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TOK and Richard I</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26836/ps2-conquest-and-its-impact.html" title="PS2: Conquest and its impact">PS2: Conquest and its impact</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26840/1-the-final-stages-of-muslim-rule-in-spain-atl.html" title="1. The final stages of Muslim rule in Spain: ATL">1. The final stages of Muslim rule in Spain: ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26844/2-the-conquest-of-mexico-and-peru-atl.html" title="2. The conquest of Mexico and Peru: ATL">2. The conquest of Mexico and Peru: ATL</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19945/ps3-the-move-to-global-war.html" title="PS3: The Move to Global War">PS3: The Move to Global War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45136/1-case-study-1-japanese-expansion-in-east-asia-1931-41.html" title="1. Case study 1: Japanese expansion in East Asia 1931-41">1. Case study 1: Japanese expansion in East Asia 1931-41</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45135/1-japanese-expansion-causes-.html" title="1. Japanese expansion: causes ">1. Japanese expansion: causes </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45137/2-japanese-expansion-events-1931-to-1939.html" title="2. Japanese expansion: events 1931 to 1939">2. Japanese expansion: events 1931 to 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45146/3-japanese-expansion-international-response-1931-1941.html" title="3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941">3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20455/21-case-study-2-italian-expansion-19331940-.html" title="2.1 Case Study 2: Italian expansion (1933–1940) ">2.1 Case Study 2: Italian expansion (1933–1940) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44514/1-causes-of-italian-expansion.html" title="1. Causes of Italian expansion">1. Causes of Italian expansion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44520/2-events-1935-1939.html" title="2. Events 1935 - 1939">2. Events 1935 - 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44521/3-international-response-to-italian-aggression.html" title="3. International response to Italian aggression">3. International response to Italian aggression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26982/22-case-study-2-german-expansion-1933-1940-atl.html" title="2.2 Case Study 2: German expansion (1933 - 1940) ATL">2.2 Case Study 2: German expansion (1933 - 1940) ATL</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44489/1-causes-of-german-expansion.html" title="1. Causes of German expansion">1. Causes of German expansion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44761/2-events-german-challenges-to-the-post-war-settlements-19331938.html" title="2. Events - German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938)">2. Events - German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44762/3-events-german-expansion-19381939.html" title="3. Events - German expansion (1938–1939)">3. Events - German expansion (1938–1939)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44763/4-international-response-to-german-aggression-19331938.html" title="4. International response to German aggression (1933–1938)">4. International response to German aggression (1933–1938)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44764/5-international-response-to-german-and-italian-aggression-1940.html" title="5. International response to German and Italian aggression (1940)">5. International response to German and Italian aggression (1940)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20009/6-ps3-full-source-papers-case-study-2.html" title="6. PS3: Full source papers Case Study 2">6. PS3: Full source papers Case Study 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="7. PS3 Move to Global War: Quizzes">7. PS3 Move to Global War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28200/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28218/move-to-global-war-germany.html" title="Move to Global War: Germany">Move to Global War: Germany</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28213/move-to-global-war-italy.html" title="Move to Global War: Italy">Move to Global War: Italy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../../task/398980.html" title="Move to Global War: Japan">Move to Global War: Japan</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19946/ps4-rights-and-protest.html" title="PS4: Rights and Protest">PS4: Rights and Protest</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20016/1-case-study-1-civil-rights-movement-in-the-united-states-195419.html" title="1. Case Study 1: Civil rights movement in the United States (1954–1965) ">1. Case Study 1: Civil rights movement in the United States (1954–1965) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44442/1-nature-and-characteristics-of-discrimination.html" title="1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination">1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44446/2-protests-and-action.html" title="2. Protests and action">2. Protests and action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44447/3-the-role-and-significance-of-key-actorsgroups.html" title="3. The role and significance of key actors/groups">3. The role and significance of key actors/groups</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20616/3-case-study-2-apartheid-south-africa-1948-1964-.html" title="3. Case Study 2: Apartheid South Africa (1948 - 1964) ">3. Case Study 2: Apartheid South Africa (1948 - 1964) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44454/1-nature-and-characteristics-of-discrimination.html" title="1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination">1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44738/the-system-of-apartheid.html" title="The system of apartheid">The system of apartheid</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44478/2-protests-and-action.html" title="2. Protests and action">2. Protests and action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44495/3-the-role-and-significance-of-key-actorsgroups.html" title="3. The role and significance of key actors/groups">3. The role and significance of key actors/groups</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="5. PS4: Full source papers Case Study 1">5. PS4: Full source papers Case Study 1</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39603/2-racism-and-violence-against-african-americans-the-ku-klux-klan.html" title="2. Racism and violence against African Americans; the Ku Klux Klan;">2. Racism and violence against African Americans; the Ku Klux Klan;</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="8. PS4 Rights and Protest: Quizzes">8. PS4 Rights and Protest: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33553/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33554/1-civil-rights-movement-in-the-us.html" title="1. Civil Rights movement in the US">1. Civil Rights movement in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33555/2-apartheid-south-africa.html" title="2. Apartheid South Africa">2. Apartheid South Africa</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="PS5: Conflict and Intervention">PS5: Conflict and Intervention</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20542/1-rwanda-19901998-atl.html" title="1. Rwanda (1990–1998) (ATL)">1. Rwanda (1990–1998) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20543/2-kosovo-19892002-atl.html" title="2. Kosovo (1989–2002) (ATL)">2. Kosovo (1989–2002) (ATL)</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19758/paper-2.html" title="Paper 2">Paper 2</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24664/2-assessment-for-paper-2.html" title="2. Assessment for Paper 2">2. Assessment for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 02: Causes and Effects of Medieval Wars">Topic 02: Causes and Effects of Medieval Wars</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25631/1-causes-of-medieval-wars.html" title="1. Causes of Medieval Wars">1. Causes of Medieval Wars</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25450/2-military-personnel.html" title="2. Military Personnel">2. Military Personnel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25667/3-role-and-importance-of-rulers-in-war.html" title="3. Role and Importance of Rulers in War">3. Role and Importance of Rulers in War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25439/4-siege-warfare.html" title="4. Siege Warfare">4. Siege Warfare</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24699/5-women-in-medieval-warfare.html" title="5. Women in Medieval Warfare">5. Women in Medieval Warfare</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25680/6-the-effects-of-medieval-wars-and-conflicts.html" title="6. The Effects of Medieval Wars and Conflicts">6. The Effects of Medieval Wars and Conflicts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25731/case-study-4-the-abbasid-civil-war-809-813.html" title="Case Study 4: The Abbasid Civil War 809-813">Case Study 4: The Abbasid Civil War 809-813</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25729/case-study-topic-02-genghis-khan.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Genghis Khan">Case Study Topic 02: Genghis Khan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26139/case-study-topic-02-nur-al-din-zangi-1118-1174.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Nur al-Din Zangi (1118-1174)">Case Study Topic 02: Nur al-Din Zangi (1118-1174)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25730/case-study-topic-02-richard-i.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Richard I">Case Study Topic 02: Richard I</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 03: Dynasties and Rulers (750-1500)">Topic 03: Dynasties and Rulers (750-1500)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25750/case-study-topic-03-tamerlane.html" title="Case Study Topic 03: Tamerlane">Case Study Topic 03: Tamerlane</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31372/topic-06-causes-and-effects-of-early-modern-wars-1500-1750.html" title="Topic 06. Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500-1750)">Topic 06. Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500-1750)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32552/case-study-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires.html" title="Case study: Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires">Case study: Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32554/1-the-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-empire.html" title="1. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">1. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32641/2-the-spanish-conquest-of-the-inca-empire.html" title="2. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">2. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32807/3-conquest-of-aztec-and-inca-empires-effects.html" title="3. Conquest of Aztec and Inca Empires: Effects">3. Conquest of Aztec and Inca Empires: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32556/4-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires-essay-planning.html" title="4. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Essay planning">4. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32608/6-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires-videos.html" title="6. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Videos">6. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Videos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35709/case-study-the-english-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: The English Civil War">Case Study: The English Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32334/1-the-english-civil-war-causes.html" title="1. The English Civil War: Causes">1. The English Civil War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35753/2-the-english-civil-war-practices-.html" title="2. The English Civil War: Practices ">2. The English Civil War: Practices </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31381/case-study-the-thirty-years-war.html" title="Case study: The Thirty Years' War">Case study: The Thirty Years' War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31384/1-the-thirty-years-war-causes.html" title="1. The Thirty Years' War: Causes">1. The Thirty Years' War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31388/2-the-thirty-years-war-practices.html" title="2. The Thirty Years' War: Practices">2. The Thirty Years' War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31443/3-the-thirty-years-war-effects.html" title="3. The Thirty Years' War: Effects">3. The Thirty Years' War: Effects</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36249/topic-08-independence-movements.html" title="Topic 08: Independence Movements">Topic 08: Independence Movements</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36525/1-case-study-india.html" title="1. Case Study: India">1. Case Study: India</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36526/1-origins-and-rise-of-indian-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Indian independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Indian independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36539/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success-in-indian-independence-mo.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success in Indian independence movement">2. Methods used and reasons for success in Indian independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36540/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges ">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36559/4-indian-independence-movement-essay-planning.html" title="4. Indian independence movement: essay planning">4. Indian independence movement: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36319/2-case-study-ghana.html" title="2. Case study: Ghana">2. Case study: Ghana</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36265/1-origins-and-rise-of-ghanas-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Ghana's independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Ghana's independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36387/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36692/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36562/4-ghanas-independence-movement-essay-planning.html" title="4. Ghana's independence movement: essay planning">4. Ghana's independence movement: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37310/3-case-study-vietnam.html" title="3. Case Study: Vietnam">3. Case Study: Vietnam</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37287/1-origins-and-rise-of-vietnams-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Vietnam's independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Vietnam's independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37351/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37993/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37491/4-case-study-algeria.html" title="4. Case Study: Algeria">4. Case Study: Algeria</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37458/1-origins-and-rise-of-algerias-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Algeria's independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Algeria's independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37519/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37537/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38418/4-algerias-independence-movement-essay-writing.html" title="4. Algeria's independence movement: essay writing">4. Algeria's independence movement: essay writing</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36563/independence-movements-comparative-essay-planning.html" title="Independence Movements: Comparative essay planning">Independence Movements: Comparative essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19951/topic-10-authoritarian-states-20th-century.html" title="Topic 10: Authoritarian States (20th Century)">Topic 10: Authoritarian States (20th Century)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24137/case-study-topic-10-castro-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Castro (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Castro (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46536/1-castro-emergence-of-cuba-as-an-authoritarian-state.html" title="1. Castro: Emergence of Cuba as an authoritarian state">1. Castro: Emergence of Cuba as an authoritarian state</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46537/2-castro-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="2. Castro: Consolidation and maintenance of power">2. Castro: Consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46538/3-castro-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="3. Castro: Aims and results of policies">3. Castro: Aims and results of policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24144/castro-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Castro: Essay planning for Paper 2">Castro: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46527/castro-interactive-quiz.html" title="Castro: Interactive quiz">Castro: Interactive quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23352/case-study-topic-10-hitler-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Hitler (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Hitler (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23419/hitler-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Hitler: Essay planning for Paper 2">Hitler: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23118/case-study-topic-10-mao-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Mao (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Mao (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37952/mao-quizzes-.html" title="Mao: Quizzes ">Mao: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="1. Interactive quizzes">1. