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TOK and Richard I</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26836/ps2-conquest-and-its-impact.html" title="PS2: Conquest and its impact">PS2: Conquest and its impact</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26840/1-the-final-stages-of-muslim-rule-in-spain-atl.html" title="1. The final stages of Muslim rule in Spain: ATL">1. The final stages of Muslim rule in Spain: ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26844/2-the-conquest-of-mexico-and-peru-atl.html" title="2. The conquest of Mexico and Peru: ATL">2. The conquest of Mexico and Peru: ATL</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19945/ps3-the-move-to-global-war.html" title="PS3: The Move to Global War">PS3: The Move to Global War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45136/1-case-study-1-japanese-expansion-in-east-asia-1931-41.html" title="1. Case study 1: Japanese expansion in East Asia 1931-41">1. Case study 1: Japanese expansion in East Asia 1931-41</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45135/1-japanese-expansion-causes-.html" title="1. Japanese expansion: causes ">1. Japanese expansion: causes </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45137/2-japanese-expansion-events-1931-to-1939.html" title="2. Japanese expansion: events 1931 to 1939">2. Japanese expansion: events 1931 to 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45146/3-japanese-expansion-international-response-1931-1941.html" title="3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941">3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20455/21-case-study-2-italian-expansion-19331940-.html" title="2.1 Case Study 2: Italian expansion (1933–1940) ">2.1 Case Study 2: Italian expansion (1933–1940) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44514/1-causes-of-italian-expansion.html" title="1. Causes of Italian expansion">1. Causes of Italian expansion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44520/2-events-1935-1939.html" title="2. Events 1935 - 1939">2. Events 1935 - 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44521/3-international-response-to-italian-aggression.html" title="3. International response to Italian aggression">3. International response to Italian aggression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26982/22-case-study-2-german-expansion-1933-1940-atl.html" title="2.2 Case Study 2: German expansion (1933 - 1940) ATL">2.2 Case Study 2: German expansion (1933 - 1940) ATL</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44489/1-causes-of-german-expansion.html" title="1. Causes of German expansion">1. Causes of German expansion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44761/2-events-german-challenges-to-the-post-war-settlements-19331938.html" title="2. Events - German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938)">2. Events - German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44762/3-events-german-expansion-19381939.html" title="3. Events - German expansion (1938–1939)">3. Events - German expansion (1938–1939)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44763/4-international-response-to-german-aggression-19331938.html" title="4. International response to German aggression (1933–1938)">4. International response to German aggression (1933–1938)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44764/5-international-response-to-german-and-italian-aggression-1940.html" title="5. International response to German and Italian aggression (1940)">5. International response to German and Italian aggression (1940)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20009/6-ps3-full-source-papers-case-study-2.html" title="6. PS3: Full source papers Case Study 2">6. PS3: Full source papers Case Study 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="7. PS3 Move to Global War: Quizzes">7. PS3 Move to Global War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28200/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28218/move-to-global-war-germany.html" title="Move to Global War: Germany">Move to Global War: Germany</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28213/move-to-global-war-italy.html" title="Move to Global War: Italy">Move to Global War: Italy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../../task/398980.html" title="Move to Global War: Japan">Move to Global War: Japan</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19946/ps4-rights-and-protest.html" title="PS4: Rights and Protest">PS4: Rights and Protest</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20016/1-case-study-1-civil-rights-movement-in-the-united-states-195419.html" title="1. Case Study 1: Civil rights movement in the United States (1954–1965) ">1. Case Study 1: Civil rights movement in the United States (1954–1965) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44442/1-nature-and-characteristics-of-discrimination.html" title="1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination">1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44446/2-protests-and-action.html" title="2. Protests and action">2. Protests and action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44447/3-the-role-and-significance-of-key-actorsgroups.html" title="3. The role and significance of key actors/groups">3. The role and significance of key actors/groups</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20616/3-case-study-2-apartheid-south-africa-1948-1964-.html" title="3. Case Study 2: Apartheid South Africa (1948 - 1964) ">3. Case Study 2: Apartheid South Africa (1948 - 1964) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44454/1-nature-and-characteristics-of-discrimination.html" title="1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination">1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44738/the-system-of-apartheid.html" title="The system of apartheid">The system of apartheid</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44478/2-protests-and-action.html" title="2. Protests and action">2. Protests and action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44495/3-the-role-and-significance-of-key-actorsgroups.html" title="3. The role and significance of key actors/groups">3. The role and significance of key actors/groups</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="5. PS4: Full source papers Case Study 1">5. PS4: Full source papers Case Study 1</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39603/2-racism-and-violence-against-african-americans-the-ku-klux-klan.html" title="2. Racism and violence against African Americans; the Ku Klux Klan;">2. Racism and violence against African Americans; the Ku Klux Klan;</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="8. PS4 Rights and Protest: Quizzes">8. PS4 Rights and Protest: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33553/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33554/1-civil-rights-movement-in-the-us.html" title="1. Civil Rights movement in the US">1. Civil Rights movement in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33555/2-apartheid-south-africa.html" title="2. Apartheid South Africa">2. Apartheid South Africa</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="PS5: Conflict and Intervention">PS5: Conflict and Intervention</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20542/1-rwanda-19901998-atl.html" title="1. Rwanda (1990–1998) (ATL)">1. Rwanda (1990–1998) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20543/2-kosovo-19892002-atl.html" title="2. Kosovo (1989–2002) (ATL)">2. Kosovo (1989–2002) (ATL)</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../19758/paper-2.html" title="Paper 2">Paper 2</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24664/2-assessment-for-paper-2.html" title="2. Assessment for Paper 2">2. Assessment for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 02: Causes and Effects of Medieval Wars">Topic 02: Causes and Effects of Medieval Wars</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25631/1-causes-of-medieval-wars.html" title="1. Causes of Medieval Wars">1. Causes of Medieval Wars</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25450/2-military-personnel.html" title="2. Military Personnel">2. Military Personnel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25667/3-role-and-importance-of-rulers-in-war.html" title="3. Role and Importance of Rulers in War">3. Role and Importance of Rulers in War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25439/4-siege-warfare.html" title="4. Siege Warfare">4. Siege Warfare</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24699/5-women-in-medieval-warfare.html" title="5. Women in Medieval Warfare">5. Women in Medieval Warfare</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25680/6-the-effects-of-medieval-wars-and-conflicts.html" title="6. The Effects of Medieval Wars and Conflicts">6. The Effects of Medieval Wars and Conflicts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25731/case-study-4-the-abbasid-civil-war-809-813.html" title="Case Study 4: The Abbasid Civil War 809-813">Case Study 4: The Abbasid Civil War 809-813</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25729/case-study-topic-02-genghis-khan.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Genghis Khan">Case Study Topic 02: Genghis Khan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26139/case-study-topic-02-nur-al-din-zangi-1118-1174.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Nur al-Din Zangi (1118-1174)">Case Study Topic 02: Nur al-Din Zangi (1118-1174)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25730/case-study-topic-02-richard-i.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Richard I">Case Study Topic 02: Richard I</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 03: Dynasties and Rulers (750-1500)">Topic 03: Dynasties and Rulers (750-1500)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25750/case-study-topic-03-tamerlane.html" title="Case Study Topic 03: Tamerlane">Case Study Topic 03: Tamerlane</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31372/topic-06-causes-and-effects-of-early-modern-wars-1500-1750.html" title="Topic 06. Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500-1750)">Topic 06. Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500-1750)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32552/case-study-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires.html" title="Case study: Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires">Case study: Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32554/1-the-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-empire.html" title="1. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">1. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32641/2-the-spanish-conquest-of-the-inca-empire.html" title="2. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">2. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32807/3-conquest-of-aztec-and-inca-empires-effects.html" title="3. Conquest of Aztec and Inca Empires: Effects">3. Conquest of Aztec and Inca Empires: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32556/4-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires-essay-planning.html" title="4. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Essay planning">4. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32608/6-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires-videos.html" title="6. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Videos">6. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Videos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35709/case-study-the-english-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: The English Civil War">Case Study: The English Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32334/1-the-english-civil-war-causes.html" title="1. The English Civil War: Causes">1. The English Civil War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35753/2-the-english-civil-war-practices-.html" title="2. The English Civil War: Practices ">2. The English Civil War: Practices </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31381/case-study-the-thirty-years-war.html" title="Case study: The Thirty Years' War">Case study: The Thirty Years' War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31384/1-the-thirty-years-war-causes.html" title="1. The Thirty Years' War: Causes">1. The Thirty Years' War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31388/2-the-thirty-years-war-practices.html" title="2. The Thirty Years' War: Practices">2. The Thirty Years' War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31443/3-the-thirty-years-war-effects.html" title="3. The Thirty Years' War: Effects">3. The Thirty Years' War: Effects</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36249/topic-08-independence-movements.html" title="Topic 08: Independence Movements">Topic 08: Independence Movements</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36525/1-case-study-india.html" title="1. Case Study: India">1. Case Study: India</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36526/1-origins-and-rise-of-indian-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Indian independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Indian independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36539/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success-in-indian-independence-mo.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success in Indian independence movement">2. Methods used and reasons for success in Indian independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36540/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges ">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36559/4-indian-independence-movement-essay-planning.html" title="4. Indian independence movement: essay planning">4. Indian independence movement: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36319/2-case-study-ghana.html" title="2. Case study: Ghana">2. Case study: Ghana</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36265/1-origins-and-rise-of-ghanas-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Ghana's independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Ghana's independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36387/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36692/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36562/4-ghanas-independence-movement-essay-planning.html" title="4. Ghana's independence movement: essay planning">4. Ghana's independence movement: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37310/3-case-study-vietnam.html" title="3. Case Study: Vietnam">3. Case Study: Vietnam</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37287/1-origins-and-rise-of-vietnams-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Vietnam's independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Vietnam's independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37351/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37993/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37491/4-case-study-algeria.html" title="4. Case Study: Algeria">4. Case Study: Algeria</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37458/1-origins-and-rise-of-algerias-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Algeria's independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Algeria's independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37519/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37537/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38418/4-algerias-independence-movement-essay-writing.html" title="4. Algeria's independence movement: essay writing">4. Algeria's independence movement: essay writing</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36563/independence-movements-comparative-essay-planning.html" title="Independence Movements: Comparative essay planning">Independence Movements: Comparative essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19951/topic-10-authoritarian-states-20th-century.html" title="Topic 10: Authoritarian States (20th Century)">Topic 10: Authoritarian States (20th Century)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24137/case-study-topic-10-castro-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Castro (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Castro (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46536/1-castro-emergence-of-cuba-as-an-authoritarian-state.html" title="1. Castro: Emergence of Cuba as an authoritarian state">1. Castro: Emergence of Cuba as an authoritarian state</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46537/2-castro-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="2. Castro: Consolidation and maintenance of power">2. Castro: Consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46538/3-castro-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="3. Castro: Aims and results of policies">3. Castro: Aims and results of policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24144/castro-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Castro: Essay planning for Paper 2">Castro: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46527/castro-interactive-quiz.html" title="Castro: Interactive quiz">Castro: Interactive quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23352/case-study-topic-10-hitler-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Hitler (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Hitler (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23419/hitler-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Hitler: Essay planning for Paper 2">Hitler: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23118/case-study-topic-10-mao-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Mao (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Mao (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37952/mao-quizzes-.html" title="Mao: Quizzes ">Mao: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="1. Interactive quizzes">1. