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Military Maketh the Man: Richard&#039;s Aims and Objectives</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23555/5-richard-overseas-the-third-crusade.html" title="5. Richard Overseas: The Third Crusade">5. Richard Overseas: The Third Crusade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22886/6-the-occupation-of-sicily-.html" title="6. The Occupation of Sicily ">6. The Occupation of Sicily </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22887/7-the-conquest-of-cyprus.html" title="7. The Conquest of Cyprus">7. The Conquest of Cyprus</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23421/8-tok-and-richard-i.html" title="8. TOK and Richard I">8. TOK and Richard I</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26836/ps2-conquest-and-its-impact.html" title="PS2: Conquest and its impact">PS2: Conquest and its impact</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26840/1-the-final-stages-of-muslim-rule-in-spain-atl.html" title="1. The final stages of Muslim rule in Spain: ATL">1. The final stages of Muslim rule in Spain: ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26844/2-the-conquest-of-mexico-and-peru-atl.html" title="2. The conquest of Mexico and Peru: ATL">2. The conquest of Mexico and Peru: ATL</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19945/ps3-the-move-to-global-war.html" title="PS3: The Move to Global War">PS3: The Move to Global War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45136/1-case-study-1-japanese-expansion-in-east-asia-1931-41.html" title="1. Case study 1: Japanese expansion in East Asia 1931-41">1. Case study 1: Japanese expansion in East Asia 1931-41</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45135/1-japanese-expansion-causes-.html" title="1. Japanese expansion: causes ">1. Japanese expansion: causes </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45137/2-japanese-expansion-events-1931-to-1939.html" title="2. Japanese expansion: events 1931 to 1939">2. Japanese expansion: events 1931 to 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45146/3-japanese-expansion-international-response-1931-1941.html" title="3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941">3. Japanese expansion: International response 1931 - 1941</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20455/21-case-study-2-italian-expansion-19331940-.html" title="2.1 Case Study 2: Italian expansion (1933–1940) ">2.1 Case Study 2: Italian expansion (1933–1940) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44514/1-causes-of-italian-expansion.html" title="1. Causes of Italian expansion">1. Causes of Italian expansion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44520/2-events-1935-1939.html" title="2. Events 1935 - 1939">2. Events 1935 - 1939</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44521/3-international-response-to-italian-aggression.html" title="3. International response to Italian aggression">3. International response to Italian aggression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26982/22-case-study-2-german-expansion-1933-1940-atl.html" title="2.2 Case Study 2: German expansion (1933 - 1940) ATL">2.2 Case Study 2: German expansion (1933 - 1940) ATL</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44489/1-causes-of-german-expansion.html" title="1. Causes of German expansion">1. Causes of German expansion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44761/2-events-german-challenges-to-the-post-war-settlements-19331938.html" title="2. Events - German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938)">2. Events - German challenges to the post-war settlements (1933–1938)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44762/3-events-german-expansion-19381939.html" title="3. Events - German expansion (1938–1939)">3. Events - German expansion (1938–1939)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44763/4-international-response-to-german-aggression-19331938.html" title="4. International response to German aggression (1933–1938)">4. International response to German aggression (1933–1938)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44764/5-international-response-to-german-and-italian-aggression-1940.html" title="5. International response to German and Italian aggression (1940)">5. International response to German and Italian aggression (1940)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20009/6-ps3-full-source-papers-case-study-2.html" title="6. PS3: Full source papers Case Study 2">6. PS3: Full source papers Case Study 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="7. PS3 Move to Global War: Quizzes">7. PS3 Move to Global War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28200/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28218/move-to-global-war-germany.html" title="Move to Global War: Germany">Move to Global War: Germany</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28213/move-to-global-war-italy.html" title="Move to Global War: Italy">Move to Global War: Italy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../../task/398980.html" title="Move to Global War: Japan">Move to Global War: Japan</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19946/ps4-rights-and-protest.html" title="PS4: Rights and Protest">PS4: Rights and Protest</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20016/1-case-study-1-civil-rights-movement-in-the-united-states-195419.html" title="1. Case Study 1: Civil rights movement in the United States  (1954–1965) ">1. Case Study 1: Civil rights movement in the United States  (1954–1965) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44442/1-nature-and-characteristics-of-discrimination.html" title="1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination">1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44446/2-protests-and-action.html" title="2. Protests and action">2. Protests and action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44447/3-the-role-and-significance-of-key-actorsgroups.html" title="3. The role and significance of key actors/groups">3. The role and significance of key actors/groups</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20616/3-case-study-2-apartheid-south-africa-1948-1964-.html" title="3. Case Study 2: Apartheid South Africa (1948 - 1964) ">3. Case Study 2: Apartheid South Africa (1948 - 1964) </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44454/1-nature-and-characteristics-of-discrimination.html" title="1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination">1. Nature and characteristics of discrimination</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44738/the-system-of-apartheid.html" title="The system of apartheid">The system of apartheid</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44478/2-protests-and-action.html" title="2. Protests and action">2. Protests and action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44495/3-the-role-and-significance-of-key-actorsgroups.html" title="3. The role and significance of key actors/groups">3. The role and significance of key actors/groups</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="5. PS4: Full source papers Case Study 1">5. PS4: Full source papers Case Study 1</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39603/2-racism-and-violence-against-african-americans-the-ku-klux-klan.html" title="2. Racism and violence against African Americans; the Ku Klux Klan;">2. Racism and violence against African Americans; the Ku Klux Klan;</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="8. PS4 Rights and Protest: Quizzes">8. PS4 Rights and Protest: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33553/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33554/1-civil-rights-movement-in-the-us.html" title="1. Civil Rights movement in the US">1. Civil Rights movement in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33555/2-apartheid-south-africa.html" title="2. Apartheid South Africa">2. Apartheid South Africa</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="PS5: Conflict and Intervention">PS5: Conflict and Intervention</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20542/1-rwanda-19901998-atl.html" title="1. Rwanda (1990–1998) (ATL)">1. Rwanda (1990–1998) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20543/2-kosovo-19892002-atl.html" title="2. Kosovo (1989–2002) (ATL)">2. Kosovo (1989–2002) (ATL)</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19758/paper-2.html" title="Paper 2">Paper 2</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24664/2-assessment-for-paper-2.html" title="2. Assessment for Paper 2">2. Assessment for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 02: Causes and Effects of Medieval Wars">Topic 02: Causes and Effects of Medieval Wars</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25631/1-causes-of-medieval-wars.html" title="1. Causes of Medieval Wars">1. Causes of Medieval Wars</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25450/2-military-personnel.html" title="2. Military Personnel">2. Military Personnel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25667/3-role-and-importance-of-rulers-in-war.html" title="3. Role and Importance of Rulers in War">3. Role and Importance of Rulers in War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25439/4-siege-warfare.html" title="4. Siege Warfare">4. Siege Warfare</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24699/5-women-in-medieval-warfare.html" title="5. Women in Medieval Warfare">5. Women in Medieval Warfare</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25680/6-the-effects-of-medieval-wars-and-conflicts.html" title="6. The Effects of Medieval Wars and Conflicts">6. The Effects of Medieval Wars and Conflicts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25731/case-study-4-the-abbasid-civil-war-809-813.html" title="Case Study 4: The Abbasid Civil War 809-813">Case Study 4: The Abbasid Civil War 809-813</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25729/case-study-topic-02-genghis-khan.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Genghis Khan">Case Study Topic 02: Genghis Khan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26139/case-study-topic-02-nur-al-din-zangi-1118-1174.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Nur al-Din Zangi (1118-1174)">Case Study Topic 02: Nur al-Din Zangi (1118-1174)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25730/case-study-topic-02-richard-i.html" title="Case Study Topic 02: Richard I">Case Study Topic 02: Richard I</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 03: Dynasties and Rulers (750-1500)">Topic 03: Dynasties and Rulers (750-1500)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25750/case-study-topic-03-tamerlane.html" title="Case Study Topic 03: Tamerlane">Case Study Topic 03: Tamerlane</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31372/topic-06-causes-and-effects-of-early-modern-wars-1500-1750.html" title="Topic 06. Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500-1750)">Topic 06. Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500-1750)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32552/case-study-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires.html" title="Case study: Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires">Case study: Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32554/1-the-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-empire.html" title="1. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">1. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32641/2-the-spanish-conquest-of-the-inca-empire.html" title="2. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">2. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32807/3-conquest-of-aztec-and-inca-empires-effects.html" title="3. Conquest of Aztec and Inca Empires: Effects">3. Conquest of Aztec and Inca Empires: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32556/4-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires-essay-planning.html" title="4. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Essay planning">4. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32608/6-spanish-conquest-of-the-aztec-and-incan-empires-videos.html" title="6. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Videos">6. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires: Videos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35709/case-study-the-english-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: The English Civil War">Case Study: The English Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32334/1-the-english-civil-war-causes.html" title="1. The English Civil War: Causes">1. The English Civil War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35753/2-the-english-civil-war-practices-.html" title="2. The English Civil War: Practices ">2. The English Civil War: Practices </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31381/case-study-the-thirty-years-war.html" title="Case study: The Thirty Years&#039; War">Case study: The Thirty Years&#039; War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31384/1-the-thirty-years-war-causes.html" title="1. The Thirty Years&#039; War: Causes">1. The Thirty Years&#039; War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31388/2-the-thirty-years-war-practices.html" title="2. The Thirty Years&#039; War: Practices">2. The Thirty Years&#039; War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31443/3-the-thirty-years-war-effects.html" title="3. The Thirty Years&#039; War: Effects">3. The Thirty Years&#039; War: Effects</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36249/topic-08-independence-movements.html" title="Topic 08: Independence Movements">Topic 08: Independence Movements</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36525/1-case-study-india.html" title="1. Case Study: India">1. Case Study: India</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36526/1-origins-and-rise-of-indian-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Indian independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Indian independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36539/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success-in-indian-independence-mo.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success in Indian independence movement">2. Methods used and reasons for success in Indian independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36540/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges ">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36559/4-indian-independence-movement-essay-planning.html" title="4. Indian independence movement: essay planning">4. Indian independence movement: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36319/2-case-study-ghana.html" title="2. Case study: Ghana">2. Case study: Ghana</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36265/1-origins-and-rise-of-ghanas-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Ghana&#039;s independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Ghana&#039;s independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36387/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36692/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years, and responses to the challenges</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36562/4-ghanas-independence-movement-essay-planning.html" title="4. Ghana&#039;s independence movement: essay planning">4. Ghana&#039;s independence movement: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37310/3-case-study-vietnam.html" title="3. Case Study: Vietnam">3. Case Study: Vietnam</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37287/1-origins-and-rise-of-vietnams-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Vietnam&#039;s independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Vietnam&#039;s independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37351/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37993/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37491/4-case-study-algeria.html" title="4. Case Study: Algeria">4. Case Study: Algeria</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37458/1-origins-and-rise-of-algerias-independence-movement.html" title="1. Origins and rise of Algeria&#039;s independence movement">1. Origins and rise of Algeria&#039;s independence movement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37519/2-methods-used-and-reasons-for-success.html" title="2. Methods used and reasons for success">2. Methods used and reasons for success</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37537/3-challenges-faced-in-the-first-10-years-and-responses-to-the-ch.html" title="3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges">3. Challenges faced in the first 10 years and responses to the challenges</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38418/4-algerias-independence-movement-essay-writing.html" title="4. Algeria&#039;s independence movement: essay writing">4. Algeria&#039;s independence movement: essay writing</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36563/independence-movements-comparative-essay-planning.html" title="Independence Movements: Comparative essay planning">Independence Movements: Comparative essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19951/topic-10-authoritarian-states-20th-century.html" title="Topic 10: Authoritarian States (20th Century)">Topic 10: Authoritarian States (20th Century)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24137/case-study-topic-10-castro-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Castro (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Castro (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46536/1-castro-emergence-of-cuba-as-an-authoritarian-state.html" title="1. Castro: Emergence of Cuba as an authoritarian state">1. Castro: Emergence of Cuba as an authoritarian state</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46537/2-castro-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="2. Castro: Consolidation and maintenance of power">2. Castro: Consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46538/3-castro-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="3. Castro: Aims and results of policies">3. Castro: Aims and results of policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24144/castro-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Castro: Essay planning for Paper 2">Castro: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46527/castro-interactive-quiz.html" title="Castro: Interactive quiz">Castro: Interactive quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23352/case-study-topic-10-hitler-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Hitler (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Hitler (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23419/hitler-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Hitler: Essay planning for Paper 2">Hitler: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23118/case-study-topic-10-mao-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Mao (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Mao (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37952/mao-quizzes-.html" title="Mao: Quizzes ">Mao: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="1. Interactive quizzes">1. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38043/2-establishment-of-power-1949-1952.html" title="2. Establishment of power 1949 - 1952">2. Establishment of power 1949 - 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38054/3-maintenance-of-power-after-1952.html" title="3. Maintenance of power after 1952">3. Maintenance of power after 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38231/4-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="4. Aims and results of policies">4. Aims and results of policies</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24112/case-study-topic-10-mussolini-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: Mussolini (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: Mussolini (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24134/mussolini-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Mussolini: Essay planning for Paper 2">Mussolini: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23353/case-study-topic-10-ussr-lenin-and-stalin-atl.html" title="Case Study Topic 10: USSR: Lenin and Stalin (ATL)">Case Study Topic 10: USSR: Lenin and Stalin (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23424/stalin-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Stalin: Essay planning for Paper 2">Stalin: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35933/case-study-topic-10-nasser.html" title="Case Study: Topic 10 Nasser">Case Study: Topic 10 Nasser</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35920/1-nasser-emergence-of-authoritarian-states.html" title="1. Nasser: Emergence of Authoritarian states">1. Nasser: Emergence of Authoritarian states</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35928/2-nasser-consolidation-and-maintenance-of-power.html" title="2. Nasser: Consolidation and maintenance of power">2. Nasser: Consolidation and maintenance of power</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35929/3-nasser-aims-and-results-of-policies.html" title="3.  Nasser: Aims and results of policies">3.  