1937.html" title="2. The Nanjing decade (1927 - 1937)">2. The Nanjing decade (1927 - 1937)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26709/3-rise-of-communism-in-china-atl.html" title="3. Rise of Communism in China (ATL)">3. Rise of Communism in China (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26801/4-china-at-war-1931-to-1949-atl.html" title="4. China at war 1931 to 1949 (ATL)">4. China at war 1931 to 1949 (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26596/5-korea-1910-1950-atl.html" title="5. Korea 1910 - 1950: ATL">5. Korea 1910 - 1950: ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27124/6-taiwan-and-the-republic-of-china.html" title="6. Taiwan and the Republic of China">6. Taiwan and the Republic of China</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26618/china-and-korea-1910-1950-extra-resources.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950) Extra Resources">China and Korea (1910 - 1950) Extra Resources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26592/china-and-korea-1910-1950-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950): Essay frames and writing exercises">China and Korea (1910 - 1950): Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26557/china-and-korea-1910-1950-videos.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950): videos">China and Korea (1910 - 1950): videos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23218/topic-14-the-peoples-republic-of-china-1949-2005.html" title="Topic 14: The People's Republic of China (1949 - 2005)">Topic 14: The People's Republic of China (1949 - 2005)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23270/1-maos-consolidation-of-power-and-rule-1949-1976-atl.html" title="1. Mao's consolidation of power and rule (1949 - 1976) (ATL)">1. Mao's consolidation of power and rule (1949 - 1976) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23271/2-chinas-foreign-policy-1949-1976-atl.html" title="2. China's foreign policy (1949 - 1976) (ATL)">2. China's foreign policy (1949 - 1976) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23272/3-economic-and-political-developments-under-deng-xiaoping.html" title="3. Economic and political developments under Deng Xiaoping">3. Economic and political developments under Deng Xiaoping</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45780/4-developments-in-china-1990-2005.html" title="4. Developments in China 1990 - 2005">4. Developments in China 1990 - 2005</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23313/4-the-peoples-republic-of-china-essay-frames-and-writing-exercis.html" title="4. The People's Republic of China: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. The People's Republic of China: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 15: Cold War conflicts in Asia">Topic 15: Cold War conflicts in Asia</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25338/1-the-korean-war-and-its-impact-atl.html" title="1. The Korean War and its impact (ATL)">1. The Korean War and its impact (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25416/2-the-malayan-emergency-atl.html" title="2. The Malayan Emergency (ATL)">2. The Malayan Emergency (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25392/3-the-vietnam-conflict-atl.html" title="3. The Vietnam conflict (ATL)">3. The Vietnam conflict (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25622/4-cambodia-atl.html" title="4. Cambodia (ATL)">4. Cambodia (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25447/5-afghanistan-1979-1992-atl.html" title="5. Afghanistan (1979 - 1992) (ATL)">5. Afghanistan (1979 - 1992) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25457/7-cold-war-conflicts-in-asia-essay-writing-frames-and-exercises.html" title="7. Cold War Conflicts in Asia: Essay writing frames and exercises">7. Cold War Conflicts in Asia: Essay writing frames and exercises</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19956/option-4-history-of-europe.html" title="Option 4: History of Europe">Option 4: History of Europe</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20828/-8-the-french-revolution-and-napoleon-i-17741815.html" title=" 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)"> 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20834/1-crisis-of-the-ancien-regime-atl.html" title="1. Crisis of the Ancien Régime (ATL)">1. Crisis of the Ancien Régime (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21682/2-the-establishment-of-a-consitutional-monarchy-1789-1791-.html" title="2. The establishment of a consitutional monarchy (1789 - 1791) ">2. The establishment of a consitutional monarchy (1789 - 1791) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27937/3-the-establishment-of-a-republic-and-the-terror-1791-1794.html" title="3. The establishment of a Republic and the Terror, 1791 - 1794">3. The establishment of a Republic and the Terror, 1791 - 1794</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21686/4-the-thermidorian-reaction-and-the-directory-17951799.html" title="4. The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory (1795–1799)">4. The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory (1795–1799)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22340/5-the-rise-and-rule-of-napoleon-1799-1814-atl.html" title="5. The rise and rule of Napoleon (1799 - 1814) (ATL)">5. The rise and rule of Napoleon (1799 - 1814) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22802/6-french-revolution-and-napoleon-essay-frames-and-writing-exerci.html" title="6. French Revolution and Napoleon: Essay frames and writing exercises">6. French Revolution and Napoleon: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46550/11-italy-18151871-and-germany-18151890.html" title="11. Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890">11. Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46551/1-italian-unification.html" title="1. Italian Unification">1. Italian Unification</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46544/a-italy-1815-1847.html" title="a. Italy 1815 - 1847">a. Italy 1815 - 1847</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46615/b-the-revolutions-of-1848-49.html" title="b. The Revolutions of 1848 - 49">b. The Revolutions of 1848 - 49</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46649/c-cavours-actions-1848-1860.html" title="c. Cavour's actions 1848 - 1860">c. Cavour's actions 1848 - 1860</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46721/d-garibaldi-and-unification-after-1860.html" title="d. Garibaldi and unification after 1860">d. Garibaldi and unification after 1860</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22466/12-imperial-russia-revolution-and-the-establishment-of-the-sovie.html" title="12: Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union">12: Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22558/1-imperial-russia-reform-and-reaction-1855-1894-atl.html" title="1. Imperial Russia, reform and reaction (1855 - 1894) (ATL)">1. Imperial Russia, reform and reaction (1855 - 1894) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22559/2-imperial-russia-the-last-years-of-autocracy-1894-1914-atl.html" title="2. Imperial Russia: The last years of autocracy (1894 - 1914) (ATL)">2. Imperial Russia: The last years of autocracy (1894 - 1914) (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22696/3-the-revolutions-of-1917-atl.html" title="3. The revolutions of 1917 (ATL)">3. The revolutions of 1917 (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46736/3b-the-bolshevik-revolution-of-1917.html" title="3b. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917">3b. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22717/4-the-bolshevik-consolidation-of-power-1918-1924-atl.html" title="4. The Bolshevik consolidation of power (1918 - 1924) (ATL)">4. The Bolshevik consolidation of power (1918 - 1924) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22578/5-imperial-russia-revolution-and-the-establishment-of-the-soviet.html" title="5. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Essay frames and writing exercises">5. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Quizzes">9. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28004/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28433/1-russia-1855-to-1917.html" title="1. Russia 1855 to 1917">1. Russia 1855 to 1917</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28005/2-russia-1917-1924.html" title="2. Russia 1917 -1924">2. Russia 1917 -1924</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22166/13-europe-and-the-first-world-war.html" title="13: Europe and the First World War">13: Europe and the First World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34290/1-changing-alliances-in-europe-1871-to-1907.html" title="1. Changing alliances in Europe 1871 to 1907">1. Changing alliances in Europe 1871 to 1907</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34348/2-why-did-war-break-out-in-1914.html" title="2. Why did war break out in 1914?">2. Why did war break out in 1914?