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38043/2-establishment-of-power-1949-1952.html" title="2. Establishment of power 1949 - 1952">2. Establishment of power 1949 - 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38054/3-maintenance-of-power-after-1952.html" title="3. Maintenance of power after 1952">3. Maintenance of power after 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38231/4-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="4. Aims and results of policies">4. Aims and results of policies</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24112/case-study-topic-10-mussolini-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Mussolini (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Mussolini (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24134/mussolini-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Mussolini: Essay planning for Paper 2">Mussolini: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23353/case-study-topic-10-ussr-lenin-and-stalin-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: USSR: Lenin and Stalin (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: USSR: Lenin and Stalin (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23424/stalin-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Stalin: Essay planning for Paper 2">Stalin: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35933/case-study-topic-10-nasser.html" title="Case Study: Topic 10 Nasser">Case Study: Topic 10 Nasser</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35920/1-nasser-emergence-of-authoritarian-states.html" title="1. Nasser: Emergence of Authoritarian states">1. Nasser: Emergence of Authoritarian states</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35928/2-nasser-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="2. Nasser: Consolidation and maintenance of power">2. Nasser: Consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35929/3-nasser-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="3. Nasser: Aims and results of policies">3. Nasser: Aims and results of policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35958/nasser-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Nasser: Essay planning for Paper 2">Nasser: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20019/comparative-essay-planning-for-authoritarian-states.html" title="Comparative essay planning for Authoritarian States">Comparative essay planning for Authoritarian States</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../19952/topic-11-causes-and-effects-of-20th-century-wars.html" title="Topic 11: Causes and effects of 20th Century wars">Topic 11: Causes and effects of 20th Century wars</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20021/an-introduction-to-themes-and-prescribed-content-atl.html" title="An introduction to themes and prescribed content (ATL)">An introduction to themes and prescribed content (ATL)</a></li><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../35849/case-study-algerian-war.html" title="Case study: Algerian War">Case study: Algerian War</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35126/1-algerian-war-causes.html" title="1. Algerian War: Causes">1. Algerian War: Causes</a></li><li class="current" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="2-algerian-war-practices.html" title="2. Algerian War: Practices">2. Algerian War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35239/3-algerian-war-effects.html" title="3. Algerian War: Effects">3. Algerian War: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35241/4-algerian-war-essay-planning-for-paper-two.html" title="4. Algerian War: Essay planning for Paper Two">4. Algerian War: Essay planning for Paper Two</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23020/case-study-chinese-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: Chinese Civil War">Case Study: Chinese Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23021/1-chinese-civil-war-causes-atl-.html" title="1. Chinese Civil War: Causes (ATL) ">1. Chinese Civil War: Causes (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23058/2-chinese-civil-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. Chinese Civil War: Practices (ATL)">2. Chinese Civil War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23301/3-chinese-civil-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. Chinese Civil War: Effects (ATL)">3. Chinese Civil War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23060/4-chinese-civil-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. Chinese Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. Chinese Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24607/5-chinese-civil-war-videos-and-activities.html" title="5. Chinese Civil War: Videos and activities">5. Chinese Civil War: Videos and activities</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44248/6-chinese-civil-war-interactive-quizzes.html" title="6. Chinese Civil War: interactive quizzes">6. Chinese Civil War: interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44249/1-causes-of-the-chinese-civil-war.html" title="1. Causes of the Chinese Civil War">1. Causes of the Chinese Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44250/2-practices-of-the-chinese-civil-war.html" title="2. Practices of the Chinese Civil War">2. Practices of the Chinese Civil War</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23567/case-study-cuban-revolution-atl.html" title="Case Study: Cuban Revolution (ATL)">Case Study: Cuban Revolution (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23584/cuban-revolution-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Cuban Revolution: Essay planning for Paper 2">Cuban Revolution: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21820/case-study-first-world-war.html" title="Case Study: First World War">Case Study: First World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22812/1-first-world-war-causes-atl.html" title="1. First World War: Causes (ATL)">1. First World War: Causes (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22818/2-first-world-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. First World War: Practices (ATL)">2. First World War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22819/3-first-world-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. First World War: Effects (ATL)">3. First World War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21827/4-first-world-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. First World War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. First World War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="8. First World War: Quizzes">8. First World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20024/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43973/2-practices-of-the-first-world-war.html" title="2. Practices of the First World War">2. Practices of the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43974/3-effects-of-the-first-world-war.html" title="3. Effects of the First World War">3. Effects of the First World War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42427/case-study-gulf-war.html" title="Case Study: Gulf War">Case Study: Gulf War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42428/1-gulf-war-long-term-causes.html" title="1. Gulf War: long-term causes">1. Gulf War: long-term causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42434/2-gulf-war-short-term-causes.html" title="2. Gulf War: short-term causes">2. Gulf War: short-term causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42556/3-gulf-war-practices.html" title="3. Gulf War: Practices">3. Gulf War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42720/4-gulf-war-effects.html" title="4. Gulf War: Effects">4. Gulf War: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42750/5-gulf-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="5. Gulf War: Essay planning for Paper 2">5. Gulf War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36703/case-study-russian-civil-war-atl.html" title="Case Study: Russian Civil War (ATL)">Case Study: Russian Civil War (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22778/case-study-second-world-war.html" title="Case Study: Second World War">Case Study: Second World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21821/1-second-world-war-causes-part-i-atl.html" title="1. Second World War: Causes Part I (ATL)">1. Second World War: Causes Part I (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25800/2-second-world-war-causes-part-ii-asia-atl.html" title="2. Second World War - Causes Part II Asia (ATL)">2. Second World War - Causes Part II Asia (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22767/3-second-world-war-practices-atl.html" title="3. Second World War: Practices (ATL)">3. Second World War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42531/impact-of-the-second-world-war-on-civilians.html" title="Impact of the Second World War on civilians">Impact of the Second World War on civilians</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22893/4-second-world-war-effects-atl.html" title="4. Second World War: Effects (ATL)">4. Second World War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22529/5-second-world-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="5. Second World War: Essay planning for Paper 2">5. Second World War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9. Second World War: Quizzes">9. Second World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28885/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28895/1-practices-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="1. Practices of the Second World War">1. Practices of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43975/2-effects-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="2. Effects of the Second World War">2. Effects of the Second World War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22906/case-study-spanish-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: Spanish Civil War">Case Study: Spanish Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22913/1-spanish-civil-war-causes-atl.html" title="1. Spanish Civil War: Causes (ATL)">1. Spanish Civil War: Causes (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22917/2-spanish-civil-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. Spanish Civil War: Practices (ATL)">2. Spanish Civil War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22918/3-spanish-civil-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. Spanish Civil War: Effects (ATL)">3. Spanish Civil War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22914/4-spanish-civil-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. Spanish Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. Spanish Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43978/7-spanish-civil-war-interactive-quizzes.html" title="7. Spanish Civil War: Interactive quizzes">7. Spanish Civil War: Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43979/1-causes-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="1. Causes of the Spanish Civil War">1. Causes of the Spanish Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43980/2-practices-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="2. Practices of the Spanish Civil War">2. Practices of the Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21822/case-study-vietnam-war-atl.html" title="Case Study: Vietnam War (ATL)">Case Study: Vietnam War (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22303/1-vietnam-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="1. Vietnam War: Essay planning for Paper 2">1. Vietnam War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22306/causes-and-effects-of-20th-century-wars-comparative-essay-planni.html" title="Causes and effects of 20th Century wars: Comparative essay planning">Causes and effects of 20th Century wars: Comparative essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19953/topic-12-the-cold-war-superpower-tensions-and-rivalries.html" title="Topic 12: The Cold War: Superpower tensions and rivalries">Topic 12: The Cold War: Superpower tensions and rivalries</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20106/11-theme-1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-atl.html" title="1.1 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)">1.1 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25988/12-theme-1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-atl.html" title="1.2 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)">1.2 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20858/1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-.html" title="1. Rivalry, mistrust and accord: essay writing exercises and essay plans">1. Rivalry, mistrust and accord: essay writing exercises and essay plans</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20100/2-theme-2-leaders-and-nations-atl.html" title="2. Theme 2 - Leaders and Nations (ATL)">2. Theme 2 - Leaders and Nations (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29235/1-impact-of-leaders-on-the-cold-war.html" title="1. Impact of leaders on the Cold War">1. Impact of leaders on the Cold War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28184/2-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-cuba-.html" title="2. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Cuba ">2. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Cuba </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29229/3-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-egypt.html" title="3. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Egypt">3. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Egypt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29341/4-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-us.html" title="4. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: US">4. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29402/5-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-ussr.html" title="5. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: USSR">5. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: USSR</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45523/6-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-west-germany.html" title="6. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: West Germany">6. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: West Germany</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20105/leaders-and-nations-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-frames.html" title="Leaders and nations: Essay writing exercises and essay frames">Leaders and nations: Essay writing exercises and essay frames</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20101/3-theme-3-cold-war-crises.html" title="3. Theme 3 - Cold War Crises">3. Theme 3 - Cold War Crises</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41393/1-the-berlin-blockade-1948-.html" title="1. The Berlin Blockade 1948 ">1. The Berlin Blockade 1948 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41394/2-the-berlin-crisis-1958-to-1961.html" title="2. The Berlin Crisis 1958 to 1961">2. The Berlin Crisis 1958 to 1961</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41395/3-the-cuban-missile-crisis-.html" title="3. The Cuban Missile Crisis ">3. The Cuban Missile Crisis </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41637/4-the-korean-war-1950.html" title="4. The Korean War 1950">4. The Korean War 1950</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41636/5-the-prague-spring-1968.html" title="5. The Prague Spring, 1968">5. The Prague Spring, 1968</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20103/cold-war-crises-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-plans.html" title="Cold War crises: Essay writing exercises and essay plans">Cold War crises: Essay writing exercises and essay plans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41413/cold-war-crises-review.html" title="Cold War Crises: Review">Cold War Crises: Review</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="7. The Cold War: Quizzes">7. The Cold War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24498/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../../task/334034.html" title="1. Origins of the Cold War (M/C)">1. Origins of the Cold War (M/C)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38877/1-origins-of-the-cold-war-short-answers.html" title="1. Origins of the Cold War (short answers)">1. Origins of the Cold War (short answers)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38401/4-cold-war-crises-the-cuban-missile-crisis.html" title="4. Cold War Crises: The Cuban Missile Crisis">4. Cold War Crises: The Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19920/paper-3.html" title="Paper 3">Paper 3</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24669/2-assessment-for-paper-3.html" title="2. Assessment for Paper 3">2. Assessment for Paper 3</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25629/option-1-africa-and-the-middle-east.html" title="Option 1: Africa and the Middle East">Option 1: Africa and the Middle East</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25715/topic-02-the-fatimids-909-1171.html" title="Topic 02: The Fatimids - 909-1171">Topic 02: The Fatimids - 909-1171</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25654/1-case-study-1-al-muizz-li-din-allah.html" title="1. Case Study 1: al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">1. Case Study 1: al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25662/2-case-study-2-al-hakim-bi-amr-allah.html" title="2. Case Study 2: al-Hakim bi-amr Allah">2. Case Study 2: al-Hakim bi-amr Allah</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25701/fatimid-resources.html" title="Fatimid Resources">Fatimid Resources</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25725/topic-03-the-crusades-1095-1291.html" title="Topic 03: The Crusades - 1095-1291">Topic 03: The Crusades - 1095-1291</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25871/1-causes-of-the-crusades-atl-.html" title="1. Causes of the Crusades (ATL) ">1. Causes of the Crusades (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25889/2-holy-war-and-jihad-atl.html" title="2. Holy War and Jihad (ATL)">2. Holy War and Jihad (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25888/3-pilgrimage-preaching-and-the-crusade-atl.html" title="3. Pilgrimage, Preaching and the Crusade (ATL)">3. Pilgrimage, Preaching and the Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25895/4-the-first-crusade-atl-.html" title="4. The First Crusade (ATL) ">4. The First Crusade (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25986/5-the-second-crusade-atl.html" title="5. The Second Crusade (ATL)">5. The Second Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26008/6-the-fourth-crusade-atl.html" title="6. The Fourth Crusade (ATL)">6. The Fourth Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25936/7-impact-of-the-crusades-atl-.html" title="7. Impact of the Crusades (ATL) ">7. Impact of the Crusades (ATL) </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42822/topic-12-the-ottoman-empire-c18001923.html" title="Topic 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)">Topic 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42823/1-challenges-to-ottoman-power-in-the-early-19th-century.html" title="1. Challenges to Ottoman Power in the early 19th Century">1. Challenges to Ottoman Power in the early 19th Century</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42848/2-the-eastern-question-and-crimean-war.html" title="2. The Eastern Question and Crimean War">2. The Eastern Question and Crimean War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42957/3-the-decline-of-ottoman-power-in-the-middle-east-and-north-afri.html" title="3. The Decline of Ottoman Power in the Middle East and North Africa ">3. The Decline of Ottoman Power in the Middle East and North Africa </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="4. Reform of the Ottoman government">4. Reform of the Ottoman government</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43167/1-reforms-of-sultan-selim-iii-and-sultan-mahmud-ii.html" title="1. Reforms of Sultan Selim III and Sultan Mahmud II">1. Reforms of Sultan Selim III and Sultan Mahmud II</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43168/2-the-tanzimat-reforms.html" title="2. The Tanzimat reforms">2. The Tanzimat reforms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43169/3-impact-of-tanzimat-reforms.html" title="3. Impact of Tanzimat reforms">3. Impact of Tanzimat reforms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43221/4-historical-pespectives-on-the-tanzimat.html" title="4. Historical pespectives on the Tanzimat">4. Historical pespectives on the Tanzimat</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43236/5-the-young-turk-revolution.html" title="5. The Young Turk Revolution">5. The Young Turk Revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43252/6-the-balkan-wars-1912-1913.html" title="6. The Balkan Wars 1912 - 1913">6. The Balkan Wars 1912 - 1913</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43325/7-ottoman-empire-and-first-world-war.html" title="7. Ottoman Empire and First World War">7. Ottoman Empire and First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43632/8-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-up-to-1923.html" title="8. The impact of the First World War up to 1923">8. The impact of the First World War up to 1923</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43692/9b-ottoman-empire-essay-planning.html" title="9b. Ottoman Empire: Essay planning">9b. Ottoman Empire: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44555/topic-15-developments-in-south-africa-1880-1994.html" title="Topic 15. Developments in South Africa, 1880 - 1994">Topic 15. Developments in South Africa, 1880 - 1994</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45435/1-the-boers-british-and-discovery-of-minerals-.html" title="1. The Boers, British and discovery of minerals ">1. The Boers, British and discovery of minerals </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45576/2-causes-of-the-south-african-war-18991902-.html" title="2. Causes of the South African War (1899–1902) ">2. Causes of the South African War (1899–1902) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45591/3-course-and-results-of-the-south-african-war.html" title="3. Course and results of the South African War">3. Course and results of the South African War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44362/4-policies-of-smuts-and-hertzog-19101948.html" title="4. Policies of Smuts and Hertzog (1910–1948)">4. Policies of Smuts and Hertzog (1910–1948)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44652/4a-the-national-party-policies-1948-1966.html" title="4a. The National Party: policies 1948 - 1966">4a. The National Party: policies 1948 - 1966</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44792/5-the-national-party-policies-1966-to-1980.html" title="5. The National Party: policies 1966 to 1980">5. The National Party: policies 1966 to 1980</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44790/6-resistance-to-apartheid-in-the-50s-and-60s.html" title="6. Resistance to apartheid in the 50s and 60s">6. Resistance to apartheid in the 50s and 60s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44791/7-resistance-in-the-1970s.html" title="7. Resistance in the 1970s">7. Resistance in the 1970s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44802/8-international-opposition-to-apartheid.html" title="8. International opposition to apartheid">8. International opposition to apartheid</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44911/9-the-end-of-apartheid-.html" title="9. The end of apartheid ">9. The end of apartheid </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45640/developments-in-south-africa-essay-planning.html" title="Developments in South Africa: Essay planning">Developments in South Africa: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28327/topic-17-post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-19452000.html" title="Topic 17: Post-war developments in the Middle East (1945–2000)">Topic 17: Post-war developments in the Middle East (1945–2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28347/1-origins-of-the-state-of-israel.html" title="1. Origins of the state of Israel">1. Origins of the state of Israel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29036/2-arab-israeli-conflicts-1956-to-1973.html" title="2. Arab-Israeli conflicts, 1956 to 1973">2. Arab-Israeli conflicts, 1956 to 1973</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32361/3-the-plo-and-attempts-at-peacemaking.html" title="3. The PLO and attempts at peacemaking.">3. The PLO and attempts at peacemaking.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32043/4-post-war-egypt.html" title="4. Post-war Egypt">4. Post-war Egypt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31740/6-post-war-iran.html" title="6. Post-war Iran">6. Post-war Iran</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31574/7-lebanons-civil-war.html" title="7. Lebanon's Civil War">7. Lebanon's Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31994/post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-essay-planning.html" title="Post-war developments in the Middle East: Essay planning">Post-war developments in the Middle East: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28372/post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-videos.html" title="Post-war developments in the Middle East: videos">Post-war developments in the Middle East: videos</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Option 2: History of the Americas">Option 2: History of the Americas</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38828/topic-05-slavery-and-the-new-world-15001800.html" title="Topic 05: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)">Topic 05: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38525/1-origins-of-the-transatlantic-slave-trade.html" title="1. Origins of the transatlantic slave trade">1. Origins of the transatlantic slave trade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38847/2-the-middle-passage.html" title="2. The Middle Passage">2. The Middle Passage</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38879/3-life-on-the-plantations-.html" title="3. Life on the plantations ">3. Life on the plantations </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38926/4-slave-resistance-and-slave-rebellions-in-british-america.html" title="4. Slave resistance and slave rebellions in British America">4. Slave resistance and slave rebellions in British America</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39250/5-opposition-to-the-slave-trade-and-slavery.html" title="5. Opposition to the slave trade and slavery">5. Opposition to the slave trade and slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39315/6-economic-and-social-impact-of-slavery.html" title="6. Economic and social impact of slavery">6. Economic and social impact of slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39434/7-slavery-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="7. Slavery: Essay frames and writing exercises">7. Slavery: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27264/topic-08-united-states-civil-war-causes-course-and-effects-1840-.html" title="Topic 08: United States' Civil War: Causes, course and effects (1840-1877)">Topic 08: United States' Civil War: Causes, course and effects (1840-1877)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27273/1-slavery.html" title="1. Slavery">1. Slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27915/2-origins-of-the-civil-war.html" title="2. Origins of the Civil War">2. Origins of the Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28819/3-westward-expansion-and-the-crises-of-the-1850s.html" title="3. Westward expansion and the crises of the 1850s">3. Westward expansion and the crises of the 1850s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28878/4-how-the-civil-war-was-fought.html" title="4. How the Civil War was fought">4. How the Civil War was fought</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31057/5-factors-affecting-the-outcome-of-the-civil-war.html" title="5. Factors affecting the outcome of the Civil War">5. Factors affecting the outcome of the Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31101/6-how-successful-was-reconstruction.html" title="6. How successful was Reconstruction?">6. How successful was Reconstruction?