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38043/2-establishment-of-power-1949-1952.html" title="2. Establishment of power 1949 - 1952">2. Establishment of power 1949 - 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38054/3-maintenance-of-power-after-1952.html" title="3. Maintenance of power after 1952">3. Maintenance of power after 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38231/4-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="4. Aims and results of policies">4. Aims and results of policies</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24112/case-study-topic-10-mussolini-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Mussolini (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Mussolini (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24134/mussolini-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Mussolini: Essay planning for Paper 2">Mussolini: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23353/case-study-topic-10-ussr-lenin-and-stalin-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: USSR: Lenin and Stalin (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: USSR: Lenin and Stalin (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23424/stalin-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Stalin: Essay planning for Paper 2">Stalin: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35933/case-study-topic-10-nasser.html" title="Case Study: Topic 10 Nasser">Case Study: Topic 10 Nasser</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35920/1-nasser-emergence-of-authoritarian-states.html" title="1. Nasser: Emergence of Authoritarian states">1. Nasser: Emergence of Authoritarian states</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35928/2-nasser-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="2. Nasser: Consolidation and maintenance of power">2. Nasser: Consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35929/3-nasser-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="3. Nasser: Aims and results of policies">3. Nasser: Aims and results of policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35958/nasser-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Nasser: Essay planning for Paper 2">Nasser: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20019/comparative-essay-planning-for-authoritarian-states.html" title="Comparative essay planning for Authoritarian States">Comparative essay planning for Authoritarian States</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19952/topic-11-causes-and-effects-of-20th-century-wars.html" title="Topic 11: Causes and effects of 20th Century wars">Topic 11: Causes and effects of 20th Century wars</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20021/an-introduction-to-themes-and-prescribed-content-atl.html" title="An introduction to themes and prescribed content (ATL)">An introduction to themes and prescribed content (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35849/case-study-algerian-war.html" title="Case study: Algerian War">Case study: Algerian War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35126/1-algerian-war-causes.html" title="1. Algerian War: Causes">1. Algerian War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35152/2-algerian-war-practices.html" title="2. Algerian War: Practices">2. Algerian War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35239/3-algerian-war-effects.html" title="3. Algerian War: Effects">3. Algerian War: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35241/4-algerian-war-essay-planning-for-paper-two.html" title="4. Algerian War: Essay planning for Paper Two">4. Algerian War: Essay planning for Paper Two</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23020/case-study-chinese-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: Chinese Civil War">Case Study: Chinese Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23021/1-chinese-civil-war-causes-atl-.html" title="1. Chinese Civil War: Causes (ATL) ">1. Chinese Civil War: Causes (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23058/2-chinese-civil-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. Chinese Civil War: Practices (ATL)">2. Chinese Civil War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23301/3-chinese-civil-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. Chinese Civil War: Effects (ATL)">3. Chinese Civil War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23060/4-chinese-civil-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. Chinese Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. Chinese Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24607/5-chinese-civil-war-videos-and-activities.html" title="5. Chinese Civil War: Videos and activities">5. Chinese Civil War: Videos and activities</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44248/6-chinese-civil-war-interactive-quizzes.html" title="6. Chinese Civil War: interactive quizzes">6. Chinese Civil War: interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44249/1-causes-of-the-chinese-civil-war.html" title="1. Causes of the Chinese Civil War">1. Causes of the Chinese Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44250/2-practices-of-the-chinese-civil-war.html" title="2. Practices of the Chinese Civil War">2. Practices of the Chinese Civil War</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23567/case-study-cuban-revolution-atl.html" title="Case Study: Cuban Revolution (ATL)">Case Study: Cuban Revolution (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23584/cuban-revolution-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Cuban Revolution: Essay planning for Paper 2">Cuban Revolution: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21820/case-study-first-world-war.html" title="Case Study: First World War">Case Study: First World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22812/1-first-world-war-causes-atl.html" title="1. First World War: Causes (ATL)">1. First World War: Causes (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22818/2-first-world-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. First World War: Practices (ATL)">2. First World War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22819/3-first-world-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. First World War: Effects (ATL)">3. First World War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21827/4-first-world-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. First World War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. First World War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="8. First World War: Quizzes">8. First World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20024/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43973/2-practices-of-the-first-world-war.html" title="2. Practices of the First World War">2. Practices of the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43974/3-effects-of-the-first-world-war.html" title="3. Effects of the First World War">3. Effects of the First World War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42427/case-study-gulf-war.html" title="Case Study: Gulf War">Case Study: Gulf War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42428/1-gulf-war-long-term-causes.html" title="1. Gulf War: long-term causes">1. Gulf War: long-term causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42434/2-gulf-war-short-term-causes.html" title="2. Gulf War: short-term causes">2. Gulf War: short-term causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42556/3-gulf-war-practices.html" title="3. Gulf War: Practices">3. Gulf War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42720/4-gulf-war-effects.html" title="4. Gulf War: Effects">4. Gulf War: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42750/5-gulf-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="5. Gulf War: Essay planning for Paper 2">5. Gulf War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36703/case-study-russian-civil-war-atl.html" title="Case Study: Russian Civil War (ATL)">Case Study: Russian Civil War (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22778/case-study-second-world-war.html" title="Case Study: Second World War">Case Study: Second World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21821/1-second-world-war-causes-part-i-atl.html" title="1. Second World War: Causes Part I (ATL)">1. Second World War: Causes Part I (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25800/2-second-world-war-causes-part-ii-asia-atl.html" title="2. Second World War - Causes Part II Asia (ATL)">2. Second World War - Causes Part II Asia (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22767/3-second-world-war-practices-atl.html" title="3. Second World War: Practices (ATL)">3. Second World War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42531/impact-of-the-second-world-war-on-civilians.html" title="Impact of the Second World War on civilians">Impact of the Second World War on civilians</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22893/4-second-world-war-effects-atl.html" title="4. Second World War: Effects (ATL)">4. Second World War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22529/5-second-world-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="5. Second World War: Essay planning for Paper 2">5. Second World War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9. Second World War: Quizzes">9. Second World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28885/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28895/1-practices-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="1. Practices of the Second World War">1. Practices of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43975/2-effects-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="2. Effects of the Second World War">2. Effects of the Second World War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22906/case-study-spanish-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: Spanish Civil War">Case Study: Spanish Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22913/1-spanish-civil-war-causes-atl.html" title="1. Spanish Civil War: Causes (ATL)">1. Spanish Civil War: Causes (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22917/2-spanish-civil-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. Spanish Civil War: Practices (ATL)">2. Spanish Civil War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22918/3-spanish-civil-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. Spanish Civil War: Effects (ATL)">3. Spanish Civil War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22914/4-spanish-civil-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. Spanish Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. Spanish Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43978/7-spanish-civil-war-interactive-quizzes.html" title="7. Spanish Civil War: Interactive quizzes">7. Spanish Civil War: Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43979/1-causes-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="1. Causes of the Spanish Civil War">1. Causes of the Spanish Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43980/2-practices-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="2. Practices of the Spanish Civil War">2. Practices of the Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21822/case-study-vietnam-war-atl.html" title="Case Study: Vietnam War (ATL)">Case Study: Vietnam War (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22303/1-vietnam-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="1. Vietnam War: Essay planning for Paper 2">1. Vietnam War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22306/causes-and-effects-of-20th-century-wars-comparative-essay-planni.html" title="Causes and effects of 20th Century wars: Comparative essay planning">Causes and effects of 20th Century wars: Comparative essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19953/topic-12-the-cold-war-superpower-tensions-and-rivalries.html" title="Topic 12: The Cold War: Superpower tensions and rivalries">Topic 12: The Cold War: Superpower tensions and rivalries</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20106/11-theme-1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-atl.html" title="1.1 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)">1.1 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25988/12-theme-1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-atl.html" title="1.2 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)">1.2 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20858/1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-.html" title="1. Rivalry, mistrust and accord: essay writing exercises and essay plans">1. Rivalry, mistrust and accord: essay writing exercises and essay plans</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20100/2-theme-2-leaders-and-nations-atl.html" title="2. Theme 2 - Leaders and Nations (ATL)">2. Theme 2 - Leaders and Nations (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29235/1-impact-of-leaders-on-the-cold-war.html" title="1. Impact of leaders on the Cold War">1. Impact of leaders on the Cold War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28184/2-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-cuba-.html" title="2. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Cuba ">2. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Cuba </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29229/3-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-egypt.html" title="3. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Egypt">3. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Egypt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29341/4-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-us.html" title="4. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: US">4. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29402/5-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-ussr.html" title="5. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: USSR">5. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: USSR</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45523/6-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-west-germany.html" title="6. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: West Germany">6. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: West Germany</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20105/leaders-and-nations-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-frames.html" title="Leaders and nations: Essay writing exercises and essay frames">Leaders and nations: Essay writing exercises and essay frames</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20101/3-theme-3-cold-war-crises.html" title="3. Theme 3 - Cold War Crises">3. Theme 3 - Cold War Crises</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41393/1-the-berlin-blockade-1948-.html" title="1. The Berlin Blockade 1948 ">1. The Berlin Blockade 1948 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41394/2-the-berlin-crisis-1958-to-1961.html" title="2. The Berlin Crisis 1958 to 1961">2. The Berlin Crisis 1958 to 1961</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41395/3-the-cuban-missile-crisis-.html" title="3. The Cuban Missile Crisis ">3. The Cuban Missile Crisis </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41637/4-the-korean-war-1950.html" title="4. The Korean War 1950">4. The Korean War 1950</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41636/5-the-prague-spring-1968.html" title="5. The Prague Spring, 1968">5. The Prague Spring, 1968</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20103/cold-war-crises-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-plans.html" title="Cold War crises: Essay writing exercises and essay plans">Cold War crises: Essay writing exercises and essay plans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41413/cold-war-crises-review.html" title="Cold War Crises: Review">Cold War Crises: Review</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="7. The Cold War: Quizzes">7. The Cold War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24498/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../../task/334034.html" title="1. Origins of the Cold War (M/C)">1. Origins of the Cold War (M/C)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38877/1-origins-of-the-cold-war-short-answers.html" title="1. Origins of the Cold War (short answers)">1. Origins of the Cold War (short answers)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38401/4-cold-war-crises-the-cuban-missile-crisis.html" title="4. Cold War Crises: The Cuban Missile Crisis">4. Cold War Crises: The Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></ul></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../19920/paper-3.html" title="Paper 3">Paper 3</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24669/2-assessment-for-paper-3.html" title="2. Assessment for Paper 3">2. Assessment for Paper 3</a></li><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../25629/option-1-africa-and-the-middle-east.html" title="Option 1: Africa and the Middle East">Option 1: Africa and the Middle East</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25715/topic-02-the-fatimids-909-1171.html" title="Topic 02: The Fatimids - 909-1171">Topic 02: The Fatimids - 909-1171</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25654/1-case-study-1-al-muizz-li-din-allah.html" title="1. Case Study 1: al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">1. Case Study 1: al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25662/2-case-study-2-al-hakim-bi-amr-allah.html" title="2. Case Study 2: al-Hakim bi-amr Allah">2. Case Study 2: al-Hakim bi-amr Allah</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25701/fatimid-resources.html" title="Fatimid Resources">Fatimid Resources</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25725/topic-03-the-crusades-1095-1291.html" title="Topic 03: The Crusades - 1095-1291">Topic 03: The Crusades - 1095-1291</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25871/1-causes-of-the-crusades-atl-.html" title="1. Causes of the Crusades (ATL) ">1. Causes of the Crusades (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25889/2-holy-war-and-jihad-atl.html" title="2. Holy War and Jihad (ATL)">2. Holy War and Jihad (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25888/3-pilgrimage-preaching-and-the-crusade-atl.html" title="3. Pilgrimage, Preaching and the Crusade (ATL)">3. Pilgrimage, Preaching and the Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25895/4-the-first-crusade-atl-.html" title="4. The First Crusade (ATL) ">4. The First Crusade (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25986/5-the-second-crusade-atl.html" title="5. The Second Crusade (ATL)">5. The Second Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26008/6-the-fourth-crusade-atl.html" title="6. The Fourth Crusade (ATL)">6. The Fourth Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25936/7-impact-of-the-crusades-atl-.html" title="7. Impact of the Crusades (ATL) ">7. Impact of the Crusades (ATL) </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42822/topic-12-the-ottoman-empire-c18001923.html" title="Topic 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)">Topic 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42823/1-challenges-to-ottoman-power-in-the-early-19th-century.html" title="1. Challenges to Ottoman Power in the early 19th Century">1. Challenges to Ottoman Power in the early 19th Century</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42848/2-the-eastern-question-and-crimean-war.html" title="2. The Eastern Question and Crimean War">2. The Eastern Question and Crimean War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42957/3-the-decline-of-ottoman-power-in-the-middle-east-and-north-afri.html" title="3. The Decline of Ottoman Power in the Middle East and North Africa ">3. The Decline of Ottoman Power in the Middle East and North Africa </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="4. Reform of the Ottoman government">4. Reform of the Ottoman government</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43167/1-reforms-of-sultan-selim-iii-and-sultan-mahmud-ii.html" title="1. Reforms of Sultan Selim III and Sultan Mahmud II">1. Reforms of Sultan Selim III and Sultan Mahmud II</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43168/2-the-tanzimat-reforms.html" title="2. The Tanzimat reforms">2. The Tanzimat reforms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43169/3-impact-of-tanzimat-reforms.html" title="3. Impact of Tanzimat reforms">3. Impact of Tanzimat reforms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43221/4-historical-pespectives-on-the-tanzimat.html" title="4. Historical pespectives on the Tanzimat">4. Historical pespectives on the Tanzimat</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43236/5-the-young-turk-revolution.html" title="5. The Young Turk Revolution">5. The Young Turk Revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43252/6-the-balkan-wars-1912-1913.html" title="6. The Balkan Wars 1912 - 1913">6. The Balkan Wars 1912 - 1913</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43325/7-ottoman-empire-and-first-world-war.html" title="7. Ottoman Empire and First World War">7. Ottoman Empire and First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43632/8-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-up-to-1923.html" title="8. The impact of the First World War up to 1923">8. The impact of the First World War up to 1923</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43692/9b-ottoman-empire-essay-planning.html" title="9b. Ottoman Empire: Essay planning">9b. Ottoman Empire: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../44555/topic-15-developments-in-south-africa-1880-1994.html" title="Topic 15. Developments in South Africa, 1880 - 1994">Topic 15. Developments in South Africa, 1880 - 1994</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45435/1-the-boers-british-and-discovery-of-minerals-.html" title="1. The Boers, British and discovery of minerals ">1. The Boers, British and discovery of minerals </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45576/2-causes-of-the-south-african-war-18991902-.html" title="2. Causes of the South African War (1899–1902) ">2. Causes of the South African War (1899–1902) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45591/3-course-and-results-of-the-south-african-war.html" title="3. Course and results of the South African War">3. Course and results of the South African War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44362/4-policies-of-smuts-and-hertzog-19101948.html" title="4. Policies of Smuts and Hertzog (1910–1948)">4. Policies of Smuts and Hertzog (1910–1948)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44652/4a-the-national-party-policies-1948-1966.html" title="4a. The National Party: policies 1948 - 1966">4a. The National Party: policies 1948 - 1966</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44792/5-the-national-party-policies-1966-to-1980.html" title="5. The National Party: policies 1966 to 1980">5. The National Party: policies 1966 to 1980</a></li><li class="current" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="6-resistance-to-apartheid-in-the-50s-and-60s.html" title="6. Resistance to apartheid in the 50s and 60s">6. Resistance to apartheid in the 50s and 60s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44791/7-resistance-in-the-1970s.html" title="7. Resistance in the 1970s">7. Resistance in the 1970s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44802/8-international-opposition-to-apartheid.html" title="8. International opposition to apartheid">8. International opposition to apartheid</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44911/9-the-end-of-apartheid-.html" title="9. The end of apartheid ">9. The end of apartheid </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45640/developments-in-south-africa-essay-planning.html" title="Developments in South Africa: Essay planning">Developments in South Africa: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28327/topic-17-post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-19452000.html" title="Topic 17: Post-war developments in the Middle East (1945–2000)">Topic 17: Post-war developments in the Middle East (1945–2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28347/1-origins-of-the-state-of-israel.html" title="1. Origins of the state of Israel">1. Origins of the state of Israel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29036/2-arab-israeli-conflicts-1956-to-1973.html" title="2. Arab-Israeli conflicts, 1956 to 1973">2. Arab-Israeli conflicts, 1956 to 1973</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32361/3-the-plo-and-attempts-at-peacemaking.html" title="3. The PLO and attempts at peacemaking.">3. The PLO and attempts at peacemaking.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32043/4-post-war-egypt.html" title="4. Post-war Egypt">4. Post-war Egypt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31740/6-post-war-iran.html" title="6. Post-war Iran">6. Post-war Iran</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31574/7-lebanons-civil-war.html" title="7. Lebanon's Civil War">7. Lebanon's Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31994/post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-essay-planning.html" title="Post-war developments in the Middle East: Essay planning">Post-war developments in the Middle East: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28372/post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-videos.html" title="Post-war developments in the Middle East: videos">Post-war developments in the Middle East: videos</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Option 2: History of the Americas">Option 2: History of the Americas</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38828/topic-05-slavery-and-the-new-world-15001800.html" title="Topic 05: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)">Topic 05: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38525/1-origins-of-the-transatlantic-slave-trade.html" title="1. Origins of the transatlantic slave trade">1. Origins of the transatlantic slave trade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38847/2-the-middle-passage.html" title="2. The Middle Passage">2. The Middle Passage</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38879/3-life-on-the-plantations-.html" title="3. Life on the plantations ">3. Life on the plantations </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38926/4-slave-resistance-and-slave-rebellions-in-british-america.html" title="4. Slave resistance and slave rebellions in British America">4. Slave resistance and slave rebellions in British America</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39250/5-opposition-to-the-slave-trade-and-slavery.html" title="5. Opposition to the slave trade and slavery">5. Opposition to the slave trade and slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39315/6-economic-and-social-impact-of-slavery.html" title="6. Economic and social impact of slavery">6. Economic and social impact of slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39434/7-slavery-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="7. Slavery: Essay frames and writing exercises">7. Slavery: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27264/topic-08-united-states-civil-war-causes-course-and-effects-1840-.html" title="Topic 08: United States' Civil War: Causes, course and effects (1840-1877)">Topic 08: United States' Civil War: Causes, course and effects (1840-1877)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27273/1-slavery.html" title="1. Slavery">1. Slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27915/2-origins-of-the-civil-war.html" title="2. Origins of the Civil War">2. Origins of the Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28819/3-westward-expansion-and-the-crises-of-the-1850s.html" title="3. Westward expansion and the crises of the 1850s">3. Westward expansion and the crises of the 1850s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28878/4-how-the-civil-war-was-fought.html" title="4. How the Civil War was fought">4. How the Civil War was fought</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31057/5-factors-affecting-the-outcome-of-the-civil-war.html" title="5. Factors affecting the outcome of the Civil War">5. Factors affecting the outcome of the Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31101/6-how-successful-was-reconstruction.html" title="6. How successful was Reconstruction?">6. How successful was Reconstruction?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31156/us-civil-war-essay-planning-activities.html" title="US Civil War: Essay planning activities">US Civil War: Essay planning activities</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38860/topic-10-emergence-of-the-americas-in-global-affairs-18801929.html" title="Topic 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)">Topic 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39153/1-united-states-expansionist-foreign-policies.html" title="1. United States’ expansionist foreign policies">1. United States’ expansionist foreign policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39402/2-spanishamerican-war-1898-causes-and-effects-.html" title="2. Spanish–American War (1898): causes and effects ">2. Spanish–American War (1898): causes and effects </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39549/3-impact-of-united-states-foreign-policies-big-stick-dollar-dipl.html" title="3. Impact of United States’ foreign policies: Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; moral diplomacy">3. Impact of United States’ foreign policies: Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; moral diplomacy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38889/4-united-states-and-the-first-world-war-from-neutrality-to-invol.html" title="4. United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement">4. United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38963/5-wilsons-peace-ideals-.html" title="5. Wilson’s peace ideals ">5. Wilson’s peace ideals </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39020/6-significance-of-first-world-war-for-the-us-hemispheric-status-.html" title="6. Significance of First World War for the US' hemispheric status ">6. Significance of First World War for the US' hemispheric status </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40268/7-involvement-of-canada-in-the-first-world-war.html" title="7. Involvement of Canada in the First World War">7. Involvement of Canada in the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40269/9-involvement-of-brazil-in-the-first-world-war.html" title="9. Involvement of Brazil in the First World War">9. Involvement of Brazil in the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40145/9a-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-brazil.html" title="9a. Impact of the First World War on Brazil">9a. Impact of the First World War on Brazil</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40942/9b-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-canada.html" title="9b Impact of the First World War on Canada">9b Impact of the First World War on Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40273/emergence-of-the-americas-essay-planning.html" title="Emergence of the Americas: Essay planning">Emergence of the Americas: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43311/topic-11-the-mexican-revolution.html" title="Topic 11: The Mexican Revolution">Topic 11: The Mexican Revolution</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43181/1-the-rule-of-porfirio-diaz-and-causes-of-revolution.html" title="1. The rule of Porfirio Diaz and causes of revolution">1. The rule of Porfirio Diaz and causes of revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43228/2-mexican-revolution-leaders.html" title="2. Mexican Revolution - leaders">2. Mexican Revolution - leaders</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43235/3-mexico-post-revolutionary-state-19201940-.html" title="3. Mexico: post-revolutionary state (1920–1940) ">3. Mexico: post-revolutionary state (1920–1940) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43237/4-mexican-revolution-women-culture.html" title="4. Mexican Revolution: Women & culture">4. Mexican Revolution: Women & culture</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43248/5-mexican-revolution-essay-planning.html" title="5. Mexican Revolution: Essay planning">5. Mexican Revolution: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26012/topic-12-the-great-depression-and-the-americas.html" title="Topic 12: The Great Depression and the Americas">Topic 12: The Great Depression and the Americas</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45972/1-the-great-depression-in-the-us.html" title="1. The Great Depression in the US">1. The Great Depression in the US</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26013/a-the-us-economy-in-the-1920s.html" title="a. The US economy in the 1920s">a. The US economy in the 1920s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45971/b-why-did-wall-street-crash.html" title="b. Why did Wall Street crash?">b. Why did Wall Street crash?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45973/c-why-did-the-crash-cause-a-depression.html" title="c. Why did the Crash cause a depression?">c. Why did the Crash cause a depression?