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<div class="greenBg"><h3><span style="color:#006400;">KEY FEATURES</span></h3><p><span style="color:#006400;"><u><strong>context, audience, purpose</strong></u> - </span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* the context of the article will usually be set out briefly in the question: e.g the background to the subject matter of the article</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* the audience will usually be indicated by where the article will be published: e.g. 'your school magazine'</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* the fundamental purpose of any article is to <u>inform</u> or to <u>report</u> - but we may also include 'interest', 'explore', 'study'. Note that strong opinions or attitudes would probably not be expected - such purposes would probably come under 'opinion column' (qv)</p><p><span style="color:#006400;"><u><strong>register and tone</strong></u> - </span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* will have a semi-formal to formal register</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* will have a tone appropriate to task e.g. suitably serious</p><p><span style="color:#006400;"><u><strong>conventions</strong></u> - </span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* will have a relevant headline/title</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* will have an introduction intended to catch the readers’ attention</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* will use techniques that engage and interest readers e.g. direct address</p><div class="yellowBg"><h4><span style="color:#FF0000;">Appropriate?</span></h4><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">An <strong>article</strong> will be appropriate if the task requires you to present detailed and interesting information about a defined subject; and that the information should be explained in a clear, fair and reasonably objective way (<span style="color:#FF0000;">the journalist has a '<span style="color:#FF0000;">duty to inform')</span></span>. The audience will be the general public, defined more clearly by the type of subject and/or where the article is going to be published (for example, if the subject is about computer games, you can assume that the audience will be people who are interested in computer games).</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><em>Not to be confused with...</em></span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">... <em><strong>'news report'</strong></em> or '<strong><em>opinion column</em>'</strong> or <em><strong>'blog'</strong></em> ... a <em>'news report'</em> is also intended to inform in a clear and objective way, but it has to be focused on a specific event, or set of events - it is not concerned with the overall picture, or the broader context or background, as a good article will be. An <em>'opinion column' </em>will usually be focused on one particular issue, which should be explained convincingly (although there is no '<span style="color:#FF0000;">duty to inform'),</span> and your final opinion argued reasonably - although your opinion doesn't always have to be fair or objective! <span style="color:#FF0000;">A <em>'blog' </em>is intended to present a set of your personal ideas in a lively entertaining way to a general, undefined audience - who you want to hook by your interesting, even provocative, opinions and experiences, so again, you don't have to be fair and objective </span></span></p></div></div><h3><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#000080;">But what <em><strong>is</strong></em> an 'article'?</span> </span></h3><p>The 'Article' text type evidently covers a vast range of approaches and styles. Selecting the most appropriate approach will depend on how the task is defined.</p><h3>Format and Approach discussed</h3><p>The term 'article' clearly carries the notion of a journalistic discourse, but the context – which includes where it is to be published, and to whom it is to be addressed – will have a powerful influence on how it is written (see <em><strong>NB</strong></em>, below).</p><p>The key element of 'journalistic discourse' which should be taught to the students is that journalism sets out to<em> inform</em> ... but that all journalists recognise that if you want to inform effectively, you have to <em>interest and engage </em>your audience. This means that the various aspects listed under 'approach', below, should be explored and emphasised in teaching.</p><p><u><em><strong>Basic Format</strong></em></u></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>- Headline / title</em></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>- Sub-headline, summarising</em></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>- Byline (author, date, location)</em></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>- Short paragraphs (possibly)</em></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>- Sub-headings (possibly)</em></p><p>Here is a possible template for an 'article' - of course, this is generalised and would necessarily have to be adapted to precise subject matter / context / audience. (Try projecting this, using Presentation mode.)</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/englishb/images/template-article-diagram.jpg" style="width: 735px; height: 621px;"></p><p><em>.</em></p><p><u><em><strong>Approach</strong></em></u></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>> 'Duty to inform' ?