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31156/us-civil-war-essay-planning-activities.html" title="US Civil War: Essay planning activities">US Civil War: Essay planning activities</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38860/topic-10-emergence-of-the-americas-in-global-affairs-18801929.html" title="Topic 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)">Topic 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39153/1-united-states-expansionist-foreign-policies.html" title="1. United States’ expansionist foreign policies">1. United States’ expansionist foreign policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39402/2-spanishamerican-war-1898-causes-and-effects-.html" title="2. Spanish–American War (1898): causes and effects ">2. Spanish–American War (1898): causes and effects </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39549/3-impact-of-united-states-foreign-policies-big-stick-dollar-dipl.html" title="3. Impact of United States’ foreign policies: Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; moral diplomacy">3. Impact of United States’ foreign policies: Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; moral diplomacy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38889/4-united-states-and-the-first-world-war-from-neutrality-to-invol.html" title="4. United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement">4. United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38963/5-wilsons-peace-ideals-.html" title="5. Wilson’s peace ideals ">5. Wilson’s peace ideals </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39020/6-significance-of-first-world-war-for-the-us-hemispheric-status-.html" title="6. Significance of First World War for the US' hemispheric status ">6. Significance of First World War for the US' hemispheric status </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40268/7-involvement-of-canada-in-the-first-world-war.html" title="7. Involvement of Canada in the First World War">7. Involvement of Canada in the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40269/9-involvement-of-brazil-in-the-first-world-war.html" title="9. Involvement of Brazil in the First World War">9. Involvement of Brazil in the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40145/9a-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-brazil.html" title="9a. Impact of the First World War on Brazil">9a. Impact of the First World War on Brazil</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40942/9b-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-canada.html" title="9b Impact of the First World War on Canada">9b Impact of the First World War on Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40273/emergence-of-the-americas-essay-planning.html" title="Emergence of the Americas: Essay planning">Emergence of the Americas: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43311/topic-11-the-mexican-revolution.html" title="Topic 11: The Mexican Revolution">Topic 11: The Mexican Revolution</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43181/1-the-rule-of-porfirio-diaz-and-causes-of-revolution.html" title="1. The rule of Porfirio Diaz and causes of revolution">1. The rule of Porfirio Diaz and causes of revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43228/2-mexican-revolution-leaders.html" title="2. Mexican Revolution - leaders">2. Mexican Revolution - leaders</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43235/3-mexico-post-revolutionary-state-19201940-.html" title="3. Mexico: post-revolutionary state (1920–1940) ">3. Mexico: post-revolutionary state (1920–1940) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43237/4-mexican-revolution-women-culture.html" title="4. Mexican Revolution: Women & culture">4. Mexican Revolution: Women & culture</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43248/5-mexican-revolution-essay-planning.html" title="5. Mexican Revolution: Essay planning">5. Mexican Revolution: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26012/topic-12-the-great-depression-and-the-americas.html" title="Topic 12: The Great Depression and the Americas">Topic 12: The Great Depression and the Americas</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45972/1-the-great-depression-in-the-us.html" title="1. The Great Depression in the US">1. The Great Depression in the US</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26013/a-the-us-economy-in-the-1920s.html" title="a. The US economy in the 1920s">a. The US economy in the 1920s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45971/b-why-did-wall-street-crash.html" title="b. Why did Wall Street crash?">b. Why did Wall Street crash?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45973/c-why-did-the-crash-cause-a-depression.html" title="c. Why did the Crash cause a depression?">c. Why did the Crash cause a depression?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26252/d-hoovers-response-to-the-depression.html" title="d. Hoover's response to the Depression">d. Hoover's response to the Depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46028/e-roosevelt-and-the-new-deal.html" title="e. Roosevelt and the New Deal">e. Roosevelt and the New Deal</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26262/f-political-economic-and-social-impact-of-the-depression.html" title="f. Political, economic and social impact of the Depression">f. Political, economic and social impact of the Depression</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26111/2-the-great-depression-in-canada.html" title="2. The Great Depression in Canada">2. The Great Depression in Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26173/3-the-impact-of-the-depression-on-brazil.html" title="3. The impact of the Depression on Brazil">3. The impact of the Depression on Brazil</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26189/7-the-great-depression-and-the-americas-essay-planning.html" title="7. The Great Depression and the Americas: essay planning">7. The Great Depression and the Americas: essay planning</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46348/9-the-great-depression-and-the-americas-quizzes.html" title="9. The Great Depression and the Americas: Quizzes">9. The Great Depression and the Americas: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46349/a-causes-of-the-depression-in-the-us.html" title="a. Causes of the Depression in the US">a. Causes of the Depression in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46378/b-the-new-deal.html" title="b. The New Deal">b. The New Deal</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25753/topic-13-the-second-world-war-and-the-americas-19331945.html" title="Topic 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)">Topic 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25754/1-reactions-to-events-in-europe-and-asia-1933-1941.html" title="1. Reactions to events in Europe and Asia, 1933 - 1941">1. Reactions to events in Europe and Asia, 1933 - 1941</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25810/2-involvement-and-participation-of-the-us-and-canada.html" title="2. Involvement and participation of the US and Canada">2. Involvement and participation of the US and Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25841/3-social-impact-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="3. Social impact of the Second World War">3. Social impact of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25811/4-the-use-of-atomic-weapons-against-japan.html" title="4. The use of Atomic weapons against Japan">4. The use of Atomic weapons against Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25847/5-economic-and-diplomatic-effects-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="5. Economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War">5. Economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26040/6-treatment-of-japanese-citizens-in-the-americas.html" title="6. Treatment of Japanese citizens in the Americas">6. Treatment of Japanese citizens in the Americas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25814/8-the-second-world-war-and-the-americas-essay-frames-and-writing.html" title="8. The Second World War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises">8. The Second World War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24072/topic-14-political-developments-in-latin-america-19451980.html" title="Topic 14: Political developments in Latin America (1945–1980)">Topic 14: Political developments in Latin America (1945–1980)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35116/1-the-cuban-revolution.html" title="1. The Cuban Revolution">1. The Cuban Revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35117/2-rule-of-fidel-castro.html" title="2. Rule of Fidel Castro">2. Rule of Fidel Castro</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28320/3-liberation-theology-in-latin-america.html" title="3. Liberation Theology in Latin America">3. Liberation Theology in Latin America</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29264/4-populist-leader-getulio-vargas.html" title="4. Populist leader: Getúlio Vargas">4. Populist leader: Getúlio Vargas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29088/5-populist-leader-juan-peron.html" title="5. Populist leader: Juan Perón">5. Populist leader: Juan Perón</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29283/6-the-rise-of-military-dictatorships.html" title="6. The rise of military dictatorships">6. The rise of military dictatorships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29278/political-developments-in-latin-america-essay-planning.html" title="Political developments in Latin America: Essay planning">Political developments in Latin America: Essay planning</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46531/political-developments-in-latin-america-quizzes.html" title="Political developments in Latin America: quizzes">Political developments in Latin America: quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46532/the-cuban-revolution-and-rule-of-fidel-castro.html" title="The Cuban Revolution and rule of Fidel Castro">The Cuban Revolution and rule of Fidel Castro</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 16: The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)">Topic 16: The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24080/1-containment-under-truman-and-eisenhower-atl.html" title="1. Containment under Truman and Eisenhower (ATL)">1. Containment under Truman and Eisenhower (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24085/2-american-policy-in-vietnam-atl.html" title="2. American policy in Vietnam (ATL)">2. American policy in Vietnam (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24084/3-us-foreign-policy-kennedy-to-carter-atl.html" title="3. US Foreign policy - Kennedy to Carter (ATL)">3. US Foreign policy - Kennedy to Carter (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24107/4-the-cold-war-and-the-americas-essay-frames-and-writing-exercis.html" title="4. The Cold War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. The Cold War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24881/topic-17-civil-rights-and-social-movements-in-the-americas-post-.html" title="Topic 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945">Topic 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24882/1-indigenous-peoples-and-civil-rights-in-america-atl.html" title="1. Indigenous peoples and civil rights in America (ATL)">1. Indigenous peoples and civil rights in America (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24883/2-african-americans-and-the-fight-for-civil-rights-atl.html" title="2. African Americans and the fight for civil rights (ATL)">2. African Americans and the fight for civil rights (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25187/3-feminist-movements-in-the-us.html" title="3. Feminist movements in the US">3. Feminist movements in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45788/3b-feminist-movements-in-canada.html" title="3b. Feminist movements in Canada">3b. Feminist movements in Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24976/4-hispanic-movement-in-the-us-atl.html" title="4. Hispanic Movement in the US (ATL)">4. Hispanic Movement in the US (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25409/5-counter-culture-in-the-us.html" title="5. Counter-culture in the US">5. Counter-culture in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25266/6-civil-rights-and-social-movements-essay-frames-and-writing-exe.html" title="6. Civil Rights and social movements: Essay frames and writing exercises">6. Civil Rights and social movements: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Option 3: History of Asia and Oceania">Option 3: History of Asia and Oceania</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31362/topic-07-challenges-to-traditional-east-asian-societies-1700-186.html" title="Topic 07. Challenges to traditional East Asian societies (1700 - 1868)">Topic 07. Challenges to traditional East Asian societies (1700 - 1868)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31315/1-the-nature-and-structure-of-imperial-rule-under-the-qing-dynas.html" title="1. The nature and structure of imperial rule under the Qing dynasty; Qianlong">1. The nature and structure of imperial rule under the Qing dynasty; Qianlong</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31715/2-the-chinese-tribute-system-and-western-trade-missions.html" title="2. The Chinese tribute system and western trade missions">2. The Chinese tribute system and western trade missions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31726/3-first-and-second-opium-wars.html" title="3. First and Second Opium Wars">3. First and Second Opium Wars</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32516/4-taiping-rebellion.html" title="4. Taiping Rebellion">4. Taiping Rebellion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32354/5-the-tokugawa-shogunates-rule-in-japan.html" title="5. The Tokugawa Shogunate's rule in Japan">5. The Tokugawa Shogunate's rule in Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32569/6-the-fall-of-the-tokugawa-shogunate-1853-to-1868.html" title="6. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, 1853 to 1868">6. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, 1853 to 1868</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31739/7-challenges-to-east-asian-societies-essay-planning.html" title="7. Challenges to East Asian societies: Essay planning">7. Challenges to East Asian societies: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32573/challenges-to-east-asian-societies-extra-resources.html" title="Challenges to East Asian Societies: Extra Resources">Challenges to East Asian Societies: Extra Resources</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28521/topic-10-nationalism-and-independence-in-india-19191964.html" title="Topic 10: Nationalism and independence in India (1919–1964">Topic 10: Nationalism and independence in India (1919–1964</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28278/1-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-india.html" title="1. The impact of the First World War on India">1. The impact of the First World War on India</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28553/2-the-inter-war-years-growing-pressure-on-britain.html" title="2. The inter-war years: growing pressure on Britain">2. The inter-war years: growing pressure on Britain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28509/3-growth-of-muslim-separatism.html" title="3. Growth of Muslim separatism">3. Growth of Muslim separatism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28665/4-the-impact-of-the-second-world-war-on-india.html" title="4. The impact of the Second World War on India">4. The impact of the Second World War on India</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28778/5-post-independence-india-1947-1964.html" title="5. Post independence India 1947 - 1964">5. Post independence India 1947 - 1964</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28692/6-nationalism-and-independence-in-india-essay-planning.html" title="6. Nationalism and Independence in India: Essay planning">6. Nationalism and Independence in India: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27359/topic-11-japan-1912-to-1990.html" title="Topic 11: Japan 1912 to 1990">Topic 11: Japan 1912 to 1990</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27360/1-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-japan.html" title="1. The impact of the First World War on Japan">1. The impact of the First World War on Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27210/2-taisho-democracy.html" title="2. Taisho Democracy">2. Taisho Democracy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27326/3-the-growth-of-militarism-and-nationalism-in-japan.html" title="3. The growth of militarism and nationalism in Japan">3. The growth of militarism and nationalism in Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27412/4-japans-foreign-policy-1931-to-1945.html" title="4. Japan's foreign policy 1931 to 1945">4. Japan's foreign policy 1931 to 1945</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27681/5-the-us-occupation-1945-to-1952.html" title="5. The US Occupation 1945 to 1952">5. The US Occupation 1945 to 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28007/6-economic-miracle-and-its-impact-on-japan.html" title="6. Economic miracle and its impact on Japan">6. Economic miracle and its impact on Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27583/7-japan-1912-to-1990-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="7. Japan 1912 to 1990: Essay frames and writing exercises">7. Japan 1912 to 1990: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9b. Japan 1920 - 1990: interactive quizzes">9b. Japan 1920 - 1990: interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44023/1-japans-foreign-policy-1931-1945.html" title="1. Japan's foreign policy 1931 - 1945">1. Japan's foreign policy 1931 - 1945</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26494/topic-12-china-and-korea-1910-1950.html" title="Topic 12: China and Korea (1910 - 1950)">Topic 12: China and Korea (1910 - 1950)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26495/1-rise-of-national-identity-in-china-atl.html" title="1. Rise of national identity in China (ATL)">1. Rise of national identity in China (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26562/2-the-nanjing-decade-1927-1937.html" title="2. The Nanjing decade (1927 - 1937)">2. The Nanjing decade (1927 - 1937)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26709/3-rise-of-communism-in-china-atl.html" title="3. Rise of Communism in China (ATL)">3. Rise of Communism in China (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26801/4-china-at-war-1931-to-1949-atl.html" title="4. China at war 1931 to 1949 (ATL)">4. China at war 1931 to 1949 (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26596/5-korea-1910-1950-atl.html" title="5. Korea 1910 - 1950: ATL">5. Korea 1910 - 1950: ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27124/6-taiwan-and-the-republic-of-china.html" title="6. Taiwan and the Republic of China">6. Taiwan and the Republic of China</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26618/china-and-korea-1910-1950-extra-resources.