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<h1 class="section-title">On choosing text types</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../index.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Writing </span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Text type expectations </span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">On choosing text types</span></li></ul>
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<p>Choosing the 'appropriate' text type is significant for the tasks in Paper 1 Writing - making the wrong choice can cost serious marks under Criterion C. So how we can help students to make the right decision?</p><p>The obvious starting point is that they should read the task carefully - and this means paying particular attention to these key conceptual understandings:</p><ul><li><strong>Context</strong> - what sort of real-life situation does the task refer to?</li><li><strong>Audience</strong> - who exactly is supposed to read and receive this text?</li><li><strong>Purpose</strong> - what should the text communicate, with what sort of approach?</li></ul><p>All of that is fundamental... but how does that translate into a choice between specific text types? For instance, the purpose might be 'giving your opinion about something', but that could easily mean an opinion column... or a blog... or a speech. How can we distinguish between these and choose the one which is precisely appropriate?</p><p>I suggest that one helpful approach is to consider the following two factors:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em><strong>Audience specific / non-specific</strong></em> ... i.e. whether the task requires thinking of the audience as clearly defined and limited, or whether the audience is more the general public, undefined</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em><strong>Private versus public</strong></em> ... i.e. whether the task requires writing which is personal and not for general knowledge, or whether the writing should be a statement to the world at large</p><p>With that in mind, I have devised the chart below, which attempts to locate all of the exam-specified text types in terms of those two axes. You could project this chart using Presentation Mode.</p><p><em>(In addition, note that this page is for direct Student Access - any student registered for Student Access can consult this page at any time, individually.)</em></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/englishb/images/text-type-qualities-3(1).jpg" style="width: 919px; height: 650px;"></p><hr class="hidden"><h3><span style="color:#0000CD;">Commentary and notes</span></h3><p>I would emphasise from the start that there is nothing scientific or precise about this chart - it is simply a rough way to evaluate and organise the differences between the various text types, and present those comparisons in a reasonably clear visual format. I would stand by the basic positions of the various text types, but <em>exactly </em>where they should be placed is extremely debateable.</p><p>That being the case, then <em><strong>do</strong></em> debate with the students, and encourage them to question and disagree - this can only help them to develop a better understanding of how text types really work.</p><h4><span style="color:#800080;"><em>The extremes</em></span></h4><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>Email / letter .</strong>.. obviously enough, these are texts addressed to specific persons, for specific and personal reasons</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>Diary (private) / Journal</strong> ... again, evidently, these are texts addressed to oneself, and there is no audience: the public is irrelevant</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>News report .</strong>.. this sort of text is not personal, indeed it is supposed to be impersonal and objective, and is addressed to the general public (whatever that might be be)</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>Speech / presentation / debate</strong> .... these texts may express personal views, but they are clearly addressed in public, to a specific audience which one can assume is present (any oral presentation must have a definite group of people)</p><h4><span style="color:#800080;"><em>The centre</em></span></h4><p>Clearly, in the centre of this chart, the nature of the text types overlap significantly: the degree to which the audience is specific, or to which the writing is private, becomes much more ambiguous and ambivalent. Consider the following comments...</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>Blog & Review</strong> ... the essence of both of these is that they are personal, that they are very individual statements and that is their value - but they are also written and presented to a public through the media, so their position must be ambiguous ... the Blog may be more audience-specific and addressed to 'my loyal followers', while the Review is less specific, being addressed to the general public who pay attention to the publication in which the review appears</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>Personal statement / cover letter </strong>... by definition, these are a personal expression of private views, but they are also public statements, directed to specific audiences such as university admissions panels</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>Social media postings / online forum</strong> ... by their very nature, these texts are public, and are open to anybody, so the audience is not very defined - although one can assume that the audience has selected itself because they are interested in the subject of the forum or conversation</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>Opinion column / Letter to the editor</strong> ... both of these are concerned with expressing personal (or 'private') views, but in a public way ... However, these two text types are slightly different: while the Letter is clearly addressed to a specific person (the Editor, even if 'the editor' merely is merely a representative of the newspaper in general), the Opinion column is a form of journalism, and so is addressed to the general public (or at least that part of the public which might be interested in the subject matter)... so, clearly public, but the audience is only specific to a certain degree</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>Proposal</strong> ... a proposal is usually targeted at the person or group who will decide whether to adopt the ideas being proposed, so the text should be written with certain people in mind ... and a proposal is usually 'public' in the sense that it is not primarily personal, but rather presents impersonal, objective arguments about an issue of general public concern</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>Report (official)</strong> ... the main purpose of an official report is to present an unbiased account of objective facts - and it should be convincing no matter who reads it, therefore the audience is not very specific even though a particular audience may be implied by the task ... note the contrast with 'Proposal': while a proposal aims to persuade the target audience, a report aims to convince anyone with objective facts</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>Set of instructions / Guidelines</strong> .... these are evidently not private because they are addressed to the public in general, while the public audience may well not be specified or targeted, unless the task makes the target audience limited and specific</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>Article (newspaper, magazine) + Interview</strong> ... such texts appear in mass circulation media, and are not personal communications but rather intended to convey general information to a general public - even if the media have a target audience in mind, which may be the target audience implied by the subject of the text</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>Brochure / leaflet / pamphlet</strong> ... these text types are used for the generalised distribution of information and ideas - and they may express private/personal views, which may be targeted to a particular audience according to the particular message concerned</p><hr class="hidden"><p>In the end, choosing the 'appropriate' text type is largely a matter of common sense - but it has to be <em>careful</em> common sense, thought through with attention to detail. Students should be encouraged to think of the text types as communication <u>systems</u>: in which a particular sort of message is published in a particular kind of way for a particular type of audience.</p><p>.</p><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
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