Nasser: Aims and results of policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35958/nasser-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Nasser: Essay planning for Paper 2">Nasser: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20019/comparative-essay-planning-for-authoritarian-states.html" title="Comparative essay planning for Authoritarian States">Comparative essay planning for Authoritarian States</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19952/topic-11-causes-and-effects-of-20th-century-wars.html" title="Topic 11: Causes and effects of 20th Century wars">Topic 11: Causes and effects of 20th Century wars</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20021/an-introduction-to-themes-and-prescribed-content-atl.html" title="An introduction to themes and prescribed content (ATL)">An introduction to themes and prescribed content (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35849/case-study-algerian-war.html" title="Case study: Algerian War">Case study: Algerian War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35126/1-algerian-war-causes.html" title="1. Algerian War: Causes">1. Algerian War: Causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35152/2-algerian-war-practices.html" title="2. Algerian War: Practices">2. Algerian War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35239/3-algerian-war-effects.html" title="3. Algerian War: Effects">3. Algerian War: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35241/4-algerian-war-essay-planning-for-paper-two.html" title="4. Algerian War: Essay planning for Paper Two">4. Algerian War: Essay planning for Paper Two</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23020/case-study-chinese-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: Chinese Civil War">Case Study: Chinese Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23021/1-chinese-civil-war-causes-atl-.html" title="1. Chinese Civil War: Causes (ATL) ">1. Chinese Civil War: Causes (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23058/2-chinese-civil-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. Chinese Civil War: Practices (ATL)">2. Chinese Civil War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23301/3-chinese-civil-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. Chinese Civil War: Effects (ATL)">3. Chinese Civil War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23060/4-chinese-civil-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. Chinese Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. Chinese Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24607/5-chinese-civil-war-videos-and-activities.html" title="5. Chinese Civil War: Videos and activities">5. Chinese Civil War: Videos and activities</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44248/6-chinese-civil-war-interactive-quizzes.html" title="6. Chinese Civil War: interactive quizzes">6. Chinese Civil War: interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44249/1-causes-of-the-chinese-civil-war.html" title="1. Causes of the Chinese Civil War">1. Causes of the Chinese Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44250/2-practices-of-the-chinese-civil-war.html" title="2. Practices of the Chinese Civil War">2. Practices of the Chinese Civil War</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23567/case-study-cuban-revolution-atl.html" title="Case Study: Cuban Revolution (ATL)">Case Study: Cuban Revolution (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23584/cuban-revolution-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="Cuban Revolution: Essay planning for Paper 2">Cuban Revolution: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21820/case-study-first-world-war.html" title="Case Study: First World War">Case Study: First World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22812/1-first-world-war-causes-atl.html" title="1. First World War: Causes (ATL)">1. First World War: Causes (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22818/2-first-world-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. First World War: Practices (ATL)">2. First World War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22819/3-first-world-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. First World War: Effects (ATL)">3. First World War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21827/4-first-world-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. First World War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. First World War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="8. First World War: Quizzes">8. First World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20024/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43973/2-practices-of-the-first-world-war.html" title="2. Practices of the First World War">2. Practices of the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43974/3-effects-of-the-first-world-war.html" title="3. Effects of the First World War">3. Effects of the First World War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42427/case-study-gulf-war.html" title="Case Study: Gulf War">Case Study: Gulf War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42428/1-gulf-war-long-term-causes.html" title="1. Gulf War: long-term causes">1. Gulf War: long-term causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42434/2-gulf-war-short-term-causes.html" title="2. Gulf War: short-term causes">2. Gulf War: short-term causes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42556/3-gulf-war-practices.html" title="3. Gulf War: Practices">3. Gulf War: Practices</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42720/4-gulf-war-effects.html" title="4. Gulf War: Effects">4. Gulf War: Effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42750/5-gulf-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="5. Gulf War: Essay planning for Paper 2">5. Gulf War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36703/case-study-russian-civil-war-atl.html" title="Case Study: Russian Civil War (ATL)">Case Study: Russian Civil War (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22778/case-study-second-world-war.html" title="Case Study: Second World War">Case Study: Second World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21821/1-second-world-war-causes-part-i-atl.html" title="1. Second World War: Causes Part I (ATL)">1. Second World War: Causes Part I (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25800/2-second-world-war-causes-part-ii-asia-atl.html" title="2. Second World War - Causes Part II Asia (ATL)">2. Second World War - Causes Part II Asia (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22767/3-second-world-war-practices-atl.html" title="3. Second World War: Practices (ATL)">3. Second World War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42531/impact-of-the-second-world-war-on-civilians.html" title="Impact of the Second World War on civilians">Impact of the Second World War on civilians</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22893/4-second-world-war-effects-atl.html" title="4. Second World War: Effects (ATL)">4. Second World War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22529/5-second-world-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="5. Second World War: Essay planning for Paper 2">5. Second World War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9. Second World War: Quizzes">9. Second World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28885/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28895/1-practices-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="1. Practices of the Second World War">1. Practices of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43975/2-effects-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="2. Effects of the Second World War">2. Effects of the Second World War</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22906/case-study-spanish-civil-war.html" title="Case Study: Spanish Civil War">Case Study: Spanish Civil War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22913/1-spanish-civil-war-causes-atl.html" title="1. Spanish Civil War: Causes (ATL)">1. Spanish Civil War: Causes (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22917/2-spanish-civil-war-practices-atl.html" title="2. Spanish Civil War: Practices (ATL)">2. Spanish Civil War: Practices (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22918/3-spanish-civil-war-effects-atl.html" title="3. Spanish Civil War: Effects (ATL)">3. Spanish Civil War: Effects (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22914/4-spanish-civil-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="4. Spanish Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2">4. Spanish Civil War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43978/7-spanish-civil-war-interactive-quizzes.html" title="7. Spanish Civil War: Interactive quizzes">7. Spanish Civil War: Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43979/1-causes-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="1. Causes of the Spanish Civil War">1. Causes of the Spanish Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43980/2-practices-of-the-spanish-civil-war.html" title="2. Practices of the Spanish Civil War">2. Practices of the Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21822/case-study-vietnam-war-atl.html" title="Case Study: Vietnam War (ATL)">Case Study: Vietnam War (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22303/1-vietnam-war-essay-planning-for-paper-2.html" title="1. Vietnam War: Essay planning for Paper 2">1. Vietnam War: Essay planning for Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22306/causes-and-effects-of-20th-century-wars-comparative-essay-planni.html" title="Causes and effects of 20th Century wars: Comparative essay planning">Causes and effects of 20th Century wars: Comparative essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19953/topic-12-the-cold-war-superpower-tensions-and-rivalries.html" title="Topic 12: The Cold War: Superpower tensions and rivalries">Topic 12: The Cold War: Superpower tensions and rivalries</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20106/11-theme-1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-atl.html" title="1.1 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)">1.1 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25988/12-theme-1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-atl.html" title="1.2 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)">1.2 Theme 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust and Accord (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20858/1-rivalry-mistrust-and-accord-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-.html" title="1. Rivalry, mistrust and accord: essay writing exercises and essay plans">1. Rivalry, mistrust and accord: essay writing exercises and essay plans</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20100/2-theme-2-leaders-and-nations-atl.html" title="2. Theme 2 - Leaders and Nations (ATL)">2. Theme 2 - Leaders and Nations (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29235/1-impact-of-leaders-on-the-cold-war.html" title="1. Impact of leaders on the Cold War">1. Impact of leaders on the Cold War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28184/2-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-cuba-.html" title="2. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Cuba ">2. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Cuba </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29229/3-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-egypt.html" title="3. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Egypt">3. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: Egypt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29341/4-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-us.html" title="4. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: US">4. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29402/5-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-ussr.html" title="5. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: USSR">5. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: USSR</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45523/6-nations-affected-by-cold-war-tensions-west-germany.html" title="6. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: West Germany">6. Nations affected by Cold War tensions: West Germany</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20105/leaders-and-nations-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-frames.html" title="Leaders and nations: Essay writing exercises and essay frames">Leaders and nations: Essay writing exercises and essay frames</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20101/3-theme-3-cold-war-crises.html" title="3. Theme 3 - Cold War Crises">3. Theme 3 - Cold War Crises</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41393/1-the-berlin-blockade-1948-.html" title="1. The Berlin Blockade 1948 ">1. The Berlin Blockade 1948 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41394/2-the-berlin-crisis-1958-to-1961.html" title="2. The Berlin Crisis 1958 to 1961">2. The Berlin Crisis 1958 to 1961</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41395/3-the-cuban-missile-crisis-.html" title="3. The Cuban Missile Crisis ">3. The Cuban Missile Crisis </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41637/4-the-korean-war-1950.html" title="4. The Korean War 1950">4. The Korean War 1950</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41636/5-the-prague-spring-1968.html" title="5. The Prague Spring, 1968">5. The Prague Spring, 1968</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20103/cold-war-crises-essay-writing-exercises-and-essay-plans.html" title="Cold War crises: Essay writing exercises and essay plans">Cold War crises: Essay writing exercises and essay plans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41413/cold-war-crises-review.html" title="Cold War Crises: Review">Cold War Crises: Review</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="7. The Cold War: Quizzes">7. The Cold War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24498/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../../task/334034.html" title="1. Origins of the Cold War (M/C)">1. Origins of the Cold War (M/C)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38877/1-origins-of-the-cold-war-short-answers.html" title="1. Origins of the Cold War (short answers)">1. Origins of the Cold War (short answers)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38401/4-cold-war-crises-the-cuban-missile-crisis.html" title="4. Cold War Crises: The Cuban Missile Crisis">4. Cold War Crises: The Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19920/paper-3.html" title="Paper 3">Paper 3</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24669/2-assessment-for-paper-3.html" title="2. Assessment for Paper 3">2. Assessment for Paper 3</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25629/option-1-africa-and-the-middle-east.html" title="Option 1: Africa and the Middle East">Option 1: Africa and the Middle East</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25715/topic-02-the-fatimids-909-1171.html" title="Topic 02: The Fatimids - 909-1171">Topic 02: The Fatimids - 909-1171</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25654/1-case-study-1-al-muizz-li-din-allah.html" title="1. Case Study 1: al-Mu&#039;izz li-Din Allah">1. Case Study 1: al-Mu&#039;izz li-Din Allah</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25662/2-case-study-2-al-hakim-bi-amr-allah.html" title="2. Case Study 2: al-Hakim bi-amr Allah">2. Case Study 2: al-Hakim bi-amr Allah</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25701/fatimid-resources.html" title="Fatimid Resources">Fatimid Resources</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25725/topic-03-the-crusades-1095-1291.html" title="Topic 03: The Crusades - 1095-1291">Topic 03: The Crusades - 1095-1291</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25871/1-causes-of-the-crusades-atl-.html" title="1. Causes of the Crusades (ATL) ">1. Causes of the Crusades (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25889/2-holy-war-and-jihad-atl.html" title="2. Holy War and Jihad (ATL)">2. Holy War and Jihad (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25888/3-pilgrimage-preaching-and-the-crusade-atl.html" title="3. Pilgrimage, Preaching and the Crusade (ATL)">3. Pilgrimage, Preaching and the Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25895/4-the-first-crusade-atl-.html" title="4. The First Crusade (ATL) ">4. The First Crusade (ATL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25986/5-the-second-crusade-atl.html" title="5. The Second Crusade (ATL)">5. The Second Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26008/6-the-fourth-crusade-atl.html" title="6. The Fourth Crusade (ATL)">6. The Fourth Crusade (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25936/7-impact-of-the-crusades-atl-.html" title="7. Impact of the Crusades (ATL) ">7. Impact of the Crusades (ATL) </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42822/topic-12-the-ottoman-empire-c18001923.html" title="Topic 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)">Topic 12: The Ottoman Empire (c1800–1923)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42823/1-challenges-to-ottoman-power-in-the-early-19th-century.html" title="1. Challenges to Ottoman Power in the early 19th Century">1. Challenges to Ottoman Power in the early 19th Century</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42848/2-the-eastern-question-and-crimean-war.html" title="2. The Eastern Question and Crimean War">2. The Eastern Question and Crimean War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42957/3-the-decline-of-ottoman-power-in-the-middle-east-and-north-afri.html" title="3. The Decline of Ottoman Power in the Middle East and North Africa ">3. The Decline of Ottoman Power in the Middle East and North Africa </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="4. Reform of the Ottoman government">4. Reform of the Ottoman government</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43167/1-reforms-of-sultan-selim-iii-and-sultan-mahmud-ii.html" title="1. Reforms of Sultan Selim III and Sultan Mahmud II">1. Reforms of Sultan Selim III and Sultan Mahmud II</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43168/2-the-tanzimat-reforms.html" title="2. The Tanzimat reforms">2. The Tanzimat reforms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43169/3-impact-of-tanzimat-reforms.html" title="3. Impact of Tanzimat reforms">3. Impact of Tanzimat reforms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43221/4-historical-pespectives-on-the-tanzimat.html" title="4. Historical pespectives on the Tanzimat">4. Historical pespectives on the Tanzimat</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43236/5-the-young-turk-revolution.html" title="5. The Young Turk Revolution">5. The Young Turk Revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43252/6-the-balkan-wars-1912-1913.html" title="6. The Balkan Wars 1912 - 1913">6. The Balkan Wars 1912 - 1913</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43325/7-ottoman-empire-and-first-world-war.html" title="7. Ottoman Empire and First World War">7. Ottoman Empire and First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43632/8-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-up-to-1923.html" title="8. The impact of the First World War up to 1923">8. The impact of the First World War up to 1923</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43692/9b-ottoman-empire-essay-planning.html" title="9b. Ottoman Empire: Essay planning">9b. Ottoman Empire: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44555/topic-15-developments-in-south-africa-1880-1994.html" title="Topic 15. Developments in South Africa, 1880 - 1994">Topic 15. Developments in South Africa, 1880 - 1994</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45435/1-the-boers-british-and-discovery-of-minerals-.html" title="1. The Boers, British and discovery of minerals ">1. The Boers, British and discovery of minerals </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45576/2-causes-of-the-south-african-war-18991902-.html" title="2. Causes of the South African War (1899–1902) ">2. Causes of the South African War (1899–1902) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45591/3-course-and-results-of-the-south-african-war.html" title="3. Course and results of the South African War">3. Course and results of the South African War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44362/4-policies-of-smuts-and-hertzog-19101948.html" title="4. Policies of Smuts and Hertzog (1910–1948)">4. Policies of Smuts and Hertzog (1910–1948)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44652/4a-the-national-party-policies-1948-1966.html" title="4a. The National Party: policies 1948 - 1966">4a. The National Party: policies 1948 - 1966</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44792/5-the-national-party-policies-1966-to-1980.html" title="5. The National Party: policies 1966 to 1980">5. The National Party: policies 1966 to 1980</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44790/6-resistance-to-apartheid-in-the-50s-and-60s.html" title="6. Resistance to apartheid in the 50s and 60s">6. Resistance to apartheid in the 50s and 60s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44791/7-resistance-in-the-1970s.html" title="7. Resistance in the 1970s">7. Resistance in the 1970s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44802/8-international-opposition-to-apartheid.html" title="8. International opposition to apartheid">8. International opposition to apartheid</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44911/9-the-end-of-apartheid-.html" title="9. The end of apartheid ">9. The end of apartheid </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45640/developments-in-south-africa-essay-planning.html" title="Developments in South Africa: Essay planning">Developments in South Africa: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28327/topic-17-post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-19452000.html" title="Topic 17: Post-war developments in the Middle East (1945–2000)">Topic 17: Post-war developments in the Middle East (1945–2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28347/1-origins-of-the-state-of-israel.html" title="1. Origins of the state of Israel">1. Origins of the state of Israel</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29036/2-arab-israeli-conflicts-1956-to-1973.html" title="2. Arab-Israeli conflicts, 1956 to 1973">2. Arab-Israeli conflicts, 1956 to 1973</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32361/3-the-plo-and-attempts-at-peacemaking.html" title="3. The PLO and attempts at peacemaking.">3. The PLO and attempts at peacemaking.