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950) Extra Resources">China and Korea (1910 - 1950) Extra Resources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26592/china-and-korea-1910-1950-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950): Essay frames and writing exercises">China and Korea (1910 - 1950): Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26557/china-and-korea-1910-1950-videos.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950): videos">China and Korea (1910 - 1950): videos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23218/topic-14-the-peoples-republic-of-china-1949-2005.html" title="Topic 14: The People's Republic of China (1949 - 2005)">Topic 14: The People's Republic of China (1949 - 2005)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23270/1-maos-consolidation-of-power-and-rule-1949-1976-atl.html" title="1. Mao's consolidation of power and rule (1949 - 1976) (ATL)">1. Mao's consolidation of power and rule (1949 - 1976) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23271/2-chinas-foreign-policy-1949-1976-atl.html" title="2. China's foreign policy (1949 - 1976) (ATL)">2. China's foreign policy (1949 - 1976) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23272/3-economic-and-political-developments-under-deng-xiaoping.html" title="3. Economic and political developments under Deng Xiaoping">3. Economic and political developments under Deng Xiaoping</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45780/4-developments-in-china-1990-2005.html" title="4. Developments in China 1990 - 2005">4. Developments in China 1990 - 2005</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23313/4-the-peoples-republic-of-china-essay-frames-and-writing-exercis.html" title="4. The People's Republic of China: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. The People's Republic of China: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 15: Cold War conflicts in Asia">Topic 15: Cold War conflicts in Asia</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25338/1-the-korean-war-and-its-impact-atl.html" title="1. The Korean War and its impact (ATL)">1. The Korean War and its impact (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25416/2-the-malayan-emergency-atl.html" title="2. The Malayan Emergency (ATL)">2. The Malayan Emergency (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25392/3-the-vietnam-conflict-atl.html" title="3. The Vietnam conflict (ATL)">3. The Vietnam conflict (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25622/4-cambodia-atl.html" title="4. Cambodia (ATL)">4. Cambodia (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25447/5-afghanistan-1979-1992-atl.html" title="5. Afghanistan (1979 - 1992) (ATL)">5. Afghanistan (1979 - 1992) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25457/7-cold-war-conflicts-in-asia-essay-writing-frames-and-exercises.html" title="7. Cold War Conflicts in Asia: Essay writing frames and exercises">7. Cold War Conflicts in Asia: Essay writing frames and exercises</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19956/option-4-history-of-europe.html" title="Option 4: History of Europe">Option 4: History of Europe</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20828/-8-the-french-revolution-and-napoleon-i-17741815.html" title=" 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)"> 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20834/1-crisis-of-the-ancien-regime-atl.html" title="1. Crisis of the Ancien Régime (ATL)">1. Crisis of the Ancien Régime (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21682/2-the-establishment-of-a-consitutional-monarchy-1789-1791-.html" title="2. The establishment of a consitutional monarchy (1789 - 1791) ">2. The establishment of a consitutional monarchy (1789 - 1791) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27937/3-the-establishment-of-a-republic-and-the-terror-1791-1794.html" title="3. The establishment of a Republic and the Terror, 1791 - 1794">3. The establishment of a Republic and the Terror, 1791 - 1794</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21686/4-the-thermidorian-reaction-and-the-directory-17951799.html" title="4. The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory (1795–1799)">4. The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory (1795–1799)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22340/5-the-rise-and-rule-of-napoleon-1799-1814-atl.html" title="5. The rise and rule of Napoleon (1799 - 1814) (ATL)">5. The rise and rule of Napoleon (1799 - 1814) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22802/6-french-revolution-and-napoleon-essay-frames-and-writing-exerci.html" title="6. French Revolution and Napoleon: Essay frames and writing exercises">6. French Revolution and Napoleon: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46550/11-italy-18151871-and-germany-18151890.html" title="11. Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890">11. Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46551/1-italian-unification.html" title="1. Italian Unification">1. Italian Unification</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46544/a-italy-1815-1847.html" title="a. Italy 1815 - 1847">a. Italy 1815 - 1847</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46615/b-the-revolutions-of-1848-49.html" title="b. The Revolutions of 1848 - 49">b. The Revolutions of 1848 - 49</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46649/c-cavours-actions-1848-1860.html" title="c. Cavour's actions 1848 - 1860">c. Cavour's actions 1848 - 1860</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46721/d-garibaldi-and-unification-after-1860.html" title="d. Garibaldi and unification after 1860">d. Garibaldi and unification after 1860</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22466/12-imperial-russia-revolution-and-the-establishment-of-the-sovie.html" title="12: Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union">12: Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22558/1-imperial-russia-reform-and-reaction-1855-1894-atl.html" title="1. Imperial Russia, reform and reaction (1855 - 1894) (ATL)">1. Imperial Russia, reform and reaction (1855 - 1894) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22559/2-imperial-russia-the-last-years-of-autocracy-1894-1914-atl.html" title="2. Imperial Russia: The last years of autocracy (1894 - 1914) (ATL)">2. Imperial Russia: The last years of autocracy (1894 - 1914) (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22696/3-the-revolutions-of-1917-atl.html" title="3. The revolutions of 1917 (ATL)">3. The revolutions of 1917 (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46736/3b-the-bolshevik-revolution-of-1917.html" title="3b. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917">3b. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22717/4-the-bolshevik-consolidation-of-power-1918-1924-atl.html" title="4. The Bolshevik consolidation of power (1918 - 1924) (ATL)">4. The Bolshevik consolidation of power (1918 - 1924) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22578/5-imperial-russia-revolution-and-the-establishment-of-the-soviet.html" title="5. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Essay frames and writing exercises">5. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Quizzes">9. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28004/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28433/1-russia-1855-to-1917.html" title="1. Russia 1855 to 1917">1. Russia 1855 to 1917</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28005/2-russia-1917-1924.html" title="2. Russia 1917 -1924">2. Russia 1917 -1924</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22166/13-europe-and-the-first-world-war.html" title="13: Europe and the First World War">13: Europe and the First World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34290/1-changing-alliances-in-europe-1871-to-1907.html" title="1. Changing alliances in Europe 1871 to 1907">1. Changing alliances in Europe 1871 to 1907</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34348/2-why-did-war-break-out-in-1914.html" title="2. Why did war break out in 1914?">2. Why did war break out in 1914?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34369/3-impact-of-war-and-the-reasons-for-allied-victory.html" title="3. Impact of war and the reasons for Allied victory">3. Impact of war and the reasons for Allied victory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22188/4-europe-and-the-first-world-war-essay-frames-and-writing-exerci.html" title="4. Europe and the First World War: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. Europe and the First World War: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="6. Europe and the First World War: Quizzes">6. Europe and the First World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43982/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22520/15-diplomacy-in-europe-19191945.html" title="15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)">15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41037/1-the-versailles-peace-treaty.html" title="1. The Versailles Peace Treaty">1. The Versailles Peace Treaty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41038/2-other-treaties-in-the-versailles-settlement.html" title="2. Other Treaties in the Versailles Settlement">2. Other Treaties in the Versailles Settlement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41047/3-the-league-of-nations-and-europe-in-the-1920s.html" title="3. The League of Nations and Europe in the 1920s">3. The League of Nations and Europe in the 1920s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41063/4-italian-and-german-foreign-policies-19191941.html" title="4. Italian and German foreign policies (1919–1941)">4. Italian and German foreign policies (1919–1941)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41064/5-collective-security-in-the-1920s-and-1930s.html" title="5. Collective security in the 1920s and 1930s">5. Collective security in the 1920s and 1930s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41067/6-the-policy-of-appeasement.html" title="6. The policy of Appeasement">6. The policy of Appeasement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41068/7-events-in-europe-up-to-1941.html" title="7. Events in Europe up to 1941">7. Events in Europe up to 1941</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41069/8-the-wartime-alliance-1941-to-1945.html" title="8: The Wartime Alliance 1941 to 1945">8: The Wartime Alliance 1941 to 1945</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22521/9-diplomacy-in-europe-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="9. Diplomacy in Europe: Essay frames and writing exercises">9. Diplomacy in Europe: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9c. Diplomacy in Europe: Quizzes ">9c. Diplomacy in Europe: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36574/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36570/versailles-peace-settlement.html" title="Versailles Peace Settlement">Versailles Peace Settlement</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30012/18-post-war-central-and-eastern-europe-1945-2000.html" title="18: Post-war central and eastern Europe (1945-2000)">18: Post-war central and eastern Europe (1945-2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30184/1-soviet-motives-for-taking-control-in-central-and-eastern-europ.html" title="1. Soviet motives for taking control in central and eastern Europe 1945 - 1955">1. Soviet motives for taking control in central and eastern Europe 1945 - 1955</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30227/2-the-extent-and-nature-of-soviet-control.html" title="2. The extent and nature of Soviet control">2. The extent and nature of Soviet control</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29807/3-support-and-cooperation-repression-and-protest-1945-1968.html" title="3. Support and cooperation, repression and protest (1945 - 1968)">3. Support and cooperation, repression and protest (1945 - 1968)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30775/4-repression-and-revolution-in-central-and-eastern-europe-1968-t.html" title="4. Repression and revolution in central and eastern Europe, 1968 to 1989">4. Repression and revolution in central and eastern Europe, 1968 to 1989</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31212/5-balkan-conflicts-in-the-1990s-part-1.html" title="5. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 1">5. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31269/6-balkan-conflicts-in-the-1990s-part-2.html" title="6. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 2">6. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30771/post-war-central-and-eastern-europe-essay-planning.html" title="Post war central and eastern Europe: essay planning">Post war central and eastern Europe: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20827/14-european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-19181939.html" title="14: European states in the inter-war years (1918–1939)">14: European states in the inter-war years (1918–1939)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20832/1-the-weimar-republic-1918-1933-atl.html" title="1. The Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933) (ATL)">1. The Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21504/2-nazi-germany-part-i-1933-1939-.html" title="2. Nazi Germany: Part I (1933 - 1939) ">2. Nazi Germany: Part I (1933 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36691/3-nazi-germany-part-ii-1933-1939.html" title="3. Nazi Germany Part II (1933 - 1939)">3. Nazi Germany Part II (1933 - 1939)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20842/4-italy-part-i-1918-1939-.html" title="4. Italy: Part I (1918 - 1939) ">4. Italy: Part I (1918 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37137/5-italy-part-ii-1918-1939-.html" title="5. Italy: Part II (1918 - 1939) ">5. Italy: Part II (1918 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42053/6-the-spanish-civil-war-part-1-1900-1931.html" title="6. The Spanish Civil War: Part 1 (1900 - 1931)">6. The Spanish Civil War: Part 1 (1900 - 1931)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42068/7-spanish-civil-war-part-2-1931-1936-.html" title="7. Spanish Civil War: Part 2 (1931 - 1936) ">7. Spanish Civil War: Part 2 (1931 - 1936) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42073/8-spanish-civil-war-part-3-1936-1939.html" title="8. Spanish Civil War: Part 3 (1936 - 1939)">8. Spanish Civil War: Part 3 (1936 - 1939)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44002/9-britain-1918-to-1939.html" title="9. Britain 1918 to 1939">9. Britain 1918 to 1939</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43989/1-britain-in-1914.html" title="1. Britain in 1914">1. Britain in 1914</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43997/2-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-1918-1922.html" title="2. The impact of the First World War: 1918 - 1922">2. The impact of the First World War: 1918 - 1922</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44078/3-britain-in-the-1920s-a-search-for-stability.html" title="3. Britain in the 1920s - a search for stability">3. Britain in the 1920s - a search for stability</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44053/1-political-developments-1922-1929.html" title="1. Political developments 1922 - 1929">1. Political developments 1922 - 1929</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44192/2-economic-issues-1922-1929.html" title="2. Economic