</em> A defining element of any 'article' is that it sets out to inform – does the script actually tell people something? It is worth stressing that 'inform' does not necessarily mean 'factual information' - or rather, factual information should be seen as 'supporting evidence' which helps to illustrate and clarify the general ideas and arguments presented. (Useful to contrast with the News Report, where factual information is the primary focus, and general ideas and arguments should be seen as secondary and subordinate.)</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">> <em>Precise nature of task ?</em> Is the main purpose to :</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><em>Inform ?</em> In which case, is the flow of information methodical and clear?</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><em>Discuss ?</em> In which case, is there a reasonably balanced coverage of different points of view?</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><em>Give opinion ?</em> In which case, is a clear point of view presented? And is it coherent / consistent?</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><em>> Opening & closing?</em> Is the opening, in particular, attractive / attention-catching ?</span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><em>> Address?</em> Is there a sense of effective address to the public ? The type of 'effective address' will be defined by the intended audience.</span></p><p><em><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>NB</strong></span></em> A basic problem of the 'article' as a task is that articles appear in many contexts, and these contexts may define style and approach. Unless the question specifies publishing context very carefully, one should beware of jumping to conclusions – for instance, a 'school magazine' may be written in many different ways, from jokey / colloquial to formal / serious. Usually, accept any approach which is credible and consistent.</p><h4><strong>Relevant writing purposes</strong></h4><p>Consult above all ... <a href="../1237/explanation.html" title="Teaching Skills » Teaching Writing » Writing purposes » Explanation">Explanation</a> ... + ... <a href="../1238/argument.html" title="Teaching Skills » Teaching Writing » Writing purposes » Argument">Argument</a> ... but <a href="../1233/description.html" title="Teaching Skills » Teaching Writing » Writing purposes » Description">Description</a> and <a href="../1234/narration.html" title="Teaching Skills » Teaching Writing » Writing purposes » Narration">Narration</a> may also be useful.</p><div class="blueBg"><h3>Materials & models</h3><p><strong>> </strong> <a href="../34790/pulling-down-statues.html" title="Themes, 2018 onwards » Social organisation » Pulling down statues">Pulling down statues</a> ... this page includes a typical feature article giving background information about a current issue, which can serve as a model example of an 'article' ... note that it also includes a news report on the same subject matter, so the two text types can be usefully compared and contrasted</p><p><strong>></strong> <a href="../11608/using-quotes.html" title="Teaching Skills » Teaching Writing » Writing purposes » Spoken Interaction » Using quotes">Using quotes</a> ... based on an extract from an article in IB World, this text is an example of how to build up an explanation by skilful selection of quotes ... 'article' as overlapping with 'interview'</p><p><strong>></strong> <a href="../21409/how-to-be-a-populist.html" title="Topics » Core topics » Global Issues » How to be a populist">How to be a populist</a> ... the text which forms the basis of this page is an example of the 'comment' or 'opinion' type of article ('op-ed') ... there are two extracts, <em>Populist politics 1</em> which is clearly polemic commentary, and <em>Populist politics 2</em> which provides explanation of a series of populist techniques, in the form of a set of guidelines</p><p><strong>></strong> <a href="../10899/making-money-globally.html" title="Topics » Core topics » Global Issues » Making money globally">Making money globally</a> ... the handout 'Rastani press reactions' on this page provides a couple of 'background'-type articles, which combine information with comment, in usefully contrasting ways</p><p><strong>></strong> <a href="../1467/sitges.html" title="Teaching Skills » Teaching Writing » Description » Factual » Sitges">Sitges</a> and <a href="../12322/sitges-evocative.html" title="Teaching Skills » Teaching Writing » Description » Evocative » Sitges evocative">Sitges evocative</a> ... the texts that form the basis of these two pages can usefully be contrasted to illustrate the differences between factual / informative articles and articles which set out to evoke and entertain</p><p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>> <a href="/media/ib/englishb/files/Acampados%20handout%202.pdf">Acampados</a></strong></span> ... 'eyewitness' article (from my blog about a Barcelona demonstration) ... useful for teaching basic format + critical reading worksheet, requiring assessment of stance / slant.