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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="sentence-structure-" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">Sentence Structure </h1>
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<h1>Sorting out sentence structure</h1><p>Students use sentences. Perhaps they are correct. They are short. They are not very interesting. They do not sound clever. The student may be more clever. The ideas are not linked.</p><p>Alternatively... We all know the student who goes on and on, he has another idea, he doesn't use anything apart from commas, this is not very impressive either, sentence structure matters I think, it is because the grammatical structure of sentences is the structure of thought, the student who goes on like this with barely a cohesive device in sight, he is not very clear, the examiner will not be pleased ... (it hurts to write this!)</p><p>I propose that students with a weak grasp of sentence structure need to be given a simple toolkit of ways to link ideas together. This toolkit will need to be explained, and examples provided.</p><p><em>You can either use the basic handout provided below; or you can project the material using Presentation mode.</em></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Sentence structure toolkit</h2><div class="dottedBox"><hr class="hidden"><h3 align="center" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><u><b>Simple</b></u></h3><hr class="hidden"><h3 align="center" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i><b>Parenthesis :- brackets / dashes / pairs of commas</b></i></h3><h3 align="center" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i><b>Adding details with prepositions</b></i></h3><h3 align="center" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i><b>Using ‘to’</b></i></h3><h3 align="center" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i><b>Using ‘-ing’ and ‘-ed’</b></i></h3><h3 align="center" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i><b>Adding lists - to the Subject, the Verb, and the Object</b></i></h3><hr class="hidden"><hr class="hidden"><p align="center" lang="en-GB" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><h3 align="center" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><u><b>Complex</b></u></h3><p style="text-align: center;">.</p><h3 align="center" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i><b>Using punctuation or linkers</b></i></h3><h3 align="center" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i><b>Using relative pronouns / ‘question words’</b></i></h3><h3 align="center" lang="en-GB" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i><b>Framing with ‘reported’ structures</b></i></h3><hr class="hidden"><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><hr class="hidden"><div class="dottedBox"><p><strong>Handout</strong></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong><a href="/media/ib/englishb/files/SentStruct 1.pdf"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/exercise.png"> Sentence Structure: Essentials</a></strong></span>, summarising this page</p></div><p style="text-align: center;">*****</p><h2>Simple</h2><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong>Peter played computer games</strong></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></span></span></p><h3>Parenthesis :- brackets / dashes / pairs of commas</h3><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Peter <strong>(the computer wizard) </strong>played computer games</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Peter <strong>- the computer wizard - </strong>played computer games</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Peter,<strong> the computer wizard,</strong> played computer games</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><h3>Adding details with prepositions</h3><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><strong>In his room, at home,</strong> Peter played computer games</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Peter played computer games <strong>on his laptop in class</strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><h3>Using ‘to’</h3><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Peter played computer games<strong> to develop his programming skills</strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><h3>Using ‘-ing’ and ‘-ed’</h3><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Peter, <strong>muttering to himself</strong>, played computer games</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">+</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Peter,<strong> tired of homework,</strong> played computer games</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><strong>Tired of homework,</strong> Peter played computer games</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><h3>Adding lists - to the Subject, the Verb, and the Object</h3><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Peter, <strong>Anna and many others </strong>played computer games</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Peter <strong>bought, learned and </strong>played computer games</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Peter played computer games, <strong>poker and chess</strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;">*****</p><p>.</p><p>When the student has properly grasped the idea of adding elements on to the core sentence ('Peter played computer games'), we can move on to more sophisticated ways of linking ideas together in a complex sentence:-</p><h2><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Complex</span></h2><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong>eat to live ... live to eat</strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></span></p><h3>Using punctuation or linkers<span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong> </strong></span></h3><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Some people eat to live ; others live to eat</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Don’t eat to live - live to eat</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">I don’t eat to live, <strong>but rather</strong> live to eat</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><h3>Using relative pronouns / ‘question words’</h3><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">People <strong>who have a practical view of things</strong> eat to live, <strong>while those who have a more sensual view </strong>live to eat</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">OR</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">People <strong>who eat to live</strong> have a practical view of things, while those <strong>who