issues, 1922 - 1929">2. Economic issues, 1922 - 1929</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44193/3-social-and-cultural-changes-1922-1929.html" title="3. Social and cultural changes, 1922 - 1929">3. Social and cultural changes, 1922 - 1929</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44285/4-britain-1929-1939.html" title="4. Britain 1929 - 1939">4. Britain 1929 - 1939</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44284/1-britain-1929-1939-political-and-economic-developments.html" title="1. Britain 1929 - 1939: Political and economic developments">1. Britain 1929 - 1939: Political and economic developments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44308/2-the-social-and-cultural-impact-of-the-great-depression.html" title="2. The social and cultural impact of the Great Depression">2. The social and cultural impact of the Great Depression</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23416/european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-essay-frames-and-writing-.html" title="European states in the inter-war years: Essay frames and writing exercises">European states in the inter-war years: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44367/1-weimar-germany-essay-planning.html" title="1. Weimar Germany: Essay planning">1. Weimar Germany: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44368/2-nazi-germany-essay-planning.html" title="2. Nazi Germany: Essay planning">2. Nazi Germany: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44369/3-italy-essay-planning.html" title="3. Italy: Essay planning">3. Italy: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44375/4-spain-essay-planning.html" title="4. Spain: Essay planning">4. Spain: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44376/5-case-studies-russia-and-britain-essay-planning.html" title="5. Case studies: Russia and Britain - essay planning">5. Case studies: Russia and Britain - essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42154/european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-quizzes-.html" title="European states in the inter-war years: Quizzes ">European states in the inter-war years: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27934/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27666/1-weimar-and-hitlers-rise-to-power.html" title="1. Weimar and Hitler's rise to power">1. Weimar and Hitler's rise to power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27935/2-hitlers-consolidation-of-power.html" title="2. Hitler's consolidation of power">2. Hitler's consolidation of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27936/3-hitlers-policies-1933-1939.html" title="3. Hitler's policies 1933 - 1939">3. Hitler's policies 1933 - 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27975/4-mussolinis-rise-to-power.html" title="4. Mussolini's rise to power">4. Mussolini's rise to power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27976/5-mussolinis-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="5. Mussolini's consolidation and maintenance of power">5. Mussolini's consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27977/6-mussolinis-policies.html" title="6. Mussolini's policies">6. Mussolini's policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43976/7-causes-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="7. Causes of the Spanish Civil War">7. Causes of the Spanish Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43977/8-practices-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="8. Practices of the Spanish Civil War">8. Practices of the Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20830/16-the-soviet-union-and-post-soviet-russia-19242000.html" title="16: The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)">16: The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22189/1-stalins-rise-to-power-and-rule-atl.html" title="1. Stalin's rise to power and rule (ATL)">1. Stalin's rise to power and rule (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22223/2-stalins-rule-1941-1953-atl.html" title="2. Stalin's rule (1941 - 1953) (ATL)">2. Stalin's rule (1941 - 1953) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22226/3-khrushchev-1958-to-1964-atl.html" title="3. Khrushchev (1958 to 1964) ATL">3. Khrushchev (1958 to 1964) ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33395/4-brezhnev-1964-1982-atl.html" title="4. Brezhnev (1964 - 1982) ATL">4. Brezhnev (1964 - 1982) ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22249/5-gorbachev-1985-1991-atl.html" title="5. Gorbachev (1985 - 1991) (ATL)">5. Gorbachev (1985 - 1991) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22252/6-post-soviet-russia-to-2000-atl.html" title="6. Post Soviet Russia to 2000 (ATL)">6. Post Soviet Russia to 2000 (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22220/8-the-soviet-union-and-post-soviet-russia-graded-student-essays.html" title="8. The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: Graded student essays">8. The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: Graded student essays</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: quizzes">The Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia: quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28003/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28006/1-stalins-rule-1929-1939.html" title="1. Stalin's rule 1929 - 1939">1. Stalin's rule 1929 - 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28436/2-soviet-union-1953-to-1983.html" title="2. Soviet Union: 1953 to 1983">2. Soviet Union: 1953 to 1983</a></li></ul></ul></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26763/the-ib-core.html" title="The IB Core">The IB Core</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Theory of Knowledge (TOK)">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24497/tokhistory-in-the-news.html" title="TOK/History in the news">TOK/History in the news</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36888/fake-history-is-fake-news-entrenched-nov-2020.html" title="'Fake history is fake news entrenched' (Nov 2020)">'Fake history is fake news entrenched' (Nov 2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30617/are-conspiracy-theories-dangerous-july-2019.html" title="Are conspiracy theories dangerous? (July 2019)">Are conspiracy theories dangerous? (July 2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26556/do-we-have-a-hollywood-view-of-history-june-2018.html" title="Do we have a Hollywood view of History? (June 2018)">Do we have a Hollywood view of History? (June 2018)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32534/does-history-do-more-harm-than-good-feb-2020.html" title="Does history do more harm than good? (Feb 2020)">Does history do more harm than good? (Feb 2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25797/history-wars-february-2018.html" title="History Wars (February 2018)">History Wars (February 2018)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24671/if-we-remove-statues-are-we-erasing-history-august-2017.html" title="If we remove statues, are we 'erasing history'? (August 2017)">If we remove statues, are we 'erasing history'? (August 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24672/napoleon-in-the-news-september-2017.html" title="Napoleon in the news (September 2017)">Napoleon in the news (September 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24673/nicholas-ii-russian-history-re-written-sept-2017.html" title="Nicholas II: Russian history re-written? (Sept 2017)">Nicholas II: Russian history re-written? (Sept 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31129/should-scientists-use-eduard-pernkopfs-anatomy-book-september-20.html" title="Should scientists use Eduard Pernkopf's anatomy book? September 2019">Should scientists use Eduard Pernkopf's anatomy book? September 2019</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31364/the-art-of-disinformation-october-2019.html" title="The art of disinformation (October 2019)">The art of disinformation (October 2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34611/what-does-it-mean-to-tear-down-a-statue-june-2020.html" title="What does it mean to tear down a statue? (June 2020)">What does it mean to tear down a statue? (June 2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25129/what-if-the-russian-revolution-had-never-happened-nov-2017.html" title="What if the Russian Revolution had never happened? (Nov 2017)">What if the Russian Revolution had never happened? (Nov 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31044/what-is-the-role-of-professional-historians-august-2019.html" title="What is the role of professional historians? (August 2019)">What is the role of professional historians? (August 2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27348/who-gets-to-write-the-history-the-worlds-last-colonial-museum-se.html" title="Who gets to write the History? The 'world's last colonial museum' (September 2018)">Who gets to write the History? The 'world's last colonial museum' (September 2018)</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33195/recursos-en-espanol.html" title="Recursos en español">Recursos en español</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Prueba 1">Prueba 1</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="2. Temas Prescritos para la Prueba 1">2. Temas Prescritos para la Prueba 1</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Tema prescrito 3: El avance hacia la guerra global">Tema prescrito 3: El avance hacia la guerra global</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33217/11-expansion-italiana-1933-1940-.html" title="1.1 Expansión italiana (1933-1940) ">1.1 Expansión italiana (1933-1940) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33240/12-expansion-alemana-1933-1940.html" title="1.2 Expansión alemana (1933 - 1940)">1.2 Expansión alemana (1933 - 1940)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33412/2-la-expansion-alemana-e-italiana-videos-y-actividades.html" title="2. La expansión alemana e italiana: Videos y actividades">2. La expansión alemana e italiana: Videos y actividades</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33379/3-la-expansion-japonesa-en-asia-oriental-1931-1941.html" title="3. La expansión japonesa en Asia oriental (1931-1941)">3. La expansión japonesa en Asia oriental (1931-1941)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33381/4-la-expansion-japonesa-en-asia-oriental-videos-y-actividades.html" title="4. La expansión japonesa en Asia Oriental: Videos y actividades.">4. La expansión japonesa en Asia Oriental: Videos y actividades.</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33564/tema-prescrito-4-derechos-y-protesta.html" title="Tema prescrito 4: Derechos y protesta">Tema prescrito 4: Derechos y protesta</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33565/1-movimiento-por-los-derechos-civiles-en-estados-unidos-19541965.html" title="1. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos (1954–1965) ">1. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos (1954–1965) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33605/2-movimiento-por-los-derechos-civiles-en-estados-unidos-videos-y.html" title="2. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos: Vídeos y actividades">2. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos: Vídeos y actividades</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33633/3-sudafrica-durante-el-apartheid-19481964.html" title="3. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid (1948–1964)">3. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid (1948–1964)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33733/4-sudafrica-durante-el-apartheid-videos-y-actividades.html" title="4. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid: Vídeos y actividades">4. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid: Vídeos y actividades</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Prueba 2">Prueba 2</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33290/tema-11-causas-y-consecuencias-de-las-guerras-del-siglo-xx.html" title="Tema 11: Causas y consecuencias de las guerras del siglo XX">Tema 11: Causas y consecuencias de las guerras del siglo XX</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34552/estudio-de-caso-la-primera-guerra-mundial-.html" title="Estudio de caso: La Primera Guerra Mundial ">Estudio de caso: La Primera Guerra Mundial </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34553/1-primera-guerra-munial-causas.html" title="1. Primera Guerra Munial: Causas">1. Primera Guerra Munial: Causas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34562/2-la-primera-guerra-mundial-practicas-.html" title="2. La Primera Guerra Mundial: Prácticas ">2. La Primera Guerra Mundial: Prácticas </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34601/3-la-primera-guerra-mundial-los-efectos-.html" title="3. La Primera Guerra Mundial: los efectos ">3. La Primera Guerra Mundial: los efectos </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34711/4-primera-guerra-mundial-planificacion-de-ensayos.html" title="4. Primera Guerra Mundial: Planificación de ensayos">4. Primera Guerra Mundial: Planificación de ensayos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36267/estudio-de-caso-la-revolucion-cubana.html" title="Estudio de caso: La revolución cubana">Estudio de caso: La revolución cubana</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36304/la-revolucion-cubana-planificacion-de-ensayos.html" title="La revolución cubana: Planificación de ensayos">La revolución cubana: Planificación de ensayos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34190/estudio-de-caso-la-segunda-guerra-mundial.html" title="Estudio de caso: La Segunda Guerra Mundial">Estudio de caso: La Segunda Guerra Mundial</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33277/-1-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-causas-parte-i-.html" title=" 1. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte I "> 1. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte I </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33631/2-segunda-guerra-mundial-causas-parte-ii-asia-.html" title="2. Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte II Asia ">2. Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte II Asia </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34210/3-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-estrategias-enfoques-de-aprendizaje-.html" title="3. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: estrategias (Enfoques de aprendizaje) ">3. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: estrategias (Enfoques de aprendizaje) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34449/4-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-consecuencias.html" title="4. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Consecuencias">4. 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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="2-algerian-war-practices" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">2. Algerian War: Practices</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../history.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Paper 2</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Topic 11: Causes and effects of 20th Century wars</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Case study: Algerian War</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">2. Algerian War: Practices</span></li></ul>