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34369/3-impact-of-war-and-the-reasons-for-allied-victory.html" title="3. Impact of war and the reasons for Allied victory">3. Impact of war and the reasons for Allied victory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22188/4-europe-and-the-first-world-war-essay-frames-and-writing-exerci.html" title="4. Europe and the First World War: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. Europe and the First World War: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="6. Europe and the First World War: Quizzes">6. Europe and the First World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43982/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22520/15-diplomacy-in-europe-19191945.html" title="15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)">15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41037/1-the-versailles-peace-treaty.html" title="1. The Versailles Peace Treaty">1. The Versailles Peace Treaty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41038/2-other-treaties-in-the-versailles-settlement.html" title="2. Other Treaties in the Versailles Settlement">2. Other Treaties in the Versailles Settlement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41047/3-the-league-of-nations-and-europe-in-the-1920s.html" title="3. The League of Nations and Europe in the 1920s">3. The League of Nations and Europe in the 1920s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41063/4-italian-and-german-foreign-policies-19191941.html" title="4. Italian and German foreign policies (1919–1941)">4. Italian and German foreign policies (1919–1941)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41064/5-collective-security-in-the-1920s-and-1930s.html" title="5. Collective security in the 1920s and 1930s">5. Collective security in the 1920s and 1930s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41067/6-the-policy-of-appeasement.html" title="6. The policy of Appeasement">6. The policy of Appeasement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41068/7-events-in-europe-up-to-1941.html" title="7. Events in Europe up to 1941">7. Events in Europe up to 1941</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41069/8-the-wartime-alliance-1941-to-1945.html" title="8: The Wartime Alliance 1941 to 1945">8: The Wartime Alliance 1941 to 1945</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22521/9-diplomacy-in-europe-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="9. Diplomacy in Europe: Essay frames and writing exercises">9. Diplomacy in Europe: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9c. Diplomacy in Europe: Quizzes ">9c. Diplomacy in Europe: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36574/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36570/versailles-peace-settlement.html" title="Versailles Peace Settlement">Versailles Peace Settlement</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30012/18-post-war-central-and-eastern-europe-1945-2000.html" title="18: Post-war central and eastern Europe (1945-2000)">18: Post-war central and eastern Europe (1945-2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30184/1-soviet-motives-for-taking-control-in-central-and-eastern-europ.html" title="1. Soviet motives for taking control in central and eastern Europe 1945 - 1955">1. Soviet motives for taking control in central and eastern Europe 1945 - 1955</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30227/2-the-extent-and-nature-of-soviet-control.html" title="2. The extent and nature of Soviet control">2. The extent and nature of Soviet control</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29807/3-support-and-cooperation-repression-and-protest-1945-1968.html" title="3. Support and cooperation, repression and protest (1945 - 1968)">3. Support and cooperation, repression and protest (1945 - 1968)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30775/4-repression-and-revolution-in-central-and-eastern-europe-1968-t.html" title="4. Repression and revolution in central and eastern Europe, 1968 to 1989">4. Repression and revolution in central and eastern Europe, 1968 to 1989</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31212/5-balkan-conflicts-in-the-1990s-part-1.html" title="5. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 1">5. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31269/6-balkan-conflicts-in-the-1990s-part-2.html" title="6. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 2">6. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30771/post-war-central-and-eastern-europe-essay-planning.html" title="Post war central and eastern Europe: essay planning">Post war central and eastern Europe: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20827/14-european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-19181939.html" title="14: European states in the inter-war years (1918–1939)">14: European states in the inter-war years (1918–1939)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20832/1-the-weimar-republic-1918-1933-atl.html" title="1. The Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933) (ATL)">1. The Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21504/2-nazi-germany-part-i-1933-1939-.html" title="2. Nazi Germany: Part I (1933 - 1939) ">2. Nazi Germany: Part I (1933 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36691/3-nazi-germany-part-ii-1933-1939.html" title="3. Nazi Germany Part II (1933 - 1939)">3. Nazi Germany Part II (1933 - 1939)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20842/4-italy-part-i-1918-1939-.html" title="4. Italy: Part I (1918 - 1939) ">4. Italy: Part I (1918 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37137/5-italy-part-ii-1918-1939-.html" title="5. Italy: Part II (1918 - 1939) ">5. Italy: Part II (1918 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42053/6-the-spanish-civil-war-part-1-1900-1931.html" title="6. The Spanish Civil War: Part 1 (1900 - 1931)">6. The Spanish Civil War: Part 1 (1900 - 1931)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42068/7-spanish-civil-war-part-2-1931-1936-.html" title="7. Spanish Civil War: Part 2 (1931 - 1936) ">7. Spanish Civil War: Part 2 (1931 - 1936) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42073/8-spanish-civil-war-part-3-1936-1939.html" title="8. Spanish Civil War: Part 3 (1936 - 1939)">8. Spanish Civil War: Part 3 (1936 - 1939)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44002/9-britain-1918-to-1939.html" title="9. Britain 1918 to 1939">9. Britain 1918 to 1939</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43989/1-britain-in-1914.html" title="1. Britain in 1914">1. Britain in 1914</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43997/2-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-1918-1922.html" title="2. The impact of the First World War: 1918 - 1922">2. The impact of the First World War: 1918 - 1922</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44078/3-britain-in-the-1920s-a-search-for-stability.html" title="3. Britain in the 1920s - a search for stability">3. Britain in the 1920s - a search for stability</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44053/1-political-developments-1922-1929.html" title="1. Political developments 1922 - 1929">1. Political developments 1922 - 1929</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44192/2-economic-issues-1922-1929.html" title="2. Economic issues, 1922 - 1929">2. Economic issues, 1922 - 1929</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44193/3-social-and-cultural-changes-1922-1929.html" title="3. Social and cultural changes, 1922 - 1929">3. Social and cultural changes, 1922 - 1929</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44285/4-britain-1929-1939.html" title="4. Britain 1929 - 1939">4. Britain 1929 - 1939</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44284/1-britain-1929-1939-political-and-economic-developments.html" title="1. Britain 1929 - 1939: Political and economic developments">1. Britain 1929 - 1939: Political and economic developments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44308/2-the-social-and-cultural-impact-of-the-great-depression.html" title="2. The social and cultural impact of the Great Depression">2. The social and cultural impact of the Great Depression</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23416/european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-essay-frames-and-writing-.html" title="European states in the inter-war years: Essay frames and writing exercises">European states in the inter-war years: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44367/1-weimar-germany-essay-planning.html" title="1. Weimar Germany: Essay planning">1. Weimar Germany: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44368/2-nazi-germany-essay-planning.html" title="2. Nazi Germany: Essay planning">2. Nazi Germany: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44369/3-italy-essay-planning.html" title="3. Italy: Essay planning">3. Italy: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44375/4-spain-essay-planning.html" title="4. Spain: Essay planning">4. Spain: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44376/5-case-studies-russia-and-britain-essay-planning.html" title="5. Case studies: Russia and Britain - essay planning">5. Case studies: Russia and Britain - essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42154/european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-quizzes-.html" title="European states in the inter-war years: Quizzes ">European states in the inter-war years: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27934/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27666/1-weimar-and-hitlers-rise-to-power.html" title="1. Weimar and Hitler's rise to power">1. Weimar and Hitler's rise to power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27935/2-hitlers-consolidation-of-power.html" title="2. Hitler's consolidation of power">2. Hitler's consolidation