</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32043/4-post-war-egypt.html" title="4. Post-war Egypt">4. Post-war Egypt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31740/6-post-war-iran.html" title="6. Post-war Iran">6. Post-war Iran</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31574/7-lebanons-civil-war.html" title="7. Lebanon&#039;s Civil War">7. Lebanon&#039;s Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31994/post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-essay-planning.html" title="Post-war developments in the Middle East: Essay planning">Post-war developments in the Middle East: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28372/post-war-developments-in-the-middle-east-videos.html" title="Post-war developments in the Middle East: videos">Post-war developments in the Middle East: videos</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Option 2: History of the Americas">Option 2: History of the Americas</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38828/topic-05-slavery-and-the-new-world-15001800.html" title="Topic 05: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)">Topic 05: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38525/1-origins-of-the-transatlantic-slave-trade.html" title="1. Origins of the transatlantic slave trade">1. Origins of the transatlantic slave trade</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38847/2-the-middle-passage.html" title="2. The Middle Passage">2. The Middle Passage</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38879/3-life-on-the-plantations-.html" title="3. Life on the plantations ">3. Life on the plantations </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38926/4-slave-resistance-and-slave-rebellions-in-british-america.html" title="4. Slave resistance and slave rebellions in British America">4. Slave resistance and slave rebellions in British America</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39250/5-opposition-to-the-slave-trade-and-slavery.html" title="5. Opposition to the slave trade and slavery">5. Opposition to the slave trade and slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39315/6-economic-and-social-impact-of-slavery.html" title="6. Economic and social impact of slavery">6. Economic and social impact of slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39434/7-slavery-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="7. Slavery: Essay frames and writing exercises">7. Slavery: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27264/topic-08-united-states-civil-war-causes-course-and-effects-1840-.html" title="Topic 08: United States&#039; Civil War: Causes, course and effects (1840-1877)">Topic 08: United States&#039; Civil War: Causes, course and effects (1840-1877)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27273/1-slavery.html" title="1. Slavery">1. Slavery</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27915/2-origins-of-the-civil-war.html" title="2. Origins of the Civil War">2. Origins of the Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28819/3-westward-expansion-and-the-crises-of-the-1850s.html" title="3. Westward expansion and the crises of the 1850s">3. Westward expansion and the crises of the 1850s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28878/4-how-the-civil-war-was-fought.html" title="4. How the Civil War was fought">4. How the Civil War was fought</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31057/5-factors-affecting-the-outcome-of-the-civil-war.html" title="5. Factors affecting the outcome of the Civil War">5. Factors affecting the outcome of the Civil War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31101/6-how-successful-was-reconstruction.html" title="6. How successful was Reconstruction?">6. How successful was Reconstruction?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31156/us-civil-war-essay-planning-activities.html" title="US Civil War: Essay planning activities">US Civil War: Essay planning activities</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38860/topic-10-emergence-of-the-americas-in-global-affairs-18801929.html" title="Topic 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)">Topic 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39153/1-united-states-expansionist-foreign-policies.html" title="1. United States’ expansionist foreign policies">1. United States’ expansionist foreign policies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39402/2-spanishamerican-war-1898-causes-and-effects-.html" title="2. Spanish–American War (1898): causes and effects ">2. Spanish–American War (1898): causes and effects </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39549/3-impact-of-united-states-foreign-policies-big-stick-dollar-dipl.html" title="3. Impact of United States’ foreign policies: Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; moral diplomacy">3. Impact of United States’ foreign policies: Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; moral diplomacy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38889/4-united-states-and-the-first-world-war-from-neutrality-to-invol.html" title="4. United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement">4. United States and the First World War: from neutrality to involvement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../38963/5-wilsons-peace-ideals-.html" title="5. Wilson’s peace ideals ">5. Wilson’s peace ideals </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39020/6-significance-of-first-world-war-for-the-us-hemispheric-status-.html" title="6. Significance of First World War for the US&#039; hemispheric status ">6. Significance of First World War for the US&#039; hemispheric status </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40268/7-involvement-of-canada-in-the-first-world-war.html" title="7. Involvement of Canada in the First World War">7. Involvement of Canada in the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40269/9-involvement-of-brazil-in-the-first-world-war.html" title="9. Involvement of Brazil in the First World War">9. Involvement of Brazil in the First World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40145/9a-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-brazil.html" title="9a. Impact of the First World War on Brazil">9a. Impact of the First World War on Brazil</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40942/9b-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-canada.html" title="9b Impact of the First World War on Canada">9b Impact of the First World War on Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40273/emergence-of-the-americas-essay-planning.html" title="Emergence of the Americas: Essay planning">Emergence of the Americas: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43311/topic-11-the-mexican-revolution.html" title="Topic 11: The Mexican Revolution">Topic 11: The Mexican Revolution</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43181/1-the-rule-of-porfirio-diaz-and-causes-of-revolution.html" title="1. The rule of Porfirio Diaz and causes of revolution">1. The rule of Porfirio Diaz and causes of revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43228/2-mexican-revolution-leaders.html" title="2. Mexican Revolution - leaders">2. Mexican Revolution - leaders</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43235/3-mexico-post-revolutionary-state-19201940-.html" title="3. Mexico: post-revolutionary state (1920–1940) ">3. Mexico: post-revolutionary state (1920–1940) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43237/4-mexican-revolution-women-culture.html" title="4. Mexican Revolution: Women & culture">4. Mexican Revolution: Women & culture</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43248/5-mexican-revolution-essay-planning.html" title="5. Mexican Revolution: Essay planning">5. Mexican Revolution: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26012/topic-12-the-great-depression-and-the-americas.html" title="Topic 12: The Great Depression and the Americas">Topic 12: The Great Depression and the Americas</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45972/1-the-great-depression-in-the-us.html" title="1. The Great Depression in the US">1. The Great Depression in the US</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26013/a-the-us-economy-in-the-1920s.html" title="a. The US economy in the 1920s">a. The US economy in the 1920s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45971/b-why-did-wall-street-crash.html" title="b. Why did Wall Street crash?">b. Why did Wall Street crash?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45973/c-why-did-the-crash-cause-a-depression.html" title="c. Why did the Crash cause a depression?">c. Why did the Crash cause a depression?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26252/d-hoovers-response-to-the-depression.html" title="d. Hoover&#039;s response to the Depression">d. Hoover&#039;s response to the Depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46028/e-roosevelt-and-the-new-deal.html" title="e. Roosevelt and the New Deal">e. Roosevelt and the New Deal</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26262/f-political-economic-and-social-impact-of-the-depression.html" title="f. Political, economic and social impact of the Depression">f. Political, economic and social impact of the Depression</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26111/2-the-great-depression-in-canada.html" title="2. The Great Depression in Canada">2. The Great Depression in Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26173/3-the-impact-of-the-depression-on-brazil.html" title="3. The impact of the Depression on Brazil">3. The impact of the Depression on Brazil</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26189/7-the-great-depression-and-the-americas-essay-planning.html" title="7. The Great Depression and the Americas: essay planning">7. The Great Depression and the Americas: essay planning</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46348/9-the-great-depression-and-the-americas-quizzes.html" title="9. The Great Depression and the Americas: Quizzes">9. The Great Depression and the Americas: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46349/a-causes-of-the-depression-in-the-us.html" title="a. Causes of the Depression in the US">a. Causes of the Depression in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46378/b-the-new-deal.html" title="b. The New Deal">b. The New Deal</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25753/topic-13-the-second-world-war-and-the-americas-19331945.html" title="Topic 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)">Topic 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25754/1-reactions-to-events-in-europe-and-asia-1933-1941.html" title="1. Reactions to events in Europe and Asia, 1933 - 1941">1. Reactions to events in Europe and Asia, 1933 - 1941</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25810/2-involvement-and-participation-of-the-us-and-canada.html" title="2. Involvement and participation of the US and Canada">2. Involvement and participation of the US and Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25841/3-social-impact-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="3. Social impact of the Second World War">3. Social impact of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25811/4-the-use-of-atomic-weapons-against-japan.html" title="4. The use of Atomic weapons against Japan">4. The use of Atomic weapons against Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25847/5-economic-and-diplomatic-effects-of-the-second-world-war.html" title="5. Economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War">5. Economic and diplomatic effects of the Second World War</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26040/6-treatment-of-japanese-citizens-in-the-americas.html" title="6. Treatment of Japanese citizens in the Americas">6. Treatment of Japanese citizens in the Americas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25814/8-the-second-world-war-and-the-americas-essay-frames-and-writing.html" title="8. The Second World War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises">8. The Second World War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24072/topic-14-political-developments-in-latin-america-19451980.html" title="Topic 14: Political developments in Latin America (1945–1980)">Topic 14: Political developments in Latin America (1945–1980)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35116/1-the-cuban-revolution.html" title="1. The Cuban Revolution">1. The Cuban Revolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35117/2-rule-of-fidel-castro.html" title="2. Rule of Fidel Castro">2. Rule of Fidel Castro</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28320/3-liberation-theology-in-latin-america.html" title="3. Liberation Theology in Latin America">3. Liberation Theology in Latin America</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29264/4-populist-leader-getulio-vargas.html" title="4. Populist leader: Getúlio Vargas">4. Populist leader: Getúlio Vargas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29088/5-populist-leader-juan-peron.html" title="5. Populist leader: Juan Perón">5. Populist leader: Juan Perón</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29283/6-the-rise-of-military-dictatorships.html" title="6. The rise of military dictatorships">6. The rise of military dictatorships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29278/political-developments-in-latin-america-essay-planning.html" title="Political developments in Latin America: Essay planning">Political developments in Latin America: Essay planning</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46531/political-developments-in-latin-america-quizzes.html" title="Political developments in Latin America: quizzes">Political developments in Latin America: quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46532/the-cuban-revolution-and-rule-of-fidel-castro.html" title="The Cuban Revolution and rule of Fidel Castro">The Cuban Revolution and rule of Fidel Castro</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 16: The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)">Topic 16: The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24080/1-containment-under-truman-and-eisenhower-atl.html" title="1. Containment under Truman and Eisenhower (ATL)">1. Containment under Truman and Eisenhower (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24085/2-american-policy-in-vietnam-atl.html" title="2. American policy in Vietnam (ATL)">2. American policy in Vietnam (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24084/3-us-foreign-policy-kennedy-to-carter-atl.html" title="3. US Foreign policy - Kennedy to Carter (ATL)">3. US Foreign policy - Kennedy to Carter (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24107/4-the-cold-war-and-the-americas-essay-frames-and-writing-exercis.html" title="4. The Cold War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. The Cold War and the Americas: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24881/topic-17-civil-rights-and-social-movements-in-the-americas-post-.html" title="Topic 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945">Topic 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24882/1-indigenous-peoples-and-civil-rights-in-america-atl.html" title="1. Indigenous peoples and civil rights in America (ATL)">1. Indigenous peoples and civil rights in America (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24883/2-african-americans-and-the-fight-for-civil-rights-atl.html" title="2. African Americans and the fight for civil rights (ATL)">2. African Americans and the fight for civil rights (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25187/3-feminist-movements-in-the-us.html" title="3. Feminist movements in the US">3. Feminist movements in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45788/3b-feminist-movements-in-canada.html" title="3b. Feminist movements in Canada">3b. Feminist movements in Canada</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24976/4-hispanic-movement-in-the-us-atl.html" title="4. Hispanic Movement in the US (ATL)">4. Hispanic Movement in the US (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25409/5-counter-culture-in-the-us.html" title="5. Counter-culture in the US">5. Counter-culture in the US</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25266/6-civil-rights-and-social-movements-essay-frames-and-writing-exe.html" title="6. Civil Rights and social movements: Essay frames and writing exercises">6. Civil Rights and social movements: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Option 3: History of Asia and Oceania">Option 3: History of Asia and Oceania</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31362/topic-07-challenges-to-traditional-east-asian-societies-1700-186.html" title="Topic 07. Challenges to traditional East Asian societies (1700 - 1868)">Topic 07. Challenges to traditional East Asian societies (1700 - 1868)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31315/1-the-nature-and-structure-of-imperial-rule-under-the-qing-dynas.html" title="1. The nature and structure of imperial rule under the Qing dynasty; Qianlong">1. The nature and structure of imperial rule under the Qing dynasty; Qianlong</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31715/2-the-chinese-tribute-system-and-western-trade-missions.html" title="2. The Chinese tribute system and western trade missions">2. The Chinese tribute system and western trade missions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31726/3-first-and-second-opium-wars.html" title="3. First and Second Opium Wars">3. First and Second Opium Wars</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32516/4-taiping-rebellion.html" title="4. Taiping Rebellion">4. Taiping Rebellion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32354/5-the-tokugawa-shogunates-rule-in-japan.html" title="5. The Tokugawa Shogunate&#039;s rule in Japan">5. The Tokugawa Shogunate&#039;s rule in Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32569/6-the-fall-of-the-tokugawa-shogunate-1853-to-1868.html" title="6. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, 1853 to 1868">6. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, 1853 to 1868</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31739/7-challenges-to-east-asian-societies-essay-planning.html" title="7. Challenges to East Asian societies: Essay planning">7. Challenges to East Asian societies: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32573/challenges-to-east-asian-societies-extra-resources.html" title="Challenges to East Asian Societies: Extra Resources">Challenges to East Asian Societies: Extra Resources</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28521/topic-10-nationalism-and-independence-in-india-19191964.html" title="Topic 10: Nationalism and independence in India (1919–1964">Topic 10: Nationalism and independence in India (1919–1964</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28278/1-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-india.html" title="1. The impact of the First World War on India">1. The impact of the First World War on India</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28553/2-the-inter-war-years-growing-pressure-on-britain.html" title="2. The inter-war years: growing pressure on Britain">2. The inter-war years: growing pressure on Britain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28509/3-growth-of-muslim-separatism.html" title="3. Growth of Muslim separatism">3. Growth of Muslim separatism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28665/4-the-impact-of-the-second-world-war-on-india.html" title="4. The impact of the Second World War on India">4. The impact of the Second World War on India</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28778/5-post-independence-india-1947-1964.html" title="5. Post independence India 1947 - 1964">5. Post independence India 1947 - 1964</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28692/6-nationalism-and-independence-in-india-essay-planning.html" title="6. Nationalism and Independence in India: Essay planning">6. Nationalism and Independence in India: Essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27359/topic-11-japan-1912-to-1990.html" title="Topic 11: Japan 1912 to 1990">Topic 11: Japan 1912 to 1990</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27360/1-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-on-japan.html" title="1. The impact of the First World War on Japan">1. The impact of the First World War on Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27210/2-taisho-democracy.html" title="2. Taisho Democracy">2. Taisho Democracy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27326/3-the-growth-of-militarism-and-nationalism-in-japan.html" title="3. The growth of militarism and nationalism in Japan">3. The growth of militarism and nationalism in Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27412/4-japans-foreign-policy-1931-to-1945.html" title="4. Japan&#039;s foreign policy 1931 to 1945">4. Japan&#039;s foreign policy 1931 to 1945</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27681/5-the-us-occupation-1945-to-1952.html" title="5. The US Occupation 1945 to 1952">5. The US Occupation 1945 to 1952</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28007/6-economic-miracle-and-its-impact-on-japan.html" title="6. Economic miracle and its impact on Japan">6. Economic miracle and its impact on Japan</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27583/7-japan-1912-to-1990-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="7. Japan 1912 to 1990: Essay frames and writing exercises">7. Japan 1912 to 1990: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9b. Japan 1920 - 1990: interactive quizzes">9b. Japan 1920 - 1990: interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44023/1-japans-foreign-policy-1931-1945.html" title="1. Japan&#039;s foreign policy 1931 - 1945">1. Japan&#039;s foreign policy 1931 - 1945</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26494/topic-12-china-and-korea-1910-1950.html" title="Topic 12: China and Korea (1910 - 1950)">Topic 12: China and Korea (1910 - 1950)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26495/1-rise-of-national-identity-in-china-atl.html" title="1. Rise of national identity in China (ATL)">1. Rise of national identity in China (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26562/2-the-nanjing-decade-1927-1937.html" title="2. The Nanjing decade (1927 - 1937)">2. The Nanjing decade (1927 - 1937)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26709/3-rise-of-communism-in-china-atl.html" title="3. Rise of Communism in China (ATL)">3. Rise of Communism in China (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26801/4-china-at-war-1931-to-1949-atl.html" title="4. China at war 1931 to 1949 (ATL)">4. China at war 1931 to 1949 (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26596/5-korea-1910-1950-atl.html" title="5. Korea 1910 - 1950: ATL">5. Korea 1910 - 1950: ATL</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27124/6-taiwan-and-the-republic-of-china.html" title="6. Taiwan and the Republic of China">6. Taiwan and the Republic of China</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26618/china-and-korea-1910-1950-extra-resources.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950) Extra Resources">China and Korea (1910 - 1950) Extra Resources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26592/china-and-korea-1910-1950-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950): Essay frames and writing exercises">China and Korea (1910 - 1950): Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26557/china-and-korea-1910-1950-videos.html" title="China and Korea (1910 - 1950): videos">China and Korea (1910 - 1950): videos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23218/topic-14-the-peoples-republic-of-china-1949-2005.html" title="Topic 14: The People&#039;s Republic of China (1949 - 2005)">Topic 14: The People&#039;s Republic of China (1949 - 2005)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23270/1-maos-consolidation-of-power-and-rule-1949-1976-atl.html" title="1. Mao&#039;s consolidation of power and rule (1949 - 1976) (ATL)">1. Mao&#039;s consolidation of power and rule (1949 - 1976) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23271/2-chinas-foreign-policy-1949-1976-atl.html" title="2. China&#039;s foreign policy (1949 - 1976) (ATL)">2. China&#039;s foreign policy (1949 - 1976) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23272/3-economic-and-political-developments-under-deng-xiaoping.html" title="3. Economic and political developments under Deng Xiaoping">3. Economic and political developments under Deng Xiaoping</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45780/4-developments-in-china-1990-2005.html" title="4. Developments in China 1990 - 2005">4. Developments in China 1990 - 2005</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23313/4-the-peoples-republic-of-china-essay-frames-and-writing-exercis.html" title="4. The People&#039;s Republic of China: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. The People&#039;s Republic of China: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Topic 15: Cold War conflicts in Asia">Topic 15: Cold War conflicts in Asia</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25338/1-the-korean-war-and-its-impact-atl.html" title="1. The Korean War and its impact (ATL)">1. The Korean War and its impact (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25416/2-the-malayan-emergency-atl.html" title="2. The Malayan Emergency (ATL)">2. The Malayan Emergency (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25392/3-the-vietnam-conflict-atl.html" title="3. The Vietnam conflict (ATL)">3. The Vietnam conflict (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25622/4-cambodia-atl.html" title="4. Cambodia (ATL)">4. Cambodia (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25447/5-afghanistan-1979-1992-atl.html" title="5. Afghanistan (1979 - 1992) (ATL)">5. Afghanistan (1979 - 1992) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25457/7-cold-war-conflicts-in-asia-essay-writing-frames-and-exercises.html" title="7. Cold War Conflicts in Asia: Essay writing frames and exercises">7. Cold War Conflicts in Asia: Essay writing frames and exercises</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19956/option-4-history-of-europe.html" title="Option 4: History of Europe">Option 4: History of Europe</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20828/-8-the-french-revolution-and-napoleon-i-17741815.html" title=" 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)"> 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20834/1-crisis-of-the-ancien-regime-atl.html" title="1. Crisis of the Ancien Régime (ATL)">1. Crisis of the Ancien Régime (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21682/2-the-establishment-of-a-consitutional-monarchy-1789-1791-.html" title="2. The establishment of a consitutional monarchy (1789 - 1791) ">2. The establishment of a consitutional monarchy (1789 - 1791) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27937/3-the-establishment-of-a-republic-and-the-terror-1791-1794.html" title="3. The establishment of a Republic and the Terror, 1791 - 1794">3. The establishment of a Republic and the Terror, 1791 - 1794</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21686/4-the-thermidorian-reaction-and-the-directory-17951799.html" title="4. The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory (1795–1799)">4. The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory (1795–1799)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22340/5-the-rise-and-rule-of-napoleon-1799-1814-atl.html" title="5. The rise and rule of Napoleon (1799 - 1814) (ATL)">5. The rise and rule of Napoleon (1799 - 1814) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22802/6-french-revolution-and-napoleon-essay-frames-and-writing-exerci.html" title="6. French Revolution and Napoleon: Essay frames and writing exercises">6. French Revolution and Napoleon: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46550/11-italy-18151871-and-germany-18151890.html" title="11. Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890">11. Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46551/1-italian-unification.html" title="1. Italian Unification">1. Italian Unification</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46544/a-italy-1815-1847.html" title="a. Italy 1815 - 1847">a. Italy 1815 - 1847</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46615/b-the-revolutions-of-1848-49.html" title="b. The Revolutions of 1848 - 49">b. The Revolutions of 1848 - 49</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46649/c-cavours-actions-1848-1860.html" title="c. Cavour&#039;s actions 1848 - 1860">c. Cavour&#039;s actions 1848 - 1860</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46721/d-garibaldi-and-unification-after-1860.html" title="d. Garibaldi and unification after 1860">d. Garibaldi and unification after 1860</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22466/12-imperial-russia-revolution-and-the-establishment-of-the-sovie.html" title="12: Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union">12: Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22558/1-imperial-russia-reform-and-reaction-1855-1894-atl.html" title="1. Imperial Russia, reform and reaction (1855 - 1894) (ATL)">1. Imperial Russia, reform and reaction (1855 - 1894) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22559/2-imperial-russia-the-last-years-of-autocracy-1894-1914-atl.html" title="2. Imperial Russia: The last years of autocracy (1894 - 1914) (ATL)">2. Imperial Russia: The last years of autocracy (1894 - 1914) (ATL)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22696/3-the-revolutions-of-1917-atl.html" title="3. The revolutions of 1917 (ATL)">3. The revolutions of 1917 (ATL)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46736/3b-the-bolshevik-revolution-of-1917.html" title="3b. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917">3b. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22717/4-the-bolshevik-consolidation-of-power-1918-1924-atl.html" title="4. The Bolshevik consolidation of power (1918 - 1924) (ATL)">4. The Bolshevik consolidation of power (1918 - 1924) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22578/5-imperial-russia-revolution-and-the-establishment-of-the-soviet.html" title="5. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Essay frames and writing exercises">5. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Quizzes">9. Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28004/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28433/1-russia-1855-to-1917.html" title="1. Russia 1855 to 1917">1. Russia 1855 to 1917</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28005/2-russia-1917-1924.html" title="2. Russia 1917 -1924">2. Russia 1917 -1924</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22166/13-europe-and-the-first-world-war.html" title="13: Europe and the First World War">13: Europe and the First World War</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34290/1-changing-alliances-in-europe-1871-to-1907.html" title="1. Changing alliances in Europe 1871 to 1907">1. Changing alliances in Europe 1871 to 1907</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34348/2-why-did-war-break-out-in-1914.html" title="2. Why did war break out in 1914?">2. Why did war break out in 1914?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34369/3-impact-of-war-and-the-reasons-for-allied-victory.html" title="3. Impact of war and the reasons for Allied victory">3. Impact of war and the reasons for Allied victory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22188/4-europe-and-the-first-world-war-essay-frames-and-writing-exerci.html" title="4. Europe and the First World War: Essay frames and writing exercises">4. Europe and the First World War: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="6. Europe and the First World War: Quizzes">6. Europe and the First World War: Quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43982/interactive-quizzes.html" title="Interactive quizzes">Interactive quizzes</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22520/15-diplomacy-in-europe-19191945.html" title="15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)">15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41037/1-the-versailles-peace-treaty.html" title="1. The Versailles Peace Treaty">1. The Versailles Peace Treaty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41038/2-other-treaties-in-the-versailles-settlement.html" title="2. Other Treaties in the Versailles Settlement">2. Other Treaties in the Versailles Settlement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41047/3-the-league-of-nations-and-europe-in-the-1920s.html" title="3. The League of  Nations and Europe in the 1920s">3. The League of  Nations and Europe in the 1920s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41063/4-italian-and-german-foreign-policies-19191941.html" title="4. Italian and German foreign policies (1919–1941)">4. Italian and German foreign policies (1919–1941)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41064/5-collective-security-in-the-1920s-and-1930s.html" title="5. Collective security in the 1920s and 1930s">5. Collective security in the 1920s and 1930s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41067/6-the-policy-of-appeasement.html" title="6. The policy of Appeasement">6. The policy of Appeasement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41068/7-events-in-europe-up-to-1941.html" title="7. Events in Europe up to 1941">7. Events in Europe up to 1941</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41069/8-the-wartime-alliance-1941-to-1945.html" title="8: The Wartime Alliance 1941 to 1945">8: The Wartime Alliance 1941 to 1945</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22521/9-diplomacy-in-europe-essay-frames-and-writing-exercises.html" title="9. Diplomacy in Europe: Essay frames and writing exercises">9. Diplomacy in Europe: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="9c. Diplomacy in Europe: Quizzes ">9c. Diplomacy in Europe: Quizzes </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36574/2-interactive-quizzes.html" title="2. Interactive quizzes">2. Interactive quizzes</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36570/versailles-peace-settlement.html" title="Versailles Peace Settlement">Versailles Peace Settlement</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30012/18-post-war-central-and-eastern-europe-1945-2000.html" title="18: Post-war central and eastern Europe (1945-2000)">18: Post-war central and eastern Europe (1945-2000)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30184/1-soviet-motives-for-taking-control-in-central-and-eastern-europ.html" title="1. Soviet motives for taking control in central and eastern Europe 1945 - 1955">1. Soviet motives for taking control in central and eastern Europe 1945 - 1955</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30227/2-the-extent-and-nature-of-soviet-control.html" title="2. The extent and nature of Soviet control">2. The extent and nature of Soviet control</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29807/3-support-and-cooperation-repression-and-protest-1945-1968.html" title="3. Support and cooperation, repression and protest (1945 - 1968)">3. Support and cooperation, repression and protest (1945 - 1968)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30775/4-repression-and-revolution-in-central-and-eastern-europe-1968-t.html" title="4. Repression and revolution in central and eastern Europe, 1968 to 1989">4. Repression and revolution in central and eastern Europe, 1968 to 1989</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31212/5-balkan-conflicts-in-the-1990s-part-1.html" title="5. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 1">5. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31269/6-balkan-conflicts-in-the-1990s-part-2.html" title="6. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 2">6. Balkan conflicts in the 1990s: Part 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30771/post-war-central-and-eastern-europe-essay-planning.html" title="Post war central and eastern Europe: essay planning">Post war central and eastern Europe: essay planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20827/14-european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-19181939.html" title="14: European states in the inter-war years (1918–1939)">14: European states in the inter-war years (1918–1939)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20832/1-the-weimar-republic-1918-1933-atl.html" title="1. The Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933) (ATL)">1. The Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933) (ATL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21504/2-nazi-germany-part-i-1933-1939-.html" title="2. Nazi Germany: Part I (1933 - 1939) ">2. Nazi Germany: Part I (1933 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36691/3-nazi-germany-part-ii-1933-1939.html" title="3. Nazi Germany Part II (1933 - 1939)">3. Nazi Germany Part II (1933 - 1939)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20842/4-italy-part-i-1918-1939-.html" title="4. Italy: Part I (1918 - 1939) ">4. Italy: Part I (1918 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37137/5-italy-part-ii-1918-1939-.html" title="5. Italy: Part II (1918 - 1939) ">5. Italy: Part II (1918 - 1939) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42053/6-the-spanish-civil-war-part-1-1900-1931.html" title="6. The Spanish Civil War: Part 1 (1900 - 1931)">6. The Spanish Civil War: Part 1 (1900 - 1931)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42068/7-spanish-civil-war-part-2-1931-1936-.html" title="7. Spanish Civil War: Part 2 (1931 - 1936) ">7. Spanish Civil War: Part 2 (1931 - 1936) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42073/8-spanish-civil-war-part-3-1936-1939.html" title="8. Spanish Civil War: Part 3 (1936 - 1939)">8. Spanish Civil War: Part 3 (1936 - 1939)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44002/9-britain-1918-to-1939.html" title="9. Britain 1918 to 1939">9. Britain 1918 to 1939</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43989/1-britain-in-1914.html" title="1. Britain in 1914">1. Britain in 1914</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43997/2-the-impact-of-the-first-world-war-1918-1922.html" title="2. The impact of the First World War: 1918 - 1922">2. The impact of the First World War: 1918 - 1922</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44078/3-britain-in-the-1920s-a-search-for-stability.html" title="3. Britain in the 1920s - a search for stability">3. Britain in the 1920s - a search for stability</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44053/1-political-developments-1922-1929.html" title="1. Political developments 1922 - 1929">1. Political developments 1922 - 1929</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44192/2-economic-issues-1922-1929.html" title="2. Economic issues, 1922 - 1929">2. Economic issues, 1922 - 1929</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44193/3-social-and-cultural-changes-1922-1929.html" title="3. Social and cultural changes, 1922 - 1929">3. Social and cultural changes, 1922 - 1929</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44285/4-britain-1929-1939.html" title="4. Britain 1929 - 1939">4. Britain 1929 - 1939</a></li><ul class="level-5 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44284/1-britain-1929-1939-political-and-economic-developments.html" title="1. Britain 1929 - 1939: Political and economic developments">1. Britain 1929 - 1939: Political and economic developments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 70px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44308/2-the-social-and-cultural-impact-of-the-great-depression.html" title="2. The social and cultural impact of the Great Depression">2. The social and cultural impact of the Great Depression</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23416/european-states-in-the-inter-war-years-essay-frames-and-writing-.html" title="European states in the inter-war years: Essay frames and writing exercises">European states in the inter-war years: Essay frames and writing exercises</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44367/1-weimar-germany-essay-planning.html" title="1. Weimar Germany: Essay planning">1. Weimar Germany: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44368/2-nazi-germany-essay-planning.html" title="2. Nazi Germany: Essay planning">2. Nazi Germany: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44369/3-italy-essay-planning.html" title="3. Italy: Essay planning">3. Italy: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44375/4-spain-essay-planning.html" title="4. Spain: Essay planning">4. Spain: Essay planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44376/5-case-studies-russia-and-britain-essay-planning.html" title="5. Case studies: Russia and Britain - essay planning">5. 