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26252/d-hoovers-response-to-the-depression.html" title="d. Hoover's response to the Depression">d. Hoover's response to the Depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46028/e-roosevelt-and-the-new-deal.html" title="e. Roosevelt and the New Deal">e. Roosevelt and the New Deal</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26262/f-political-economic-and-social-impact-of-the-depression.html" title="f. Political, economic and social impact of the Depression">f. Political, economic and social impact of the Depression</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26111/2-the-great-depression-in-canada.html" title="2. The Great Depression in Canada">2. The Great Depression in Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26173/3-the-impact-of-the-depression-on-brazil.html" title="3. The impact of the Depression on Brazil">3. The impact of the Depression on Brazil</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26189/7-the-great-depression-and-the-americas-essay-planning.html" title="7. The Great Depression and the Americas: essay planning">7. The Great Depression and the Americas: essay planning</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46348/9-the-great-depression-and-the-americas-quizzes.html" title="9. The Great Depression and the Americas: Quizzes">9. The Great Depression and the Americas: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46349/a-causes-of-the-depression-in-the-us.html" title="a. Causes of the Depression in the US">a. Causes of the Depression in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46378/b-the-new-deal.html" title="b. The New Deal">b. The New Deal</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25753/topic-13-the-second-world-war-and-the-americas-19331945.html" title="Topic 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)">Topic 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25754/1-reactions-to-events-in-europe-and-asia-1933-1941.html" title="1. Reactions to events in Europe and Asia, 1933 - 1941">1. Reactions to events in Europe and Asia, 1933 - 1941</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25810/2-involvement-and-participation-of-the-us-and-canada.html" title="2. Involvement and participation of the US and Canada">2. Involvement and participation of the US and Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25841/3-social-impact-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="3. Social impact of the Second World War">3. Social impact of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25811/4-the-use-of-atomic-weapons-against-japan.html" title="4. The use of Atomic weapons against Japan">4. The use of Atomic weapons against Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25847/5-economic-and-diplomatic-effects-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="5. Economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War">5. Economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26040/6-treatment-of-japanese-citizens-in-the-americas.html" title="6. Treatment of Japanese citizens in the Americas">6. Treatment of Japanese citizens in the Americas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25814/8-the-second-world-war-and-the-americas-essay-frames-and-writing.html" title="8. The Second World War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises">8. The Second World War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24072/topic-14-political-developments-in-latin-america-19451980.html" title="Topic 14: Political developments in Latin America (1945–1980)">Topic 14: Political developments in Latin America (1945–1980)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35116/1-the-cuban-revolution.html" title="1. The Cuban Revolution">1. The Cuban Revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35117/2-rule-of-fidel-castro.html" title="2. Rule of Fidel Castro">2. Rule of Fidel Castro</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28320/3-liberation-theology-in-latin-america.html" title="3. Liberation Theology in Latin America">3. Liberation Theology in Latin America</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29264/4-populist-leader-getulio-vargas.html" title="4. Populist leader: Getúlio Vargas">4. Populist leader: Getúlio Vargas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29088/5-populist-leader-juan-peron.html" title="5. Populist leader: Juan Perón">5. Populist leader: Juan Perón</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29283/6-the-rise-of-military-dictatorships.html" title="6. The rise of military dictatorships">6. The rise of military dictatorships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29278/political-developments-in-latin-america-essay-planning.html" title="Political developments in Latin America: Essay planning">Political developments in Latin America: Essay planning</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46531/political-developments-in-latin-america-quizzes.html" title="Political developments in Latin America: quizzes">Political developments in Latin America: quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46532/the-cuban-revolution-and-rule-of-fidel-castro.html" title="The Cuban Revolution and rule of Fidel Castro">The Cuban Revolution and rule of Fidel Castro</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 16: The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)">Topic 16: The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24080/1-containment-under-truman-and-eisenhower-atl.html" title="1. Containment under Truman and Eisenhower (ATL)">1. Containment under Truman and Eisenhower (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24085/2-american-policy-in-vietnam-atl.html" title="2. American policy in Vietnam (ATL)">2. American policy in Vietnam (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24084/3-us-foreign-policy-kennedy-to-carter-atl.html" title="3. US Foreign policy - Kennedy to Carter (ATL)">3. US Foreign policy - Kennedy to Carter (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24107/4-the-cold-war-and-the-americas-essay-frames-and-writing-exercis.html" title="4. The Cold War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. The Cold War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24881/topic-17-civil-rights-and-social-movements-in-the-americas-post-.html" title="Topic 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945">Topic 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24882/1-indigenous-peoples-and-civil-rights-in-america-atl.html" title="1. Indigenous peoples and civil rights in America (ATL)">1. Indigenous peoples and civil rights in America (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24883/2-african-americans-and-the-fight-for-civil-rights-atl.html" title="2. African Americans and the fight for civil rights (ATL)">2. African Americans and the fight for civil rights (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25187/3-feminist-movements-in-the-us.html" title="3. Feminist movements in the US">3. Feminist movements in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45788/3b-feminist-movements-in-canada.html" title="3b. Feminist movements in Canada">3b. Feminist movements in Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24976/4-hispanic-movement-in-the-us-atl.html" title="4. Hispanic Movement in the US (ATL)">4. Hispanic Movement in the US (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25409/5-counter-culture-in-the-us.html" title="5. Counter-culture in the US">5. Counter-culture in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25266/6-civil-rights-and-social-movements-essay-frames-and-writing-exe.html" title="6. Civil Rights and social movements: Essay frames and writing exercises">6. Civil Rights and social movements: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Option 3: History of Asia and Oceania">Option 3: History of Asia and Oceania</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31362/topic-07-challenges-to-traditional-east-asian-societies-1700-186.html" title="Topic 07. Challenges to traditional East Asian societies (1700 - 1868)">Topic 07. Challenges to traditional East Asian societies (1700 - 1868)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31315/1-the-nature-and-structure-of-imperial-rule-under-the-qing-dynas.html" title="1. The nature and structure of imperial rule under the Qing dynasty; Qianlong">1. The nature and structure of imperial rule under the Qing dynasty; Qianlong</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31715/2-the-chinese-tribute-system-and-western-trade-missions.html" title="2. The Chinese tribute system and western trade missions">2. The Chinese tribute system and western trade missions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31726/3-first-and-second-opium-wars.html" title="3. First and Second Opium Wars">3. First and Second Opium Wars</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32516/4-taiping-rebellion.html" title="4. Taiping Rebellion">4. Taiping Rebellion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32354/5-the-tokugawa-shogunates-rule-in-japan.html" title="5. The Tokugawa Shogunate's rule in Japan">5. The Tokugawa Shogunate's rule in Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32569/6-the-fall-of-the-tokugawa-shogunate-1853-to-1868.html" title="6. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, 1853 to 1868">6. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, 1853 to 1868</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31739/7-challenges-to-east-asian-societies-essay-planning.html" title="7. Challenges to East Asian societies: Essay planning">7. Challenges to East Asian societies: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32573/challenges-to-east-asian-societies-extra-resources.html" title="Challenges to East Asian Societies: Extra Resources">Challenges to East Asian Societies: Extra Resources</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28521/topic-10-nationalism-and-independence-in-india-19191964.html" title="Topic 10: Nationalism and independence in India (1919–1964">Topic 10: Nationalism and independence in India (1919–1964</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28278/1-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-india.html" title="1. The impact of the First World War on India">1. The impact of the First World War on India</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28553/2-the-inter-war-years-growing-pressure-on-britain.html" title="2. The inter-war years: growing pressure on Britain">2. The inter-war years: growing pressure on Britain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28509/3-growth-of-muslim-separatism.html" title="3. Growth of Muslim separatism">3. Growth of Muslim separatism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28665/4-the-impact-of-the-second-world-war-on-india.html" title="4. The impact of the Second World War on India">4. The impact of the Second World War on India</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28778/5-post-independence-india-1947-1964.html" title="5. Post independence India 1947 - 1964">5. Post independence India 1947 - 1964</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28692/6-nationalism-and-independence-in-india-essay-planning.html" title="6. Nationalism and Independence in India: Essay planning">6. Nationalism and Independence in India: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27359/topic-11-japan-1912-to-1990.html" title="Topic 11: Japan 1912 to 1990">Topic 11: Japan 1912 to 1990</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27360/1-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-japan.html" title="1. The impact of the First World War on Japan">1. The impact of the First World War on Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27210/2-taisho-democracy.html" title="2. Taisho Democracy">2. Taisho Democracy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27326/3-the-growth-of-militarism-and-nationalism-in-japan.html" title="3. The growth of militarism and nationalism in Japan">3. The growth of militarism and nationalism in Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27412/4-japans-foreign-policy-1931-to-1945.html" title="4. Japan's foreign policy 1931 to 1945">4. Japan's foreign policy 1931 to 1945</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27681/5-the-us-occupation-1945-to-1952.html" title="5. The US Occupation 1945 to 1952">5. The US Occupation 1945 to 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28007/6-economic-miracle-and-its-impact-on-japan.html" title="6. Economic miracle and its impact on Japan">6. Economic miracle and its impact on Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27583/7-japan-1912-to-1990-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="7. Japan 1912 to 1990: Essay frames and writing exercises">7. Japan 1912 to 1990: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9b. Japan 1920 - 1990: interactive quizzes">9b. Japan 1920 - 1990: interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44023/1-japans-foreign-policy-1931-1945.html" title="1. Japan's foreign policy 1931 - 1945">1. Japan's foreign policy 1931 - 1945</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26494/topic-12-china-and-korea-1910-1950.html" title="Topic 12: China and Korea (1910 - 1950)">Topic 12: China and Korea (1910 - 1950)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26495/1-rise-of-national-identity-in-china-atl.html" title="1. Rise of national identity in China (ATL)">1. Rise of national identity in China (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26562/2-the-nanjing-decade-1927-1937.html" title="2. The Nanjing decade (1927 - 1937)">2. The Nanjing decade (1927 - 1937)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26709/3-rise-of-communism-in-china-atl.html" title="3. Rise of Communism in China (ATL)">3. Rise of Communism in China (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26801/4-china-at-war-1931-to-1949-atl.html" title="4. China at war 1931 to 1949 (ATL)">4. China at war 1931 to 1949 (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26596/5-korea-1910-1950-atl.html" title="5. Korea 1910 - 1950: ATL">5. Korea 1910 - 1950: ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27124/6-taiwan-and-the-republic-of-china.html" title="6. Taiwan and the Republic of China">6. Taiwan and the Republic of China</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26618/china-and-korea-1910-1950-extra-resources.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950) Extra Resources">China and Korea (1910 - 1950) Extra Resources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26592/china-and-korea-1910-1950-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950): Essay frames and writing exercises">China and Korea (1910 - 1950): Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26557/china-and-korea-1910-1950-videos.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950): videos">China and Korea (1910 - 1950): videos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23218/topic-14-the-peoples-republic-of-china-1949-2005.html" title="Topic 14: The People's Republic of China (1949 - 2005)">Topic 14: The People's Republic of China (1949 - 2005)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23270/1-maos-consolidation-of-power-and-rule-1949-1976-atl.html" title="1. Mao's consolidation of power and rule (1949 - 1976) (ATL)">1. Mao's consolidation of power and rule (1949 - 1976) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23271/2-chinas-foreign-policy-1949-1976-atl.html" title="2. China's foreign policy (1949 - 1976) (ATL)">2. China's foreign policy (1949 - 1976) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23272/3-economic-and-political-developments-under-deng-xiaoping.html" title="3. Economic and political developments under Deng Xiaoping">3. Economic and political developments under Deng Xiaoping</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45780/4-developments-in-china-1990-2005.html" title="4. Developments in China 1990 - 2005">4. Developments in China 1990 - 2005</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23313/4-the-peoples-republic-of-china-essay-frames-and-writing-exercis.html" title="4. The People's Republic of China: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. The People's Republic of China: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 15: Cold War conflicts in Asia">Topic 15: Cold War conflicts in Asia</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25338/1-the-korean-war-and-its-impact-atl.html" title="1. The Korean War and its impact (ATL)">1. The Korean War and its impact (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25416/2-the-malayan-emergency-atl.html" title="2. The Malayan Emergency (ATL)">2. The Malayan Emergency (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25392/3-the-vietnam-conflict-atl.html" title="3. The Vietnam conflict (ATL)">3. The Vietnam conflict (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25622/4-cambodia-atl.html" title="4. Cambodia (ATL)">4. Cambodia (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25447/5-afghanistan-1979-1992-atl.html" title="5. Afghanistan (1979 - 1992) (ATL)">5. Afghanistan (1979 - 1992) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25457/7-cold-war-conflicts-in-asia-essay-writing-frames-and-exercises.html" title="7. Cold War Conflicts in Asia: Essay writing frames and exercises">7. Cold War Conflicts in Asia: Essay writing frames and exercises</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19956/option-4-history-of-europe.html" title="Option 4: History of Europe">Option 4: History of Europe</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20828/-8-the-french-revolution-and-napoleon-i-17741815.html" title=" 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)"> 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20834/1-crisis-of-the-ancien-regime-atl.html" title="1. Crisis of the Ancien Régime (ATL)">1. Crisis of the Ancien Régime (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21682/2-the-establishment-of-a-consitutional-monarchy-1789-1791-.html" title="2. The establishment of a consitutional monarchy (1789 - 1791) ">2. The establishment of a consitutional monarchy (1789 - 1791) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27937/3-the-establishment-of-a-republic-and-the-terror-1791-1794.html" title="3. The establishment of a Republic and the Terror, 1791 - 1794">3. The establishment of a Republic and the Terror, 1791 - 1794</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21686/4-the-thermidorian-reaction-and-the-directory-17951799.html" title="4. The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory (1795–1799)">4. The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory (1795–1799)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22340/5-the-rise-and-rule-of-napoleon-1799-1814-atl.html" title="5. The rise and rule of Napoleon (1799 - 1814) (ATL)">5. The rise and rule of Napoleon (1799 - 1814) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22802/6-french-revolution-and-napoleon-essay-frames-and-writing-exerci.html" title="6. French Revolution and Napoleon: Essay frames and writing exercises">6. French Revolution and Napoleon: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46550/11-italy-18151871-and-germany-18151890.html" title="11. Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890">11. Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46551/1-italian-unification.html" title="1. Italian Unification">1. Italian Unification</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46544/a-italy-1815-1847.html" title="a. Italy 1815 - 1847">a. Italy 1815 - 1847</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46615/b-the-revolutions-of-1848-49.html" title="b. The Revolutions of 1848 - 49">b. The Revolutions of 1848 - 49</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46649/c-cavours-actions-1848-1860.html" title="c. Cavour's actions 1848 - 1860">c. Cavour's actions 1848 - 1860</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46721/d-garibaldi-and-unification-after-1860.html" title="d. Garibaldi and unification after 1860">d. Garibaldi and unification after 1860</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22466/12-imperial-russia-revolution-and-the-establishment-of-the-sovie.html" title="12: Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union">12: Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22558/1-imperial-russia-reform-and-reaction-1855-1894-atl.html" title="1. Imperial Russia, reform and reaction (1855 - 1894) (ATL)">1. Imperial Russia, reform and reaction (1855 - 1894) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22559/2-imperial-russia-the-last-years-of-autocracy-1894-1914-atl.html" title="2. Imperial Russia: The last years of autocracy (1894 - 1914) (ATL)">2. Imperial Russia: The last years of autocracy (1894 - 1914) (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22696/3-the-revolutions-of-1917-atl.html" title="3. The revolutions of 1917 (ATL)">3. The revolutions of 1917 (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46736/3b-the-bolshevik-revolution-of-1917.html" title="3b. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917">3b. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22717/4-the-bolshevik-consolidation-of-power-1918-1924-atl.html" title="4. The Bolshevik consolidation of power (1918 - 1924) (ATL)">4. The Bolshevik consolidation of power (1918 - 1924) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22578/5-imperial-russia-revolution-and-the-establishment-of-the-soviet.html" title="5. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Essay frames and writing exercises">5. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Quizzes">9. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28004/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28433/1-russia-1855-to-1917.html" title="1. Russia 1855 to 1917">1. Russia 1855 to 1917</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28005/2-russia-1917-1924.html" title="2. Russia 1917 -1924">2. Russia 1917 -1924</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22166/13-europe-and-the-first-world-war.html" title="13: Europe and the First World War">13: Europe and the First World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34290/1-changing-alliances-in-europe-1871-to-1907.html" title="1. Changing alliances in Europe 1871 to 1907">1. Changing alliances in Europe 1871 to 1907</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34348/2-why-did-war-break-out-in-1914.html" title="2. Why did war break out in 1914?">2. Why did war break out in 1914?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34369/3-impact-of-war-and-the-reasons-for-allied-victory.html" title="3. Impact of war and the reasons for Allied victory">3. Impact of war and the reasons for Allied victory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22188/4-europe-and-the-first-world-war-essay-frames-and-writing-exerci.html" title="4. Europe and the First World War: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. Europe and the First World War: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="6. Europe and the First World War: Quizzes">6. Europe and the First World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43982/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22520/15-diplomacy-in-europe-19191945.html" title="15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)">15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41037/1-the-versailles-peace-treaty.html" title="1. The Versailles Peace Treaty">1. The Versailles Peace Treaty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41038/2-other-treaties-in-the-versailles-settlement.html" title="2. Other Treaties in the Versailles Settlement">2. Other Treaties in the Versailles Settlement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41047/3-the-league-of-nations-and-europe-in-the-1920s.html" title="3. The League of Nations and Europe in the 1920s">3. The League of Nations and Europe in the 1920s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41063/4-italian-and-german-foreign-policies-19191941.html" title="4. Italian and German foreign policies (1919–1941)">4. Italian and German foreign policies (1919–1941)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41064/5-collective-security-in-the-1920s-and-1930s.html" title="5. Collective security in the 1920s and 1930s">5. Collective security in the 1920s and 1930s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41067/6-the-policy-of-appeasement.html" title="6. The policy of Appeasement">6. The policy of Appeasement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41068/7-events-in-europe-up-to-1941.html" title="7. Events in Europe up to 1941">7. Events in Europe up to 1941</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41069/8-the-wartime-alliance-1941-to-1945.html" title="8: The Wartime Alliance 1941 to 1945">8: The Wartime Alliance 1941 to 1945</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22521/9-diplomacy-in-europe-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="9. Diplomacy in Europe: Essay frames and writing exercises">9. Diplomacy in Europe: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9c. Diplomacy in Europe: Quizzes ">9c. Diplomacy in Europe: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36574/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36570/versailles-peace-settlement.html" title="Versailles Peace Settlement">Versailles Peace Settlement</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30012/18-post-war-central-and-eastern-europe-1945-2000.html" title="18: Post-war central and eastern Europe (1945-2000)">18: Post-war central and eastern Europe (1945-2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30184/1-soviet-motives-for-taking-control-in-central-and-eastern-europ.html" title="1. Soviet motives for taking control in central and eastern Europe 1945 - 1955">1. Soviet motives for taking control in central and eastern Europe 1945 - 1955</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30227/2-the-extent-and-nature-of-soviet-control.html" title="2. The extent and nature of Soviet control">2. The extent and nature of Soviet control</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29807/3-support-and-cooperation-repression-and-protest-1945-1968.html" title="3. Support and cooperation, repression and protest (1945 - 1968)">3. Support and cooperation, repression and protest (1945 - 1968)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30775/4-repression-and-revolution-in-central-and-eastern-europe-1968-t.html" title="4. Repression and revolution in central and eastern Europe, 1968 to 1989">4. Repression and revolution in central and eastern Europe, 1968 to 1989</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31212/5-balkan-conflicts-in-the-1990s-part-1.html" title="5. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 1">5. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31269/6-balkan-conflicts-in-the-1990s-part-2.html" title="6. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 2">6. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30771/post-war-central-and-eastern-europe-essay-planning.html" title="Post war central and eastern Europe: essay planning">Post war central and eastern Europe: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20827/14-european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-19181939.html" title="14: European states in the inter-war years (1918–1939)">14: European states in the inter-war years (1918–1939)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20832/1-the-weimar-republic-1918-1933-atl.html" title="1. The Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933) (ATL)">1. The Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21504/2-nazi-germany-part-i-1933-1939-.html" title="2. Nazi Germany: Part I (1933 - 1939) ">2. Nazi Germany: Part I (1933 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36691/3-nazi-germany-part-ii-1933-1939.html" title="3. Nazi Germany Part II (1933 - 1939)">3. Nazi Germany Part II (1933 - 1939)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20842/4-italy-part-i-1918-1939-.html" title="4. Italy: Part I (1918 - 1939) ">4. Italy: Part I (1918 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37137/5-italy-part-ii-1918-1939-.html" title="5. Italy: Part II (1918 - 1939) ">5. Italy: Part II (1918 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42053/6-the-spanish-civil-war-part-1-1900-1931.html" title="6. The Spanish Civil War: Part 1 (1900 - 1931)">6. The Spanish Civil War: Part 1 (1900 - 1931)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42068/7-spanish-civil-war-part-2-1931-1936-.html" title="7. Spanish Civil War: Part 2 (1931 - 1936) ">7. Spanish Civil War: Part 2 (1931 - 1936) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42073/8-spanish-civil-war-part-3-1936-1939.html" title="8. Spanish Civil War: Part 3 (1936 - 1939)">8. Spanish Civil War: Part 3 (1936 - 1939)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44002/9-britain-1918-to-1939.html" title="9. Britain 1918 to 1939">9. Britain 1918 to 1939</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43989/1-britain-in-1914.html" title="1. Britain in 1914">1. Britain in 1914</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43997/2-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-1918-1922.html" title="2. The impact of the First World War: 1918 - 1922">2. The impact of the First World War: 1918 - 1922</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44078/3-britain-in-the-1920s-a-search-for-stability.html" title="3. Britain in the 1920s - a search for stability">3. Britain in the 1920s - a search for stability</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44053/1-political-developments-1922-1929.html" title="1. Political developments 1922 - 1929">1. Political developments 1922 - 1929</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44192/2-economic-issues-1922-1929.html" title="2. Economic issues, 1922 - 1929">2. Economic issues, 1922 - 1929</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44193/3-social-and-cultural-changes-1922-1929.html" title="3. Social and cultural changes, 1922 - 1929">3. Social and cultural changes, 1922 - 1929</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44285/4-britain-1929-1939.html" title="4. Britain 1929 - 1939">4. Britain 1929 - 1939</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44284/1-britain-1929-1939-political-and-economic-developments.html" title="1. Britain 1929 - 1939: Political and economic developments">1. Britain 1929 - 1939: Political and economic developments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44308/2-the-social-and-cultural-impact-of-the-great-depression.html" title="2. The social and cultural impact of the Great Depression">2. The social and cultural impact of the Great Depression</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23416/european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-essay-frames-and-writing-.html" title="European states in the inter-war years: Essay frames and writing exercises">European states in the inter-war years: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44367/1-weimar-germany-essay-planning.html" title="1. Weimar Germany: Essay planning">1. Weimar Germany: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44368/2-nazi-germany-essay-planning.html" title="2. Nazi Germany: Essay planning">2. Nazi Germany: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44369/3-italy-essay-planning.html" title="3. Italy: Essay planning">3. Italy: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44375/4-spain-essay-planning.html" title="4. Spain: Essay planning">4. Spain: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44376/5-case-studies-russia-and-britain-essay-planning.html" title="5. Case studies: Russia and Britain - essay planning">5. Case studies: Russia and Britain - essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42154/european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-quizzes-.html" title="European states in the inter-war years: Quizzes ">European states in the inter-war years: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27934/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27666/1-weimar-and-hitlers-rise-to-power.html" title="1. Weimar and Hitler's rise to power">1. Weimar and Hitler's rise to power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27935/2-hitlers-consolidation-of-power.html" title="2. Hitler's consolidation of power">2. Hitler's consolidation of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27936/3-hitlers-policies-1933-1939.html" title="3. Hitler's policies 1933 - 1939">3. Hitler's policies 1933 - 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27975/4-mussolinis-rise-to-power.html" title="4. Mussolini's rise to power">4. Mussolini's rise to power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27976/5-mussolinis-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="5. Mussolini's consolidation and maintenance of power">5. Mussolini's consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27977/6-mussolinis-policies.html" title="6. Mussolini's policies">6. Mussolini's policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43976/7-causes-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="7. Causes of the Spanish Civil War">7. Causes of the Spanish Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43977/8-practices-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="8. Practices of the Spanish Civil War">8. Practices of the Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20830/16-the-soviet-union-and-post-soviet-russia-19242000.html" title="16: The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)">16: The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22189/1-stalins-rise-to-power-and-rule-atl.html" title="1. Stalin's rise to power and rule (ATL)">1. Stalin's rise to power and rule (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22223/2-stalins-rule-1941-1953-atl.html" title="2. Stalin's rule (1941 - 1953) (ATL)">2. Stalin's rule (1941 - 1953) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22226/3-khrushchev-1958-to-1964-atl.html" title="3. Khrushchev (1958 to 1964) ATL">3. Khrushchev (1958 to 1964) ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33395/4-brezhnev-1964-1982-atl.html" title="4. Brezhnev (1964 - 1982) ATL">4. Brezhnev (1964 - 1982) ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22249/5-gorbachev-1985-1991-atl.html" title="5. Gorbachev (1985 - 1991) (ATL)">5. Gorbachev (1985 - 1991) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22252/6-post-soviet-russia-to-2000-atl.html" title="6. Post Soviet Russia to 2000 (ATL)">6. Post Soviet Russia to 2000 (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22220/8-the-soviet-union-and-post-soviet-russia-graded-student-essays.html" title="8. The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: Graded student essays">8. The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: Graded student essays</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: quizzes">The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28003/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28006/1-stalins-rule-1929-1939.html" title="1. Stalin's rule 1929 - 1939">1. Stalin's rule 1929 - 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28436/2-soviet-union-1953-to-1983.html" title="2. Soviet Union: 1953 to 1983">2. Soviet Union: 1953 to 1983</a></li></ul></ul></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26763/the-ib-core.html" title="The IB Core">The IB Core</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Theory of Knowledge (TOK)">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24497/tokhistory-in-the-news.html" title="TOK/History in the news">TOK/History in the news</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36888/fake-history-is-fake-news-entrenched-nov-2020.html" title="'Fake history is fake news entrenched' (Nov 2020)">'Fake history is fake news entrenched' (Nov 2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30617/are-conspiracy-theories-dangerous-july-2019.html" title="Are conspiracy theories dangerous? (July 2019)">Are conspiracy theories dangerous? (July 2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26556/do-we-have-a-hollywood-view-of-history-june-2018.html" title="Do we have a Hollywood view of History? (June 2018)">Do we have a Hollywood view of History? (June 2018)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32534/does-history-do-more-harm-than-good-feb-2020.html" title="Does history do more harm than good? (Feb 2020)">Does history do more harm than good? (Feb 2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25797/history-wars-february-2018.html" title="History Wars (February 2018)">History Wars (February 2018)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24671/if-we-remove-statues-are-we-erasing-history-august-2017.html" title="If we remove statues, are we 'erasing history'? (August 2017)">If we remove statues, are we 'erasing history'? (August 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24672/napoleon-in-the-news-september-2017.html" title="Napoleon in the news (September 2017)">Napoleon in the news (September 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24673/nicholas-ii-russian-history-re-written-sept-2017.html" title="Nicholas II: Russian history re-written? (Sept 2017)">Nicholas II: Russian history re-written? (Sept 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31129/should-scientists-use-eduard-pernkopfs-anatomy-book-september-20.html" title="Should scientists use Eduard Pernkopf's anatomy book? September 2019">Should scientists use Eduard Pernkopf's anatomy book? September 2019</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31364/the-art-of-disinformation-october-2019.html" title="The art of disinformation (October 2019)">The art of disinformation (October 2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34611/what-does-it-mean-to-tear-down-a-statue-june-2020.html" title="What does it mean to tear down a statue? (June 2020)">What does it mean to tear down a statue? (June 2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25129/what-if-the-russian-revolution-had-never-happened-nov-2017.html" title="What if the Russian Revolution had never happened? (Nov 2017)">What if the Russian Revolution had never happened? (Nov 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31044/what-is-the-role-of-professional-historians-august-2019.html" title="What is the role of professional historians? (August 2019)">What is the role of professional historians? (August 2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27348/who-gets-to-write-the-history-the-worlds-last-colonial-museum-se.html" title="Who gets to write the History? The 'world's last colonial museum' (September 2018)">Who gets to write the History? The 'world's last colonial museum' (September 2018)</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33195/recursos-en-espanol.html" title="Recursos en español">Recursos en español</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Prueba 1">Prueba 1</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="2. Temas Prescritos para la Prueba 1">2. Temas Prescritos para la Prueba 1</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Tema prescrito 3: El avance hacia la guerra global">Tema prescrito 3: El avance hacia la guerra global</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33217/11-expansion-italiana-1933-1940-.html" title="1.1 Expansión italiana (1933-1940) ">1.1 Expansión italiana (1933-1940) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33240/12-expansion-alemana-1933-1940.html" title="1.2 Expansión alemana (1933 - 1940)">1.2 Expansión alemana (1933 - 1940)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33412/2-la-expansion-alemana-e-italiana-videos-y-actividades.html" title="2. La expansión alemana e italiana: Videos y actividades">2. La expansión alemana e italiana: Videos y actividades</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33379/3-la-expansion-japonesa-en-asia-oriental-1931-1941.html" title="3. La expansión japonesa en Asia oriental (1931-1941)">3. La expansión japonesa en Asia oriental (1931-1941)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33381/4-la-expansion-japonesa-en-asia-oriental-videos-y-actividades.html" title="4. La expansión japonesa en Asia Oriental: Videos y actividades.">4. La expansión japonesa en Asia Oriental: Videos y actividades.</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33564/tema-prescrito-4-derechos-y-protesta.html" title="Tema prescrito 4: Derechos y protesta">Tema prescrito 4: Derechos y protesta</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33565/1-movimiento-por-los-derechos-civiles-en-estados-unidos-19541965.html" title="1. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos (1954–1965) ">1. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos (1954–1965) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33605/2-movimiento-por-los-derechos-civiles-en-estados-unidos-videos-y.html" title="2. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos: Vídeos y actividades">2. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos: Vídeos y actividades</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33633/3-sudafrica-durante-el-apartheid-19481964.html" title="3. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid (1948–1964)">3. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid (1948–1964)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33733/4-sudafrica-durante-el-apartheid-videos-y-actividades.html" title="4. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid: Vídeos y actividades">4. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid: Vídeos y actividades</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Prueba 2">Prueba 2</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33290/tema-11-causas-y-consecuencias-de-las-guerras-del-siglo-xx.html" title="Tema 11: Causas y consecuencias de las guerras del siglo XX">Tema 11: Causas y consecuencias de las guerras del siglo XX</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34552/estudio-de-caso-la-primera-guerra-mundial-.html" title="Estudio de caso: La Primera Guerra Mundial ">Estudio de caso: La Primera Guerra Mundial </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34553/1-primera-guerra-munial-causas.html" title="1. Primera Guerra Munial: Causas">1. Primera Guerra Munial: Causas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34562/2-la-primera-guerra-mundial-practicas-.html" title="2. La Primera Guerra Mundial: Prácticas ">2. La Primera Guerra Mundial: Prácticas </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34601/3-la-primera-guerra-mundial-los-efectos-.html" title="3. La Primera Guerra Mundial: los efectos ">3. La Primera Guerra Mundial: los efectos </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34711/4-primera-guerra-mundial-planificacion-de-ensayos.html" title="4. Primera Guerra Mundial: Planificación de ensayos">4. Primera Guerra Mundial: Planificación de ensayos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36267/estudio-de-caso-la-revolucion-cubana.html" title="Estudio de caso: La revolución cubana">Estudio de caso: La revolución cubana</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36304/la-revolucion-cubana-planificacion-de-ensayos.html" title="La revolución cubana: Planificación de ensayos">La revolución cubana: Planificación de ensayos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34190/estudio-de-caso-la-segunda-guerra-mundial.html" title="Estudio de caso: La Segunda Guerra Mundial">Estudio de caso: La Segunda Guerra Mundial</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33277/-1-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-causas-parte-i-.html" title=" 1. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte I "> 1. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte I </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33631/2-segunda-guerra-mundial-causas-parte-ii-asia-.html" title="2. Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte II Asia ">2. Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte II Asia </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34210/3-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-estrategias-enfoques-de-aprendizaje-.html" title="3. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: estrategias (Enfoques de aprendizaje) ">3. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: estrategias (Enfoques de aprendizaje) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34449/4-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-consecuencias.html" title="4. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Consecuencias">4. 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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="6-resistance-to-apartheid-in-the-50s-and-60s" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">6. Resistance to apartheid in the 50s and 60s</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../history.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Paper 3</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Option 1: Africa and the Middle East</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Topic 15. Developments in South Africa, 1880 - 1994</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">6. Resistance to apartheid in the 50s and 60s</span></li></ul>
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<p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/history/national-women-day3-1.jpg" style="width: 350px; height: 254px; float: left;">Following the implementation of the Apartheid Laws, the ANC turned to more direct action against the government. At first this action was non-violent, but following the Sharpeville massacre, more violent tactics were used. </span></p><hr class="hidden"><div class="greyBg"><div class="panel panel-green"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-1"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>How successful was non-violent protest in opposing the Apartheid regime?</strong></span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The South African Native National Congress was formed in 1912 and it became the African National Congress (ANC) in 1923. After 1948, the leaders of the ANC, Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela moved towards a policy of non-violent protest, such as would be used in the United States by Martin Luther King.</span><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-red"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-2"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>The Defiance Campaign, 1952</strong></span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Defiance Campaign in 1952 was the first large-scale, multi-racial campaign against apartheid laws. The idea was that this would lead to so many arrests that the government would be overwhelmed and forced to back down. It was organised by the ANC along with the South African Indian Congress and the Coloured People's Congress. It involved volunteers refusing to follow the apartheid laws - sitting in 'Whites-only' facilities, refusing to carry passes, refusing to follow the curfew laws on Africans.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-3"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Starter</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Watch this video on the Defiance Campaign</span></p><ol><li value="NaN"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How many took part in the campaign?</span></li><li value="NaN"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How had the ANC campaigned previously?</span></li><li value="NaN"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What new tactics did they adopt from 1950?</span></li><li value="NaN"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What did the Defiance Campaign involve?</span></li><li value="NaN"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Who took part in it?</span></li><li value="NaN"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Which act was used to arrest the leaders?</span></li><li value="NaN"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In what way was the Defiance Campaign successful?</span></li></ol><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HkYe5Ke20-s" width="640"></iframe></span></p></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-4"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task One: ATL - Thinking skills</strong></span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Read this extract from the article by E.S. Reddy, <em>Defiance Campaign In South Africa, Recalled</em><strong> </strong>from the O'Malley archive which is hosted by Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory. </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Using the video above and this article, create a spider diagram or mind map to show the impact of the Defiance Campaign</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Click on the eye to see the article</span></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><div class="hidden-content" id="hiddenBoxContent3" style=""><div class="hidden-content" id="hiddenBoxContent2" style=""><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Defiance Campaign In South Africa, Recalled </strong>by E. S. Reddy</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The "Campaign of Defiance against Unjust Laws" - launched jointly by the African National Congress of South Africa and the South African Indian Congress - was one of the greatest non-violent passive resistance campaigns in the tradition of Mahatma Gandhi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">It was the largest mass action by the newly-formed alliance of the two congresses, confronting the apartheid regime which had come to power in 1948 and had enacted a series of racist and repressive laws.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Over 8,500 volunteers courted imprisonment by contravening pass laws and curfew regulations, orders segregating whites and non-whites in railway stations and post offices, and other oppressive and humiliating measures. Fears expressed by many people, racists as well as some liberals, that Africans were somehow incapable of non-violent resistance were disproved. Some whites were moved to join the passive resistance. They included: Patrick Duncan, son of a former Governor-General; Miss Bettie du Toit, an Afrikaner trade union leader; Miss Freda Troup, an author; and Albie Sachs, then a law student and now professor of law in Mozambique.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Campaign generated a mass upsurge for freedom. The membership of the A.N.C. increased from 7,000 to 100,000 during the campaign and it became a truly national organization of the people. The Campaign also led to the formation of the Coloured People's Congress and the Congress of (white) Democrats, and then a "Congress Alliance" which played a crucial role in promoting multi-racial resistance to apartheid in subsequent years.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">It was during the Campaign that the late Chief Albert Lutuli was deposed from the chieftancy to which he had been elected for refusing to obey the orders of the regime to dissociate from the ANC. He was elected President-General of the ANC in December 1952 and earned the respect of world opinion for his steadfast resistance to apartheid until his mysterious death in 1967.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Nelson Mandela, President of the ANC Youth League, was appointed Volunteer-in-Chief of the Campaign. His outstanding qualities as a mass leader led to his election as the Transvaal President and Deputy National President of the ANC in 1952. He was to assume ever greater responsibilities in the struggle, especially after the ANC was banned in 1960, and despite his incarceration for twenty-five years since August 5, 1962, he remains the inspiring symbol of resistance.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Campaign led to the foundation of the Defence and Aid Fund for South Africa by the late Reverend Canon John Collins in London and the American Committee on Africa by the Reverend George Houser in New York, initiating the international solidarity movement with the South African struggle.