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<p><img alt="" height="196" src="../../../ib/history/publishable.jpg" style="float: left;" width="192"> </p><p>T<span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">he fighting in this guerilla war saw civilians being targetted on both sides.</span> <span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The cycle of violence and retaliation led to the <span data-scayt-word="radicalization" data-wsc-id="kd4l879sjlifwnphc" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">radicalization</span> of both Europeans and Algerians. In addition, the scale of the brutality, including the use of torture by French forces, led to increased tension and division within France itself.</span></p><hr class="hidden"><div class="greyBg"><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Guiding questions:</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was the role of guerrilla warfare in determining the outcome of the Algerian war?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What role did international support play in determining the outcome of the Algerian war?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">What was the significance of the battle of Algiers?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">was the role of president Charles De Gaulle in the course of the conflict?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> What was the OAS?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> How did the Evian peace talks end the war in Algeria?</span></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>1. What was the role of guerrilla warfare in determining the outcome of the Algerian war?</strong></span></span></h4><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">[<em>Following the French war with Vietnam] the FLN was able to pick a blueprint of people’s war ready-made… Lacking the Vietminh’s regular military strength and its Chinese sanctuary, the FLN ‘s campaign was more strongly marked by terrorism.</em><strong> </strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Charles <span data-scayt-word="Townshend" data-wsc-id="kd4l873pv2e9phzu3" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">Townshend</span>.</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The French military played a key role in the development of the conflict in Algeria. The defeat at <span data-scayt-word="Dien" data-wsc-id="kd4l876s8iwxd52zp" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">Dien</span> <span data-scayt-word="Bien" data-wsc-id="kd4l876qscu96koy5" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">Bien</span> Phu in Vietnam, was a deep humiliation for the military and one that must not be repeated. The French army thus supported the <em>colons </em>perspective that Algeria must remain under French control. When the scale of the FLN operations escalated in 1955, the French military attempted to crush the guerrillas. A French tactic was to use helicopters to move troops and to launch aerial attacks. The FLN lacked significant support from a major foreign power and therefore did not have anti-aircraft missiles which made the French strategy more effective. The environment – open and arid terrain – made it easier for the French army to identify FLN forces on the ground.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The conflict involved both sides targeting civilians. The FLN used terror against civilians to deter the population from working with the French authorities. The FLN ordered all Muslims to give up alcohol, and smoking on penalty of mutilation or death. The French military also targeted civilians; a policy of ‘collective responsibility’ was implemented which meant that all Muslims could be held responsible for the FLN guerrilla attacks; an FLN attack on French forces would result in the French army taking retaliatory action against civilians. The cycle of violence and retaliation perpetrated by both sides led to the <span data-scayt-word="radicalization" data-wsc-id="kd4l879sjlifwnphc" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">radicalization</span> of both Europeans and Algerians. In addition, the scale of the brutality, including the use of torture by French forces, led to increased tension and division within France itself.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task One: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking and research skills</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Read through the following chart summarising the role of guerrilla warfare in determining the outcome of the Algerian war. Get into groups and research each theme in more depth. You should make sure you have examples of where and when the FLN used guerrilla warfare strategies effectively, and examples of how other factors may have been as, or more, significant in the outcome.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="899" src="../../../ib/history/guerilla-tactics.png" width="687"></span></p></div><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task Two</strong></span></p><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking and self-management skills</strong></span></p><div class="blueBg"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">1. In pairs read through the source below and identify the reasons Jeremy Black outlines for the <span data-scayt-word="FLN’s" data-wsc-id="kd4lpun19rbl0lo9j" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">FLN’s</span> victory.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Extract from Jeremy Black book, Introduction to Global Military History. 2005.</strong></span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>A summary of this conflict illustrates the general difficulty of mounting effective counter-insurgency operations. Tough anti-insurrectionary measures, including widespread torture, which was seen as a justified response to FLN atrocities, gave the French control of the capital, in 1957. However, although undefeated in battle, and making effective use of helicopter-borne units, the French were unable to end guerrilla action in what was a very costly struggle. And French moves [strategy / tactics] were often counter-productive in winning the loyalty of the bulk of the population. There were also operational problems: aside from the difficulty of operating active counter-insurgency policies there was also a need to tie up large numbers of troops in protecting settlers and in trying to close the frontiers to the movement of guerrilla reinforcements, so that much of the army was not available for offensive purposes, a situation that helped the insurgents.</em></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">2. Now read <a href="https://www.asfar.org.uk/guerrilla-warfare-and-its-role-during-the-heroic-years-of-the-algerian-war/">this article</a> (Asfar website) on the role of guerilla tactics. What arguments does Sarah Hanafi make regarding the role of guerilla tactics? What other factors does she argue allowed the FLN to be successful?</span><em> </em></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task Two</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>‘The disfiguring of French victims, the widespread appearance of le grand sourire [the broad smile], which was how the French macabrely described the Algerian practice of throat slitting, the bombing of civilian public places – these acts of terrorism led to French soldiers practicing torture to obtain information and engaging in indiscriminate killing…</em><strong><em>’</em></strong> Raymond Betts </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">1. The use of torture by French forces was highly controversial and has led to the conflict being known as the ‘dirty war’ in France to this day. In pairs follow the link below and read the ‘<a href="https://www.marxists.org/history/algeria/1960/hamadi-letter.htm" target="_blank">first had account of torture</a>’, a letter written by Omar <span data-scayt-word="Hamadi" data-wsc-id="kd4lrk8vj54egd291" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">Hamadi</span>, an FLN fighter who was being held in Algiers prison. The letter was written to his lawyer in 1960. </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Discuss a] how French forces might attempt to justify the use of torture b] why torture would be counter-productive to French aims in Algeria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">2. A former British army officer and lecturer in international relations, <strong>Edgar <span data-scayt-word="O’balance" data-wsc-id="kd4lrkbvo7g0ftacs" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">O’balance</span></strong>, in The Algeria insurrection 1954-62 (1967) considered French tactics in Algeria as necessary to defeat the FLN. He concluded that French strategy won the war military but lost the war politically. </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In pairs discuss this perspective on French strategy during the war in Algeria.</span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task Three</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Read through the source below and answer the questions that follow:</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Henri Maillot was born in Algeria of European origin and was an officer cadet in the French army. He initially stole weapons for, and then fought with, the FLN. He was killed in a battle with French forces in June 1956. Maillot sent this letter to the French media in April 1956.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>The French writer Jules Roy, an air force colonel, wrote a few months ago: “If I were a Muslim I’d be on the side of the <span data-scayt-word="fellaghas" data-wsc-id="kd4lto41igbxsfmnu" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">fellaghas</span>.” I’m not Muslim, but I am Algerian of European origin. I consider Algeria to be my homeland. I feel that I should have the same obligations towards it as all of its children. At a moment when the Algerian people has risen up to free its soil from the colonialist yoke, my place is at the side of those who have taken up the fight for liberation. The colonialist press cries out “treason”… It cried “treason” when under Vichy French officers passed over to the Resistance, while it served Hitler and fascism. In truth, the traitors to France are those who, in order to serve their selfish interests, disfigure in the eyes of the Algerians the true face of France and its people, with its generous, revolutionary, and anti-colonialist traditions. What is more, every progressive in France and the world <span data-scayt-word="recognizes" data-wsc-id="kd4lto724kuoplwdr" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">recognizes</span> the legitimacy and correctness of our national demands. The Algerian people, so long scorned and humiliated, has taken its place in the great historic movement for the liberation of colonial peoples which has set Africa and Asia ablaze. Its victory is certain. It is not, as the big landowners of this country would like to have you believe, a racial combat, but a fight of the oppressed without distinction of origin against their oppressors and their lackeys, without distinction of race. This isn’t a matter of a movement directed against France and the French, or against the workers of European or Israelite origin. They have a place in our country. We don’t confuse them with our people’s oppressors. In carrying out my act, in delivering to the Algerian combatants the arms they need for the fight for liberation, arms that will be used exclusively against the military and police forces and their accomplices, I am conscious of having served the interests of my country and my people. Including those of the momentarily misled European workers.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Questions:</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">1. What reasons does Maillot give for supporting the fight against the French in Algeria?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">2. Why would the ‘Maillot Affair’ have shocked the French public at the time?<span style="color:#000080;"></span></span></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"> </span></span><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"></span></span></h4><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>2. What role did international support play in determining the outcome of the Algerian war?</strong></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task One</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Research skills</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The FLN understood the importance of gaining international support for its cause. In pairs research in more depth the role of the following in support of the FLN and / or in putting pressure on the French government.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="414" src="../../../ib/history/outside-factors.png" width="554"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Extension Task:</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">With a partner, research why Britain supported France in the Algerian war.</span></p></div><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>3. What was the significance of the battle of Algiers?</strong></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="205" src="../../../ib/history/algiers-photo.png" width="406"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The French military seized on the opportunity to turn the tide of the conflict and regain control over Algeria in the ‘Battle of Algiers’. In September 1956, the FLN began assaults on the Algerian capital which involved bloody terrorist attacks against Europeans, Arab ‘collaborators’, and French armed forces. The aim of the FLN was not only to bring terror to the city, but also to draw more international attention to its cause. For the French, and international observers, the role played by female Muslim women (who put bombs in cafes that were popular with colon families) was particularly appalling. However, waging urban guerrilla warfare in the cities was a high-risk strategy for the FLN. Lacoste gave the French General Jacques Massu and the 10th Paratroop Division extraordinary power and his forces used torture and terror to destroy FLN hideouts.</span></p><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>French historian Benjamin Stora described the Battle of Algiers as follows:</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>It was truly ‘blood and shit,’ as Colonel Marcel Bigeard said, a horrendous battle, during which bombs blew dozens of European victims to pieces while paratroopers dismantled the networks by uncovering their hierarchy, discovered caches, and flushed out the FLN leaders installed in the city. Their means? Electrodes, dunking in bath tubs, beatings. Some of the torturers were sadists, to be sure. But many officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers would live with that nightmare for the rest of their lives. The number of attacks perpetrated fell from 112 in January to 39 in February, then to 29 in March. The FLN’s command centre, run by Abbane Ramdane, was forced to leave the capital. Massu had a first victory. </em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task One</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In pairs read through the chart above and discuss what made the <em>Battler of Algiers</em> significant in the course of the Algerian war</span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="600" src="../../../ib/history/battle-of-algiers.png" width="618"></span></p></div></div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task Two</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking and communication skills</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Extension tasks</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task 1:</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Watch the famous 1966 film by Gillo Pontecorvo, <em>The Battle of Algiers,</em> (you may be able to find this on YouTube). Make notes on the strategies and tactics detailed in the film. Discuss with a partner what perspective on the conflict the film seems to present.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task 2:</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>The Battle of Algiers</em> was a highly controversial film when it was released in the 1960s as it depicts atrocities committed by both sides, including scenes of torture perpetrated by French forces. It was banned in France for 5 years. The film had a revival in the early 21st century due to the apparent parallels with the situation the US and its allies faced in conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Read <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/may/11/drama.worldcinema">this article</a> from The Guardian newspaper and discuss with a partner why the US Pentagon may have arranged a ‘special in-house’ screening in 2003. </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a href="https://warontherocks.com/2014/12/torture-in-a-savage-war-of-peace-revisiting-the-battle-of-algiers/">This article</a> by Alistair Horne discusses in more detail the use of torture by the French forces.