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(Nov 2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31044/what-is-the-role-of-professional-historians-august-2019.html" title="What is the role of professional historians? (August 2019)">What is the role of professional historians? (August 2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27348/who-gets-to-write-the-history-the-worlds-last-colonial-museum-se.html" title="Who gets to write the History? The &#039;world&#039;s last colonial museum&#039; (September 2018)">Who gets to write the History? The &#039;world&#039;s last colonial museum&#039; (September 2018)</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../33195/recursos-en-espanol.html" title="Recursos en español">Recursos en español</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Prueba 1">Prueba 1</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="2. Temas Prescritos para la Prueba 1">2. Temas Prescritos para la Prueba 1</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Tema prescrito 3: El avance hacia la guerra global">Tema prescrito 3: El avance hacia la guerra global</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33217/11-expansion-italiana-1933-1940-.html" title="1.1 Expansión italiana (1933-1940) ">1.1 Expansión italiana (1933-1940) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33240/12-expansion-alemana-1933-1940.html" title="1.2 Expansión alemana (1933 - 1940)">1.2 Expansión alemana (1933 - 1940)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33412/2-la-expansion-alemana-e-italiana-videos-y-actividades.html" title="2. La expansión alemana e italiana: Videos y actividades">2. La expansión alemana e italiana: Videos y actividades</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33379/3-la-expansion-japonesa-en-asia-oriental-1931-1941.html" title="3. La expansión japonesa en Asia oriental (1931-1941)">3. La expansión japonesa en Asia oriental (1931-1941)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33381/4-la-expansion-japonesa-en-asia-oriental-videos-y-actividades.html" title="4. La expansión japonesa en Asia Oriental: Videos y actividades.">4. La expansión japonesa en Asia Oriental: Videos y actividades.</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../33564/tema-prescrito-4-derechos-y-protesta.html" title="Tema prescrito 4: Derechos y protesta">Tema prescrito 4: Derechos y protesta</a></li><ul class="level-4 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33565/1-movimiento-por-los-derechos-civiles-en-estados-unidos-19541965.html" title="1. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos (1954–1965) ">1. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos (1954–1965) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33605/2-movimiento-por-los-derechos-civiles-en-estados-unidos-videos-y.html" title="2. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos: Vídeos y actividades">2. Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos: Vídeos y actividades</a></li><li class="current" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="3-sudafrica-durante-el-apartheid-19481964.html" title="3. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid (1948–1964)">3. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid (1948–1964)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33733/4-sudafrica-durante-el-apartheid-videos-y-actividades.html" title="4. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid: Vídeos y actividades">4. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid: Vídeos y actividades</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Prueba 2">Prueba 2</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33290/tema-11-causas-y-consecuencias-de-las-guerras-del-siglo-xx.html" title="Tema 11: Causas y consecuencias de las guerras del siglo XX">Tema 11: Causas y consecuencias de las guerras del siglo XX</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34552/estudio-de-caso-la-primera-guerra-mundial-.html" title="Estudio de caso: La Primera Guerra Mundial ">Estudio de caso: La Primera Guerra Mundial </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34553/1-primera-guerra-munial-causas.html" title="1. Primera Guerra Munial: Causas">1. Primera Guerra Munial: Causas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34562/2-la-primera-guerra-mundial-practicas-.html" title="2. La Primera Guerra Mundial: Prácticas ">2. La Primera Guerra Mundial: Prácticas </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34601/3-la-primera-guerra-mundial-los-efectos-.html" title="3. La Primera Guerra Mundial: los efectos ">3. La Primera Guerra Mundial: los efectos </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34711/4-primera-guerra-mundial-planificacion-de-ensayos.html" title="4. Primera Guerra Mundial: Planificación de ensayos">4. Primera Guerra Mundial: Planificación de ensayos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36267/estudio-de-caso-la-revolucion-cubana.html" title="Estudio de caso: La revolución cubana">Estudio de caso: La revolución cubana</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36304/la-revolucion-cubana-planificacion-de-ensayos.html" title="La revolución cubana: Planificación de ensayos">La revolución cubana: Planificación de ensayos</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34190/estudio-de-caso-la-segunda-guerra-mundial.html" title="Estudio de caso: La Segunda Guerra Mundial">Estudio de caso: La Segunda Guerra Mundial</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33277/-1-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-causas-parte-i-.html" title=" 1. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte I "> 1. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte I </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33631/2-segunda-guerra-mundial-causas-parte-ii-asia-.html" title="2. Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte II Asia ">2. Segunda Guerra Mundial: Causas Parte II Asia </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34210/3-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-estrategias-enfoques-de-aprendizaje-.html" title="3. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: estrategias (Enfoques de aprendizaje) ">3. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: estrategias (Enfoques de aprendizaje) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34449/4-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-consecuencias.html" title="4. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Consecuencias">4. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Consecuencias</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34476/5-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-planifcacion-de-ensayos-para-la-prue.html" title="5. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Planifcación de ensayos para la prueba 2">5. La Segunda Guerra Mundial: Planifcación de ensayos para la prueba 2</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Tema 12: La Guerra Fría: tensiones y rivalidades entre las superpotencias (siglo XX)">Tema 12: La Guerra Fría: tensiones y rivalidades entre las superpotencias (siglo XX)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="2. Líderes y naciones">2. Líderes y naciones</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36155/naciones-afectadas-por-las-tensiones-de-la-guerra-fria-cuba.html" title="Naciones afectadas por las tensiones de la Guerra Fría: Cuba">Naciones afectadas por las tensiones de la Guerra Fría: Cuba</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36564/tema10-estados-autoritarios-siglo-xx.html" title="Tema10: Estados autoritarios (siglo XX)">Tema10: Estados autoritarios (siglo XX)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36565/estudio-de-caso-castro.html" title="Estudio de caso: Castro">Estudio de caso: Castro</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Estudio de caso: Hitler">Estudio de caso: Hitler</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36598/hitler-planificacion-de-ensayos.html" title="Hitler: planificación de ensayos">Hitler: planificación de ensayos</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Prueba 3">Prueba 3</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35864/opcion-2-historia-de-america.html" title="Opción 2: Historia de América">Opción 2: Historia de América</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43442/11-la-revolucion-mexicana-18841940.html" title="11: La Revolución mexicana (1884–1940)">11: La Revolución mexicana (1884–1940)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43443/1-el-gobierno-de-porfirio-diaz-y-las-causas-de-la-revolucion-.html" title="1. El gobierno de Porfirio Díaz y las causas de la revolución ">1. El gobierno de Porfirio Díaz y las causas de la revolución </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43444/2-la-revolucion-y-sus-lideres-19101917-.html" title="2. La revolución y sus líderes (1910–1917): ">2. La revolución y sus líderes (1910–1917): </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43449/3-mexico-estado-posrevolucionario-1920-1940-.html" title="3. México: estado posrevolucionario (1920-1940) ">3. México: estado posrevolucionario (1920-1940) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43450/4-revolucion-mexicana-mujeres-y-cultura-.html" title="4. Revolución Mexicana: Mujeres y cultura ">4. Revolución Mexicana: Mujeres y cultura </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../43463/5-revolucion-mexicana-planificacion-de-ensayos-.html" title="5. Revolución Mexicana: Planificación de ensayos ">5. Revolución Mexicana: Planificación de ensayos </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35865/14-acontecimientos-politicos-en-america-latina-19451980.html" title="14: Acontecimientos políticos en América Latina (1945–1980)">14: Acontecimientos políticos en América Latina (1945–1980)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35866/1-la-revolucion-cubana.html" title="1. La Revolución cubana">1. La Revolución cubana</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36000/2-gobierno-de-fidel-castro.html" title="2. Gobierno de Fidel Castro">2. Gobierno de Fidel Castro</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Opción 4: Historia de Europa">Opción 4: Historia de Europa</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="14: Acontecimientos nacionales en los Estados europeos en los años de entreguerras (1918 –1939)">14: Acontecimientos nacionales en los Estados europeos en los años de entreguerras (1918 –1939)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33303/1-la-republica-de-weimar-1918-1933.html" title="1. 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					<div id="main-column" class="span9">    <article id="3-sudafrica-durante-el-apartheid-19481964" style="margin-top: 16px;">
        <h1 class="section-title">3. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid (1948–1964)</h1>
        <ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../history.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Recursos en español</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Prueba 1</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">2. Temas Prescritos para la Prueba 1</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Tema prescrito 4: Derechos y protesta</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">3. Sudáfrica durante el apartheid (1948–1964)</span></li></ul>
        
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                <img alt="" height="241" src="../../../ib/history/apartheidsignenglishafrikaans.jpg" style="float: right;" width="264"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Estas p&aacute;ginas le dar&aacute;n algunas ideas para actividades de ense&ntilde;anza y aprendizaje para el estudio de caso sobre el apartheid en Sud&aacute;frica. Hemos incluido una gama de actividades que incluyen ejercicios de comprensi&oacute;n, juegos de rol, ejercicios con fuentes, res&uacute;menes y actividades de mapas mentales.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Los v&iacute;deos e ideas para utilizarlos en la ense&ntilde;anza se tratan en una p&aacute;gina aparte; v&eacute;ase el lado izquierdo. Hay sugerencias de v&iacute;deo para la mayor&iacute;a de los contenidos que deben ser cubiertos para esta unidad.</span></p><hr class="hidden"><div class="greyBg"><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Preguntas orientadoras:</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Por qu&eacute; se consagr&oacute; la segregaci&oacute;n por ley en 1948?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Qu&eacute; fue el estado apartheid?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Qu&eacute; significaba el Apartheid en la pr&aacute;ctica?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Cu&aacute;les fueron las campa&ntilde;as no violentas contra el Apartheid que tuvieron lugar en los a&ntilde;os 50?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Por qu&eacute; la lucha contra el apartheid se&nbsp;volvi&oacute; violenta?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Cu&aacute;l fue la reacci&oacute;n del gobierno a la protesta anti-Apartheid?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Cu&aacute;l fue el papel de los individuos clave en la lucha contra el Apartheid?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Cu&aacute;l fue el papel de las organizaciones anti-Apartheid?</span></p></div><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>1. &iquest;Por qu&eacute; se consagr&oacute; la segregaci&oacute;n por ley en 1948? </strong></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Actividad inicial</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="310" src="../../../ib/history/south_africa.jpg" style="float: left;" width="415"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">De a dos, hagan una tormenta de ideas sobre todo lo que sepan sobre Sud&aacute;frica. Puede tratarse de informaci&oacute;n reciente sobre pol&iacute;tica, econom&iacute;a, asuntos sociales, deportes, acontecimientos y personalidades importantes, as&iacute; como cualquier historia que conozcan. Cada pareja debe entonces compartir sus ideas y pensamientos con el resto de la clase.</span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">La primera actividad es hacer que los estudiantes investiguen los acontecimientos anteriores a 1948 para que puedan comprender la situaci&oacute;n preexistente.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea Uno</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de investigaci&oacute;n y comunicaci&oacute;n</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Divida la clase en cinco grupos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Cada grupo debe investigar uno de los siguientes temas y presentar sus hallazgos al resto de la clase que debe tomar notas. La presentaci&oacute;n debe incluir un PPT con im&aacute;genes claras y mapas cuando sea apropiado. Cada grupo debe tambi&eacute;n presentar una o dos carillas de notas sobre su tema para distribuir a la clase despu&eacute;s de su presentaci&oacute;n.</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Los or&iacute;genes del grupo racial afrik&aacute;ner en Sud&aacute;frica, las causas y el impacto del Gran Trek (La Gran Marcha)</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Causas de la guerra de los b&oacute;eres de 1899 - 1902 y su impacto</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El establecimiento de la Uni&oacute;n Sudafricana en 1910 y sus repercusiones en la segregaci&oacute;n; las leyes que se aprobaron estableciendo la segregaci&oacute;n</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">La resistencia negra antes de 1948</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El crecimiento del Partido Unido, el impacto de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en la pol&iacute;tica y la econom&iacute;a de Sud&aacute;frica</span></li></ul></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea Dos</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de pensamiento</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">La &uacute;ltima de estas presentaciones es particularmente clave. Las presentaciones deben ir seguidas de un debate y toma de notas que aborden la situaci&oacute;n en Sud&aacute;frica en 1948 y las razones por las que los nacionalistas ganaron las elecciones. Los estudiantes podr&iacute;an resumir sus conclusiones en el siguiente diagrama.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="446" src="../../../ib/history/apartheid-3.png" width="529"></span></p></div><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>&iquest;Qu&eacute; fue el estado apartheid?</strong></span></span></h4><div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="364" src="../../../ib/history/screenshot-2016-03-09-17.41.00.png" style="float: left;" width="461"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Fuente: <em>Nelson Mandela: a Life in Cartoons.</em>&nbsp;edited by Harry Dugmore, Stephen Francis, Rico Schacherl. Claremont, South Africa: David Philip Publishers, 1999.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>El cartel sobre el c&eacute;sped dice: Este sector del parque es para el uso de blancos exclusivamente&nbsp;</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Cu&aacute;l es el mensaje de esta caricatura?</span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Una vez en el poder, el gobierno de los nacionales aprob&oacute; una serie de leyes para poner en pr&aacute;ctica la primera fase del apartheid que dur&oacute; hasta finales de la d&eacute;cada del 50. Estas leyes definieron casi todos los aspectos de la vida cotidiana de las personas bas&aacute;ndose en la clasificaci&oacute;n racial.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Las leyes pueden ser clasificadas como peque&ntilde;as (&ldquo;petty apartheid&rdquo;) o grandes (&ldquo;grand apartheid&rdquo;). El petty apartheid fue el lado m&aacute;s visible del Apartheid, como la segregaci&oacute;n de las instalaciones seg&uacute;n las razas. El grand apartheid fue m&aacute;s all&aacute; y se centr&oacute; en la separaci&oacute;n de las razas a gran escala, por ejemplo, impidiendo que los africanos de color tuvieran acceso a la tierra e impidiendo que vivieran en las mismas zonas que los blancos. Tambi&eacute;n se les neg&oacute; a los africanos negros la representaci&oacute;n pol&iacute;tica.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea Uno</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de investigaci&oacute;n y autogesti&oacute;n</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Toma notas sobre:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Los objetivos del apartheid y c&oacute;mo se justificaba su aplicaci&oacute;n.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El informe Tomlinson: recomendaciones y problemas.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Las principales leyes del apartheid que se enumeran m&aacute;s abajo</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">A medida que te familiarizas con las leyes, considera cu&aacute;les pueden ser calificadas como &quot;petty apartheid&rdquo; (legislaci&oacute;n menor) y cu&aacute;les pueden ser calificadas como &quot;grand apartheid&rdquo; (legislaci&oacute;n mayor)</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;C&oacute;mo apoy&oacute; cada ley la filosof&iacute;a general del Apartheid? &iquest;C&oacute;mo fortaleci&oacute; al gobierno y a la posici&oacute;n de los blancos?</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Ley de prohibici&oacute;n de matrimonios mixtos (1949), ley de inmoralidad (1950), ley de registro de poblaci&oacute;n (1950), ley de agrupaci&oacute;n por &aacute;reas (1950), ley de supresi&oacute;n del comunismo (1950), ley de autoridad bant&uacute; (1951), ley de enmienda de las leyes de nativos (1952), ley de abolici&oacute;n de los pases (1952), ley de servicios p&uacute;blicos separados (1953), ley de educaci&oacute;n bant&uacute; (1953), ley de enmienda del derecho penal (1953), ley de representaci&oacute;n separada de los electores (1956), ley de instituciones de ayuda estatal (1957), leyes de reserva de puestos de trabajo (1957/8), ley de extensi&oacute;n de educaci&oacute;n universitaria (1959)</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Alternativamente, los estudiantes podr&iacute;an completar la siguiente tabla.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Otra idea de ense&ntilde;anza ser&iacute;a dividir las leyes entre los estudiantes para que investiguen una o dos cada uno y luego informen al resto de la clase.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a href="/media/ib/history/apartheid-legislation-and-its-impact-grid-sp.pdf" target="_blank" title="Activities"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/activities.png"> Legislacion del Apartheid </a></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="400" scrolling="no" src="/media/ib/history/apartheid-legislation-and-its-impact-grid-sp.pdf" width="100%"></iframe></span></p></div><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>3. &iquest;Qu&eacute; significaba el Apartheid en la </strong>pr&aacute;ctica<strong>?