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Defiance Campaign and the subsequent bus boycotts and other acts of non-violent resistance in South Africa were an inspiration to the black people in the United States in launching the Civil Rights Movement under the leadership of the late Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">It was during the Defiance Campaign that the Government of India, led by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, took the initiative for a joint request by thirteen Asian-African States to the United Nations General Assembly to consider "the question of race conflict in South Africa resulting from the policies of apartheid of the Government of the Union of South Africa."They declared that apartheid "is creating a dangerous and explosive situation, which constitutes both a threat to international peace and a flagrant violation of the basic principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms which are enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations." They called for international action "to prevent an already dangerous situation from deteriorating further."</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The apartheid regime met the non-violent resistance of the people with physical violence, resorting to the flogging of many volunteers. It enacted new laws providing for long terms of imprisonment and ten lashes for such resistance. It proceeded in subsequent years to close all avenues of peaceful protest, restricting the leaders of the movement, charging them with high treason and banning their organizations.</span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Published in Asian Times, London, June 26, 1987</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a href="https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv03370/05lv03418.htm">https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv03370/05lv03418.htm</a></span></p></div></div></section></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-red"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-5"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Bus Boycotts</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Between 1957 and 1959, there were several bus boycotts to protest against increased bus fares, which involved black South Africans walking as far as 48 kilometers a day to avoid using the buses.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-6"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Two: ATL - Thinking skills</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Read this <a href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/the-journey-that-started-it-all-377227" target="_blank">newspaper article</a> 'The journey that started it all', from 2007 which recalls the bus boycotts (also below), then answer the following questions.</span></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><div class="sc-kkGfuU iYTFhX" display="grid"><div class="sc-kkGfuU haRCia"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Arthur Magerman can still vividly remember the summer's morning half a century ago when he joined thousands of fellow township residents on the long walk to work in a protest seen as the first major salvo in the battle against the apartheid regime.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">"I woke up early because I wanted to see to it that our plans against the enemy succeeded," says 74-year-old Magerman as he recalls the start of the Alexandra Bus Boycott.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">"I walked to Number Three Stadium and found my comrades already there, hundreds of them and all along Louis Botha Avenue (leading to Johannesburg's business centre) there were long queues of people walking. By that time, I knew it was on and there was no turning back."</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">For the next three months, some 70 000 Alex residents trooped back and forth into downtown Johannesburg every day - a 20 kilometre (12 mile) round trip - as they refused to boost government coffers by paying for increased bus fares.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">A series of events have been organised for this weekend to remember the civil action - including a march on the same route from Alex to the city centre.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">With the slogan "Azikhwelwa" (Zulu for "We Shall Not Ride"), the bus boycott marked the first concerted campaign by the majority black population against the white Nationalist government which took power in 1948.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Simon Noge, one of the organisers, said it was first time anger felt by residents of Johannesburg's largest black township had boiled over.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">"We were not scared of our oppressors. We felt we needed to stick to our guns. We were still young and fired up by the feeling of resentment.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">"We were determined to stick together and for three months we walked in groups, singing and assisting our mothers. It was that type of spirit of resolve that we wanted to win what we had started."</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The lead from Alex was soon followed by residents of Soweto, which lies just southwest of Johannesburg, and other black townships across the country.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">As the protests showed no signs of wilting, the government eventually scrapped its proposal for a one-penny increase on the four-penny fares.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The price hikes had been greeted with dismay by workers who were already struggling to feed their families on less than a pound a day.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Broader campaign</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">If the initial purpose of the boycott was to thwart the fare increases, it soon took on a broader purpose.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">"It became a national feeling against white oppression," says Magerman who was a student at Johannesburg's Wits University at the time.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">"People like (African National Congress leader Oliver) Tambo and (ANC deputy leader Nelson) Mandela sent us messages of encouragement. It was more than just buses. It became more political, a feeling that we need to be liberated."</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Up until then, the ANC campaign against apartheid had been largely limited to one-day civil disobedience protests but the drawn-out bus boycott was much harder for the Nationalists to ignore - not least because it hit the government in the pocket.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Noge, who was a teacher, said many protesters paid a painful price and some lost their jobs.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">"Police were desperate to discourage us, threatening people, stopping and searching them, detaining them for halfday or a day. Bicycles we used were punctured, donkey carts damaged.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">"We had whites who were sympathising with us who gave us lifts, but they were also harassed.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">"It was bad, but despite that we were willing to die on the road until our demands were met."</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Magerman recalls the celebrations when the government capitulated.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">"There were celebrations after we won against the enemy, cows were slaughtered. It was a huge victory.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">"This was to be an example to most areas around the country that you can protest and defy the nationalist government and succeed."</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Veterans of the bus boycott believe it was the inspiration for later anti-apartheid protests such as the 1976 Soweto Uprising.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Magerman said he would take part in the commemorative march this weekend.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">"I am going to enjoy it. I may not finish it but at least I'm going to be there," he said.</span></p></div></div><div class="Article__StyledArticleContent-sc-uw4nkg-0 cNaQWn article-content"><div></div></div></section><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">You can also read more about the bus boycott on the <a href="https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/south-africans-successfully-boycott-buses-johannesburg-1957" target="_blank">Global Nonviolent action data base</a>. </span></p><ol><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Why did Arthur Magerman join the bus boycott?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was the nature of the protest?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Why and how did the protest develop into something larger than just about price increases?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was the result of the bus boycott?</span></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-red"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-7"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Protests against passes</strong></span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>We women will never carry these passes. This is something that touches my heart. I appeal to you young Africans to come forward and fight. These passes make the road even narrower for us. We have seen unemployment, lack of accommodation and families broken because of passes. We have seen it with our men. Who will look after our children when we go to jail for a small technical offence - not having a pass? </em></span></p><p style="text-align: center;">Dora Tamana, a member of the ANC Women's League and later a founding member of the Federation of South African Women</p><hr class="hidden"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="256" src="../../../ib/history/women.jpg" style="float: left;" width="384"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In 1956, the government said that women would also have to carry passes. The Federation of South African Women (FSAW) organised a large demonstration. On 9 August, 20,000 women descended on Pretoria and presented a petition to the prime minister.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-8"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Three: ATL - Thinking skills</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Read the petition that was presented to the government which can be found <a href="https://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist247/winter%202013/resources/women_petition_1956.pdf" target="_blank">here.</a> It can also be found on the ANC website. </span></p><ol><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">According to the petition, what impact have the pass laws had on black South Africans? What would be the impact of the extension of this law to women?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">With reference to origin, purpose and content, assess the value and limitations of this petition for a historian studying the impact of the pass laws in South Africa.</span></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-9"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Two: ATL - Research skills</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/history/national-women-day3-1.jpg" style="width: 350px; height: 254px; float: left;">What is the message of this source?</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-10"><div style="display: inline-block;"><p>Task Three: ATL - Thinking skills</p></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Read this account by one of the women, Frances Baard who was an organiser of the protests and later spent 5 years in prison. This is an excerpt from her autobiography <em>My Spirit Is Not Banned</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">With reference to origin, purpose and content, assess the value of this source for a historian studying the protests against the passes in 1956.</span></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><div class="hidden-content" id="hiddenBoxContent1" style=""><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Federation [of Women] decided that we should protest to Strijdom, the Prime Minister, that we didn’t want these passes. . . . [W]e would send thousands of women from all over South Africa, black and white. . . . So each of us in her own place had to organize the women for this protest. We only had a few months to prepare for this but we wanted to send many, many women. . . . But before we went to Pretoria [to the Prime Minister’s] we got all the women who couldn't go to sign petitions to say that they also didn't want these passes. . . .</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">It is two days by train [for our group] from Port Elizabeth to Pretoria. Two days on the train sitting in the railway carriage, singing all the way. First we went to Johannesburg and we slept the night in Soweto, and then the next day, it was August 9th, we went to Pretoria. Some took buses, some trains, some taxis, anything to get to Pretoria. . . .</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Then we all walked into the yard of the Union [government] Buildings and we waited there for all the women coming from other places. . . .</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">It was about 20 000 of us altogether! . . .</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Eight of us took all those petitions that had been signed, piles and piles of them, and we marched up to Strijdom's office to give them to him. The secretary told us that Strijdom was not there and that we were not allowed in anyway because we were black and white together. . . .</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Then we walked outside again and joined the other women who were waiting in the amphitheatre. All the women were quiet. 20,000 women standing there, some with their babies on their backs, and so quiet, no noise at all, just waiting. What a sight, so quiet, and so much colour, many women in green, gold and black [ANC colors], and the Indian women in their bright saris! Then Lilian [Ngoyi, ANC leader] started to speak. She told everyone that the prime minister was not there and that he was too scared to see us but that we left the petitions there for him to see. Then we stood in silence for half an hour. Everyone stood with their hands raised in the salute, silent, and even the babies hardly cried. For half an hour we stood there in the sun. And not a sound. Just the clock striking. Then Lilian started to sing and we all sang with her. I'll never forget the song we sang then. It was a song especially written for that occasion. It was written by a woman from the Free State. It went: "Wena Strijdom, wa'thinthabafazi, wathint’imbokotho, uzokufa!" That means: "You Strijdom, you have touched the women, you have struck against rock, you will die." Of course he did die, not long after that.</span></p></div></section></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-red"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-11"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Freedom Charter</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/history/freedom-charter-monument.jpg" style="width: 318px; height: 239px; float: left;"><em>The Freedom Charter monument in Kliptown, Johannesburg. The flame was lit in June 2005 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Freedom Charter which Mandela said 'captured the hopes and dreams of the people and acted as a blueprint for the struggle and future of the nation'.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In 1955, the ANC sent out 50,000 volunteers into townships and the countryside to collect "freedom demands" from the people of South Africa. These demands were then put together into a final document by ANC Leaders. This Freedom Charter was then officially adopted by a Congress of the People held at Kliptown near Johannesburg which included all groups that calling for change.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-12"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Four: ATL - Thinking skills</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Read the <a href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/freedom-charter" target="_blank">Freedom Charter</a> which can be found on the ANC website.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">1. Which Apartheid laws in particular did the Freedom Charter attack? Refer specifically to clauses in the Charter</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">2. What was likely to be the reaction to such a document?</span></p></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-13"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Five: ATL - Thinking skills</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>According to this source, what was the importance of the Freedom Charter?