</p><p><strong>></strong> <a href="../7021/short-people.html" title="Activities & Tasks » Task Types » Skills: Basic » Listening Tasks » Short People">Short People</a> ... the 'online article' provided in the supporting information handout on this page is a model of the type of concise, witty article that provides the background to a story</p><p><strong>></strong> <a href="../18679/paper-2-article-h.html" title="Teaching Skills » Teaching Writing » Writing purposes » Explanation » Paper 2 Article (H)">Paper 2 Article (H)</a> ... this student's script provides a very useful model of how to handle an article: it has a clear, efficient 'angle' on the task, and combines being informative with being entertaining</p><p><strong>></strong> <a href="../19482/dismaland.html" title="Topics » Core topics » Global Issues » Dismaland">Dismaland</a> ... the text is an example of a 'feature' article, in that it sets out to provide an overall explanation of an event through the careful selection of details, describing the experience of the journalist </p></div><div class="yellowBg"><h3>Suggested 'new style' exam tasks</h3><p><span style="color:#006400;"><em>The following are possible adaptations of some of the 'old style' tasks listed below. Each provides three optional text types, arranged in the order of (i) appropriate; (ii) generally appropriate; (iii) inappropriate - if you use them, clearly, you should randomise the choices.</em></span></p><p><span style="color:#006400;"><em>Two versions are presented: one for HL, with three required elements, and one for SL, with two required elements.</em></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p>(HL) You hear that your school may be be featured in the next issue of an international education magazine. You are concerned that whatever is published should represent the opinions of the students as effectively as possible. Write a text which will describe the students' experience accurately, explain how the school encourages multiculturalism, and how the school assists students who are learners of English to develop their communication skills in this language.</p><p style="text-align: center;">(i) Article .... (ii) Proposal .... (iii) Email</p><p>(SL) You hear that your school may be be featured in the next issue of an international education magazine. You are concerned that whatever is published should represent the opinions of the students as effectively as possible. Write a text which will describe the students' experience accurately and explain how the school encourages multiculturalism.</p><p style="text-align: center;">(i) Article .... (ii) Proposal .... (iii) Email</p><p>***</p><p>(HL) A national celebration that you feel is important will take place next month. However, some students at your school feel this celebration is a waste of time. You disagree, and want to spread the idea widely that the celebration is worthwhile. Write a text in which you describe the celebration, highlight its importance and state how enjoyable it can be.</p><p style="text-align: center;">(i) Article .... (ii) Essay .... (iii) Review</p><p>(SL) A national celebration that you feel is important will take place next month. However, some students at your school feel this celebration is a waste of time. You disagree, and want to spread the idea widely that the celebration is worthwhile. Write a text in which you describe the celebration and state how enjoyable it can be.</p><p style="text-align: center;">(i) Article .... (ii) Essay .... (iii) Review</p></div><div class="pinkBg"><h3>Recent 'old-style' exam tasks</h3><p>Many of your friends have decided to have tattoos, but you disagree as this could have future negative consequences both socially and professionally. Write an article for the local newspaper’s Teen Talk section explaining your thoughts. (SL M13)</p><p>Many languages are spoken by a small number of people, and some are in danger of dying out. Write an article to be published in your school magazine on why and how minority languages should be maintained. (HL N13)</p><p>Last year, you celebrated the New Year in an English-speaking country. You decided to write an article to be published in your school’s “end of year” newspaper edition in which you describe the event, and how similar or different it was to the New Year celebrations in your own country. (SL N13)</p><p>Many teenagers in your community feel insecure about the way they look. Write an article to be published in a youth magazine in which you outline the reasons why teenagers have those insecurities and suggest solutions. (HL M14)</p><p>The government department concerned with Health and Safety in your country has banned the provision of toothpicks on restaurant tables, as they are considered “dangerous”. As a journalist for your local magazine, write an article discussing this recent law. (SL M14)</p><p>You feel that many students have an unbalanced diet. Write an article to be published in your school magazine on how this may affect their performance at school and make suggestions for improvements. (HL N14)</p><p>You and your friends recently discussed how what the younger generation believes is important in life is different from what the older generation believes is important. You feel your ideas are of general interest. As the junior reporter for the local newspaper, write an article describing some of these differences and why they might exist. (SL N14)</p><p>You watched a film in which the main characters did not have a common language but still managed to work collaboratively. Write an article for your school magazine describing how the characters communicated with each other and reflecting on how necessary it is to share a language. (HL M15)</p><p>You recently read a news report which claimed that all cars will run on electricity in 15 years’ time. Write an article for your school magazine in which you consider the possible advantages and disadvantages of such a future. 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