of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27936/3-hitlers-policies-1933-1939.html" title="3. Hitler's policies 1933 - 1939">3. Hitler's policies 1933 - 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27975/4-mussolinis-rise-to-power.html" title="4. Mussolini's rise to power">4. Mussolini's rise to power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27976/5-mussolinis-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="5. Mussolini's consolidation and maintenance of power">5. Mussolini's consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27977/6-mussolinis-policies.html" title="6. Mussolini's policies">6. Mussolini's policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43976/7-causes-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="7. Causes of the Spanish Civil War">7. Causes of the Spanish Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43977/8-practices-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="8. Practices of the Spanish Civil War">8. Practices of the Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20830/16-the-soviet-union-and-post-soviet-russia-19242000.html" title="16: The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)">16: The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22189/1-stalins-rise-to-power-and-rule-atl.html" title="1. Stalin's rise to power and rule (ATL)">1. Stalin's rise to power and rule (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22223/2-stalins-rule-1941-1953-atl.html" title="2. Stalin's rule (1941 - 1953) (ATL)">2. Stalin's rule (1941 - 1953) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22226/3-khrushchev-1958-to-1964-atl.html" title="3. Khrushchev (1958 to 1964) ATL">3. Khrushchev (1958 to 1964) ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33395/4-brezhnev-1964-1982-atl.html" title="4. Brezhnev (1964 - 1982) ATL">4. Brezhnev (1964 - 1982) ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22249/5-gorbachev-1985-1991-atl.html" title="5. Gorbachev (1985 - 1991) (ATL)">5. Gorbachev (1985 - 1991) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22252/6-post-soviet-russia-to-2000-atl.html" title="6. Post Soviet Russia to 2000 (ATL)">6. Post Soviet Russia to 2000 (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22220/8-the-soviet-union-and-post-soviet-russia-graded-student-essays.html" title="8. The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: Graded student essays">8. The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: Graded student essays</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: quizzes">The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28003/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28006/1-stalins-rule-1929-1939.html" title="1. Stalin's rule 1929 - 1939">1. Stalin's rule 1929 - 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28436/2-soviet-union-1953-to-1983.html" title="2. Soviet Union: 1953 to 1983">2. Soviet Union: 1953 to 1983</a></li></ul></ul></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26763/the-ib-core.html" title="The IB Core">The IB Core</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Theory of Knowledge (TOK)">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24497/tokhistory-in-the-news.html" title="TOK/History in the news">TOK/History in the news</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36888/fake-history-is-fake-news-entrenched-nov-2020.html" title="'Fake history is fake news entrenched' (Nov 2020)">'Fake history is fake news entrenched' (Nov 2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30617/are-conspiracy-theories-dangerous-july-2019.html" title="Are conspiracy theories dangerous? (July 2019)">Are conspiracy theories dangerous? (July 2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26556/do-we-have-a-hollywood-view-of-history-june-2018.html" title="Do we have a Hollywood view of History? (June 2018)">Do we have a Hollywood view of History? (June 2018)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32534/does-history-do-more-harm-than-good-feb-2020.html" title="Does history do more harm than good? (Feb 2020)">Does history do more harm than good? (Feb 2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25797/history-wars-february-2018.html" title="History Wars (February 2018)">History Wars (February 2018)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24671/if-we-remove-statues-are-we-erasing-history-august-2017.html" title="If we remove statues, are we 'erasing history'? (August 2017)">If we remove statues, are we 'erasing history'? (August 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24672/napoleon-in-the-news-september-2017.html" title="Napoleon in the news (September 2017)">Napoleon in the news (September 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24673/nicholas-ii-russian-history-re-written-sept-2017.html" title="Nicholas II: Russian history re-written? (Sept 2017)">Nicholas II: Russian history re-written? (Sept 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31129/should-scientists-use-eduard-pernkopfs-anatomy-book-september-20.html" title="Should scientists use Eduard Pernkopf's anatomy book? September 2019">Should scientists use Eduard Pernkopf's anatomy book? September 2019</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31364/the-art-of-disinformation-october-2019.html" title="The art of disinformation (October 2019)">The art of disinformation (October 2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34611/what-does-it-mean-to-tear-down-a-statue-june-2020.html" title="What does it mean to tear down a statue? (June 2020)">What does it mean to tear down a statue? (June 2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25129/what-if-the-russian-revolution-had-never-happened-nov-2017.html" title="What if the Russian Revolution had never happened? (Nov 2017)">What if the Russian Revolution had never happened? (Nov 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31044/what-is-the-role-of-professional-historians-august-2019.html" title="What is the role of professional historians? (August 2019)">What is the role of professional historians? (August 2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27348/who-gets-to-write-the-history-the-worlds-last-colonial-museum-se.html" title="Who gets to write the History? The 'world's last colonial museum' (September 2018)">Who gets to write the History? The 'world's last colonial museum' (September 2018)</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33195/recursos-en-espanol.html" title="Recursos en español">Recursos en español</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Prueba 1">Prueba 1</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="2. Temas Prescritos para la Prueba 1">2. Temas Prescritos para la Prueba 1</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Tema prescrito 3: El avance hacia la guerra global">Tema prescrito 3: El avance hacia la guerra global</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33217/11-expansion-italiana-1933-1940-.html" title="1.1 Expansión italiana (1933-1940) ">1.1 Expansión italiana (1933-1940) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33240/12-expansion-alemana-1933-1940.html" title="1.2 Expansión alemana (1933 - 1940)">1.2 Expansión alemana (1933 - 1940)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33412/2-la-expansion-alemana-e-italiana-videos-y-actividades.html" title="2. La expansión alemana e italiana: Videos y actividades">2. La expansión alemana e italiana: Videos y actividades</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33379/3-la-expansion-japonesa-en-asia-oriental-1931-1941.html" title="3. La expansión japonesa en Asia oriental (1931-1941)">3. La expansión japonesa en Asia oriental (1931-1941)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33381/4-la-expansion-japonesa-en-asia-oriental-videos-y-actividades.html" title="4. La expansión japonesa en Asia Oriental: Videos y actividades.">4. La expansión japonesa en Asia Oriental: Videos y actividades.</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33564/tema-prescrito-4-derechos-y-protesta.html" title="Tema prescrito 4: Derechos y protesta">Tema prescrito 4: Derechos y protesta</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33565/1-movimiento-por-los-derechos-civiles-en-estados-unidos-19541965.html" title="1. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos (1954–1965) ">1. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos (1954–1965) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33605/2-movimiento-por-los-derechos-civiles-en-estados-unidos-videos-y.html" title="2. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos: Vídeos y actividades">2. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos: Vídeos y actividades</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33633/3-sudafrica-durante-el-apartheid-19481964.html" title="3. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid (1948–1964)">3. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid (1948–1964)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33733/4-sudafrica-durante-el-apartheid-videos-y-actividades.html" title="4. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid: Vídeos y actividades">4. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid: Vídeos y actividades</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Prueba 2">Prueba 2</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33290/tema-11-causas-y-consecuencias-de-las-guerras-del-siglo-xx.html" title="Tema 11: Causas y consecuencias de las guerras del siglo XX">Tema 11: Causas y consecuencias de las guerras del siglo XX</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34552/estudio-de-caso-la-primera-guerra-mundial-.html" title="Estudio de caso: La Primera Guerra Mundial ">Estudio de caso: La Primera Guerra Mundial </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34553/1-primera-guerra-munial-causas.html" title="1. Primera Guerra Munial: Causas">1. Primera Guerra Munial: Causas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34562/2-la-primera-guerra-mundial-practicas-.html" title="2. La Primera Guerra Mundial: Prácticas ">2. La Primera Guerra Mundial: Prácticas </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34601/3-la-primera-guerra-mundial-los-efectos-.html" title="3. La Primera Guerra Mundial: los efectos ">3. La Primera Guerra Mundial: los efectos </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34711/4-primera-guerra-mundial-planificacion-de-ensayos.html" title="4. Primera Guerra Mundial: Planificación de ensayos">4. Primera Guerra Mundial: Planificación de ensayos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36267/estudio-de-caso-la-revolucion-cubana.html" title="Estudio de caso: La revolución cubana">Estudio de caso: La revolución cubana</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36304/la-revolucion-cubana-planificacion-de-ensayos.html" title="La revolución cubana: Planificación de ensayos">La revolución cubana: Planificación de ensayos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34190/estudio-de-caso-la-segunda-guerra-mundial.html" title="Estudio de caso: La Segunda Guerra Mundial">Estudio de caso: La Segunda Guerra Mundial</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33277/-1-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-causas-parte-i-.html" title=" 1. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte I "> 1. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte I </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33631/2-segunda-guerra-mundial-causas-parte-ii-asia-.html" title="2. Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte II Asia ">2. Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte II Asia </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34210/3-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-estrategias-enfoques-de-aprendizaje-.html" title="3. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: estrategias (Enfoques de aprendizaje) ">3. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: estrategias (Enfoques de aprendizaje) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34449/4-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-consecuencias.html" title="4. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Consecuencias">4. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Consecuencias</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34476/5-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-planifcacion-de-ensayos-para-la-prue.html" title="5. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Planifcación de ensayos para la prueba 2">5. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Planifcación de ensayos para la prueba 2</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Tema 12: La Guerra Fría: tensiones y rivalidades entre las superpotencias (siglo XX)">Tema 12: La Guerra Fría: tensiones y rivalidades entre las superpotencias (siglo XX)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="2. Líderes y naciones">2. Líderes y naciones</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36155/naciones-afectadas-por-las-tensiones-de-la-guerra-fria-cuba.html" title="Naciones afectadas por las tensiones de la Guerra Fría: Cuba">Naciones afectadas por las tensiones de la Guerra Fría: Cuba</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36564/tema10-estados-autoritarios-siglo-xx.html" title="Tema10: Estados autoritarios (siglo XX)">Tema10: Estados autoritarios (siglo XX)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36565/estudio-de-caso-castro.html" title="Estudio de caso: Castro">Estudio de caso: Castro</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Estudio de caso: Hitler">Estudio de caso: Hitler</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36598/hitler-planificacion-de-ensayos.html" title="Hitler: planificación de ensayos">Hitler: planificación de ensayos</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Prueba 3">Prueba 3</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35864/opcion-2-historia-de-america.html" title="Opción 2: Historia de América">Opción 2: Historia de América</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43442/11-la-revolucion-mexicana-18841940.html" title="11: La Revolución mexicana (1884–1940)">11: La Revolución mexicana (1884–1940)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43443/1-el-gobierno-de-porfirio-diaz-y-las-causas-de-la-revolucion-.html" title="1. El gobierno de Porfirio Díaz y las causas de la revolución ">1. El gobierno de Porfirio Díaz y las causas de la revolución </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43444/2-la-revolucion-y-sus-lideres-19101917-.html" title="2. La revolución y sus líderes (1910–1917): ">2. La revolución y sus líderes (1910–1917): </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43449/3-mexico-estado-posrevolucionario-1920-1940-.html" title="3. México: estado posrevolucionario (1920-1940) ">3. México: estado posrevolucionario (1920-1940) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43450/4-revolucion-mexicana-mujeres-y-cultura-.html" title="4. Revolución Mexicana: Mujeres y cultura ">4. Revolución Mexicana: Mujeres y cultura </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43463/5-revolucion-mexicana-planificacion-de-ensayos-.html" title="5. Revolución Mexicana: Planificación de ensayos ">5. Revolución Mexicana: Planificación de ensayos </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35865/14-acontecimientos-politicos-en-america-latina-19451980.html" title="14: Acontecimientos políticos en América Latina (1945–1980)">14: Acontecimientos políticos en América Latina (1945–1980)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35866/1-la-revolucion-cubana.html" title="1. La Revolución cubana">1. La Revolución cubana</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36000/2-gobierno-de-fidel-castro.html" title="2. Gobierno de Fidel Castro">2. Gobierno de Fidel Castro</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Opción 4: Historia de Europa">Opción 4: Historia de Europa</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="14: Acontecimientos nacionales en los Estados europeos en los años de entreguerras (1918 –1939)">14: Acontecimientos nacionales en los Estados europeos en los años de entreguerras (1918 –1939)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33303/1-la-republica-de-weimar-1918-1933.html" title="1. La República de Weimar (1918-1933)">1. La República de Weimar (1918-1933)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33365/2-la-alemania-nazi-1933-1939.html" title="2. La Alemania nazi (1933 - 1939)">2. La Alemania nazi (1933 - 1939)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33197/3-italia-1918-1939-atl.html" title="3. Italia 1918 - 1939 ATL">3. Italia 1918 - 1939 ATL</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="15. Versalles a Berlín: La diplomacia en Europa">15. Versalles a Berlín: La diplomacia en Europa</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33246/1-versalles-a-berlin-enfoques-de-aprendizaje.html" title="1. Versalles a Berlín: Enfoques de Aprendizaje">1. Versalles a Berlín: Enfoques de Aprendizaje</a></li></ul></ul></ul></ul></ul></nav> </div> </div> </div> </div><div style="margin-top: 20px;"><style type="text/css">
.studyib-link {
display: inline-block;
overflow: hidden;
font-size: 1.2em;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 10px;
transition: transform .2s; /* Animation */
}
#left-column .studyib-link {
font-size: 1em;
font-weight: normal;
margin: 5px;
transition: transform .2s; /* Animation */
}
#left-column .studyib-advert h2 {
font-size: 1.35em;
}
.studyib-link:hover {
transform: scale(1.2);
}
.studyib-link > img {
width: 2em; height: 2em;
margin: 0;
float: left;
}
.embed-responsive {
position: relative;
display: block;
height: 0;
padding: 0;
margin: 15px 0;
}
.embed-responsive-16by9 {
padding-bottom: 56.25%;
}
.embed-responsive iframe {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
bottom: 0;
height: 100%;
width: 100%;
border: 0;
}
.studyib-advert {
padding: 20px;
background: #E7EDF5;
border: solid 1px #EFF;
/* margin-left: 70px; */
}
.studyib-advert .heading {
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
align-items: center;
}
.studyib-advert .heading img {
margin-right: 15px;
}
.studyib-advert .heading span {
color: #444
}
.studyib-advert h2,
.studyib-advert h3 {
margin: 0;
}
.studyib-advert .body {
margin-top: 20px;
}
</style>
<div class="studyib-advert">
<div class="heading">
<img src="../../../img/header-thinker-sib.svg" height="50" width="50" class="pull-left" alt="InThinking Revision Sites">
<div>
<h2>INTHINKING REVISION SITES</h2>
<span><em>Own your learning</em></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="body">
<p>Why not also try our independent learning self-study & revision websites for students?</p>
<p>We currenly offer the following DP Sites: Biology, Chemistry, English A Lang & Lit, Maths A&A, Maths A&I, Physics, Spanish B</p>
<p>
<em>"The site is great for revising the basic understandings of each topic quickly.