</strong></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="619" src="../../../ib/history/bantustans.jpg" style="float: left;" width="542"></span></p><div><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>aviaci&oacute;n, productos qu&iacute;micos, alimentos, hierro y acero, maquinaria, metal&uacute;rgica, automotores, refiner&iacute;as, combustibles, textiles</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>productos qu&iacute;micos, papel, refiner&iacute;as, ray&oacute;n, productos de goma, astilleros, procesadoras de az&uacute;car, curtiembres</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>ensamblaje automotriz, textiles, productos farmac&eacute;uticos y plantas procesadoras de alimentos</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>ensamblaje automotriz, textiles y llantas</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>producci&oacute;n alimenticia, mobiliario, refiner&iacute;as, astilleros, textiles, industria tabacalera y vinos</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Key</strong>:</span></p><div class="dottedBox"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Principal zona industrial</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Planta de energ&iacute;a hidroel&eacute;ctrica</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Homelands (bantustanes)</span></p></div></div><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&nbsp;<strong>Actividad inicial</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span class="tlid-translation translation" lang="es"><span title="">&iquest;Qu&eacute; conclusiones puede sacar de este mapa con respecto a las bantustanes que se establecieron para dar autodeterminaci&oacute;n a los sudafricanos negros?</span></span><span class="tlid-translation translation" lang="es"><span title=""></span></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea Uno: El impacto de la &quot;clasificaci&oacute;n&rdquo;</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de pensamiento</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Mira el video &ldquo;El Apartheid y la segregaci&oacute;n racial&rdquo;&nbsp; y responde las preguntas a&nbsp;continuaci&oacute;n</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;C&oacute;mo fue la clasificaci&oacute;n racial introducida por la nueva legislaci&oacute;n?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Cu&aacute;l fue el impacto de la estricta clasificaci&oacute;n racial de la poblaci&oacute;n en los individuos?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/kBr7OuCFE2U" width="640"></iframe></span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea Dos</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de investigaci&oacute;n y comunicaci&oacute;n</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Div&iacute;danse en grupos. Cada grupo debe investigar uno de los siguientes aspectos y su impacto en los sudafricanos:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El impacto de la ley de agrupaci&oacute;n por &aacute;reas: creaci&oacute;n de municipios y expulsiones forzosas</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El impacto de los bantustanes</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El impacto de las leyes de pases</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El impacto de la Ley de educaci&oacute;n bant&uacute;, 1953</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Como parte de tu investigaci&oacute;n necesitas encontrar al menos dos fuentes primarias que muestren c&oacute;mo los individuos o grupos de sudafricanos fueron afectados por este aspecto del Apartheid. Tambi&eacute;n necesitas encontrar citas del gobierno sudafricano que muestren c&oacute;mo justificaron este aspecto del apartheid. Luego presentar&aacute;s tus hallazgos al resto de la clase.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Puedes consultar, entre otras fuentes, <a href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000060436_spa">el art&iacute;culo &ldquo;El apartheid en sud&aacute;frica</a>&nbsp;&rdquo; en la revista El Correo (1965) de la Biblioteca Digital de UNESCO.</span></p></div><div><div><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>4. &iquest;Cu&aacute;les fueron las campa&ntilde;as no violentas contra el Apartheid que tuvieron lugar en los a&ntilde;os 50?</strong></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/history/national-women-day3-1.jpg" style="width: 350px; height: 254px; float: left;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Actividad inicial</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Por lo que has le&iacute;do hasta ahora sobre las leyes de los pases, &iquest;por qu&eacute; las mujeres se opon&iacute;an a que el gobierno les extendiera pases tanto a ellas como a los hombres? &iquest;A qu&eacute; crees que se refiere la pancarta &quot;Con los pases somos esclavos&quot;?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>La Campa&ntilde;a de Desaf&iacute;o, 1952</strong></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">En 1912 se form&oacute; el Congreso Nacional Nativo de Sud&aacute;frica, que se convirti&oacute; en el Congreso Nacional Africano (ANC) en 1923. Despu&eacute;s de 1948, los l&iacute;deres del ANC, Oliver Tambo y Nelson Mandela, pasaron a una pol&iacute;tica de protesta no violenta, como la que utilizar&iacute;a en los Estados Unidos Martin Luther King.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">La Campa&ntilde;a de Desaf&iacute;o en 1952 fue la primera campa&ntilde;a multirracial a gran escala contra las leyes del apartheid. Fue organizada por el ANC junto con el Congreso Indio Sudafricano y el Congreso de la Gente de Color. En ella participaron voluntarios que se negaban a seguir las leyes del apartheid: sentados en instalaciones &quot;s&oacute;lo para blancos&quot;, neg&aacute;ndose a llevar pases, neg&aacute;ndose a seguir las leyes del toque de queda para los africanos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea Uno</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de pensamiento</strong></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Lee este art&iacute;culo de E.S. Reddy, <em>Campa&ntilde;a de Desaf&iacute;o en Sud&aacute;frica. El recuerdo </em>del archivo O&#39;Malley que se encuentra en el Centro Nelson Mandela de la Memoria. (Haz clic en el ojo.)</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Elabora un mapa mental para mostrar el impacto de la Campa&ntilde;a de Desaf&iacute;o</span></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong><span class="st"><em>Campa&ntilde;a</em></span> de desafio en Sud&aacute;frica. El recuerdo por E. S. Reddy</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">La &quot;Campa&ntilde;a de desaf&iacute;o contra las leyes injustas&quot;, lanzada conjuntamente por el Congreso Nacional Africano de Sud&aacute;frica y el Congreso Indio Sudafricano, fue una de las mayores campa&ntilde;as de resistencia pasiva no violenta siguiendo la tradici&oacute;n de Mahatma Gandhi.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Fue la mayor acci&oacute;n de masas de la reci&eacute;n formada alianza de los dos congresos, que se enfrent&oacute; al r&eacute;gimen del apartheid que hab&iacute;a llegado al poder en 1948 y hab&iacute;a promulgado una serie de leyes racistas y represivas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">M&aacute;s de 8.500 voluntarios fueron apresados al contravenir leyes de pases, toques de queda, &oacute;rdenes de segregaci&oacute;n de blancos y no blancos en estaciones de ferrocarril y oficinas de correos, junto a otras medidas opresivas y humillantes. Se refutaron los temores expresados por muchas personas, tanto racistas como liberales, de que los africanos eran de alguna manera incapaces de implementar la resistencia no violenta. Algunos blancos fueron motivados a unirse a la resistencia pasiva. Entre ellos se encontraban: Patrick Duncan, hijo de un ex Gobernador General; la Srta. Bettie du Toit, dirigente sindical afrik&aacute;ner; la Srta. Freda Troup, escritora; y Albie Sachs, entonces estudiante de derecho y ahora profesor de derecho en Mozambique.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">La Campa&ntilde;a recrudeci&oacute; las demandas por la libertad. El n&uacute;mero de miembros de la A.N.C. aument&oacute; de 7.000 a 100.000 durante la campa&ntilde;a y se convirti&oacute; en una verdadera organizaci&oacute;n popular nacional. La Campa&ntilde;a tambi&eacute;n dio lugar a la formaci&oacute;n del Congreso del Pueblo de Color y el Congreso de Dem&oacute;cratas (blancos), y luego a una &quot;Alianza del Congreso&quot; que desempe&ntilde;&oacute; un papel crucial en la promoci&oacute;n de la resistencia multirracial al apartheid en los a&ntilde;os siguientes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Fue durante la Campa&ntilde;a que el difunto Jefe Albert Lutuli fue depuesto de su cargo por negarse a obedecer las &oacute;rdenes del r&eacute;gimen que le exig&iacute;an disociarse del ANC. Fue elegido Presidente General del ANC en diciembre de 1952 y se gan&oacute; el respeto de la opini&oacute;n p&uacute;blica mundial por su firme resistencia al apartheid hasta su misteriosa muerte en 1967.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Nelson Mandela, Presidente de la Liga Juvenil del ANC, fue nombrado Jefe Voluntario de la Campa&ntilde;a. Sus destacadas cualidades como l&iacute;der de masas le llevaron a ser elegido Presidente de Transvaal y Presidente Nacional Adjunto del ANC en 1952. Asumir&iacute;a responsabilidades cada vez mayores en la lucha, especialmente despu&eacute;s de la prohibici&oacute;n del ANC en 1960. A pesar de su encarcelamiento durante veinticinco a&ntilde;os desde el 5 de agosto de 1962, sigue siendo el s&iacute;mbolo inspirador de la resistencia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">La Campa&ntilde;a condujo a la fundaci&oacute;n del Fondo de Defensa y Ayuda para Sud&aacute;frica por el difunto Reverendo Can&oacute;nigo John Collins en Londres y del Comit&eacute; de Am&eacute;rica para &Aacute;frica por el Reverendo George Houser en Nueva York, iniciando el movimiento de solidaridad internacional con la lucha sudafricana.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">La Campa&ntilde;a de Desaf&iacute;o y los subsiguientes boicots de autobuses y otros actos de resistencia no violenta en Sud&aacute;frica sirvieron de inspiraci&oacute;n a la poblaci&oacute;n negra de los Estados Unidos para lanzar el Movimiento de Derechos Civiles bajo la direcci&oacute;n del difunto Reverendo Martin Luther King, Jr.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Fue durante la Campa&ntilde;a de Desaf&iacute;o que el Gobierno de la India, dirigido por Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, tom&oacute; la iniciativa de una solicitud conjunta de trece Estados asi&aacute;ticos y africanos a la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas para que se examinara &quot;la cuesti&oacute;n del conflicto racial en Sud&aacute;frica resultante de las pol&iacute;ticas de apartheid del Gobierno de la Uni&oacute;n de Sud&aacute;frica&quot;. Declararon que el apartheid &quot;est&aacute; creando una situaci&oacute;n peligrosa y explosiva, que constituye a la vez una amenaza para la paz internacional y una violaci&oacute;n flagrante de los principios b&aacute;sicos de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales consagrados en la Carta de las Naciones Unidas&quot;. Pidieron que se adoptaran medidas internacionales &quot;para impedir que una situaci&oacute;n ya peligrosa se siga deteriorando&quot;.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El r&eacute;gimen del apartheid respondi&oacute; a la resistencia no violenta del pueblo con violencia f&iacute;sica, recurriendo a la flagelaci&oacute;n de muchos voluntarios. Promulg&oacute; nuevas leyes que establec&iacute;an largas penas de prisi&oacute;n y diez azotes por dicha resistencia. En los a&ntilde;os siguientes procedi&oacute; a cerrar todas las v&iacute;as de protesta pac&iacute;fica, restringiendo a los dirigentes del movimiento, acus&aacute;ndolos de alta traici&oacute;n y prohibiendo sus organizaciones.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Las Naciones Unidas y la comunidad internacional demostraron ser incapaces, a pesar del creciente rechazo al apartheid, de tomar medidas decisivas para contrarrestarlo, principalmente debido a la insensibilidad y por el obst&aacute;culo que pon&iacute;an las principales potencias occidentales, por lo que el pueblo negro tuvo que soportar enormes sufrimientos para continuar su resistencia por todos los medios posibles. Sus dirigentes se vieron obligados, tras la masacre de Sharpeville de 1960 y la represi&oacute;n masiva que sigui&oacute;, a decidirse por una lucha armada.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">La deliberada masacre de escolares africanos en Soweto, el 16 de junio de 1976, dio dos resultados contrarios a los c&aacute;lculos del r&eacute;gimen racista. Por un lado, desencaden&oacute; un desaf&iacute;o no violento de proporciones masivas, al perder la gente el miedo al encarcelamiento, la tortura y la muerte. Por otro lado, persuadi&oacute; a los militantes de que la lucha armada era indispensable como parte de la estrategia de liberaci&oacute;n, Miles de j&oacute;venes se alistaron para luchar por la libertad hasta la muerte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Pronto, decenas de miles de personas comenzaron a marchar en procesiones f&uacute;nebres por los luchadores por la libertad ca&iacute;dos, desafiando las leyes que prohib&iacute;an la bandera y otros s&iacute;mbolos del ANC. Convirtieron a esas leyes en pr&aacute;cticamente inoperantes y frustraron las esperanzas del r&eacute;gimen de que la censura y la represi&oacute;n pudieran hacer que el movimiento y sus l&iacute;deres fueran olvidados. De hecho, el pueblo oprimido se apeg&oacute; m&aacute;s que nunca al ANC. y a sus dirigentes, y Nelson Mandela se ha convertido en el prisionero pol&iacute;tico m&aacute;s honrado de la historia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El pueblo sudafricano ha enriquecido, en cierto modo, el concepto de Satyagraha de Mahatma Gandhi, t&eacute;rmino que acu&ntilde;&oacute; hace ochenta a&ntilde;os, en 1907, cuando dirigi&oacute; a un grupo de voluntarios a desafiar la legislaci&oacute;n antiasi&aacute;tica en el Transvaal.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El desaf&iacute;o no violento contin&uacute;a ahora junto con la lucha armada: se refuerzan mutuamente.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El movimiento de solidaridad internacional, por parte de los gobiernos y los pueblos, se ha desarrollado con la lucha dentro de Sud&aacute;frica y se ha convertido en una fuerza poderosa.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">La visi&oacute;n y la fe de los l&iacute;deres de la Campa&ntilde;a de Desaf&iacute;o, y la solidaridad de los pueblos de todo el mundo, incluido Occidente, ha evitado hasta ahora un espantoso conflicto racial entre negros y blancos en Sud&aacute;frica. Existe ahora la posibilidad de que se destruya el apartheid y se construya una sociedad verdaderamente no racista en ese pa&iacute;s, aunque se requiere de un esfuerzo m&aacute;s decidido por parte del movimiento de liberaci&oacute;n y de la comunidad internacional para superar la locura del r&eacute;gimen inescrupuloso, desesperado y fuertemente armado de Pretoria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Publicado en Asian Times, Londres, Junio 26, 1987</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a href="https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv03370/05lv03418.htm"><em>https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv03370/05lv03418.htm</em></a></span></p></section><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Los boicots a los autobuses</strong></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Entre 1957 y 1959, hubo varios boicots de autobuses para protestar contra el aumento de las tarifas. Durante los boicots, los sudafricanos negros caminaban hasta 48 kil&oacute;metros al d&iacute;a para evitar utilizar los autobuses.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea Dos</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de pensamiento</strong></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Lee este art&iacute;culo peri&oacute;distico &#39;The journey that started it all&#39; (&quot;El viaje que lo inici&oacute; todo&quot;), de 2007, que recuerda los boicots a los autobuses (tambi&eacute;n abajo), y responde a las siguientes preguntas.</span></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Johannesburgo - Arthur Magerman todav&iacute;a puede recordar v&iacute;vidamente la ma&ntilde;ana de verano de hace medio siglo cuando se uni&oacute; a miles de residentes del municipio en la larga caminata al trabajo en una protesta vista como el primer paso en la batalla contra el r&eacute;gimen del apartheid.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&quot;Me despert&eacute; temprano porque quer&iacute;a ver que nuestros planes contra el enemigo tuvieran &eacute;xito&quot;, dice Magerman, de 74 a&ntilde;os, al recordar el comienzo del boicot a los autobuses de Alexandra.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&quot;Camin&eacute; hasta el Estadio N&uacute;mero Tres y me encontr&eacute; con mis compa&ntilde;eros ya all&iacute;, cientos de ellos y a lo largo de la Avenida Louis Botha (que conduce al centro de negocios de Johannesburgo) hab&iacute;a largas colas de gente caminando. Para entonces, sab&iacute;a que no hab&iacute;a vuelta atr&aacute;s.&quot;</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Durante los tres meses siguientes, unos 70.000 residentes de Alex marcharon a pie al centro de Johannesburgo todos los d&iacute;as - un viaje de ida y vuelta de 20 kil&oacute;metros - ya que se negaron a aumentar las arcas del gobierno pagando el aumento de las tarifas de los autobuses.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Se han organizado una serie de eventos para este fin de semana para recordar la acci&oacute;n civil - incluyendo una marcha en la misma ruta de Alex al centro de la ciudad.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Con el lema &quot;Azikhwelwa&quot; (en zul&uacute; &quot;No viajaremos&quot;), el boicot de los autobuses marc&oacute; la primera campa&ntilde;a concertada de la poblaci&oacute;n mayoritariamente negra contra el gobierno nacionalista blanco que tom&oacute; el poder en 1948.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Simon Noge, uno de los organizadores, dijo que era la primera vez que la ira de los residentes del mayor municipio negro de Johannesburgo se hab&iacute;a desbordado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&quot;No ten&iacute;amos miedo de nuestros opresores. Sentimos que deb&iacute;amos mantenernos firmes. A&uacute;n &eacute;ramos j&oacute;venes y nos encend&iacute;a el sentimiento de resentimiento.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&quot;Est&aacute;bamos decididos a permanecer juntos y durante tres meses caminamos en grupos, cantando y ayudando a nuestras madres. Estamos determinados a ganar lo que hab&iacute;amos empezado.&quot;</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">La iniciativa de Alex fue seguida pronto por los residentes de Soweto, que se encuentra al suroeste de Johannesburgo, y otros municipios negros de todo el pa&iacute;s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Como las protestas no mostraron signos de debilitamiento, el gobierno finalmente descart&oacute; su propuesta de aumentar en un centavo las tarifas de cuatro centavos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El aumento de los precios hab&iacute;a sido recibido con consternaci&oacute;n por los trabajadores que ya estaban luchando para alimentar a sus familias con menos de una libra al d&iacute;a.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Una campa&ntilde;a m&aacute;s amplia</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Si el prop&oacute;sito inicial del boicot era frustrar los aumentos de tarifas, pronto asumi&oacute; un prop&oacute;sito m&aacute;s amplio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&quot;Se convirti&oacute; en un sentimiento nacional contra la opresi&oacute;n blanca&quot;, dice Magerman, que era estudiante en la Universidad de Wits de Johannesburgo en ese momento.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&quot;Gente como Oliver Tambo (el l&iacute;der del Congreso Nacional Africano) y Nelson Mandela (el l&iacute;der adjunto del ANC,) nos enviaron mensajes de aliento. Fue m&aacute;s que s&oacute;lo los autobuses. Se convirti&oacute; en algo m&aacute;s pol&iacute;tico, un sentimiento de que necesitamos ser liberados.&quot;</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Hasta entonces, la campa&ntilde;a del ANC contra el apartheid se hab&iacute;a limitado en gran medida a protestas de desobediencia civil de un d&iacute;a, pero el prolongado boicot a los autobuses fue mucho m&aacute;s dif&iacute;cil de ignorar para los nacionalistas, entre otras cosas porque golpe&oacute; al gobierno en el bolsillo.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Noge, que era profesor, dijo que muchos manifestantes pagaron un precio doloroso y algunos perdieron sus trabajos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&quot;La polic&iacute;a estaba desesperada por desalentarnos, amenazando a la gente, deteni&eacute;ndolos y registr&aacute;ndolos, deteni&eacute;ndolos por medio d&iacute;a o un d&iacute;a. Las bicicletas que us&aacute;bamos se pinchaban, los carros de burros se da&ntilde;aban.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&quot;Ten&iacute;amos blancos que simpatizaban con nosotros que nos daban aventones, pero tambi&eacute;n fueron acosados.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&quot;Fue malo, pero a pesar de eso est&aacute;bamos dispuestos a morir en la carretera hasta que nuestras demandas fueran satisfechas.