</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The initiative for the Freedom Charter came from a multi-racial coalition of organizations, including the African National Congress (ANC), Congress of Democrats, Indian National Congress, and South African Coloured People’s Congress. The Charter came to represent ANC policies over the next four decades. The document formulated not only basic demands for human and political rights that had been included in previous petitions and deputations, it also spelled out the kind of society that was envisioned to replace apartheid, including ideals such as sharing the wealth of the country and adequate housing, education, and healthcare for all.<br><br>The apartheid government regarded the Freedom Charter as communist, and, five months later, it charged 156 organizers of the Congress of the People with high treason. Thirty of these leaders endured a four-and-a-half-year Treason Trial, which ended in their acquittal. The Freedom Charter was aimed at building a united movement with a common vision. In the 1980s, many organizations including the United Democratic Front endorsed the document and its nonracial, democratic ideals.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em><strong>Source: <a href="http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/multimedia.php?id=65-259-A">http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/multimedia.php?id=65-259-A</a></strong></em></span></p></div></div></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="380" src="../../../ib/history/treason.jpg" style="float: left;" width="302"></span></p><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-red"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-14"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Treason Trial</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">As a result of the Freedom Charter, the government arrested and charged with high treason 156 people, including most of the leaders of the ANC and of the Indian community. Government lawyers tried to prove that the Freedom Charter was communist and that the accused were plotting violent revolution. However the government lawyers failed to win their case. The trial lasted for nearly five years which helped to weaken the opposition.</span></p></div></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-15"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Six: ATL - Thinking skills</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Listen to the <a href="https://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/video.php?kid=163-572-92" target="_blank">interview</a> with Ahed Kathreda on the Treason Trial.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Note: You can also find this account by going separately to the <a href="https://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/">Overcoming Apartheid website</a> and finding the interview section.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What factors helped to lead to the collapse of the government case?</span></p></div></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-green"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-16"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">2. Why did the anti-apartheid struggle become violent?</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-red"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-17"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Sharpeville protests</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"><img alt="" height="355" src="../../../ib/history/sharpeville.jpg" style="float: left;" width="612"></span></span></p></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-18"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Starter </strong></span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">1. What can you learn from the photo above about the Sharpeville protests?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">2. Also watch<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2EvZ8cYcC8" target="_blank"> this summary</a> of the Sharpeville massacre to get an overview of the key events.</span></p></div></div></div><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Sharpeville massacre was a turning point in South African history. A new black group, the Pan-African Congress (PAC) began more anti-pass demonstrations in 1960. On March 21, 1960, without warning, South African police at Sharpeville, an African township of Vereeninging, south of Johannesburg, shot into a crowd of about 5,000 unarmed anti-pass protesters, killing at least 69 people – many of them shot in the back – and wounding more than 200.<br>Meanwhile, in the Cape, at Langa township, the police ordered the demonstrators to to leave and then baton-charged them. When the demonstrators threw stones, the police responded with bullets, killing two and wounding forty-nine.</span></p><section class="tib-teacher-only" readonly="true" title="This box is not visible to students"><div class="header" readonly="true"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img class="icon" src="../../../img/icons/teacher-only-1.svg"> Teacher only box</span></div><div class="content" readonly="false"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">There is a full source paper on the Sharpeville Massacre here: <a href="../40146/1-the-sharpeville-massacre.html" title="Paper 1 » 3. Prescribed Subjects for Paper 1 » PS4: Rights and Protest » 6. PS4: Full source papers Case Study 2 » 1. The Sharpeville Massacre">1. The Sharpeville Massacre</a> </span></p></div></section><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-19"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task One: ATL - Thinking skills</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Read the <a href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/eyewitness-accounts-sharpeville-massacre-1960" target="_blank">eyewitness account</a> of the Sharpeville massacre that can be found on the website <strong>South African history online.</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Question 1a</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">According to this source, what factors indicated that the protesters were not expecting violence from the police?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">According to this source, why were police claims of being threatened unfounded?</span></p></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-20"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Two: Thinking and self-management skills</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Read the article on the <a href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/aftermath-sharpeville-massacre-1960" target="_blank">aftermath</a> of the Sharpeville massacre that can be found on the website <strong>South African history online.</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Create a mind map to show the results of the Sharpeville massacre and why it can be seen as a 'turning point'. Make sure that you consider: </span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">international consequences</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">reaction of the South African government</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">impact on anti-Apartheid leaders</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">consequences for the ANC and PAC, impact on the strategies of the ANC and PAC </span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">reaction and actions of black South Africans as a whole.</span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-21"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Three: ATL - Thinking skills</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Watch this segment of the movie Long Walk to Freedom on the Sharpeville Massacre. (Stop when you get to two minutes in).</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How far does the events shown correlate to the eye-witness account above?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pnq-HkVxBHI?rel=0&start=17" width="640"></iframe></span></p></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-green"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-22"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was the reaction of the government to anti-Apartheid protest</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"><img alt="" height="245" src="../../../ib/history/rivonia-trial.jpg" style="float: left;" width="657"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The caption for this cartoon by the British cartoonist, Illingworth is '<em>There! I think that'll hold him'</em></span></p><hr class="hidden"><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-23"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Starter</strong></span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What is the message of this cartoon?</span></p></div></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-red"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-24"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Rivonia Trial</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Following Sharpeville, the ANC turned to violence. Mandela went underground to create 'Umkhonto we Sizwe' (the Spear of the People), known as MK. The PAC (Pan African Congress) also set up a terrorist arm called Poqo (we go it alone). Mandela travelled around South Africa organising sabotage attacks which were aimed at targets such as power stations thus reducing any threat to human life. Oliver Tambo went abroad to establish the ANC in exile and to persuade foreign governments to put pressure on the South African government to end apartheid laws.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Mandela managed to carry out his underground activities for seventeen months but was finally captured in 1962. His link with MK was at this point not known and so he was charged with 'leaving the country without permission' and given a five year prison sentence. However, the secret headquarters of MK were raided in 1963; as a result the police arrested nine members of MK and discovered the link of Mandela with the organisation. The arrested men were all put on trial in what became known as the Rivonia Trial which lasted from December 1963 - June 196. The charge of 'recruiting people for training in sabotage and guerrilla warfare for the purpose of violent revolution', was very serious and the prosecution demanded the death penalty.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-25"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task One: Thinking skills</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Listen to this <a href="http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/video.php?id=65-24F-92" target="_blank">account of the trial</a> by Ahmed Kathedra on the Rivonia Trial. </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Note: You can also find this account by going separately to the <a href="https://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/">Overcoming Apartheid website</a> and finding the interview section.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How was the trial conducted?</span></p></div></div></div><section class="tib-teacher-only" readonly="true" title="This box is not visible to students"><div class="header" readonly="true"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img class="icon" src="../../../img/icons/teacher-only-1.svg"> Teacher only box</span></div><div class="content" readonly="false"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">For the following activity, students could work in pairs to annotate this speech first before discussing. This could work well as a 'silent conversation' (see <a href="../24465/source-work-activities.html" title="Paper 1 » Source work activities">source work activities</a> page for a discussion of this type of activity)</span></p></div></section><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-26"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Two: <strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Click on the eye to read sections of Mandela's statement which he made at the trial (if you want to read the whole speech you can find it on line <a href="https://www.historyplace.com/speeches/mandela.htm" target="_blank">here</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In pairs discuss the content and tone of this speech. The following questions will help guide your discussion:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was his attitude towards white South Africans? </span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was his attitude towards Communist ideas? </span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What kind of South Africa does Mandela hope to see in the future? </span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Why do you think that this speech became so well-known? Are there any comparisons to Martin Luther King's 'I have a dream speech?</span></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-border panel-yellow"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-27"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Three: <strong>Thinking skills</strong></span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><div id="myfile"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Read this extract from an article by Lionel Bernstein entitled, 'Rivonia: telling it how it was'</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Question 1a</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>According to Lionel Bernstein, what was the significance of Mandela's testimony in the trial?</strong></span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The main burden of telling it, fell, inevitably, on accused No.1 - Nelson Mandela. An unexpected move totally unsettled the prosecutor, who had been preparing his cross-examination of Mandela with some glee. Mandela elected not to go into the witness stand, but to make his statement from the dock. He thus passed up any opportunity to present a legal defence against the charges, or provide any evidence in rebuttal. But he gained what the accused wanted above all else -an opportunity to tell the whole story of Umkhonto and the turn to forms of violent struggle, as it was, without interruptions and without the obscurities which develop in the question-and-answer form of evidence from the witness stand.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">His statement has often been repeated as the "I am prepared to die" testimony of South Africa's freedom fighters. That statement was reported and rebroadcast through the country. If it sealed the certainty of a verdict of guilt against Mandela, it broke at last the stifling blanket of censorship and silence which had surrounded the ANC and its allies since the state of emergency of 1960.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>An extract from Rivonia: telling it as it was by Lionel Bernstein,2 July 1988</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=3762">http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=3762</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="pinkBg"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Note that all the proceedings of the Rivonia Trial are now available to the public. See this article: <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-43301513">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-43301513</a></span></p></div></div><div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-border"><div class="panel-heading" id="header-28"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a class="expander pull-right" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a></span><div style="display: inline-block;"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Task Four: ATL - Thinking skills</span></p></div><small class="toc-back-button"> <a class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1657713809" href="https://www.thinkib.net/#" title="Back to table of contents"> </a> </small></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">To review the events above and hear from eye-witness accounts, continue watching People's Century Video, Skin Deep from <strong>17 minutes</strong> <strong>- 53 minutes 31 seconds</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">(This can also be found <a href="https://vimeo.com/129815420">here on Vimeo</a>)</span></p><ol><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What did Apartheid mean and by what methods was it enforced?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Was the impact of Apartheid on the lives of Black South Africans?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was the key point of the Freedom Charter?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What is the tone of the propaganda news videos on the removals of Black South Africans to knew areas</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was the importance of the Pass Book?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">How did South Africans rebel against the Pass Books in Sharpeville? What was the result of this?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Why did Nelson Mandela turn to violence?</span></li></ol><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3ZtAECC3BOc" width="640"></iframe></span></p></div></div></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><hr class="hidden"></div><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
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