Especially since you are able to test yourself at the end of each page and easily see where yo need to improve."</em>
</p>
<p><em>"It is life saving... I am passing IB because of this site!"</em></p>
<p>Basic (limited access) subscriptions are FREE. Check them out at:</p>
<div class="text-center">
<h3>
<a href="//studyib.net">www.StudyIB.net</a>
</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div><!-- /#left-column-->
<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="3-japanese-expansion-international-response-1931-1941" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../history.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Paper 1</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">3. Prescribed Subjects for Paper 1</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">PS3: The Move to Global War</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">1. Case study 1: Japanese expansion in East Asia 1931-41</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941</span></li></ul>
<div class="row-fluid">
<section class="span12" id="main-content">
<div class="page" title="Page 4"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; caret-color: rgb(18, 18, 18); color: rgb(18, 18, 18); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="304" src="../../../ib/history/pearl-harbor-academics-say-it-was-in-fact-the-us-who-fired-the-first-shot-at-pearl-harbor-1368977.jpg" style="float: left;" width="514">As you have seen from the previous pages, the League of Nations' response to the invasion of Manchuria was ineffective and the key Chinese response only came in December 1936 with the formation of the Second United Front to resist Japan. As the war in Asia developed the US policy of isolationism shifted and it applied sanctions on Japan. Ultimately, Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor drew a direct declaration of war from President F D Roosevelt in December 1941.</span></p><hr class="hidden"><div class="greyBg"><div class="panel panel-red"><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Guiding questions:</strong></span></p><ol><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How did the League of Nations respond to the Mukden Incident September 1931?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was the Lytton Report and what were its effects?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How did the US respond to the Manchurian crisis?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How did the political situation in China develop in response to Japanese expansion?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was the response of the US to events in China up to 1938?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Why did US policy towards Japan change after 1938?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was the US response to the attack on Pearl Harbor?</span></li></ol></div></div><div class="panel panel-green"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">1. How did the League of Nations respond to the Mukden Incident September 1931?</span></p></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Japan's action in the Mukden Incident was the first significant challenge by a major power to the new international system that had been set up in Europe after the First World War. This system was based on the idea of collective security - that states would work together to deal with aggression. The League of Nations as well as the various treaties signed in the 1920s such as the Washington Conference System, the Nine-Power Treaty and the Kellogg-Briand Pact all reinforced the idea of co-operating internationally to minimise the threats to international peace.</span></div></div></div><div title="Page 4"><div><div><p> <span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Japan's action in the Mukden Incident was the first significant challenge by a major power to the new international system that had been set up in Europe after the First World War. This system was based on the idea of collective security - that states would work together to deal with aggression. The League of Nations, as well as the various treaties signed in the 1920s such as the Washington Conference System, the Nine-Power Treaty and the Kellogg-Briand Pact, all reinforced the idea of co-operating internationally to minimise the threats to international peace.</span></p><div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Starter Activity</span></p></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Read the articles of the Covenant of the League of Nations which can be found <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp">here.</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Look carefully at Articles 10 to 15 in particular.</span></p><ol><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">According to these articles, what actions could the League take against aggression? </span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Discuss in pairs how effective you think each of these might be in dealing with aggression.</span></li></ol></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">.</span></div></div></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">After the Mukden incident, China as a member state appealed to the League of Nations to take action against Japan in line with Article 16 of the Covenant. However, the League acted cautiously.</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Several meetings were held to discuss what action should be taken. </span><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Meanwhile the Kwantung army continued to consolidate its control in Manchuria - defying the League's request to withdraw Japanese troops</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The League then decided to send a fact-finding commission led by Lord Lytton to Manchuria; </span>t<span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">he Commission took several months to reach Manchuria</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">By the time Lytton arrived in the territory, Japan had declared the state of Manchukuo in March 1932; </span><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Japanese claimed that the Manchurians had desired independence from China and were now free from Chinese domination</span></li></ul><div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task One: ATL - Thinking skills</span></p></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><img alt="" height="375" src="../../../ib/history/2a854771db6a136ca882fe442f4bb684.jpg" style="float: left;" width="545"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">David Low cartoon.</span><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> January 1933.</span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Questions:</span></p><ol><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What does the cartoon above suggest about the League of Nations' response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In pairs discuss the initial response of the League of Nations to the Mukden Incident and how this cautious approach may have encouraged the consolidation of Japanese control in Manchuria.</span></li></ol></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-green"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p>2. What was the Lytton Report and what were its effects?</p></div></div></div><div title="Page 4"><div><div><p><img alt="" height="416" src="../../../ib/history/lofn.jpg" style="float: left;" width="503"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Lord Lytton's commission took several months to complete its report on the situation and it was a year before its findings were published.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">It stated the following:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Japan did in fact have special interests in Manchuria but the use of force by the army, and its takeover of the whole of Manchuria, was unacceptable and unjustified.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Japan should give up the territory and withdraw its forces.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Manchukuo was not an independent state and could not be recognized as such.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Manchuria should become independent but under Chinese sovereignty.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The problem of Manchuria could only be solved by an improvement in Sino-Japanese relations.</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The League recommended that after Japan’s withdrawal of troops to the railway zone, the two countries should negotiate a non-aggression pact and a trade agreement.</span></p><hr class="hidden"></div></div></div><div title="Page 5"><div><div><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Issues with the report and Japan's response</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The League's recommendations ignored the fact that Japan wanted Manchuria and was not prepared to compromise. As a result:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Japan declared that the League’s members were hypocritical in their stance towards Japanese actions in China pointing out that the British and French had used force and war to establish enclaves in China.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Japan did not accept the report and withdrew from the League in protest in March 1933.</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">However, no further action was taken against Japan because:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">France felt that it had no real reason to alienate Japan as the French were a colonial power in Indo-China. It also had much to gain from a weakened China.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Britain was also cautious as it was unwilling to act when its own interests were not at stake. It also lacked the military means to resist Japan.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Britain and France were suffering from the economic effects of the Great Depression which made them hesitant to spend resources on either economic or military actions.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Britain in particular feared the spread of communism and this meant that Japan was viewed as an ally in containing communist Russia in the Far East.</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div title="Page 6"><div><div><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Results of the League's response to the Manchurian Crisis</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Historian Richard J Overy writes: <em>'In 1933 Japan left the League and effectively removed the Far East from the system of collective security'</em> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The failure of the League to respond to the Manchurian incident meant that Japan was able to continue with its expansion. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The exposure of the League's weakness may also have contributed to Mussolini’s decision to invade Abyssinia in 1935.</span></span></p></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-green"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p>3. How did the US respond to the Manchurian crisis?</p></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The main foreign policy concern for the US in the 1930s was to stay out of international crises and to pursue its own interests - a policy known as 'isolationism'. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">This was because:</span></span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Following the First World War, many in the US did not want to get dragged into disputes which did not directly affect them. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The Wall Street Crash of 1929 and economic crisis reinforced the US’ concentration on its own issues. </span></span></li></ul><hr class="hidden"><div class="page" title="Page 11"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><img alt="" height="285" src="../../../ib/history/screenshot-2022-08-09-at-08.10.32.png" style="float: left;" width="625"> <br> <br> <em>From 'Move to Global War' OUP by Keely Rogers and Jo Thomas, pg 70</em><hr class="hidden"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The response of the US government to the Manchurian Crisis and the creation of Manchukuo was to issue a non-recognition doctrine on <span style="font-size: 11pt;">7 January, 1932 </span>(also called the Stimson Doctrine after Secretary of State Henry Stimson). </span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 12"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The US declared that it would not recognize any agreement that violated China’s territorial or administrative integrity or that went against the 'open door' policy or the Kellogg-Briand Pact. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">This non-recognition doctrine allowed US President Herbert Hoover to uphold international </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">law but also to avoid committing to economic sanctions. </span></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Why did the US not act after the invasion of Manchuria?</strong></span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">US interests and security were not directly threatened by the Manchurian incident. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The US also lacked a credible naval force in the Pacific as Congress had refused funds to develop it.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">It had trade and investment interests in Japan which it did not want to jeopardize (far more important trade ties than with the much larger Chinese Republic).</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Some in the US believed that Japanese control would be more stable for business - China was unstable and its government engaged in a civil war with the communists.</span></span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Two: ATL - Thinking and communication skills</span></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode", "lucida grande", sans-serif;">Read the following statement which was written by the Japanese government in response to the Lytton Commission's Report.</span></p><ol><li><span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode", "lucida grande", sans-serif;">What response does it give to each of the recommendations (see above)?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode", "lucida grande", sans-serif;">What is the tone of this response?</span></li></ol><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><img alt="" height="493" src="../../../ib/history/lytton.png" style="max-width: none; vertical-align: middle; border: 0px none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="517"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><a href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/16932293">http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/16932293</a></p></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-green"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">4. How did the political situation in China develop in response to Japanese expansion?</span></p></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-red panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>The Second United Front</strong></span></p></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The civil war had been raging between the Guomindang (GMD) Nationalist government and the Chinese communist party (CCP) since 1927. Leader of the GMD, Jiang Jieshi had wanted to focus on destroying the communists within China before dealing with the threat posed by Japan. However, after the Tanguu Truce in 1933, this position was increasingly unpopular even within the GMD itself. There was an uprising among GMD troops in Fujian and protests broke out including a major demonstration against the policy in Beijing in 1935. </span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In December 1936, Jiang was kidnapped by troops acting under the orders of General Zhang Xue-liang, the Manchurian warlord</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The leaders of the Communist Party in China (CCP) were involved in negotiations over Jiang’s release</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Jiang was forced to change his policy of attacking the Communists first before the Japanese. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The Second United Front was formed between</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> the GMD and the CCP in order to fight a 'war of national resistance'.</span></span></li></ul><hr class="hidden"></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div>Task Three: ATL - Communication and Self-management skills</div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">You will need to organise your class for a conference that has been called in 1937 following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident to discuss the Sino-Japanese war and its implications for international security.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Can Japan be stopped?</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Key players and interested parties are attending this conference; these people are listed below.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">You will be given one of the people below who is attending and your task is to:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">review the events leading up to 1937 and how would they have impacted on your character and/or the institution/country that your character represents</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> write a speech setting out the views of your character regarding the situation in 1937 (give details of how events have impacted on you) and your views on what should happen regarding Japan e.g. should there be international action against Japan? If so, what kind of action?</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>The Characters</strong></span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">General Tojo of the Kwantung Army</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Prince Konoye</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">A Japanese citizen</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">A Chinese citizen</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">US government representative in favour of US isolationism</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">US government representative in favour of US intervention</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Jiang Jieshi (leader of GMD)</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">A representative of the League of Nations</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">A member of the British government</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">This will be a formal debate. Each character will be given the opportunity to speak.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Any students in the class who do not have a specific character should ask each character questions.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">One student will need to chair the conference and to summarise the conclusions of the conference at the end.</span></p></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-red panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>China's 'war of national resistance'</strong></span></p></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">After the Marco Polo Bridge incident when a full scale war developed against Japan, Jiang announced that 'If we allow one inch more of our territory to be lost, we shall be guilty of an unpardonable crime against our race.' </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Communist leader Mao Zedong also declared a policy of 'total resistance by the whole nation'. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Despite the establishment of the Second United Front, the war went badly for the Chinese. By 1938, Beijing, Shanghai, Ghangzhou and Nanjing had all fallen to Japan and the GMD government had to withdraw their capital to Chongqing. </span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><img alt="" height="696" src="../../../ib/history/440px-theaters_of_chinese_national_revolutionary_army.png" style="float: left;" width="493"></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">From the start of 1939, the war entered a new phase with unprecedented defeats of the Japanese in key battles</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">China then launched its first major counter-offensive, but due to its limited military industries and lack of experience in modern warfare this was halted by the Japanese.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Jiang had lost his best troops before this point in the Battle of Shanghai and did not launch further major offensives</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Nevertheless, from 1940 the Japanese had huge difficulty controlling and administrating the territories it had taken. </span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Japanese attempts to set up 'puppet regimes' such as Wang Jingwei's were unpopular and limited</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Japanese did manage to recruit a large <em>Collaborationist Chinese Army</em> which was used for security in occupied territories.</span></li></ul></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p>Task Four: ATL - Research and Thinking skills</p></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In pairs investigate the successes of the Chinese in battles from 1939. Discuss the key events in the Sino-Japanese war up to 1940 and the extent to which the Chinese 'war of national resistance' was effective.