&quot;</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Magerman recuerda las celebraciones cuando el gobierno capitul&oacute;.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&quot;Hubo celebraciones despu&eacute;s de que gan&aacute;ramos contra el enemigo, las vacas fueron sacrificadas. Fue una gran victoria.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&quot;Esto iba a ser un ejemplo para la mayor&iacute;a de las zonas del pa&iacute;s de que se puede protestar y desafiar al gobierno nacionalista y tener &eacute;xito.&quot;</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Los veteranos del boicot de autobuses creen que fue la inspiraci&oacute;n para posteriores protestas antiapartheid como el levantamiento de Soweto de 1976.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Magerman dijo que participar&iacute;a en la marcha conmemorativa este fin de semana.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&quot;Voy a disfrutarlo. Puede que no la termine, pero al menos estar&eacute; all&iacute;&quot;, dijo.</span></p><div><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/the-journey-that-started-it-all-377227">https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/the-journey-that-started-it-all-377227</a></span></p></div></div></section><ol><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Por qu&eacute; se uni&oacute; Arthur Magerman al boicot a los autobuses?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Cu&aacute;l fue la naturaleza de la protesta?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Por qu&eacute; y c&oacute;mo se convirti&oacute; la protesta en algo m&aacute;s grande que la protesta por el aumento de precios?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Cu&aacute;l fue el resultado del boicot a los autobuses?</span></li></ol></div><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>Protestas contra los pases</strong></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">En 1956, el gobierno dispuso que las mujeres tambi&eacute;n tendr&iacute;an que llevar pases. La Federaci&oacute;n de Mujeres Sudafricanas (FSAW) organiz&oacute; una gran manifestaci&oacute;n. El 9 de agosto, 20.000 mujeres descendieron a Pretoria y presentaron una petici&oacute;n al primer ministro.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea Tres</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de pensamiento</strong></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">A continuaci&oacute;n, lee la petici&oacute;n que se present&oacute; al gobierno.</span></p><ol><li value="NaN"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Seg&uacute;n la petici&oacute;n, &iquest;qu&eacute; impacto han tenido las leyes de pases en los sudafricanos negros? &iquest;Cu&aacute;l ser&iacute;a el impacto de la extensi&oacute;n de esta ley a las mujeres?</span></li><li value="NaN"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">En relaci&oacute;n con el origen, el prop&oacute;sito y el contenido, juzgue el valor y las limitaciones de esta petici&oacute;n para un historiador que estudie el impacto de las leyes de aprobaci&oacute;n en Sud&aacute;frica.</span></li></ol><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Demanda de las mujeres de Sud&aacute;frica para que se retiren los pases para las mujeres y se deroguen las leyes de pases.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Petici&oacute;n presentada al Primer Ministro, Pretoria, 9 de agosto de 1956</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Nosotras, las mujeres de Sud&aacute;frica, hemos venido aqu&iacute; hoy. Representamos y hablamos en nombre de cientos de miles de mujeres que no pudieron estar con nosotros. Pero en todo el pa&iacute;s, en este momento, las mujeres nos observan y piensan en nosotras. Sus corazones est&aacute;n con nosotros.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Somos mujeres de todas partes de Sud&aacute;frica. Somos mujeres de todas las razas, venimos de las ciudades y los pueblos; de las reservas y las aldeas. Venimos como mujeres unidas en nuestro prop&oacute;sito de salvar a las mujeres africanas de la degradaci&oacute;n de los pases.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Durante cientos de a&ntilde;os el pueblo africano ha sufrido bajo la ley m&aacute;s amarga de todas: la ley de pases ha tra&iacute;do un sufrimiento incalculable a todas las familias africanas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Redadas, arrestos, p&eacute;rdida de salarios, largas horas en la oficina de pases, semanas en las celdas esperando el juicio, trabajo agr&iacute;cola forzado - esto es lo que las leyes de pases han tra&iacute;do a los hombres africanos. Castigo y miseria - no por un crimen, sino por la falta de un pase.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Nosotras, las mujeres africanas, conocemos muy bien el efecto de esta ley en nuestros hogares, nuestros hijos. Nosotras, las que no somos mujeres africanas, sabemos c&oacute;mo sufren nuestras hermanas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Su gobierno proclama en voz alta dentro y fuera del pa&iacute;s que las leyes del pase han sido abolidas, pero nosotras las mujeres sabemos que esto no es cierto. Nuestros maridos, nuestros hermanos... nuestros hijos siguen siendo arrestados, miles cada d&iacute;a, bajo estas mismas leyes del pase. Es s&oacute;lo el nombre que ha cambiado. El &quot;libro de referencia&quot; y el pase son uno.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">En marzo de 1952, su Ministro de Asuntos Nativos neg&oacute; en el Parlamento que se introdujera una ley que obligara a las mujeres africanas a llevar pases. Pero en 1956 su gobierno intenta forzar los pases para las mujeres africanas, y estamos aqu&iacute; hoy para protestar contra este insulto a todas las mujeres. Porque para nosotros un insulto a las mujeres africanas es un insulto a todas las mujeres.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Queremos decirles lo que el pase significar&iacute;a para una mujer africana, y queremos que sepan que tanto si lo llaman libro de referencia, libro de identidad, o cualquier otro nombre disfrazado, para nosotros es un PASE . Y significa s&oacute;lo esto:</span></p><ul><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Que los hogares se disolver&aacute;n cuando las mujeres sean arrestadas bajo las leyes del pase;</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Que los ni&ntilde;os ser&aacute;n dejados sin cuidado, indefensos, y las madres ser&aacute;n arrancadas de sus beb&eacute;s por no tener un pase;</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Que las mujeres y las j&oacute;venes estar&aacute;n expuestas a la humillaci&oacute;n y la degradaci&oacute;n a manos de los polic&iacute;as que buscan pases;</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Que las mujeres perder&aacute;n su derecho a moverse libremente de un lugar a otro.</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">En nombre de las mujeres de Sud&aacute;frica, les decimos a cada una de nosotras, africanas, europeas, indias, de color, que nos oponemos al sistema de pases.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Nosotros, votantes y sin voto, pedimos a su Gobierno que no emita pases a las mujeres africanas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">No descansaremos hasta que TODAS las leyes de pases y todas las formas de permisos que restrinjan nuestra libertad hayan sido abolidas.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">No descansaremos hasta que hayamos ganado para nuestros hijos sus derechos fundamentales de libertad, justicia y seguridad.</span></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>La Carta de Libertad </strong></span></span></h4><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/history/freedom-charter-monument.jpg" style="width: 318px; height: 239px; float: left;"></span><div><div><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El monumento de la Carta de Libertad en Kliptown, Johannesburgo. La llama se encendi&oacute; en junio de 2005 para conmemorar el 50&ordm; aniversario de la Carta de Libertad que, seg&uacute;n Mandela, &quot;reflej&oacute; las esperanzas y los sue&ntilde;os del pueblo y actu&oacute; como un proyecto para la lucha y el futuro de la naci&oacute;n&quot;.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><hr><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">En 1955, el Congreso Nacional Africano envi&oacute; 50.000 voluntarios a los municipios y al campo para recoger las &quot;demandas de libertad&quot; del pueblo de Sud&aacute;frica. Estas demandas fueron luego reunidas por los l&iacute;deres del ANC en un documento final. La Carta de Libertad fue adoptada oficialmente entonces por un Congreso del Pueblo celebrado en Kliptown, cerca de Johannesburgo, que inclu&iacute;a a todos los grupos que ped&iacute;an un cambio.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea Uno</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de pensamiento</strong></span></p><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Lea la Carta de Libertad que se puede encontrar <a href="https://descontexto.blogspot.com/2010/04/la-carta-de-la-libertad-sudafrica-1955.html">aqui</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">1. &iquest;Qu&eacute; leyes del apartheid en particular atac&oacute; la Carta de Libertad? Haz referencia espec&iacute;ficamente a las cl&aacute;usulas de la Carta</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">2. &iquest;Cu&aacute;l ser&iacute;a la reacci&oacute;n probable a dicho documento?</span></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea dos</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de pensamiento</strong></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Seg&uacute;n esta fuente, &iquest;cu&aacute;l era la importancia de la Carta de Libertad?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>La iniciativa de la Carta de Libertad provino de una coalici&oacute;n multirracial de organizaciones, entre las que se encontraban el Congreso Nacional Africano (ANC), el Congreso de Dem&oacute;cratas, el Congreso Nacional Indio y el Congreso de la Gente de Color de Sud&aacute;frica. La Carta pas&oacute; a representar las pol&iacute;ticas del ANC durante las cuatro d&eacute;cadas siguientes. El documento no s&oacute;lo formulaba las demandas b&aacute;sicas de derechos humanos y pol&iacute;ticos que se hab&iacute;an incluido en anteriores peticiones y consejos, sino que tambi&eacute;n expon&iacute;a el tipo de sociedad que se preve&iacute;a que sustituyera al apartheid, incluidos ideales como el de la distribuci&oacute;n de la riqueza del pa&iacute;s y vivienda, educaci&oacute;n y atenci&oacute;n sanitaria adecuadas para todos.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>El gobierno del apartheid consideraba que la Carta de Libertad era comunista y, cinco meses despu&eacute;s, acus&oacute; de alta traici&oacute;n a 156 organizadores del Congreso del Pueblo. Treinta de estos l&iacute;deres soportaron un juicio por traici&oacute;n de cuatro a&ntilde;os y medio, que termin&oacute; con su absoluci&oacute;n. La Carta de Libertad ten&iacute;a como objetivo construir un movimiento unido con una visi&oacute;n com&uacute;n. En la d&eacute;cada de 1980, muchas organizaciones, entre ellas el Frente Democr&aacute;tico Unido, apoyaron el documento y sus ideales democr&aacute;ticos no raciales.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong><em>Fuente: <a href="http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/multimedia.php?id=65-259-A">http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/multimedia.php?id=65-259-A</a></em></strong></span></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Como resultado de la Carta de Libertad, el gobierno arrest&oacute; y acus&oacute; de alta traici&oacute;n a 156 personas, incluyendo a la mayor&iacute;a de los l&iacute;deres del ANC y de la comunidad india. Los abogados del gobierno trataron de probar que la Carta de Libertad era comunista y que los acusados estaban tramando una revoluci&oacute;n violenta. Sin embargo, no lograron ganar el caso. El juicio dur&oacute; casi cinco a&ntilde;os, lo que contribuy&oacute; a debilitar a la oposici&oacute;n.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea tres</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de pensamiento </strong></span></p><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Lee el art&iacute;culo que puedes encontrar <a href="https://democracialaotraamerica.blogspot.com/2015/06/el-proceso-de-rivonia-el-juicio-que.html"><span class="st"><em>aqu&iacute;</em></span></a> </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Qu&eacute; conclusiones puedes sacar respecto de la forma en la que el Estado condujo el juicio de Rivonia?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p></div><h4 class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>4&nbsp; </strong><strong>&iquest;Por qu&eacute; la lucha contra el apartheid se volvi&oacute; violenta?</strong></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="355" src="../../../ib/history/sharpeville.jpg" style="float: left;" width="612"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Actividad inicial</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest; Qu&eacute; dice esta fotograf&iacute;a acerca de las protestas en Sharpeville?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">La masacre de Sharpeville fue un punto de inflexi&oacute;n en la historia de Sud&aacute;frica. Un nuevo grupo de negros, el Congreso Panafricano (PAC) comenz&oacute; con nuevas manifestaciones contra los pases en 1960. El 21 de marzo de 1960, sin previo aviso, la polic&iacute;a sudafricana de Sharpeville, un municipio africano de Vereeninging, al sur de Johannesburgo, dispar&oacute; contra una multitud de unos 5.000 manifestantes desarmados, matando al menos a 69 personas -muchas de ellas con disparos por la espalda- e hiriendo a m&aacute;s de 200.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&nbsp;Mientras tanto, en el municipio de Langa, la polic&iacute;a orden&oacute; a los manifestantes que se marcharan y luego los atac&oacute; con porras. Cuando los manifestantes lanzaron piedras, la polic&iacute;a respondi&oacute; con balas, matando a dos e hiriendo a cuarenta y nueve.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea Uno</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de pensamiento</strong></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Lea el siguiente poema sobre la masacre de Sharpeville del poeta y activista pol&iacute;tico Dennis Brutus</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Un poema sobre Sharpeville</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Lo que es importante</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>sobre Sharpeville</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>no es que setenta murieron:</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>ni siquiera que les dispararon en la espalda</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>retrocediendo, desarmados, indefensos</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>y ciertamente no</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>la pesada bala de alto calibre</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>que rompi&oacute; a trav&eacute;s de la espalda de una madre</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>y desgarr&oacute; a trav&eacute;s del ni&ntilde;o en sus brazos</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>mat&aacute;ndolo</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Recuerda Sharpeville</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>d&iacute;a de la bala en la espalda</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>porque personific&oacute; la opresi&oacute;n</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>y la naturaleza de la sociedad</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>m&aacute;s claro que cualquier otra cosa;</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>fue el cl&aacute;sico evento</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>En ning&uacute;n lado est&aacute; la dominaci&oacute;n racial</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>tan claramente definida</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>en ning&uacute;n lado el deseo de oprimir</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>tan claramente demostrado</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>que el mundo susurra</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>apartheid con armas gru&ntilde;endo</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>la sed de sangre despu&eacute;s</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Sud&aacute;frica derramada en el polvo</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Recuerda Sharpeville</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Recuerda el d&iacute;a de la bala en la espalda</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>y recuerda el insaciable deseo por libertad</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>recuerda la muerte</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>y s&eacute; agradecido.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/poem-about-sharpeville-by-dennis-brutus/"><em>https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/poem-about-sharpeville-by-dennis-brutus/</em></a></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><ol><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Seg&uacute;n esta fuente, &iquest;qu&eacute; factores indicaban que los manifestantes no esperaban violencia de la polic&iacute;a?</span></li><li><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Seg&uacute;n esta fuente, &iquest;por qu&eacute; eran infundadas las afirmaciones de la polic&iacute;a de ser amenazados?</span></li></ol><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea Dos</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de pensamiento y comunicaci&oacute;n</strong></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Lee el <span class="QXzCSe"><span class="fJyiwb" id="tw-bil-st">art&iacute;culo</span></span><a href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/aftermath-sharpeville-massacre-1960"> </a>sobre la masacre de Sharpeville y sus consecuencias que se puede encontrar <span class="st">aqu&iacute; a continuaci&oacute;n.</span><em><strong> </strong></em></span></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Consecuencias: Masacre de Sharpeville 1960. Respuesta internacional</strong></span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">La masacre de Sharpeville fue reportada en todo el mundo, y recibida con horror en todos lados. Sud&aacute;frica ya hab&iacute;a sido duramente criticada por sus pol&iacute;ticas de apartheid, y este incidente aliment&oacute; los sentimientos antiapartheid mientras la conciencia internacional se ve&iacute;a profundamente agitada.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas y los gobiernos de todo el mundo condenaron la acci&oacute;n de la polic&iacute;a y las pol&iacute;ticas de apartheid que provocaron este violento ataque.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El vicepresidente del ANC, Oliver Tambo, fue llevado en secreto por Ronel Segal a trav&eacute;s de la frontera al entonces territorio de Bechunaland controlado por los brit&aacute;nicos. Fue seguido por el Dr. Yusuf Dadoo, Presidente del Congreso Indio Sudafricano y Presidente del clandestino Partido Comunista Sudafricano. A ambos se les encomend&oacute; la tarea de movilizar el apoyo financiero y diplom&aacute;tico internacional para las sanciones contra Sud&aacute;frica.&nbsp; El 20 de marzo, Nana Mahomo y Peter Molotsi han cruzado la frontera de Bechuanaland para movilizar el apoyo al PAC.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El apoyo internacional se volc&oacute; al pueblo africano, lo que provoc&oacute; una ca&iacute;da econ&oacute;mica al retirarse los inversores internacionales de Sud&aacute;frica y al desplomarse los precios de las acciones en la Bolsa de Johannesburgo.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;Respuestas locales</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El Dr. Verwoerd elogi&oacute; a la polic&iacute;a por sus acciones. Robert Sobukwe y otros l&iacute;deres fueron arrestados y detenidos despu&eacute;s de la masacre de Sharpeville, algunos por casi tres a&ntilde;os despu&eacute;s del incidente. Sobukwe fue liberado reci&eacute;n en 1969.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Tras los acontecimientos del 21 de marzo, se celebraron funerales masivos para las v&iacute;ctimas. El 24 de marzo de 1960, en protesta por la masacre, el Secretario General Regional de las PAC, Philip Kgosana, encabez&oacute; una marcha de 101 personas desde Langa hasta el cuartel general de la polic&iacute;a en Caledon Square, Ciudad del Cabo. Los manifestantes se ofrecieron para ser arrestados por no llevar sus pases.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El 25 de marzo, el Ministro de Justicia suspendi&oacute; los pases en todo el pa&iacute;s y el Jefe Albert Luthuli y el profesor Z. K. Matthews hicieron un llamamiento a todos los sudafricanos para que el 28 de marzo se celebrara un d&iacute;a de luto nacional por las v&iacute;ctimas. El llamamiento del 28 de marzo tuvo mucho &eacute;xito y fue el primer paro nacional de la historia del pa&iacute;s.