live to eat</strong> have a more sensual view</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">People eat to live <strong>when they are under pressure</strong>, but live to eat <strong>when they have the time</strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">OR</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><strong>While people are under pressure,</strong> they eat to live, <strong>but when they have the time,</strong> they live to eat</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">OR</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">People <strong>who are under pressure</strong> eat to live, whereas people <strong>who have the time</strong> live to eat</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">OR</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">People <strong>who are under pressure</strong>, <strong>whatever type of pressure it may be</strong>, eat to live, whereas people <strong>who have the time</strong> live to eat, <strong>provided that they have the money</strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><h3>Framing with ‘reported’ structures</h3><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><strong>It is generally accepted that</strong> some people eat to live and others live to eat</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">OR</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><strong>Some people say that</strong> they eat to live ; <strong>others that</strong> they live to eat</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p lang="en-GB" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll transparent;">*****</p><p align="left" lang="en-GB" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; margin-bottom: 0cm;">.</p><h2>Blending simple and complex</h2><p>Finally, one can look at the way in which Simple and Complex techniques can be mixed together :-</p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;">Anna decided to study Economics</span></strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></strong></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"></span></strong></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>Parenthesis :- brackets / dashes / pairs of commas</strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Anna <strong>- an ambitious girl -</strong> decided to study Economics.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>Adding details with prepositions</strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><strong>In May,</strong> Anna - an ambitious girl - decided to study Economics <strong>at Cambridge.</strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>Using ‘to’</strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">In March, Anna - an ambitious girl - decided to study Economics at Cambridge <strong>to improve her prospects of a job.</strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>Using ‘-ing’ and ‘-ed’</strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><strong>Finishing her course in May,</strong> Anna - an ambitious girl, <strong>committed to her career</strong> - decided to study Economics at Cambridge to improve her prospects of a job.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>Adding lists - to the Subject, the Verb, and the Object</strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Finishing her course <strong>(classes, revision and exams)</strong> in May, Anna - an ambitious girl, committed to her career - <strong>did some research, took advice and</strong> decided to study Economics at Cambridge to improve her prospects of a job, <strong>a good salary, and a chance to travel.</strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>Using relative pronouns / ‘question words'</strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#0000CD;">Finishing her course (classes, revision and exams) in May, Anna - an ambitious girl, committed to her career - did some research, <strong>which took some time,</strong> took advice <strong>wherever she could get it</strong>, and decided to study Economics at Cambridge to improve her prospects of a job, a good salary, and a chance to travel <strong>when she felt like it.</strong></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>Framing with ‘reported’ structures (</strong>notice <u>tense changes</u><strong>)</strong></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><strong>We were told that,</strong> <u>having finished</u> her course (classes, revision and exams) in May, Anna - an ambitious girl, committed to her career - <u>had done</u> some research, which took some time, <u>had taken</u> advice wherever she could get it, and <u>had decided</u> to study Economics at Cambridge to improve her prospects of a job, a good salary, and a chance to travel when she felt like it.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;">*****</p><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h3>LINKS</h3><p>To develop students' ability to structure their writing (and speaking), further language items and techniques are provided in the following pages :-</p><p><a href="../1702/basic-linkers.html" title="Language System » Key Language Issues » Basic linkers">Basic linkers</a> ... more relevant to linking sentences together, but often useful within sentences too</p><p><a href="../7128/cohesives-referencing.html" title="Language System » Key Language Issues » Cohesives & referencing">Cohesives & referencing</a> ... mainly about the use of personal and demonstrative pronouns, but clearly of use within sentences as between sentences</p><p><a href="../1180/sequence-markers.html" title="Language System » Key Language Issues » Sequence markers">Sequence markers</a> ... mainly useful for ordering and linking paragraphs, but applicable to sentences in some circumstances</p></div><div class="pinkBg"><h3>qBank resources</h3><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Linkers, basic</strong></span> ... cohesive devices/connectors/conjunctions, and how to apply them</p><p>* see also, in the <em>Transferable Academic Language</em> section</p><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Sentence structure, detailed</strong></span> ... exercises in techniques for adding complexity in concise ways</p><p><strong><span style="color:#B22222;">Passage structure - linkers-based</span></strong> ... exercises require following the logic of the ideas in order to select correct linkers</p></div><p style="text-align: center;">.</p><hr><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
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Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
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$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>