</span></p></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-green"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p>5. What was the response of the US to events in China up to 1938?</p></div></div></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><img alt="" height="352" src="../../../ib/history/fdr_1944_color_portrait.jpg" style="float: left;" width="244">Franklin D Roosevelt became US president in March 1933:</span></span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">He continued with the same limited response to Japan.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">He was </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">focused on the domestic economic crisis and getting through his 'New Deal' policies</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">US attention was also on Hitler’s policies in Europe</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> The US continued to export strategic materials to Japan </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">After 1937 US interests in China were beginning to be threatened by Japanese expansion</span></li></ul><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Although Roosevelt and the US media were sympathetic to China, and the President </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">gave financial aid to the Chinese government, he refused ten appeals from Britain to offer joint mediation in the Sino-Japanese war. Roosevelt was limited by US Neutrality Acts and the isolationist lobby in Congress.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Even when a crisis developed following the sinking of the US gunboat, the Panay, on 12 December 1937 the US accepted a swift apology and compensation from Japan. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Popular opinion supported isolation and no sanctions were imposed on Japan. US trade was a key factor supporting the Japanese war effort.</span></span></p><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p>Task Five: Thinking and Communication skills</p></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Watch this newsreel on the sinking of the USS Panay. Discuss with a partner how the incident was reported in this media clip</span></p><p><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/CsFSoYKtro0" width="640"></iframe></p></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div><div class="page" title="Page 13"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="panel panel-green"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p>6. Why did US policy towards Japan change after 1938?</p></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Roosevelt had begun to use his Presidential powers to get around applying the Neutrality Acts to China and to give more support to the Nationalists from 1938.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">There were several reasons for this change of approach:</span></p><ul><li><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The US was worried that if it did not give enough aid to Jiang, the Soviets would increase their support for the Nationalists</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">US public opinion began to swing in favour of Roosevelt's campaign to end the Neutrality Laws</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Japan had taken advantage of the defeat of European countries to take over Dutch and French colonies in South East Asia. In June 1940, Japan proposed its vision for a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere under the leadership of Japan (see below). There was growing concern in the US regarding this new 'order' especially as Japan had suggested to Jiang that China could join this new order</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In September 1940, Japan entered into the Tripartite Pact with the Fascist powers Germany and Italy. This stated that if Japan, Germany or Italy was attacked by any third power not then engaged in the European war or the China War, the other two Axis powers would aid the victim of the attack. This convinced many Americans that the war in Europe and the war in Asia were the same war.</span></p></li></ul><div class="panel panel-red panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p>The US response to Japan after 1938</p></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In January 1939 “a moral embargo” was placed on planes and aviation parts sales</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> In February 1939 credit to Japan was stopped. </span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In July 1939 a long-standing trade agreement with Japan was suspended. </span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In June 1940 a partial trade embargo on aviation and motor fuel and high-grade melting scrap was imposed.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Between 1940 and 1941 the US gave millions of dollars of aid to China. </span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In October 1941 the US agreed more loans to China</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">By June 1941 100 P-40 US fighter planes were sent to the depleted Chinese air force.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In July 1941, after Japan moved south, the US froze all Japanese assets.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>1st August the US imposed an embargo on oil to Japan</strong></span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In November a trade embargo was imposed</span><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Why was the oil embargo significant?</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Japan was dependent on imported oil from the US and the embargo created a crisis for the Japanese government. Without oil Japan could not continue its war in China.</span></p></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p>Task Six: ATL - Thinking and Self-management skills</p></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">As you have seen, if its oil reserves ran out, Japan would be unable to continue the war in China.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">There followed negotiations and a diplomatic mission to the US. However, talks stalled over the fact that the US insisted that Japan withdraw from China.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Japan may have agreed to a withdrawal from southern Indo-China, but could not agree to removing its forces from China.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The official outline of the proposed basis for agreement between the US and Japan, also known as the Hull note, was the final proposal delivered by the government to the Empire of Japan before the attack on Pearl Harbor on 26 November 1941.</span></p><p><strong>Task</strong></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In pairs read the proposals in the Hull note<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hull_note"> here.</a> </span></p><ol><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Discuss the extent to which it repeats previous US demands for Japan to withdraw from China and French Indo-China. </span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The US had received intelligence by this time that Japan was preparing for an invasion of Thailand - does this context suggest that the proposals were genuinely attempting to secure peace in the region?</span></li></ol></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-green"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p>7. What was the US response to the attack on Pearl Harbor?</p></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In order to get the resources they needed the Japanese decided that a war of conquest was necessary. The attack on Pearl Harbor united the US public for war against Japan. Congress agreed to Roosevelt’s request for a Declaration of War on 8 December with only one dissenting vote.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The attack on Pearl Harbour sank and disabled nineteen ship, destroyed 150 planes and killed 2400 Americans. The same day the Japanese attacked the Philippines, Guam, Midway Island, Hong Kong and the Malay Peninsula. However, the attack failed to achieve its aim of knocking the US out of the war and destroying its superiority in the Pacific. This was because</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">the aircraft carriers were out at sea on a training exercise</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">the crucial onshore factories and oil tanks that supplied the fleet were not attacked</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In addition, the attack on America ended the debate over isolationism, united the American public and brought America into the war. However, the US was immediately drawn into a war on two fronts with a military that was at that moment ill-equipped to meet such challenges. Nevertheless, the huge resources of the US and the successful conversion to a war economy meant that the US would play a key role in final Allied victory.</span></p><div class="page" title="Page 16"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-turquoise"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p>Historians perspectives</p></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Some revisionist historians, such as John Toland, have claimed that Roosevelt knew about the Japanese plans to bomb Pearl Harbour and did nothing to stop it knowing that such an event would galvanize the American public and force the US to enter the war.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">However, Patrick Maney states, '<em>No persuasive evidence has ever surfaced to suggest that, as some people suspected, Roosevelt knew in advance of the attack on Pearl Harbour</em>' (The Roosevelt Presence: The Life and Legacy of FDR, 1992).</span></p></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><p>Task Seven: ATL - Communication skills</p></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; caret-color: rgb(18, 18, 18); color: rgb(18, 18, 18); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode", "lucida grande", sans-serif;">Watch Roosevelt's speech in which he asks Congress to declare war. </span><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; caret-color: rgb(18, 18, 18); color: rgb(18, 18, 18); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">A transcript of the speech can be found <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/afc1986022.afc1986022_ms2201/?st=text" target="_blank">here</a></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; caret-color: rgb(18, 18, 18); color: rgb(18, 18, 18); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode", "lucida grande", sans-serif;">Discuss the language and tone of this speech.</span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; caret-color: rgb(18, 18, 18); color: rgb(18, 18, 18); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/lK8gYGg0dkE" width="640"></iframe></p></div></div><div class="panel-footer"><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><hr class="hidden"><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