</span></p></div><p><strong>Task Three</strong></p><p><strong>ATL: Research skills</strong></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Research further the role of women in the guerilla war.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">This site is a good starting point:</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/the-role-of-women-in-the-algerian-independence-movement-37868" target="_blank">The role of women in the Algerian independence movement (TRT world)</a></span></p></div><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>4. What was the role of president Charles De Gaulle in the course of the conflict?</strong></span></span></h4><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="466" src="../../../ib/history/de-gaulle.jpg" style="float: left;" width="466"></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em> ‘In the last four years in Algeria about 1500 civilians of French descent have been killed, whereas more than 10,000 Muslims – men, women and children – have been massacred by the rebels, almost always by having their throats slit… How many lives, how many homes, how many harvests did the French army protect in Algeria! And to what slaughter would we be condemning this country if we were stupid and cowardly enough to abandon it!’</em></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Charles de Gaulle speaking at a press conference in October 1958.</strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Starter:</strong></span></p><div><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Follow <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/1/newsid_2995000/2995283.stm">this link</a> and read how de Gaulle’s assumption of the presidency was reported in Britain at the time.</span></p></div><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The situation in Algeria had led to tension and outrage in Paris where extremists had even considered launching a paratrooper attack on the French capital to challenge the government. The political crisis deepened in France and in May 1958 the National Assembly voted to end the Fourth Republic and to invite Charles de Gaulle to take power. De Gaulle was favoured by the <em>colons</em> and the military as they believed that he would be able to crush the FLN and retain Algeria. In addition, de Gaulle had sound relations with the Moroccans and the Tunisians, and Muslim Algerians also wanted his return as they believed he would offer a favourable settlement to the conflict. French politicians thus concluded that the only solution to the Algerian crisis was to give power to de Gaulle. Under a new constitution, he was given wide ranging powers, initially for 6 months, in order to restore authority. The popularity of de Gaulle was revealed in a referendum on 28 September 1958, where 79.2% supported the new constitution and the creation of the Fifth Republic.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">De Gaulle understood that France could not indefinitely commit to fighting a guerrilla war in Algeria. Therefore, despite the support that de Gaulle had from the army, and the <em>colons</em>, he was determined to bring an end to the costly conflict. The war in Algeria had hindered economic modernization and development in France and had meant that it had not been taking a leading role in Europe. De Gaulle believed that negotiations and concessions to the FLN were necessary; he also came to realise that to end the war France would have to grant Algeria full independence.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">De Gaulle’s policies were:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Put Algeria back under the control of the civilian government in Paris</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Continue to direct the army to attack FLN bases to weaken them</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Give a key radio broadcast on 16 September 1959 (seen as a turning point in Franco-Algeria) which set down three alternatives for Algeria - secession, integration or a federal relationship with France. </span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The broadcast implied that De Gaulle was potentially moving towards an Algerian Algeria and away from <em>Algerie francaise. </em> In response, in January 1960, the <em>colon </em>ultras rioted in Algeria and erected barricades in what became known as <strong>‘Barricades Week’.</strong> In tacit support of the colons, the army took no action to stop the ensuing violence against the local police. But the colon rising was contained and in response de Gaulle made a dramatic TV address in which he declared that he would not be swayed, and reminded the army that ‘in your mission there is no room for equivocation or interpretation’. Barricades Week was ultimately a failure for the <em>colon </em>leaders – however, although the army had not rebelled directly against de Gaulle, army leaders’ hostility towards his plans increased.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Then, on 4 November 1960, de Gaulle declared that his plan was not for an Algeria governed by France but for an ‘Algerian Algeria’. This declaration was followed by a referendum where the French public voted in favour of de Gaulle’s policy. On 15 March 1961, it was announced that there would be peace talks with the FLN.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">These developments were too much for the French generals and they launched the ‘Generals’ Insurrection’. Led by General Maurise Challe, the 1<sup>st</sup> foreign paratroop regiment seized control of Algiers before the peace talks could begin. Again, de Gaulle used the media to end the crisis, making another radio broadcast - this time to appeal directly to the troops on the day of the insurrection in April 1961: <em>‘Offices, non-commissioned officers, policemen, sailors, soldiers and airmen, I am in Algiers with Generals Zeller and Jounard and in touch with General Salan so as to keep the army’s oath to ensure a French Algeria, so that our dead many not have died in vain. A government of abandonment is preparing to hand over the departments of Algeria to the external organisation of the rebellion. Do you want Mers-el-Kebir and Algiers to become Soviet bases tomorrow? I know your courage, your pride, you discipline. The army shall not fail in its mission.’</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">On 20 July 1960, Algerian nationalist, Saad Dahlab declared<strong>: <em>‘</em></strong><em>France must understand now that a negotiation cannot be entered into today on what Ferhat Abbas demanded with moderation in 1943. Our people have not eaten grass and roots in order to obtain a new statute given as a concession.’</em></span></p><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;">5. What was the OAS?</span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">When the conspiracy and insurrection failed, the Ultras formed an underground army - <em>Organisation de l’armée secrète </em>(OAS; Organization of the Secret Army). It comprised of civilians and military deserters and implemented terror tactics to disrupt the negotiations between Algeria and France. The OAS perpetrated numerous assassination attempts on de Gaulle’s life and had planned to bomb the Eiffel Tower. It was also involved in assassinations and bombings within Algeria which cost an estimated 2000 lives and its campaign continued with brutal ferocity during and after the peace talks. But OAS actions led to widespread disgust and condemnation in France which peaked after a bomb attack in Paris, amongst other casualties, a 4-year-old girl was maimed. Resolve within the French population hardened to finally end the war and restore Algeria to the Algerians.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong><em>‘…</em></strong><em> the sense of outrage and wearied disgust… at the ever-escalating OAS horrors in Algiers was no longer limited to just the French left. The crisis in the Algerian war had been reached in metropolitan France. Algerie francaise was all but dead – killed by the OAS. Almost universally there was a feeling: ‘Il faut en finir!’</em> Historian Alistair Horne. </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task One</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt">ATL: Thinking and self-management skills</span></b></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">In pairs make a copy of the chart below and after reviewing the information above add details and examples to the text boxes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="339" src="../../../ib/history/oas.png" width="615"></span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"></span></b></span></p><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>6. How did the Evian peace talks end the war in Algeria?</strong></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/history/fln.png" style="width: 600px; height: 404px; float: left;"><em>FLN delegation to the Evian peace talks. From left to right: Taïeb Boulahrouf, Saâd Dahlab, Mohamed Seddik Benyahia, Krim Belkacem,Benmostefa Benaouda, Redha Malek, Lakhdar Bentobal, M'Hamed Yazid and Seghir Mostefaï.</em></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Algeria is costing us – that is the least one can say… Now our great national ambition has become our own progress, the real source of power and influence. The fact is, decolonisation is in our interest and, as a result, it is our policy.’ </em></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Charles de Gaulle, press conference, 11 April 1961.</em></span></p><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Peace talks started at Evian despite the violence of the OAS. The first round of talks broke down over whether Algeria included the Sahara. By the second Evian conference, de Gaulle was impatient to end the war and made significant concessions. The rights of French citizens were protected for a period of 3 years instead of permanent guarantees, after which they could opt for Algerian citizenship. For the same 3-year period existing levels of economic and technical assistance were guaranteed from France. In addition, the military would withdraw after 3 years [but France would lease the Mers-el-Kebir naval base for 15 years). Most important of all, France recognized the territorial integrity of Algeria, and so gave up any hope of getting control of the Sahara and its oil (though French companies were allowed leasing rights to continue to develop oilfields).</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">De Gaulle said: <em>‘We must concede these details rather than reject an agreement; for there is no comparison between the primary interest, which consists of reaching an agreement, and the secondary interest, which consists of holding a little longer certain things which, anyway, we do not reckon to hold for ever.’ </em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">The Evian Accords set out the treaty signed on 18 March, 1962, between France, the Provisional government of the Algerian Republic and the government in exile of the FLN. A formal ceasefire was announced on 19 March. Algeria became a sovereign state on 1 July 1962.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task One</strong></span></p><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking and self-management skills.</strong></span></p><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>In pairs read the sources below and answer the following questions:</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">1. What factors does historian Alistair Horne identify in Source A as key to the FLN surviving and continuing the war after 1959?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">2. What factors does Irwin M Wall highlight in Source B as key to determining the outcome of the war?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Source A Alistair Horne. A savage war of peace. New York Review Book. 2006.</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>‘In general…1958-59 had been a thoroughly bad and dangerous time for the FLN. Both politically and militarily it had been caught off balance by the coming of de Gaulle. If de Gaulle could have followed up the momentum of his first weeks with a concerted peace drive, of if the Challe offensive in 1958 instead of 1959, the prospects would have looked incomparably bleak. But, as it happened, the long build-up to the referendum and the November legislative elections, followed by the run down from the paix des braves olive branch, had given the FLN an invaluable respite in which to regain its breath. And when in 1959 the ALN was confronted with the gravest military threat to its existence, it was already moving in – and under – a new direction.’ </em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em><strong>Source B </strong> Irwin M Wall. </em><strong>France, United States and the Algerian War. University of California Press. 2001.</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong> </strong><em>‘De Gaulle gave the army free reign in Algeria and in a manner of speaking, in 1959-60, it “won” the war. Such astute observers as Benjamin Stora have been motivated to pose as one of the unanswered questions surrounding the war - why the French military success should have led to Algerian independence. But the question really answers itself. The war was lost even as the military victory was won in terms of the permanent alienation of the Muslim population, 25 % of whom were forced into strategically defensible villages, becoming virtual refugees in their own country. “Victory” was defined as a reduction in the number of violent rebel incidents per month, which was in fact reduced from a high of 1,500 in 1956-57 to no more than 200 in 1960. But with one million French in a demographically exploding sea of ten times as many Muslims, was the total ever likely to decrease to acceptable or tolerable levels? Moreover, French public opinion had long since sickened of the war; France’s intellectuals had rallied under the banner of dissidence, and it was clear that torture and other abuses routinely tolerated in order to vanquish terror in Algeria were unacceptable at home. But just as important as these was the relentless American pressure in the vanguard of virtual universal world hostility, isolating France internationally not only from newly emergent Asian and African nations other than those in its own French Union but also from its NATO allies.’</em></span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Task Two</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ATL: Thinking skills</strong></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><div class="blueBg"><div><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Discuss with a partner the extent to which you agree with the following critique of Horne’s analysis by historian <span data-scayt-word="Elie" data-wsc-id="kda999ex82b328h4v" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">Elie</span> Kedourie.</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>British historian Alistair Horne [quoted above] published A savage war of peace in 1977, which has been hailed as the definitive historical account of the Algerian war. Horne argues that it was the determination of the FLN and its securing of an Algerian national identify that led to victory in the conflict. However, Horne’s perspective has been criticised by British-Iraqi historian Elie Kedourie who deemed him an apologist for terrorism. Kedourie argues that the FLN was not a popular mass movement but a small group of brutal intellectuals that terrorised the population. Kedourie suggests that the French military had almost defeated the FLN in 1959 – but the war was lost politically when de Gaulle decided to sacrifice the colons and the harkis in order to facilitate a quick exit from Algeria.</em></span></p></div></div><hr></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p></div></div></div><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><hr class="hidden"></div></div></div><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
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