&nbsp; En particular, la fuerza de trabajo africana en el Cabo se declar&oacute; en huelga durante dos semanas y se organizaron marchas masivas en Durban. En Ciudad del Cabo, se estima que el 95% de la poblaci&oacute;n africana y un n&uacute;mero considerable de la comunidad de color se sumaron a la huelga. Los polic&iacute;as de Ciudad del Cabo obligaron a los africanos a volver a trabajar con porras , y cuatro personas fueron asesinadas a tiros en Durban.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El d&iacute;a en que se suspendieron los pases (25 de marzo de 1960) Kgosana encabez&oacute; otra marcha de entre 2.000 y 5.000 personas desde Langa hasta la Plaza Caledon. La marcha tambi&eacute;n fue liderada por Clarence Makwetu, el Secretario de la rama de Nuevos Apartamentos del PAC. Los l&iacute;deres de la marcha fueron detenidos, pero liberados el mismo d&iacute;a con amenazas del oficial al mando de Caledon Square, Terry Tereblanche, de que una vez que la tensa situaci&oacute;n pol&iacute;tica mejorara la gente se ver&iacute;a obligada a llevar pases de nuevo en Ciudad del Cabo. Los efectos de los acontecimientos de Ciudad del Cabo se dejaron sentir en otras ciudades vecinas como Paarl, Stellenbosch, Somerset West y Hermanus a medida que se propagaban las manifestaciones contra los pases.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Unos d&iacute;as despu&eacute;s, el 30 de marzo de 1960, Kgosana lider&oacute; una marcha del PAC de entre 30.000 y 50.000 manifestantes de Langa y Nyanga al cuartel general de la polic&iacute;a en Caledon Square. Los manifestantes se ofrecieron para ser arrestados por no llevar sus pases. La polic&iacute;a qued&oacute; temporalmente paralizada por la indecisi&oacute;n. El evento ha sido visto por algunos como un punto de inflexi&oacute;n en la historia de Sud&aacute;frica. Kgosana accedi&oacute; a dispersar a los manifestantes si se pod&iacute;a asegurar una reuni&oacute;n con J B Vorster, entonces Ministro de Justicia. Fue enga&ntilde;ado para dispersar a la multitud y fue arrestado por la polic&iacute;a m&aacute;s tarde ese d&iacute;a. Junto con otros l&iacute;deres del PAC fue acusado de incitaci&oacute;n, pero mientras estaba bajo fianza dej&oacute; el pa&iacute;s y se exili&oacute;.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El mismo d&iacute;a, el gobierno respondi&oacute; declarando el estado de emergencia y prohibiendo todas las reuniones p&uacute;blicas. La polic&iacute;a y el ej&eacute;rcito arrestaron a miles de africanos, que fueron encarcelados junto con sus l&iacute;deres, pero a&uacute;n as&iacute; la acci&oacute;n de las masas hizo estragos. Para el 9 de abril el n&uacute;mero de muertos hab&iacute;a aumentado a 83 civiles no blancos y tres polic&iacute;as no blancos. 26 polic&iacute;as negros y 365 civiles negros resultaron heridos; ning&uacute;n polic&iacute;a blanco result&oacute; muerto y s&oacute;lo 60 resultaron heridos. Sin embargo, los consulados extranjeros se vieron inundados de solicitudes de emigraci&oacute;n y los temerosos sudafricanos blancos se armaron.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">El Ministro de Asuntos Nativos declar&oacute; que el apartheid era un modelo para el mundo. El Ministro de Justicia pidi&oacute; calma y el Ministro de Finanzas alent&oacute; la inmigraci&oacute;n. El &uacute;nico ministro que mostr&oacute; dudas sobre la pol&iacute;tica del gobierno fue Paul Sauer. Su protesta fue ignorada, y el gobierno hizo la vista gorda a las crecientes protestas de los industriales y l&iacute;deres del comercio. Un hombre blanco trastornado, David Pratt, intent&oacute; asesinar al Dr. Verwoerd, que result&oacute; gravemente herido.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Una semana despu&eacute;s de que se declarara el estado de emergencia, el ANC y el PAC fueron prohibidos por la Ley de Organizaciones Ilegales del 8 de abril de 1960. Ambas organizaciones fueron consideradas una seria amenaza para la seguridad p&uacute;blica y la votaci&oacute;n fue de 128 a 16 a favor de la prohibici&oacute;n. S&oacute;lo los cuatro representantes nativos y los miembros del nuevo Partido Progresista votaron en contra del proyecto de ley.</span></em></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>En conclusi&oacute;n, Sharpeville, la imposici&oacute;n del estado de emergencia, el arresto de miles de negros y la prohibici&oacute;n del ANC y el PAC convencieron a los dirigentes antiapartheid de que la acci&oacute;n no violenta no iba a producir cambios sin la acci&oacute;n armada. El ANC y el PAC fueron forzados a la clandestinidad, y ambos partidos lanzaron alas militares de sus organizaciones en 1961</em>.</span></p></section><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Elabora un mapa mental para mostrar los resultados de la masacre de Sharpeville y por qu&eacute; puede ser vista como un &quot;punto de inflexi&oacute;n&quot;. Aseg&uacute;rate de que consideras: las consecuencias internacionales, la reacci&oacute;n del gobierno sudafricano, el impacto en los l&iacute;deres anti-Apartheid, las consecuencias para el ANC y el PAC, el impacto en las estrategias del ANC y el PAC, la reacci&oacute;n y las acciones de los sudafricanos negros en su conjunto.</span></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>&iquest;Cu&aacute;l fue la reacci&oacute;n del gobierno ante la protesta anti-apartheid?</strong></span></span></h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="245" src="../../../ib/history/rivonia-trial.jpg" style="float: left;" width="657"></span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Actividad inicial</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>El pie de foto de esta caricatura del dibujante brit&aacute;nico, Illingworth dice &#39;&iexcl;Listo! Creo que eso lo sostendr&aacute;&#39;.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Cu&aacute;l es el mensaje de esta caricatura?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><hr class="hidden"><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Tras Sharpeville, el ANC se volvi&oacute; violento. Mandela pas&oacute; a la clandestinidad para crear &quot;Umkhonto we Sizwe&quot; (la Lanza del Pueblo), conocida como MK. El PAC (Congreso Panafricano) <span class="st">tambi&eacute;n</span> cre&oacute; un brazo terrorista llamado Poqo (solos). Mandeloa<a> &nbsp; </a>viaj&oacute; por Sud&aacute;frica organizando ataques de sabotaje dirigidos a objetivos como centrales el&eacute;ctricas, reduciendo as&iacute; cualquier amenaza a la vida humana. Oliver Tambo fue al extranjero para establecer el ANC en el exilio y para persuadir a los gobiernos extranjeros de que presionaran al gobierno sudafricano para poner fin a las leyes del apartheid.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Mandela logr&oacute; llevar a cabo sus actividades clandestinas durante diecisiete meses, pero finalmente fue capturado en 1962. En ese momento se desconoc&iacute;a su v&iacute;nculo con MK, por lo que fue acusado de &quot;abandonar el pa&iacute;s sin permiso&quot; y se le impuso una pena de cinco a&ntilde;os de prisi&oacute;n. Sin embargo, el cuartel general secreto de MK fue allanado en 1963. Como resultado, la polic&iacute;a arrest&oacute; a nueve miembros de MK y descubri&oacute; el v&iacute;nculo de Mandela con la organizaci&oacute;n. Los hombres arrestados fueron juzgados en lo que se conoci&oacute; como el Juicio de Rivonia, que dur&oacute; de diciembre de 1963 a junio de 1964. El cargo de &quot;reclutar gente para entrenarlos para el sabotaje y la guerra de guerrillas con el prop&oacute;sito de hacer una revoluci&oacute;n violenta&quot; era muy grave y la fiscal&iacute;a exigi&oacute; la pena de muerte.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Primera tarea</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de pensamiento</strong></span></p><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Escuchen el relato del juicio de Ahmed Kathedra y Denis Goldberg en el juicio de Rivonia.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest; Qu&eacute; expectativas ten&iacute;an acerca de c&oacute;mo se llevar&iacute;a a cabo el juicio? &iquest;Cu&aacute;l fueron las reacciones frente a la sentencia?</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/-96Jtyd4kx4" width="640"></iframe></span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea dos</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de pensamiento</strong></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span class="tlid-translation translation" lang="es"><span title="">Lea a continuaci&oacute;n las secciones de </span></span>la declaraci&oacute;n de Mandela hecha en el juicio (si quiere leer el discurso completo puede encontrarlo <a href="https://journals.co.za/docserver/fulltext/ayor/5/1/ayor_v5_a5.pdf?expires=1586267349&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=5F7F89569B9FEDB27CEEF3CB26909DF5">aqui</a>)</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">De a dos, discutan el contenido y el tono de este discurso. Las siguientes preguntas ayudar&aacute;n a guiar su discusi&oacute;n:</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Cu&aacute;l fue su actitud hacia los sudafricanos blancos? &iquest;Cu&aacute;l fue su actitud hacia las ideas comunistas? &iquest;Qu&eacute; clase de Sud&aacute;frica espera Mandela ver en el futuro? &iquest;Por qu&eacute; crees que este discurso se hizo tan conocido? &iquest;Hay similitudes con el &quot;Yo tengo un sue&ntilde;o&quot; de Martin Luther King?</span></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Nuestra lucha es contra dificultades reales y no imaginarias o, como dijo el fiscal del estado: &quot;supuestas dificultades&quot;. B&aacute;sicamente, luchamos contra dos caracter&iacute;sticas que son las se&ntilde;as de identidad de la vida africana en Sud&aacute;frica y que est&aacute;n arraigadas en la legislaci&oacute;n que deseamos que sea derogada. Estas caracter&iacute;sticas son la pobreza y la falta de dignidad humana, y no hace falta que nos ense&ntilde;en los comunistas o los llamados &quot;agitadores&quot; acerca de estas cosas.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Sud&aacute;frica es el pa&iacute;s m&aacute;s rico de &Aacute;frica, y podr&iacute;a ser uno de los pa&iacute;ses m&aacute;s ricos del mundo. Pero es una tierra de extremos y contrastes notables. Los blancos disfrutan de lo que bien puede ser el m&aacute;s alto nivel de vida en el mundo, mientras que los africanos viven en la pobreza y la miseria. El cuarenta por ciento de los africanos viven en reservas totalmente sobrepobladas y, en algunos casos, afectadas por la sequ&iacute;a, donde la erosi&oacute;n y el labrado excesivo de la tierra hace que sea imposible vivir de ella adecuadamente. El treinta por ciento son trabajadores, aparceros y ocupantes ilegales en granjas de blancos y viven y trabajan en condiciones similares a las de los siervos de la Edad Media. El otro 30 por ciento vive en ciudades, donde han desarrollado h&aacute;bitos econ&oacute;micos y sociales que les acercan en muchos sentidos a las normas blancas. Sin embargo, la mayor&iacute;a de los africanos, incluso en este grupo, son pobres por los bajos ingresos y alto costo de vida.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Los africanos quieren recibir un salario digno. Los africanos quieren realizar trabajos que son capaces de realizar, y no el trabajo que el gobierno les declare capaces de hacer. Nosotros queremos que se nos permita vivir donde obtengamos trabajo, y no ser trasladados fuera de una zona porque no nacimos all&iacute;. Nosotros queremos que se permita poseer tierras y que no se nos obligue a vivir en casas alquiladas que nunca podremos considerar nuestras. Nosotros queremos ser parte de la poblaci&oacute;n general, y no estar limitados a vivir en nuestros propios guetos. Los hombres africanos quieren que sus esposas e hijos vivan con ellos donde trabajan, y no ser forzados a una existencia antinatural en los albergues para hombres. Nuestras mujeres quieren estar con sus hombres y no quedar enviudadas de forma permanente en las reservas. Nosotros queremos que se nos permita salir despu&eacute;s de las once de la noche y no estar confinados a sus nuestras habitaciones como ni&ntilde;os peque&ntilde;os. Nosotros queremos que se nos permita viajar en su nuestro propio pa&iacute;s y buscar trabajo donde queramos y no donde nos diga la oficina de trabajo. Nosotros queremos una justa distribuci&oacute;n en el conjunto de Sud&aacute;frica; queremos seguridad y una participaci&oacute;n en la sociedad.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Por encima de todo, su se&ntilde;or&iacute;a, queremos igualdad de derechos pol&iacute;ticos, porque sin ellos nuestras discapacidades ser&aacute;n permanentes. S&eacute; que a los blancos de este pa&iacute;s esto suena revolucionario, debido a que la mayor&iacute;a de los votantes ser&aacute;n africanos. Esto hace que el hombre blanco tema a la democracia.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Pero no se puede permitir que este miedo se interponga en el camino de la &uacute;nica soluci&oacute;n que garantizar&aacute; la armon&iacute;a racial y la libertad para todos. No es cierto que el derecho al voto de todos dar&aacute; lugar a la dominaci&oacute;n racial. La divisi&oacute;n pol&iacute;tica basada en lo racial es totalmente artificial, y cuando desaparezca, tambi&eacute;n lo har&aacute; la dominaci&oacute;n de un grupo racial sobre otro. El ANC ha pasado medio siglo luchando contra el racismo. Cuando triunfe, y deber&aacute; triunfar, no cambiar&aacute; esa pol&iacute;tica.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Es contra esto, pues, que est&aacute; luchando el ANC. Nuestra lucha es verdaderamente nacional. Es una lucha del pueblo africano, inspirado por nuestro propio sufrimiento y nuestra propia experiencia. Es una lucha por el derecho a vivir.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">A lo largo de toda mi vida he dedicado mi vida a esta lucha del pueblo africano. He luchado contra la dominaci&oacute;n blanca y he luchado contra la dominaci&oacute;n negra. He albergado el ideal de una sociedad democr&aacute;tica y libre en la que todas las personas vivir&aacute;n juntas en armon&iacute;a y con igualdad de oportunidades. Es un ideal por el que espero vivir y que espero lograr ver realizado. Pero su se&ntilde;or&iacute;a, si es necesario, es un ideal por el cual estoy dispuesto a morir.</span></em></p></section><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea tres</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de pensamiento</strong></span></p><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Lee este extracto de un art&iacute;culo de Lionel Bernstein titulado, &quot;Rivonia: contar c&oacute;mo fue.&rdquo;</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Pregunta 1a</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Seg&uacute;n Lionel Bernstein, &iquest;cu&aacute;l fue la importancia del testimonio de Mandela en el juicio?</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&nbsp;La carga principal de contarlo, inevitablemente, recay&oacute; en el acusado N&ordm; 1: Nelson Mandela. Un movimiento inesperado inquiet&oacute; al fiscal, que hab&iacute;a preparado su interrogatorio a Mandela con cierta alegr&iacute;a. Mandela eligi&oacute; no subir al estrado, sino hacer su declaraci&oacute;n desde el banquillo. As&iacute;, renunciaba a la oportunidad de presentar una defensa legal contra los cargos, o proporcionar cualquier evidencia para refutar. Pero consigui&oacute; lo que el acusado quer&iacute;a por encima de todo: la oportunidad de contar toda la historia de Umkhonto y el giro hacia formas de lucha violenta tal y como era, sin interrupciones que se desarrollan en la forma de preguntas y respuestas de las pruebas del estrado.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Su declaraci&oacute;n se recuerda a menudo como el testimonio &quot;Estoy dispuesto a morir&quot; de los luchadores por la libertad de Sud&aacute;frica. Esa declaraci&oacute;n fue comunicada y retransmitida en todo el pa&iacute;s. Si bien sell&oacute; la certeza de un veredicto de culpabilidad contra Mandela, tambi&eacute;n rompi&oacute; por fin el sofocante manto de censura y silencio que hab&iacute;a rodeado al ANC y sus aliados desde el estado de emergencia de 1960.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Un extracto de Rivonia: tal como fue escrito por Lionel Bernstein, el 2 de julio de 1988.</em></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=3762"><em>http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=3762</em></a></span></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>7. &iquest;Cu&aacute;l fue el papel de los individuos clave en la lucha contra el Apartheid?</strong></span></p><div class="blueBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Actividad inicial: &iquest;Cu&aacute;l es el mensaje que el Jefe Lutuli est&aacute; dando en el extracto de abajo?</span></p><p><em><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&iquest;Qui&eacute;n negar&aacute; que treinta a&ntilde;os de mi vida se han pasado llamando en vano, paciente, moderada y modestamente a una puerta cerrada y enrejada? &iquest;Cu&aacute;les han sido los frutos de la moderaci&oacute;n? Los &uacute;ltimos treinta a&ntilde;os han sido los de mayor n&uacute;mero de leyes que han restringido nuestros derechos y progresos, hasta que hoy hemos llegado a una etapa en la que no tenemos ning&uacute;n derecho.</span></em></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><em>Jefe Lutuli, Presidente del CNA, 1952 - 67</em></span></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea Uno:</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de investigaci&oacute;n</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Investiga los papeles de Nelson Mandela y Albert Luthuli en la lucha por el Apartheid.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Elabora un perfil para cada uno que incluya: foto(s), fechas y eventos significativos en los que estuvieron involucrados y que afectaron la lucha del apartheid hasta 1964, citas clave. Puedes hacerlo en una hoja A3</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Escribe un p&aacute;rrafo para cada uno que resuma su contribuci&oacute;n a la lucha contra el apartheid.</span></p></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Aunque las mujeres no se mencionan espec&iacute;ficamente en el programa de estudios, jugaron un papel clave en la lucha. La siguiente actividad dar&aacute; a los estudiantes una buena idea sobre esto. Los estudiantes tambi&eacute;n podr&iacute;an crear una exhibici&oacute;n en la pared de los individuos clave involucrados en la lucha.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea dos</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de investigaci&oacute;n</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Investiga el papel de las mujeres en la resistencia contra el apartheid. Considera organizaciones como la Faja Negra, la FASW, y las acciones de Winnie Mandela, Helen Suzman y Ruth First.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Miren las acciones que llevaron a cabo contra el apartheid y el impacto que tuvieron las mismas.</span></p></div><div><h4><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000080;"><strong>Cu&aacute;l fue el papel de las organizaciones antiapartheid?</strong></span></span></h4><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="472" src="../../../ib/history/spearofthenation-04.jpg" style="float: left;" width="371"></span></p></div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> <em><span lang="ES-DO" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">El siguiente cartel de propaganda de MK dice: &ldquo;&iexcl;Mujeres lev&aacute;ntense y act&uacute;en!</span></em> </span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div></div></div></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div><div><hr class="hidden"></div><div><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>Tarea Uno</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><strong>ENFOQUES DE ENSE&Ntilde;ANZA: Habilidades de investigaci&oacute;n y autogesti&oacute;n</strong></span></p><div class="yellowBg"><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Investiga acerca de las siguientes organizaciones antiapartheid: el Congreso Nacional Africano (ANC), el Partido Comunista Sudafricano (SACP) y el MK (Umkhonto we Sizwe - Lanza de la Naci&oacute;n).</span></p><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;">Utiliza la tabla adjunta para resumir tus conclusiones. Necesitas identificar: miembros, origen, objetivos, t&aacute;cticas, campa&ntilde;as principales.</span></p><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><a href="/media/ib/history/las-organizaciones-antiapart-2.pdf" target="_blank" title="Activities"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/activities.png"> las organizaciones antipartheid </a> </span></div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="400" scrolling="no" src="/media/ib/history/las-organizaciones-antiapart-2.pdf" width="100%"></iframe></span></div></div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"> </span><p><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></p></div><div><span style="font-family:lucida sans unicode,lucida grande,sans-serif;"></span></div><div></div></div></div></div></div><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
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