</section>
</div>
</article>
</div><!-- /#main-column -->
</div>
</div><!-- /#content -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer" class="student-access">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<p>
© <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <em>InThinking / IB Documents (2) Team | Version: 31.01.2023</em>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/about-us">
About us
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/legal">
Legal
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="https://thinkib.net/subscribe/contact">
Contact
</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/#!/inthinker">
<img src="../../../social/twitter-square.svg"> Twitter
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../social/facebook-square.svg"> Facebook
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/9s4we1">
<img src="../../../social/linkedin-square.svg"> LinkedIn
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="-3600"><div id="modal-session-expired" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" data-backdrop="static" data-keyboard="false">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0">Your session has expired</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body" style="padding: 10px;">
<p>You will have to reload and log in again.</p>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<a id="session-expired" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" href="#">
<i class="fa fa-refresh"></i> Reload
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Loading scripts at the end of the body means faster page loading -->
<script src="../../../js/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.pack.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/sidemenu/sidemenu.min.js?v=202011301145"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-assignments-utils.min.js?v=202211281800"></script><script src="../../../js/std-access/std-comments-utils.min.js?v=202211281800"></script><script src="../../../js/std/std-task-utils.min.js?v=202211151130"></script><script src="../../../js/jq-mark.js/jquery.mark.min.js"></script><!-- MathJax only to render Math ML -->
<!--<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script>-->
<script src="../../../ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js?config=MML_HTMLorMML"></script>
<style>
.math-tex {
font-size: 1.15em !important;
}
.math-tex span.ML__text {
/*font-family: inherit !important;*/
}
.ML__text + .ML__mathit {
margin-left: 0 !important;
}
.math-tex img, .math-tex + img, span img {
box-shadow: none;
margin: 0;
}
</style>
<script src="../../../mathlive%400.86.0/dist/mathlive.min.js" async="" defer=""></script>
<script>
window.addEventListener('load',
() => MathLive.renderMathInDocument()
);
</script>
<script src="../../../js/header-circle.min.js?v=20220113"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cookies.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// The cookies alert
if (! readCookie("displayCookieConsent") && ! readCookie("y") ) {
var cookieMSG = "We use cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used.";
setTimeout(function() {
$.ajax({
cache: true,
url: "js/cookiechoices.js",
dataType: "script",
success: function () {
cookieChoices.showCookieConsentBar(cookieMSG, 'close', 'Read more', "history/legal#cookies");
}
});
}, 2000);
}
</script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=IB Docs (2)&x=962';var sData='IB Docs (2)/4F[IxZFhIn8ojbuIxZg+NLcIxR8n-W8ncg9]eQA+IpCo|TMqtQc0mpCoOn1oif)hNu8qIbs+I>1oiuCoxQeqIngoiuMqt8S5-]SU-WunVW[UxbMLNbYoiQChNf[5[bMLmTYqNu8/[g[qiTsqIbCowZ1qx/z]-r6/Obc2iZQ2|ncIj>u2vr[5[bg+NLc/[g[2|TMojTe+iTahNk[5[/8n-W8n[bZ';var loopSecs = 30;var lsKey = '7582f26ac707ea6f381179041bae0808';</script><script src="../../../js/user/user-stats-page.min.js?v=202102101800"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 600;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater.js?v=20200831"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
function padLeft(str,max){return str.length<max?padLeft("0"+str,max):str}function padRight(str,max){return str.length<max?padRight(str+"0",max):str}$("body").on("click",'a[href="#"], a.fancybox-nav, a[data-toggle="tab"], a[data-toggle="dropdown"], a[data-toggle="collapse"], a[data-toggle="modal"]',(function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var topmenuOffset=0,topmenuHeight=0;function fixDiv(t,h){$(window).scrollTop()<topmenuOffset||$("#topmenu ul.level-1").is(":visible")?($("#topmenu").css({position:"",width:""}),$("#topmenu").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":"0"})):($("#topmenu").css({position:"fixed",top:"0",width:$("#topmenu").width()+"px"}),$("#topmenu").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":topmenuHeight+"px"}))}function fixSearchNav(){var searchMenuTop=topmenuOffset+topmenuHeight,searchMenuH=$("#nav-menu-search").is(":visible")?$("#nav-menu-search").outerHeight():0;if($(window).scrollTop()>searchMenuTop-topmenuHeight){var borderBottomWidth=parseInt($("#topmenu").css("borderBottomWidth"))+1;$("#nav-menu-search").css({position:"fixed",top:topmenuHeight+borderBottomWidth+"px",left:"0",right:"0"}),$("#nav-menu-search").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top",topmenuHeight+searchMenuH+"px")}else $("#nav-menu-search").css({position:""}),$("#nav-menu-search").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top","0")}$("#topmenu").length&&(topmenuOffset=$("#topmenu").offset().top,topmenuHeight=$("#topmenu").outerHeight(),fixDiv(),$(window).scroll((function(){fixDiv(),fixSearchNav()}))),$("a.toggle-menu-search").on("click",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$("#nav-menu-search").slideToggle("fast",(function(){$(this).find('input[name="s"]').focus()}))}));var menuH=$("#topmenu").height(),itemH=$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").height();function fancyScrollTo(id){$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:$("#"+id).offset().top-300},300)}function printSectionBlog(){var w=$(window).width()/2,h,windowSettings="height="+($(window).height()-100)+", width="+w+", left=0, top=0, resizable=no, ";windowSettings+="scrollbars=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no, ",windowSettings+="directories=no, status=yes";var myWindow=window.open("","Page printer",windowSettings),containerHtml=["<html>","<head>","<title>Page printer</title>",'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/style.min.css?v=202211152130">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+"/css/style"+SITE_TAG+'.min.css?v=202104061357">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/article.min.css?v=202210181500">',"</head>","<body>",$("section#main-content").html().replace(/<span\sclass="MJX_Assistive_MathML".*?<\/span>/g,""),"</body>","</html>"].join("");containerHtml=containerHtml.replace(/src="files\//gi,'src="'+window.location.origin+"/files/"),myWindow.document.write(containerHtml),myWindow.document.close(),myWindow.focus(),setTimeout((function(){$.when(myWindow.print()).then(myWindow.close())}),1e3)}function PopupPrint(target){window.print()}$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").each((function(){if(menuH>itemH&&$(this).position().top<1){var i=itemH+1;$(this).find("ul:first").css("margin-top","-"+i+"px")}})),$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").on("mouseenter mouseleave",(function(e){var submenu=$("ul:first",this),submenuW=submenu.width();$(this).offset().left+submenuW>$(window).width()&&(submenu.css("right","0"),submenu.find("ul").each((function(){if(!$(this).hasClass("fixed")){var l=$(this).width()+submenuW;$(this).css("margin-left","-"+l+"px"),$(this).addClass("fixed")}})))})),$("a.showhider").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var box="#"+$(this).attr("rel"),show='<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>',hide='<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>';$(box).slideToggle("fast"),$(this).html($(this).html()==show?hide:show),$(this).attr("title","Show"==$(this).attr("title")?"Hide":"Show")})),$("a.scroll-to").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var n=$("#"+$(this).data("target")).offset().top-70;$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:n},300)})),$("a.print-section-blog").click((function(e){e.preventDefault(),printSectionBlog()})),$(".print-button").click((function(e){var target;e.preventDefault(),PopupPrint("#"+$(this).data("target-id"))})),$(".alert.alert-success").delay(6e3).hide("fast",fixDiv());var fancyParent=1==$("body").find($("#main-article")).length?"#main-article":"body",fancyOptions={loop:!1,openEffect:"elastic",closeEffect:"elastic",nextEffect:"fade",prevEffect:"fade",parent:fancyParent,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}};if($("ul.gallery").each((function(){var rel=$(this).find("li:first-child > a:first-child").attr("rel");$('ul.gallery a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$(".carousel.slide").each((function(){var rel="gallery-"+$(this).data("id");$('.carousel.slide a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$("img.pop").parent("a").each((function(){$(this).attr("title",$(this).children("img").attr("alt"))})),$("img.pop").parent("a").fancybox({loop:!1,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}}),!are_cookies_enabled()){var msg='<div class="alert alert-error"><i class="fa fa-warning"></i> Your browser does not accept cookies from this site. Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
$('img.ico[src="/img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var t=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+t+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$('img.ico[src="../../../img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var t=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+t+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$(".tib-popover").popover({html:!0,trigger:"hover",delay:{show:300,hide:300},placement:function(t,e){var o=$(e).position();return o.top>200?"top":o.left<515?"right":o.top<200?"bottom":o.left>515?"left":"top"}}).click((function(t){t.preventDefault()}));var carouselTime=6500;$("div.carousel.slide").carousel({interval:carouselTime}),$(".tib-indicators > img").click((function(){var t=$(this).index(),e;$(this).closest(".carousel.slide").carousel(t)})),setShowResultsListeners($("#container")),addMarksThreads($("#modal-std-write"));
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>